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647:, he explicitly credits European discoveries to lost works created during legendary voyages of Alexander, "My friend, the Franks both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person."
799:
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this direction". The 1513 world map disappeared from the historical record until its rediscovery centuries later. There is no evidence that either version of his atlas circulated outside the royal palace prior to 1550. The copies produced in the following centuries were often created for their aesthetic or artistic value. No
Turkish school of cartography or navigation was established to build on his work.
33:
623:. He finished it and gifted it to the sultan by 1526. In later centuries, many copies were made of both versions of the book. Piri Reis completed a second world map in 1528 or 1529. According to Sevin Tekeli, the changes from the first world map demonstrate that Piri Reis was actively following European voyages of discovery.
1041:. Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts. There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second. Piri Reis says he composed an atlas with separate maps and charts because the details in any single map are limited by the space available. The chapters start at the
642:
and
Turkish literary tradition, Alexander traveled to every corner of the world, thereby defining its limits. A marginal inscription on the world map mentions "charts drawn in the days of Alexander" and a book that "fell into the hands" of Columbus describing lands "at the end of the Western Sea". In
1190:
During his own life, there was limited appreciation for Piri Reis' cartography. Historian Svat Soucek said of the cartographic works of Piri Reis, "They show that although the
Ottoman Empire had the potential to participate in the discoveries, its ruling elite spurned the attempt to blaze a trail in
761:
In his 80s, Piri Reis was executed following his retreat at Hormuz. After the expedition's failure, Kubad Pasha the governor of Basra denied Piri Reis rowers for his galleys. Piri Reis returned to Egypt in 1552 with only two ships, loaded with gold. The following year, the sultan had him beheaded in
591:
controlled the island, took Muslim captives, and provided shelter to
Christian pirates. During the siege, the Knights' fleet of ten ships remained in the harbor rather than confront the larger Ottoman force. The Ottoman Navy conducted an amphibious operation, transporting many troops to the small
535:
919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD. This work included the recently explored shores of Africa and the
Americas. Although he had never sailed the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known
393:
threatened
European maritime traffic. Piri Reis wrote of his early years, "We sailed on the Mediterranean and fought the enemies of our religion mercilessly." He sailed with his uncle on raids, mainly on the coasts of Italy and Spain. As a corsair, Piri Reis captured many ships, a fortress near
1090:
Piri Reis compiled a second world map in 1528. Only a fragment of the map—the northwest corner—remains. The parchment fragment is approximately 70 centimeters square. As with the 1513 map, the 1528 map has calligraphic inscriptions in
Ottoman-Turkish written in the Arabic alphabet. The
992:, is a navigational atlas. Piri Reis compiled navigational charts and notes into the most detailed portolan atlas in existence. There are two versions of the book. The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521. Both versions begin with a preface and were dedicated to the sultan
619:'s 1524 rebellion in Egypt, Ibrahim rode aboard the navy's flagship, commanded by Piri Reis. Piri Reis said they discussed cartography after Ibrahim asked him about the maps and charts being consulted aboard the ship. Ibrahim commissioned Piri Reis to create an expanded version of the
587:—a nautical atlas gifted and dedicated to Suleiman—included advice on conquering Rhodes. The island of Rhodes had a secure harbor and was 20 km from Anatolia. Controlled by an adversary, it could threaten maritime communication between the empire's capital and Mediterranean ports. The
707:, which were more effective along the coasts. This limited Ottoman naval warfare to the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and narrow straits around Arabia. The empire focused on using its navy to continue land-based expansion into new areas for tax revenue, agriculture, and manpower.
519:
and began to take control of the
Eastern Mediterranean. In one naval battle, Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had participated in Columbus's voyages, and likely possessed an early map of the Americas that Piri Reis would use as a source for his maps.
1203:
were some of the few times when Piri Reis' Atlantic cartography was likely used by the
Ottoman Navy. The empire's navy—even during the Canary Islands expedition—remained largely composed of oar-driven galleys after the point where other naval powers were moving to
857:). It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it would vanish from history until its rediscovery centuries later. When rediscovered in 1929, the remaining fragment garnered international attention for including a partial copy of an otherwise lost map by
448:
and Aegean corsairs, including Piri and Kemal. Before
Barbarossa reorganized the navy, sultans commonly employed former pirates. The addition of experienced corsairs raised the Ottoman Navy's competence in open-sea combat and knowledge of the Mediterranean.
1295:, and the 1949 survey initially cited by Mallery could not measure even one percent of the area drawn in the Piri Reis map. Subsequent studies have shown no significant similarities to Antarctica's coast. Hapgood's claims have been uncritically repeated by
1073:
The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created beginning in the later 1500s. The book achieved fame only after Piri Reis' death. At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian.
1057:
indicating North for each page. Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars. Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks. Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven
554:). It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later. According to Venetian documents, Piri Reis was no longer with the Ottoman navy in 1518 and was engaging in piracy in the
938:
from the edge of the known world with positive portrayals as challenging the medieval Islamic idea of an "inhabited quarter" of the world surrounded by an impassable Encircling Ocean. Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the
1133:
Based on the design of recently discovered geographical features like Greenland, Newfoundland, and Florida, the map likely relied on Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian maps from the 1520s. Notes on the map cite recent Portuguese voyages to
745:
after a one-month siege. The expedition took control of coastal lands in Yemen, Oman, and Arabia. The Portuguese prepared for the attack on Hormuz by evacuating most of the island. Wealthy residents took refuge on the nearby island of
1279:, and Hapgood's students developed the hypothesis that the 1513 world map contained cartographic information, notably from an ice-free Antarctic coast, that exceeded the map-making abilities of the sixteenth century. In his 1966 book
4492:
946:
There are conflicting interpretations of the map. Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps. Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or
1149:", is now correctly positioned as an island in the Caribbean. In contrast to the 1513 map, Piri Reis leaves areas that have not been explored blank. Only the explored southern coasts of the Florida peninsula are on the map. The
362:. Little is known about his parents. Piri Reis gives his father's name as Hacı Mehmed. It is not clear from historical records whether Piri was the son of Kemal Reis' brother or sister. Kemal Reis had a brother-in-law from
275:, as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt. He expanded the Indian Ocean fleet, retook several ports, and pushed the Portuguese out of the Red Sea. In the 1550s, he began a campaign to capture the Portuguese-controlled
302:
circulated outside the royal palace before 1550. After his death, hundreds of copies of the book were likely made. Over 40 copies survive today, spanning several centuries. When his 1513 world map was unearthed at the
4396:
205:. When his uncle died in 1511, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli to begin his cartographic works. He created his first world map and likely began drafting the charts and notes that would form the basis of the
904:
in Arabic is written in a different handwriting, likely that of Piri Reis himself. The depiction of South America is detailed and accurate for its time. Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the
951:. Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of the Americas not officially discovered by 1513, but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day
1223:
When Piri Reis' world map was unearthed in 1929, it received international media attention for containing the surviving piece of an otherwise lost map of Christopher Columbus. Turkey's first president,
1006:
The second version—completed by 1526—includes a longer introduction written in verse. It offers information on storms, winds, navigating with a compass, navigating by the stars, reading
1095:
is in Arabic, likely handwritten by Piri Reis himself. According to the colophon, Piri Reis compiled the map in 1528 in Gallipoli. However, he may not have completed it until 1529.
4397:"Son dakika: Barbaroslar Piri Reis kimdir? Barbaroslar Akdeniz'in Kılıcı Piri Reis'i Emir Benderlioğlu canlandırıyor! Emir Benderlioğlu kaç yaşında? - Son Dakika Magazin Haberleri"
5597:
766:. A letter—dated 15 November 1553—written from diplomats in Constantinople to Venice said that he had been "charged with having raised the siege of the fortress of Hormuz".
4373:
3566:
940:
561:
1110:; it is about ten degrees south of the correct position for Cuba and the Yucatan. The map uses standard portolan colors and symbols. Dots indicate shallow waters and
730:
in 1547 and began building a Persian Gulf fleet. The fleet conducted annual expansions in the Indian Ocean, and some local rulers began to ally with the Portuguese.
5413:
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5612:
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Piri Reis' 1513 world map is the target of various pseudoscientific claims and is sometimes invoked in broader pop culture as an unsolved mystery. Civil engineer
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in 1935, and a four-volume facsimile with photographic quality was published in 1988. Several ships and submarines have been named after him, including the
5582:
5577:
4122:"Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)"
630:
preface, Piri Reis rhetorically undermines the significance of European discoveries by reframing them as the rediscovery of ancient knowledge. He invokes
934:. It was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources. Historian Karen Pinto has described the combination of
5061:
460:. Rather than being sentenced, he was given an official position in the navy. Piri Reis was with his uncle through this and later documented it in the
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resulted from a conversation with the empire's grand vizier. Suleiman's reign was the beginning of a shift towards power concentrating in a group of
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5557:
543:. He was the commander of the Turkish fleet that blockaded Alexandria. After the Ottoman victory, Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Sultan
635:
5552:
3248:
1023:
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225:, which he dedicated and gifted to the sultan by 1521. Several years later, he created a more elaborate version at the urging of Grand Vizier
692:
272:
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4677:
4164:
174:), a book with detailed information on early navigational techniques as well as relatively accurate charts for their time, describing the
5429:
5044:
4638:
3975:
Ottoman corsairs in the Atlantic during the 16th century: Murat Rais, the Albanian and the first Ottoman expedition to the Canary Islands
784:, a navigational atlas, are kept in many libraries and museums around the world, although the two created by Piri Reis himself are lost.
508:
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for several weeks, but retreated. They sacked the city, looted Qeshm, and retreated into the gulf with over a million pieces of gold.
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reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water.
5421:
4765:
5607:
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4046:"The Military Expedition of Piri Reis to Hormuz and the Considerations of Turkish and Portugese Historians About his Execution"
839:
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695:, as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt. Portuguese ships had raided the Red Sea as far as Suez and taken the port city of
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943:—which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts.
1264:
3583:
323:, and facsimiles of both were published. Piri Reis and his cartography have since become a point of national pride for
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during the 1530s. In 1532, he fought back Dalmatian pirates in the Adriatic. He attacked the Venetian-held castle at
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1220:. By the eighteenth century, major works of cartography from Western Europe were being translated into Turkish.
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Mesenburg, Peter (2001). "Kartometrische Untersuchung und Rekonstruktion der Weltkarte des Piri Re'is (1513)".
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to work on his navigational studies. The finished manuscript of his first world map was dated to the month of
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5327:
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3603:
1283:, Hapgood claims islands along the map's southern Atlantic shore to be ice-covered mountains in Antarctica's
612:
291:, where wealthy residents of Hormuz had evacuated. For failing to capture Hormuz, he was executed in 1553 in
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741:. In the 1550s, Piri Reis left Suez with 25 galleys, 5 ships, and 850 soldiers. In 1552, the Turkish fleet
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4882:
4472:(PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch). Ubisoft.
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955:. A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast.
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in 1533, captured a Venetian galley in 1536, and chased Venetian ships out of the eastern Mediterranean.
539:
By 1516, Piri Reis returned to the navy as captain of a galley in the Ottoman fleet and took part in the
153:
4988:
4902:
4230:
Savvides, Alexis G. K. (1992). "Notes on Navarino in the Frankish, Venetian and early Ottoman periods".
917:'s description of Japan. The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is widely accepted to be a version of
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4135:
An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century
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1167:, included this type of ambiguous Florida until 1520, and it influenced Italian cartography like the
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His cartographic work received little appreciation during his own life. There's no evidence that the
202:
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229:. His final surviving work is a 1528 world map, of which only the northwest corner remains (showing
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island, and the island surrendered on 25 December 1522. The Knights of St. John later relocated to
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A Historical and Economic Geography of Ottoman Greece: The Southwestern Morea in the 18th Century
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3659:"The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525"
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in support of an advanced lost civilization. The map and polar shift were key plot elements in
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to North Africa. During the winters, he and his uncle took shelter in favorable harbors on the
311:, it drew international attention. The map relies on many sources, including a lost map of the
284:
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4578:. Eastern Mediterranean cartographies. Athens, Greece: National Hellenic Research Foundation.
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3435:
Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public
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Casale, Giancarlo (28 January 2010). "Ibrahim Pasha and the Age of Reconnaissance 1520–1536".
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combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of
340:
Little is known about Piri Reis' background and early life. He was likely born around 1470 in
5527:
5522:
4592:
1337:
infiltrates Piri Reis's shop to steal some of his maps detailing the New World, to match the
1184:
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1092:
901:
750:, and the soldiers and royal family retreated to the fortress. The Turkish soldiers took the
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Geography, Technology, and WarStudies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571
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Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi
3515:"The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach"
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1142:. Hispaniola and Cuba are much more accurate compared to the 1513 world map. Cuba, labeled "
5260:
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4817:
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4100:
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3907:
3756:
3321:"Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul"
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region. Hapgood's book was met with skepticism due to its lack of evidence and reliance on
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Three of his cartographic works survive in some form to the present day. Fragments of his
714:, Egypt, Piri Reis led campaigns in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. On 26 February 1548, he
8:
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Sarıcaoğlu, Fikret (2009). "Cartography". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.).
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197:. They fought as corsairs in the Western Mediterranean until they were brought into the
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capable of navigation and combat in open seas, while the Ottoman navy relied mainly on
607:, advisers, governors, and royal family members, including Suleiman's childhood friend
5337:
3617:
1236:, the map was a point of national pride. Its rediscovery also sparked interest in the
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780:
464:. In the empire's navy, Kemal and Piri advocated taking the coastal fortresses of the
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to a now-lost map from Columbus that depicted Cuba as part of the Asian mainland and
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When his uncle died in a 1511 shipwreck in the Mediterranean, Piri Reis returned to
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The Persian Gulf: A Political and Economic History of Five Port Cities, 1500-1730
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1014:. It includes information on recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the
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4008:"Experts investigate fish deaths, pollution crisis in Izmir Bay - Türkiye Today"
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4338:. Studies in the Khalili Collection. Vol. 2. London: The Nour Foundation.
3978:. International Symposium of Piri Reis and Turkish Maritime History. Istanbul.
3784:
Khair, Tabish, ed. (2006). "Piri Reis: The Voyages of a 'Corsair' (c. 1526)".
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in the western Mediterranean. The Ottoman navy defeated the Venetian fleet at
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3944:"The Piri Reis Map of 1528: A Comparative Study with Other Maps of the Time"
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Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking After Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas
3718:
1291:. According to geologist Paul Heinrich, the book also did not account for
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4374:"His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance"
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3181:(1st ed.). Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety).
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for maritime studies was founded in 2008. In the 2021 Turkish TV series
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160:. He is primarily known today for his cartographic works, including his
114:
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5147:
5086:
4983:
4968:
4953:
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4923:
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Piri Reis' Book on Navigation (Kitab-ı Bahriye) as a Geography Handbook
4511:
Yaldız, Mustafa; Kaymakçı, Cihan; Özgün, Fırat, eds. (2 October 2019).
4319:
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4081:"Turkish Navy commissions first Reis-class AIP submarine TCG Piri Reis"
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Venice saw Piri Reis as an adversary and obstacle to their aims in the
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4293:. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 263–272.
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like his earlier works. It uses a windrose network radiating out from
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and his 1528 world map are kept in museums in Istanbul. Copies of the
422:
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who was arrested and tortured in Venice for alleged spying during the
5183:
5132:
4639:"Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator"
4345:"Navals Aspects of the Ottoman Conquests of Rhodes, Cyprus and Crete"
3495:"Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator"
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sources. Approximately one third of the map survives, housed in the
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3931:"The Tale of Two Admirals: Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513"
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The sultan instructed Piri Reis to take the Portuguese-controlled
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in the Ottoman Navy. To bolster the empire's navy, Ottoman Sultan
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from which lines of bearing radiate. Designed for navigation via
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Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
1240:. A facsimile of the book's second version was published by the
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1059:
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638:—when explaining the discoveries of Columbus. According to the
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1341:' expansion into the new lands. He appears in its 2011 sequel
1232:
to publish facsimiles and conduct research. Discovered during
1086:
Surviving fragment of the second World Map of Piri Reis (1528)
5458:
3834:
Maritime India-Trade, Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean
3811:
Lepore, Fortunato; Piccardi, Marco; Rombai, Leonardo (2013).
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3854:"The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)"
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Other routes: 1500 years of African and Asian travel writing
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Cuoghi, Diego (2003). "I Misteri Della Mappa di Piri Reis".
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after several weeks, sacked the city, and looted the nearby
221:
became sultan, Piri Reis completed the first version of the
213:. After their victory, he presented the world map to Sultan
32:
4715:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 34 (Osmanpazari – Resuldar)
1130:
bars indicate 50 miles between the sections of the scales.
1115:
846:, Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Ottoman Sultan
711:
696:
246:
175:
4300:"Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries"
4165:"Assassin's Creed: Revelations is historically impressive"
2587:
2585:
1208:
that were more suited to the open oceans. Ottoman scholar
1037:
The main part of both versions is a nautical guide to the
1026:. It offers the first detailed Ottoman description of the
661:
3455:
Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
3271:
Trading Territories : Mapping the early modern world
1045:
and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean. The
480:, "Venice has two eyes: Her left eye is the fortress of
358:
was a military rank equivalent to captain. His uncle was
4699:"VENEDİK'TEKİ PAPALIK SEFARETİ BELGELERİNE GÖRE TÜRKLER"
4532:
Zarinebaf, Fariba; Bennet, John; Davis, Jack L. (2005).
348:. At the time, Gallipoli was a major naval base for the
209:. By 1516, he returned to the navy and took part in the
5054:
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
3626:"Production and Date of the Walters' "Kitab-i Bahriye""
2582:
193:
naval base—and sailed from an early age with his uncle
4188:
The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world
5598:
People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation
3196:"Topkapı Palace Museum features Piri Reis collection"
754:, but could not take the fortress. The Ottoman fleet
4597:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. sec. 46a-b.
4531:
3810:
3193:
2705:
2328:
2326:
2305:
1652:
830:. The finished manuscript was dated to the month of
4510:
3155:(1st ed.). Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose.
1940:
476:, Piri Reis reports that his uncle had told Sultan
468:and the small but strategically valuable island of
3700:"Assassin's Creed Games in Order: a Brief History"
3492:
3268:
3249:"Piri Reis: Ottoman Sailor of the Exploration Age"
2735:
2733:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2591:
1706:
1457:
1455:
1453:
838:919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD. After the empire's
3937:. Vol. 5, no. 3. Aster. pp. 18–23.
3584:"The Order of St John's arrival in Malta in 1530"
2934:
2774:
2772:
2323:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1347:, set in early sixteenth-century Constantinople.
1106:. The map does include one line of latitude, the
568:(outlined in red) just off the southern coast of
5509:
4721:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 283–285.
4467:
3851:
3108:
2689:
2687:
2650:
2648:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2317:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2023:
2021:
2008:
2006:
1741:
1053:relies little on outside sources. Its maps have
5613:People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent
4266:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
2885:
2883:
2730:
2711:
1450:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1118:. The miniatures painted on the map depict two
636:reference to Alexander the Great from the Quran
417:
201:. Piri Reis fought alongside Kemal Reis in the
3567:"The maps of the Kitab-i Bahriye of Piri Reis"
2900:
2898:
2769:
2374:
2184:
2182:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1912:
1910:
1873:
1871:
1822:
1820:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1536:
1268:, he is portrayed by actor Emir Benderlioğlu.
1153:is left ambiguous as potentially an island or
868:Comparison of Piri Reis's Caribbean (left) to
406:, Piri Reis transported Muslims and Jews from
5588:16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
5038:
4751:
3830:
3813:"Looking at the Kitab-i Bahriye of Piri Reis"
3724:The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis
2684:
2645:
2553:
2270:
2252:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2117:
2018:
2003:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1472:
1470:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
684:died in 1546, Piri Reis took his position as
3616:, Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at
2880:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
1718:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1356:
1228:, took an interest in the map and initiated
5583:16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
5578:15th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
4680:(in Turkish). Dünya Bülteni. Archived from
4419:(1985). "The Map of America by Piri Reis".
4248:"Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?"
4128:. Vol. 39, no. 1. pp. 63–94.
4029:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
3985:Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries
3852:Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016).
3296:. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–52.
2895:
2410:
2398:
2179:
1982:
1907:
1868:
1817:
1771:
1737:
1735:
1733:
926:The map is visually distinct from European
896:. It contains extensive notes primarily in
497:First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio)
436:Piri Reis sailed under his uncle and later
373:By age 12, he began sailing with his uncle
5045:
5031:
4758:
4744:
4254:. Istanbul Military Museum. Archived from
4205:
3747:(October 1933). "A Lost Map of Columbus".
3605:Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map
3573:. Istanbul Military Museum. Archived from
3275:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
3220:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3216:"Contribution of Piri Reis to Cartography"
2928:
2916:
2458:
2350:
2223:
2194:
1800:
1467:
1381:
818:compiled from a range of contemporary and
501:Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon)
31:
4385:
4148:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3982:
3962:
3928:
3895:
3406:Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism
3302:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0003
3060:
3048:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2380:
2368:
2136:
1753:
1712:
1581:
1551:
1461:
1429:
575:Piri Reis advocated for and took part in
4696:
4611:
4229:
4184:
4006:
3941:
3697:
3623:
3601:
3564:
3194:Anatolia News Agency (23 January 2013).
3120:
3072:
3012:
2862:
2850:
2778:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2724:
2678:
2564:
2540:
2293:
2012:
1730:
1664:
1178:
1081:
972:
863:
797:
787:
710:Using his fleet of galleys based out of
665:
560:
421:
335:
113:
5558:Executed people from the Ottoman Empire
4590:
4490:
4276:"Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean"
4132:
3493:FSTC Research Team (13 February 2010).
3266:
1765:
1724:
1676:
699:in Yemen. The Portuguese navy employed
662:Grand Admiral of the Indian Ocean Fleet
319:. This sparked greater interest in the
5510:
4708:
4594:Venice and the Islamic world, 828-1797
4571:
4482:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (
4448:
4415:
4394:
4371:
4342:
4333:
4297:
4273:
4242:
4191:. London: Cambridge University Press.
4162:
4098:
4078:
3545:
3512:
3452:
3366:
3318:
3289:
3246:
3213:
3167:
3147:
3132:
3036:
3024:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2940:
2889:
2874:
2826:
2790:
2693:
2666:
2654:
2639:
2615:
2603:
2576:
2530:
2440:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2341:
2335:
2281:
2264:
2130:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
1997:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1916:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1794:
1782:
1700:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1575:
1488:
1476:
1408:
1396:
1375:
456:for piracy and brought to the capital
452:In 1495, Kemal Reis was imprisoned on
5553:Cartographers from the Ottoman Empire
5026:
4739:
4624:
4514:Turkish Foundations in Rhodes and Kos
4395:Tarihi, Güncellenme (24 March 2022).
4263:Shaw, Stanford J. (29 October 1976).
4141:
4119:
4043:
3971:
3783:
3743:
3630:The Journal of the Walters Art Museum
3581:
3471:
3428:
3399:
3096:
3084:
2904:
2464:
2452:
2428:
2356:
2240:
2217:
2205:
1928:
1811:
1530:
1500:
507:. In the early 1500s, Kemal Reis led
370:. He was possibly Piri Reis' father.
4262:
4031:. Naval History and Heritage Command
4022:
3942:McIntosh, Gregory C. (August 2015).
3788:. Oxford: Signal. pp. 127–131.
3717:
3656:
3582:Grima, Joseph F. (24 October 2021).
3550:(1st ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter.
3000:
2952:
2838:
2814:
2802:
2627:
2188:
2173:
2161:
2149:
1688:
1592:
1563:
1423:
1333:sent from Rome to Constantinople by
1265:Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean
5568:Geographers from the Ottoman Empire
5543:Naval history of the Ottoman Empire
4697:Arikan, Muzaffer; Toledo, Paulino.
4675:
4627:"A Muslim History Of The New World"
626:In both the 1513 world map and the
13:
4553:
4380:. No. 216. pp. 135–144.
4209:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3379:from the original on 10 March 2004
3373:The Mysteries of the Piri Reis map
3153:La Science Chez les Turcs Ottomans
2706:Lepore, Piccardi & Rombai 2013
1653:Zarinebaf, Bennet & Davis 2005
1323:franchise. In the 2010 video game
1317:. Piri Reis is a character in the
1030:, with special attention given to
958:
14:
5624:
4163:Ritman, Alex (14 November 2011).
4101:"Piri Reis in Venetian Documents"
4099:Pedani, Maria Pia (August 2015).
4079:Ozberk, Tayfun (25 August 2024).
3422:University of Wisconsin–Green Bay
3247:Bostan, İdris (30 January 2014).
1941:Yaldız, Kaymakçı & Özgün 2019
1216:in his seventeenth-century work,
1077:
1024:discovery of a sea route to India
693:Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean
599:The longer second version of the
541:1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt
385:who acted with the approval of a
273:Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean
5128:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
5006:
4767:
4704:(in Turkish). Ankara University.
4559:
4105:Mediterranea. Ricerche Storiche.
3948:Mediterranea. Ricerche Storiche.
3721:; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954).
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2922:
2910:
2868:
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2757:
2579:gives 1520 as a completion date.
2527:Other translations of the title:
16:Turkish admiral and cartographer
4676:Çal, İsmail (21 October 2010).
3972:Muhaj, Ardian (December 2014).
3531:10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041
3141:
2745:
2699:
2672:
2660:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2570:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2386:
2362:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2258:
2246:
2211:
2167:
2155:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2033:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1895:
1883:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1788:
1759:
1747:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1569:
1557:
1524:
1016:voyages of Christopher Columbus
998:
852:
549:
5608:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
5143:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
4678:"Piri Reis neden idam edildi?"
4491:Urguplu, Ahmet (1 July 2015).
4238:. Alexandria and Johannesburg.
4133:Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972).
3929:McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000b).
3896:McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a).
3731:: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.
3698:Hoekstra, Kyle (20 May 2024).
3663:The American Historical Review
3513:Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015).
3293:The Ottoman Age of Exploration
1506:
1494:
1482:
1441:Tureng Multilingual Dictionary
1414:
1402:
722:. Piri Reis subdued the local
129:1470 – 1553), better known as
118:Bust of Piri Reis in Gallipoli
1:
5603:Turks from the Ottoman Empire
4878:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
4493:"Piri Reis and His World Map"
4470:Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
4107:(34). Palermo: Mediterranea.
3950:(34). Palermo: Mediterranea.
1350:
1344:Assassin's Creed: Revelations
1326:Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
1281:Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings
1114:. Crosses indicate rocks and
509:raids on the Balearic Islands
352:. He was born Muhiddin Piri;
126:
50:
4848:Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
4773:Seamen of the Ottoman Empire
3831:Malekandathil, Pius (2010).
3565:Goodrich, Thomas D. (2004).
2318:Massetti & Veracini 2016
1742:Massetti & Veracini 2016
673:in Egypt as depicted in the
418:Naval career and cartography
330:
7:
5379:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
4334:Soucek, Svatopluk (1996) .
3983:Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1990).
3912:University of Georgia Press
977:A copy open to the page on
894:longitude and latitude grid
583:. The first version of his
491:Piri Reis took part in the
484:. Her right eye is that of
10:
5629:
5431:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
5423:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
4898:Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
4719:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
4343:Soucek, Svatopluk (2004).
4185:Robinson, Francis (1996).
4126:Journal of Ottoman Studies
3618:Louisiana State University
3319:Casale, Giancarlo (2019).
1242:Turkish Historical Society
966:
802:Surviving fragment of the
791:
691:, or grand admiral of the
613:grand vizier of the empire
271:, or grand admiral of the
264:In 1546, Piri Reis became
5486:
5412:
5392:
5361:
5320:
5279:
5238:
5212:
5176:
5100:
5069:
5060:
5002:
4964:Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis
4916:
4883:Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
4778:
4591:Carboni, Stefano (2007).
4572:Loupis, Dimitris (2004).
4468:Ubisoft Montreal (2010).
4433:10.32704/erdem.1985.3.673
3899:The Piri Reis Map of 1513
3548:Deissmann the Philologist
3546:Gerber, Albrecht (2010).
3472:Floor, Willem M. (2006).
3457:. New York: Basic Books.
3453:Finkel, Caroline (2007).
3395:. Milan: Edizioni Piemme.
3214:Ayyubi, N. Akmal (1989).
2306:Anatolia News Agency 2013
1703:, pp. 267, 270, 271.
1311:'s science fiction novel
1183:Bust of Piri Reis in the
1174:
402:near Corsica. During the
389:. Led by Kemal Reis, the
211:Ottoman conquest of Egypt
101:
90:
71:
42:
30:
23:
5573:16th-century geographers
5563:Suleiman the Magnificent
5328:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
4903:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
4717:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
4668:The Public Domain Review
4244:Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl
4065:10.1501/Tarar_0000000453
4044:Önalp, Ertuğrul (2010).
3657:Hess, Andrew C. (1970).
2535:Book of Maritime Matters
1335:Ezio Auditore da Firenze
994:Suleiman the Magnificent
888:, portolan charts use a
769:
756:laid siege to the island
643:the 1526 version of the
577:Suleiman the Magnificent
219:Suleiman the Magnificent
5593:Executed Turkish people
4873:Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha
4663:"The Maps of Piri Reis"
4378:Cartes & Géomatique
4215:. Infobase Publishing.
4142:Pryor, John H. (1988).
3965:Cartographica Helvetica
3624:Hepworth, Paul (2005).
3602:Heinrich, Paul (2001).
3400:Dutch, Steven (2010) .
3393:Gli enigmi della storia
3267:Brotton, Jerry (1998).
2592:FSTC Research Team 2010
503:, and 1501 conquest of
5538:16th-century explorers
5533:15th-century explorers
5446:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
5333:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
4917:Other important seamen
4853:Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha
4808:Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
4709:Bostan, Idris (2007).
4450:"Piri Reis University"
4023:NHHC (21 April 2016).
3967:(in German) (24): 3–7.
3367:Cuoghi, Diego (2002).
3168:Akçura, Yusuf (1935).
3149:Adıvar, Abdülhak Adnan
1187:
1087:
981:
873:
807:
677:
572:
433:
377:. Kemal was a notable
138:
119:
5230:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
4838:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
4372:Soucek, Svat (2013).
4298:Soucek, Svat (1994).
4274:Soucek, Svat (1992).
4120:Pinto, Karen (2012).
3325:Renaissance Quarterly
3109:Ubisoft Montreal 2010
2395:, pp. 58, 73–74.
2164:, pp. 1916–1917.
1691:, pp. 1905–1907.
1329:, a group of Italian
1226:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1195:'s expedition to the
1185:Istanbul Naval Museum
1182:
1085:
976:
867:
812:Piri Reis map of 1513
801:
788:Piri Reis map of 1513
669:
609:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
564:
493:Ottoman–Venetian wars
425:
368:Ottoman–Venetian wars
336:Early life and piracy
227:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
203:Ottoman–Venetian wars
117:
5548:People from Gelibolu
5261:Ibn Said al-Maghribi
4888:Baltacı Mehmet Pasha
4823:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
4818:Hayreddin Barbarossa
4649:on 17 September 2013
4625:Lunde, Paul (1992).
4568:at Wikimedia Commons
4252:Piri Reis Sempozyumu
4232:Ekklisiastikos Faros
4074:on 12 December 2013.
3571:Piri Reis Sempozyumu
3438:. Psychology Press.
3369:"Part 1 (Piri Reis)"
3337:10.1017/rqx.2019.252
2766:, pp. 303, 315.
2078:, pp. 864, 897.
1631:, pp. 222, 232.
1518:Cambridge Dictionary
1293:post-glacial rebound
1260:Piri Reis University
1193:Murat Reis the Elder
1151:geography of Florida
1018:to the Americas and
870:Martin Behaim's Asia
859:Christopher Columbus
737:at the mouth of the
615:. When putting down
438:Hayreddin Barbarossa
317:Christopher Columbus
279:at the mouth of the
5465:The Meadows of Gold
5082:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
4989:Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis
4614:"The Piri Reis map"
4517:. Eğitim Yayinevi.
4269:. pp. 106–107.
4258:on 25 October 2007.
3761:1933GeoRv..23..621K
3749:Geographical Review
3478:. Mage Publishers.
3402:"The Piri Reis Map"
3200:Hürriyet Daily News
2979:, pp. 135–144.
2931:, pp. 123–124.
2865:, pp. 308–309.
2853:, pp. 307–308.
2669:, pp. 273–274.
2642:, pp. 277–279.
2191:, pp. 106–107.
1943:, pp. 224–225.
1853:, pp. 220–223.
1841:, pp. 321–322.
1785:, pp. 675–676.
1619:, pp. 319–320.
1218:Müntehab-ı Bahriyye
1161:'s master map, the
1098:The 1528 map was a
936:legendary creatures
806:of Piri Reis (1513)
589:Knights of St. John
429:as depicted in the
283:. He abandoned the
37:Statue of Piri Reis
5302:Hamdallah Mustawfi
5225:Muhammad al-Idrisi
5199:Mahmud al-Kashgari
5123:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
4858:Gazi Hüseyin Pasha
4643:MuslimHeritage.com
4631:Saudi Aramco World
4620:on 13 August 2013.
4454:Tethys Engineering
4351:(98/99): 219–261.
3873:10.5252/az2016n1a3
3175:Piri Reis Haritasi
2545:Book on Navigation
2253:Malekandathil 2010
1301:ancient astronauts
1188:
1088:
982:
932:Islamic miniatures
874:
808:
678:
634:—believed to be a
573:
536:world of his era.
434:
178:and cities of the
172:Book of Navigation
144:), was an Ottoman
120:
5505:
5504:
5408:
5407:
5369:Sulaiman Al Mahri
5189:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
5168:Qudama ibn Ja'far
5092:Sulaiman al-Tajir
5020:
5019:
4908:Ahmed Fevzi Pasha
4798:Gedik Ahmed Pasha
4728:978-975-389-456-2
4564:Media related to
4545:978-0-87661-534-8
4524:978-605-7786-13-5
4222:978-1-4381-1025-7
4198:978-0-521-43510-9
4025:"Mapiro (SS-376)"
4005:Newsroom (2024).
3861:Anthropozoologica
3844:978-93-80607-01-6
3519:Terrae Incognitae
3485:978-1-933823-12-6
3464:978-0-465-02397-4
3430:Fagan, Garrett G.
3412:on 13 August 2013
3311:978-0-19-537782-8
3099:, pp. 65–67.
3051:, pp. 53–58.
2817:, pp. 43–45.
2630:, pp. 21–22.
2431:, pp. 90–94.
2344:, pp. 59–60.
1979:, pp. 36–37.
1744:, pp. 41–42.
1297:Erich von Däniken
1273:Arlington Mallery
1234:Atatürk's reforms
1201:Sack of Lanzarote
1039:Mediterranean Sea
988:(كتاب بحرية), or
180:Mediterranean Sea
112:
111:
5620:
5453:Mu'jam Al-Buldan
5439:Tabula Rogeriana
5433:(ibn Khordadbeh)
5118:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
5113:Ahmad ibn Rustah
5067:
5066:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5024:
5023:
5011:
5010:
4893:Koca Bekir Pasha
4772:
4771:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4705:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4672:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4645:. Archived from
4634:
4621:
4616:. Archived from
4608:
4587:
4563:
4549:
4528:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4487:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4444:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4391:
4389:
4368:
4339:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4294:
4280:
4270:
4259:
4239:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4159:
4138:
4137:. Brill Archive.
4129:
4116:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4075:
4073:
4067:. Archived from
4050:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4010:. 31 August 2024
4002:
3979:
3968:
3959:
3938:
3935:Mercator's World
3925:
3892:
3858:
3848:
3837:. Primus Books.
3827:
3817:
3807:
3780:
3740:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3694:
3669:(7): 1892–1919.
3653:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3578:
3561:
3542:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3489:
3468:
3449:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3408:. Archived from
3396:
3389:Translation of:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3315:
3286:
3274:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3190:
3180:
3170:"Piri Reis' Map"
3164:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2371:, pp. 3, 7.
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2134:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2001:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1667:, pp. 68–72
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1320:Assassin's Creed
1108:Tropic of Cancer
1002:
1001: 1520–1566
1000:
941:traditional maps
890:windrose network
856:
855: 1512–1520
854:
617:Hain Ahmed Pasha
553:
552: 1512–1520
551:
495:, including the
128:
85:, Ottoman Empire
52:
35:
21:
20:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5482:
5477:Kitab al-Kharaj
5404:
5388:
5357:
5338:Ahmad ibn Mājid
5316:
5275:
5256:Yaqut al-Hamawi
5234:
5208:
5172:
5096:
5056:
5051:
5021:
5016:
5005:
4998:
4912:
4868:Koca Musa Pasha
4863:Kara Musa Pasha
4843:Kılıç Ali Pasha
4774:
4766:
4764:
4729:
4701:
4687:
4685:
4684:on 5 March 2016
4661:
4652:
4650:
4637:
4605:
4556:
4554:Further reading
4546:
4525:
4501:
4499:
4475:
4474:
4458:
4456:
4447:Tethys (2024).
4406:
4404:
4387:10.1.1.692.1619
4349:Studia Islamica
4324:
4322:
4312:10.2307/1595839
4306:(79): 121–142.
4304:Studia Islamica
4278:
4223:
4212:
4199:
4175:
4173:
4156:
4089:
4087:
4071:
4048:
4034:
4032:
4013:
4011:
3999:
3922:
3856:
3845:
3815:
3796:
3708:
3706:
3675:10.2307/1848022
3610:
3608:
3592:
3590:
3577:on 16 May 2015.
3558:
3503:
3501:
3499:Muslim Heritage
3486:
3465:
3446:
3415:
3413:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3357:
3355:
3312:
3283:
3257:
3255:
3204:
3202:
3178:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2929:Sarıcaoğlu 2009
2927:
2923:
2917:Sarıcaoğlu 2009
2915:
2911:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2533:, p. 266:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:, pp. 1–2.
2204:
2195:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2137:
2129:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:, p. 1905.
1591:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1382:
1374:
1357:
1353:
1309:Allan W. Eckert
1285:Queen Maud Land
1277:Charles Hapgood
1238:Kitab-ı Bahriye
1214:Kitab-i Bahriye
1177:
1080:
1068:Kitab-ı Bahriye
1047:Kitab-ı Bahriye
1008:portolan charts
997:
990:Book of the Sea
986:Kitab-ı Bahriye
971:
969:Kitab-ı Bahriye
963:
960:Kitab-ı Bahriye
949:mythical places
930:, populated by
928:portolan charts
920:Terra Australis
898:Ottoman Turkish
851:
804:first World Map
796:
790:
781:Kitab-ı Bahriye
772:
716:recaptured Aden
688:Kapudan-ı Derya
675:Kitab-ı Bahriye
664:
645:Kitab-ı Bahriye
628:Kitab-ı Bahriye
621:Kitab-ı Bahriye
601:Kitab-ı Bahriye
585:Kitab-ı Bahriye
581:Siege of Rhodes
548:
474:Kitab-ı Bahriye
462:Kitab-ı Bahriye
431:Kitab-ı Bahriye
420:
391:Barbary pirates
387:sovereign state
338:
333:
321:Kitab-ı Bahriye
300:Kitab-ı Bahriye
285:siege of Hormuz
268:Kapudan-ı Derya
259:Central America
223:Kitab-ı Bahriye
207:Kitab-ı Bahriye
185:He was born in
167:Kitab-ı Bahriye
86:
76:
67:
54:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5626:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5271:Ibn al-Mujawir
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:Ibn Khordadbeh
5104:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Seydi Ali Reis
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Mustafa Bayram
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Süleyman Pasha
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4780:Kapudan Pashas
4776:
4775:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4706:
4694:
4673:
4659:
4635:
4622:
4612:Steven Dutch.
4609:
4603:
4588:
4569:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4529:
4523:
4508:
4488:
4465:
4445:
4427:(3): 673–683.
4413:
4392:
4369:
4340:
4331:
4295:
4271:
4260:
4240:
4227:
4221:
4203:
4197:
4182:
4160:
4154:
4139:
4130:
4117:
4096:
4076:
4055:(in Turkish).
4041:
4020:
4003:
3997:
3980:
3969:
3960:
3939:
3926:
3920:
3893:
3849:
3843:
3828:
3808:
3794:
3781:
3769:10.2307/209247
3755:(4): 621–638.
3745:Kahle, Paul E.
3741:
3715:
3695:
3654:
3621:
3599:
3588:Times of Malta
3579:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3510:
3490:
3484:
3469:
3463:
3450:
3444:
3426:
3397:
3364:
3331:(3): 863–909.
3316:
3310:
3287:
3281:
3264:
3244:
3211:
3191:
3165:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3061:McIntosh 2000a
3053:
3049:McIntosh 2000a
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2967:, p. 131.
2957:
2945:
2943:, p. 199.
2933:
2921:
2919:, p. 120.
2909:
2907:, p. 265.
2894:
2892:, p. 135.
2879:
2877:, p. 143.
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2793:, p. 681.
2783:
2781:, p. 305.
2768:
2756:
2754:, p. 306.
2744:
2742:, p. 306.
2729:
2727:, p. 303.
2710:
2698:
2696:, p. 186.
2683:
2671:
2659:
2657:, p. 277.
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2606:, p. 139.
2596:
2581:
2569:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2543:, p. 73:
2538:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2513:McIntosh 2000a
2505:
2501:McIntosh 2000a
2493:
2489:McIntosh 2000a
2481:
2477:McIntosh 2000a
2469:
2457:
2445:
2443:, p. 123.
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2381:McIntosh 2000b
2373:
2369:Mesenburg 2001
2361:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2284:, p. 324.
2269:
2267:, p. 136.
2257:
2255:, p. 117.
2245:
2243:, p. 176.
2222:
2220:, p. 175.
2210:
2193:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2152:, p. 107.
2135:
2133:, p. 323.
2116:
2114:, p. 875.
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2066:, p. 871.
2056:
2054:, p. 876.
2044:
2042:, p. 739.
2032:
2030:, p. 141.
2017:
2002:
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1919:, p. 223.
1906:
1904:, p. 221.
1894:
1892:, p. 220.
1882:
1880:, p. 137.
1867:
1865:, p. 222.
1855:
1843:
1831:
1829:, p. 270.
1816:
1814:, p. 621.
1799:
1797:, p. 738.
1787:
1770:
1768:, p. 108.
1758:
1754:McIntosh 2000a
1746:
1729:
1717:
1713:Nebenzahl 1990
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1643:, p. 232.
1633:
1621:
1609:
1607:, p. 319.
1597:
1580:
1578:, p. 737.
1568:
1556:
1552:McIntosh 2000a
1535:
1533:, p. 193.
1523:
1505:
1503:, p. 127.
1493:
1491:, p. 321.
1481:
1479:, p. 320.
1466:
1462:McIntosh 2000a
1449:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1430:McIntosh 2000a
1427:
1420:
1413:
1411:, p. 266.
1401:
1380:
1378:, p. 272.
1354:
1352:
1349:
1314:The HAB Theory
1305:Graham Hancock
1299:in support of
1197:Canary Islands
1176:
1173:
1159:Spanish Empire
1100:portolan chart
1079:
1078:1528 world map
1076:
967:Main article:
962:
957:
892:rather than a
886:dead reckoning
878:portolan chart
824:Topkapı Palace
792:Main article:
789:
786:
776:1513 world map
771:
768:
752:City of Hormuz
663:
660:
632:Dhu al-Qarnayn
458:Constantinople
419:
416:
350:Ottoman Empire
337:
334:
332:
329:
305:Topkapı Palace
162:1513 world map
110:
109:
103:
99:
98:
92:
91:Known for
88:
87:
77:
73:
69:
68:
65:Ottoman Empire
61:Rumelia Eyalet
55:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5625:
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5471:Piri Reis map
5469:
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5398:
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5251:Saadi Shirazi
5249:
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5163:Al-Ramhormuzi
5161:
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5015:
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5013:Turkey Portal
5009:
5001:
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4994:Uluç Ali Reis
4992:
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4417:Tekeli, Sevim
4414:
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4309:
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4292:
4288:
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4283:Harley, J. B.
4277:
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4151:
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3917:
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3881:10400.5/28972
3878:
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3855:
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3809:
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3557:9783110224320
3553:
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3445:9780415305921
3441:
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3326:
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3313:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3282:0-8014-3499-8
3278:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3245:
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3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3121:Hoekstra 2024
3117:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3087:, p. 35.
3086:
3081:
3074:
3073:Heinrich 2001
3069:
3063:, p. 62.
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3013:Newsroom 2024
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
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2925:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2863:McIntosh 2015
2859:
2852:
2851:McIntosh 2015
2847:
2841:, p. 48.
2840:
2835:
2829:, p. 681
2828:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2805:, p. 45.
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2779:McIntosh 2015
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:McIntosh 2015
2760:
2753:
2752:McIntosh 2015
2748:
2741:
2740:McIntosh 2015
2736:
2734:
2726:
2725:McIntosh 2015
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2708:, p. 86.
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:Goodrich 2004
2675:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2565:Goodrich 2004
2561:
2559:
2557:
2546:
2542:
2541:Hepworth 2005
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2455:, p. 80.
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2320:, p. 41.
2319:
2314:
2307:
2302:
2296:, p. 70.
2295:
2294:Robinson 1996
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2176:, p. 15.
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2015:, p. 73.
2014:
2013:Hepworth 2005
2009:
2007:
2000:, p. 37.
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1967:, p. 36.
1966:
1961:
1955:, p. 34.
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1715:, p. 62.
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1679:, p. 99.
1678:
1673:
1666:
1665:Savvides 1992
1661:
1655:, p. 11.
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:built on the
1211:
1207:
1206:sailing ships
1202:
1199:and the 1586
1198:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:compass roses
1101:
1096:
1094:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:compass roses
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Vasco da Gama
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
995:
991:
987:
980:
975:
970:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
944:
942:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
921:
916:
913:according to
912:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:compass roses
879:
876:The map is a
871:
866:
862:
860:
849:
845:
841:
840:1517 conquest
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
800:
795:
794:Piri Reis map
785:
783:
782:
777:
767:
765:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
736:
735:Hormuz Island
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:sailing ships
698:
694:
690:
689:
683:
676:
672:
668:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
567:
563:
559:
557:
546:
542:
537:
534:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
443:
439:
432:
428:
424:
415:
413:
412:Barbary Coast
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Hormuz Island
274:
270:
269:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
124:
123:Muhiddin Piri
116:
107:
104:
100:
97:
96:Piri Reis map
93:
89:
84:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:Muhiddin Piri
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
5528:1550s deaths
5523:1460s births
5494:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5393:17th century
5373:
5362:16th century
5321:15th century
5297:Ibn al-Wardi
5280:14th century
5266:Ibn al-Nafis
5239:13th century
5213:12th century
5177:11th century
5158:Al-Muqaddasi
5153:Ibn al-Faqih
5101:10th century
5077:Al-Khwarizmi
5004:
4943:
4833:Piyale Pasha
4793:Mahmud Pasha
4714:
4686:. Retrieved
4682:the original
4666:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:the original
4642:
4630:
4618:the original
4593:
4574:
4534:
4513:
4500:. Retrieved
4497:The Fountain
4496:
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4453:
4424:
4420:
4405:. Retrieved
4403:(in Turkish)
4400:
4377:
4348:
4335:
4323:. Retrieved
4303:
4290:
4287:Woodward, D.
4265:
4256:the original
4251:
4235:
4231:
4208:
4187:
4174:. Retrieved
4170:The National
4168:
4144:
4134:
4125:
4104:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4069:the original
4056:
4052:
4033:. Retrieved
4028:
4012:. Retrieved
3989:Rand McNally
3984:
3974:
3964:
3947:
3934:
3898:
3867:(1): 41–54.
3864:
3860:
3833:
3823:
3820:E-Perimetron
3819:
3785:
3752:
3748:
3723:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:
3666:
3662:
3633:
3629:
3609:. Retrieved
3604:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:
3575:the original
3570:
3547:
3525:(1): 10–32.
3522:
3518:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:
3474:
3454:
3434:
3420:– via
3414:. Retrieved
3410:the original
3405:
3392:
3381:. Retrieved
3372:
3356:. Retrieved
3328:
3324:
3292:
3270:
3256:. Retrieved
3252:
3223:
3219:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:
3174:
3152:
3142:Bibliography
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2955:, p. 4.
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2759:
2747:
2701:
2674:
2662:
2635:
2623:
2618:, p. 37
2611:
2599:
2572:
2544:
2534:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2260:
2248:
2213:
2169:
2157:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1897:
1885:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1790:
1766:Brotton 1998
1761:
1756:, p. 9.
1749:
1725:Urguplu 2015
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1677:Pitcher 1972
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1571:
1566:, p. 9.
1559:
1554:, p. 6.
1526:
1517:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1464:, p. 5.
1440:
1432:, p. 5;
1426:, p. 6;
1416:
1404:
1342:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1280:
1275:, professor
1270:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1237:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1210:Kâtip Çelebi
1189:
1169:Freducci map
1162:
1143:
1140:Newfoundland
1132:
1097:
1089:
1072:
1067:
1051:North Africa
1046:
1036:
1028:Indian Ocean
1005:
989:
985:
983:
964:
959:
945:
925:
918:
875:
836:Islamic year
809:
779:
773:
760:
739:Persian Gulf
732:
709:
685:
679:
674:
649:
644:
627:
625:
620:
611:who rose to
600:
598:
584:
574:
538:
533:Islamic year
522:
490:
473:
461:
451:
435:
430:
381:, a type of
372:
353:
339:
320:
299:
297:
289:Qeshm Island
281:Persian Gulf
265:
263:
239:Newfoundland
222:
206:
199:Ottoman Navy
184:
171:
165:
158:cartographer
130:
122:
121:
94:Drawing the
83:Egypt Eyalet
18:
5307:Ibn Battuta
5287:Al-Dimashqi
5070:9th century
5062:Geographers
4959:Turgut Reis
4929:Selman Reis
4828:Sinan Pasha
4803:Mesih Pasha
4788:Zagan Pasha
4711:"PÎRÎ REİS"
4688:22 November
4459:8 September
4407:7 September
4090:9 September
4035:9 September
4014:9 September
3987:. Chicago:
3709:7 September
3704:History Hit
3226:: 737–740.
3205:4 September
3133:Ritman 2011
3037:Tarihi 2022
3025:Tethys 2024
2989:Ozberk 2024
2977:Soucek 2013
2965:Soucek 2013
2941:Gerber 2010
2890:Soucek 1994
2875:Soucek 2013
2827:Tekeli 1985
2791:Tekeli 1985
2694:Casale 2010
2681:, Abstract.
2667:Soucek 1992
2655:Soucek 1992
2640:Soucek 1992
2616:Casale 2010
2604:Soucek 2013
2577:Soucek 2013
2531:Soucek 1992
2441:Soucek 1994
2417:Cuoghi 2002
2405:Gaspar 2015
2393:Soucek 1996
2342:Adıvar 1939
2336:Şengör 2004
2282:Pedani 2015
2265:Finkel 2007
2131:Pedani 2015
2112:Casale 2019
2100:Akçura 1935
2088:Akçura 1935
2076:Casale 2019
2064:Casale 2019
2052:Casale 2019
2040:Ayyubi 1989
2028:Soucek 2013
1998:Casale 2010
1977:Casale 2010
1965:Casale 2010
1953:Casale 2010
1917:Soucek 2004
1902:Soucek 2004
1890:Soucek 2004
1878:Soucek 2013
1863:Soucek 2004
1851:Soucek 2004
1839:Pedani 2015
1827:Soucek 1992
1795:Ayyubi 1989
1783:Tekeli 1985
1701:Soucek 1992
1641:Soucek 2004
1629:Soucek 2004
1617:Pedani 2015
1605:Pedani 2015
1576:Ayyubi 1989
1489:Pedani 2015
1477:Pedani 2015
1409:Soucek 1992
1397:Bostan 2014
1376:Soucek 1992
1289:polar shift
1164:Padrón Real
1043:Dardanelles
743:took Muscat
652:Middle East
466:Peloponnese
404:Granada War
346:Dardanelles
5512:Categories
5487:Influences
5425:(al-Bakrī)
5292:Abu'l-Fida
5246:Ibn Jubayr
5148:Ibn Hawqal
4984:Sefer Reis
4979:Murat Reis
4969:Salih Reis
4954:Sinan Reis
4949:Aydın Reis
4939:Hoca Sefer
4924:Kemal Reis
4085:Naval News
3719:İnan, Afet
3097:Pinto 2012
3085:Fagan 2006
2905:Muhaj 2014
2465:Pinto 2012
2453:Pinto 2012
2429:Pinto 2012
2357:Dutch 2010
2241:Floor 2006
2218:Floor 2006
2206:Önalp 2010
2102:, sec. VI.
1929:Grima 2021
1812:Kahle 1933
1531:Pryor 1988
1501:Khair 2006
1351:References
1010:, and the
915:Marco Polo
911:Hispaniola
726:rulers of
720:Portuguese
682:Sinan Reis
671:Alexandria
556:Aegean Sea
478:Bayezid II
444:recruited
442:Bayezid II
375:Kemal Reis
360:Kemal Reis
251:Hispaniola
195:Kemal Reis
154:geographer
106:Kemal Reis
5518:Piri Reis
5497:(Ptolemy)
5495:Geography
5384:Amīn Rāzī
5374:Piri Reis
5184:Al-Biruni
5133:Al-Masudi
4944:Piri Reis
4653:15 August
4584:892160459
4566:Piri Reis
4538:. ASCSA.
4478:cite book
4441:167145440
4382:CiteSeerX
4357:0585-5292
4113:1828-230X
3956:1828-230X
3889:192924551
3683:0002-8762
3642:1946-0988
3636:: 73–80.
3611:12 August
3539:128885931
3504:12 August
3416:16 August
3353:204482631
3232:2249-1937
3001:NHHC 2016
2953:İnan 1954
2839:İnan 1954
2815:İnan 1954
2803:İnan 1954
2628:İnan 1954
2594:, sec. 4.
2189:Shaw 1976
2174:İnan 1954
2162:Hess 1970
2150:Shaw 1976
2090:, sec. V.
1689:Hess 1970
1593:Hess 1970
1564:İnan 1954
1514:"Corsair"
1424:İnan 1954
1331:Assassins
1248:Piri Reis
1155:peninsula
907:Caribbean
820:classical
816:world map
718:from the
525:Gallipoli
472:. In his
364:Nafpaktos
342:Gallipoli
331:Biography
313:Caribbean
231:Greenland
189:—a major
187:Gallipoli
150:navigator
131:Piri Reis
102:Relatives
57:Gallipoli
25:Piri Reis
5343:Zheng He
5220:al-Zuhri
5194:Al-Bakri
5138:Istakhri
4401:CNN TÜRK
4365:20059216
4289:(eds.).
4246:(2004).
4176:29 April
3804:61177562
3650:20650882
3432:(2006).
3377:Archived
3345:26845906
3240:44146128
3187:42754605
3161:11676376
3151:(1939).
2567:, pt. 1.
2515:, ch. 6.
2503:, ch. 5.
2491:, ch. 3.
2479:, ch. 2.
1339:Templars
1255:Pirireis
1230:projects
1144:Isla di
1136:Labrador
1120:caravels
1093:colophon
953:Cananéia
902:colophon
832:Muharram
828:Istanbul
579:'s 1522
570:Anatolia
529:Muharram
396:Mallorca
309:Istanbul
235:Labrador
164:and the
5353:Fei Xin
5348:Ma Huan
5204:Domiyat
5087:Ya'qubi
4502:20 July
4320:1595839
3908:Georgia
3757:Bibcode
3737:2435662
3691:1848022
3593:20 July
3383:29 July
3258:20 July
3253:SeaNews
1303:and by
1157:. The
1124:carrack
1064:galiots
1060:galleys
979:Corsica
872:(right)
848:Selim I
834:in the
724:Bedouin
705:galleys
605:viziers
545:Selim I
531:in the
513:Corsica
446:Barbary
400:Pianosa
379:corsair
344:on the
255:Jamaica
243:Florida
217:. When
215:Selim I
191:Ottoman
146:corsair
135:Turkish
108:(uncle)
5312:Lin Nu
4725:
4601:
4582:
4542:
4521:
4439:
4384:
4363:
4355:
4325:27 May
4318:
4219:
4195:
4152:
4111:
4059:(47).
3995:
3954:
3918:
3904:Athens
3887:
3841:
3802:
3792:
3777:209247
3775:
3735:
3729:Ankara
3689:
3681:
3648:
3640:
3554:
3537:
3482:
3461:
3442:
3358:27 May
3351:
3343:
3308:
3279:
3238:
3230:
3185:
3159:
2338:cites:
1437:"Reis"
1258:. The
1246:RV K.
1175:Legacy
1126:. The
1122:and a
1112:shoals
1066:, the
1032:Hormuz
1012:oceans
900:. The
680:After
656:Koroni
566:Rhodes
470:Rhodes
454:Euboea
427:Venice
398:, and
383:pirate
325:Turkey
257:, and
156:, and
5459:Rihla
5414:Works
4702:(PDF)
4437:S2CID
4421:Erdem
4361:JSTOR
4316:JSTOR
4281:. In
4279:(PDF)
4213:(PDF)
4072:(PDF)
4049:(PDF)
3885:S2CID
3857:(PDF)
3816:(PDF)
3773:JSTOR
3687:JSTOR
3646:JSTOR
3535:S2CID
3349:S2CID
3341:JSTOR
3236:JSTOR
3179:(PDF)
1128:scale
1116:reefs
880:with
844:Egypt
814:is a
770:Works
764:Cairo
748:Qeshm
728:Basra
686:Hind
640:Quran
594:Malta
517:Morea
505:Pylos
486:Corfu
482:Modon
408:Spain
315:from
293:Cairo
266:Hind
176:ports
139:Pîrî
79:Cairo
4723:ISBN
4690:2015
4655:2012
4599:ISBN
4580:OCLC
4540:ISBN
4519:ISBN
4504:2024
4484:link
4461:2024
4409:2024
4353:ISSN
4327:2023
4217:ISBN
4193:ISBN
4178:2018
4150:ISBN
4109:ISSN
4092:2024
4037:2024
4016:2024
3993:ISBN
3952:ISSN
3916:ISBN
3839:ISBN
3826:(2).
3800:OCLC
3790:ISBN
3733:OCLC
3711:2024
3679:ISSN
3638:ISSN
3613:2023
3595:2024
3552:ISBN
3506:2024
3480:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3418:2013
3385:2023
3360:2023
3306:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3260:2024
3228:ISSN
3207:2024
3183:OCLC
3157:OCLC
1253:TCG
1251:and
1146:Vana
1138:and
1062:and
1003:).
984:The
810:The
712:Suez
697:Aden
511:and
355:Reis
261:).
247:Cuba
141:Reis
75:1553
72:Died
53:1470
43:Born
4429:doi
4308:doi
4061:doi
3877:hdl
3869:doi
3765:doi
3671:doi
3527:doi
3333:doi
3298:doi
1022:'s
842:of
826:in
488:."
307:in
5514::
4713:.
4665:.
4641:.
4629:.
4495:.
4480:}}
4476:{{
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4167:.
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4051:.
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3991:.
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2555:^
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2272:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
