67:
284:
395:
403:
49:
354:, employing their word for long pepper, the popularity of long pepper faded away. Chili peppers, some of which, when dried, are similar in shape and taste to long pepper, were easier to grow in a variety of locations more convenient to Europe. Today, long pepper is a rarity in general commerce.
657:
Kim, K. S.; Kim, J. A.; Eom, S. Y.; Lee, S. H.; Min, K. R.; Kim, Y. (February 2006). "Inhibitory effect of piperlonguminine on melanin production in melanoma B16 cell line by downregulation of tyrosinase expression".
3654:
2790:
2525:
336:
Round, or black, pepper began to compete with long pepper in Europe from the twelfth century and had displaced it by the fourteenth. The quest for cheaper and more dependable sources of black pepper fueled the
1947:
693:
Lee, W.; Yoo, H.; Kim, J. A.; Lee, S.; Jee, J. G.; Lee, M. Y.; Lee, Y. M.; Bae, J. S. (2013). "Barrier protective effects of piperlonguminine in LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo".
3415:
2179:
1940:
410:
Though often used in medieval times in spice mixes like "strong powder", long pepper is today a very rare ingredient in
European cuisines, but it can still be found in
1933:
3133:
2418:
2152:
746:
3361:
3983:
2657:
2662:
4022:
3744:
3604:
2616:
2545:
2795:
3599:
3460:
2855:
2754:
2707:
2637:
3704:
4061:
4133:
3719:
3931:
2697:
4009:
3944:
2936:
2908:
739:
545:
2575:
4138:
2962:
2928:
4014:
1956:
3699:
2815:
2555:
1861:
732:
495:
4148:
1853:
616:
589:
326:
4027:
3970:
3777:
3090:
3664:
3085:
3080:
2530:
606:
4079:
3065:
3060:
2007:
3923:
3910:
3773:
3050:
2611:
579:
3996:
3845:
3840:
643:
3949:
4074:
1866:
1207:
1157:
634:
227:. Long pepper has a taste similar to, but sweeter and less pungent than, that of its close relative
3165:
3075:
3070:
3055:
2872:
2372:
2002:
1997:
1876:
1742:
1456:
321:
The ancient history of long pepper is often interlinked with that of black pepper (Piper nigrum).
66:
4066:
3918:
3871:
3356:
3138:
1115:
17:
4153:
4128:
3988:
3905:
3831:
3793:
3659:
3506:
3223:
3095:
3001:
2367:
2012:
932:
885:
3334:
1871:
1399:
1339:
1025:
985:
947:
770:
170:
581:
Intercourse
Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome
269:. The fruits of this plant are often confused with chili peppers, which belong to the genus
4040:
3879:
3714:
3535:
3477:
3406:
3314:
3267:
2702:
2565:
2503:
2483:
2357:
2045:
1593:
1510:
1384:
1282:
957:
912:
849:
8:
3619:
3539:
3481:
3439:
3381:
3149:
2328:
1354:
1297:
1275:
1120:
4053:
1461:
4100:
3500:
3366:
3161:
3107:
2672:
2346:
2238:
2024:
1971:
1693:
1618:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1255:
1187:
1015:
927:
922:
900:
854:
781:
537:
430:
cooking. It is readily available at Indian grocery stores, where it is usually labeled
415:
311:
257:
61:
1812:
4035:
3853:
3694:
3217:
2805:
2728:
2719:
2550:
2319:
2274:
2264:
2209:
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1962:
1894:
1772:
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1712:
1658:
1560:
1555:
1142:
952:
865:
803:
710:
675:
671:
612:
585:
491:
236:
The fruit of the pepper consists of many minuscule fruits â each about the size of a
484:
4105:
3858:
3629:
3395:
3233:
2642:
2303:
1987:
1550:
1535:
1515:
1197:
1078:
832:
702:
667:
529:
457:
338:
1782:
333:
erroneously believed dried black pepper and long pepper came from the same plant.
4143:
3749:
3669:
3472:
3465:
2867:
2860:
2800:
2712:
2580:
2535:
2082:
1992:
1817:
1404:
1349:
1329:
1292:
1247:
1050:
1010:
375:
330:
294:
The oldest known reference to long pepper comes from ancient Indian textbooks of
209:
104:
608:
Antiquities of India: An
Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan
517:
329:. The Romans knew of both but their word for pepper usually meant black pepper.
4048:
3496:
3411:
3181:
3103:
2810:
2342:
2249:
2219:
2112:
2020:
1747:
1717:
1623:
1491:
1416:
1240:
1202:
1177:
1135:
1098:
91:
1777:
706:
533:
4122:
3816:
3729:
3709:
3304:
3019:
2850:
2830:
2560:
2448:
2259:
2132:
2049:
1787:
1722:
1700:
1668:
1603:
1471:
1441:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1369:
1344:
1147:
895:
559:
Hyman, Philippe; Hyman, Mary (June 1980). "Connaissez-vous le poivre long?".
541:
262:
186:
147:
1832:
724:
4092:
4001:
3609:
3425:
3385:
3318:
3308:
3299:
3294:
3237:
3195:
2785:
2570:
2479:
2392:
2204:
2199:
2102:
1767:
1757:
1727:
1663:
1653:
1633:
1613:
1431:
1229:
1172:
1167:
1110:
870:
714:
679:
419:
345:
322:
307:
298:, where its medicinal and dietary uses are described in detail. It reached
229:
440:, a popular meat stew from India, originating in the Indian metropolis of
283:
3957:
3825:
3649:
3577:
3561:
3401:
3284:
3228:
3171:
3157:
2845:
2840:
2780:
2509:
2494:
2489:
2443:
2382:
2309:
2289:
2268:
2229:
2092:
2057:
1925:
1797:
1792:
1737:
1673:
1638:
1446:
1334:
1068:
791:
490:. Translated by Bell, Anthea (revised ed.). Blackwell. p. 491.
303:
31:
1192:
3936:
3639:
3530:
3445:
3435:
3391:
3375:
3371:
3262:
3128:
2996:
2979:
2877:
2723:
2651:
2647:
2594:
2540:
2499:
2324:
2314:
2299:
2167:
2077:
1904:
1899:
1837:
1822:
1762:
1451:
1359:
1105:
942:
937:
875:
786:
306:
discussed it as a medicament rather than a spice. Among the Greeks and
255:, which contributes to their pungency. Another species of long pepper,
237:
216:
137:
117:
3962:
3033:
2891:
2462:
30:
For the
Filipino chili cultivar also anglicized as "long pepper", see
3892:
3754:
3739:
3734:
3684:
3679:
3324:
3243:
3201:
3191:
2428:
2293:
1914:
1909:
1707:
1678:
1628:
1570:
1476:
1364:
1270:
1224:
844:
423:
266:
240:â embedded in the surface of a flower spike that closely resembles a
224:
127:
48:
3787:
1970:
4087:
3810:
3689:
3674:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3613:
3594:
3582:
3551:
3546:
3510:
3421:
3274:
3213:
3185:
3175:
3153:
2835:
2820:
2744:
2682:
2667:
2627:
2433:
2408:
2361:
2352:
2279:
2245:
2189:
2184:
2146:
2142:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2072:
2030:
1827:
1802:
1520:
1505:
1287:
1214:
1182:
1130:
1083:
1040:
1020:
1005:
970:
798:
445:
427:
382:
350:
295:
271:
252:
3975:
3897:
386:, is of the same etymology. That usage began in the 16th century.
27:
Species of plant cultivated for its fruit which is used as a spice
3866:
3724:
3589:
3555:
3524:
3488:
3346:
3328:
3248:
3205:
3145:
3113:
2923:
2824:
2775:
2748:
2740:
2687:
2621:
2437:
2413:
2334:
2283:
2172:
2035:
1732:
1683:
1598:
1588:
1530:
1466:
1436:
1125:
1088:
1000:
995:
990:
980:
822:
441:
288:
219:, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a
3884:
3516:
3492:
3450:
3350:
3278:
3117:
3099:
2957:
2918:
2913:
2691:
2677:
2422:
2338:
2233:
2224:
2214:
2193:
2156:
2127:
2122:
2061:
2053:
2039:
2016:
1688:
1643:
1583:
1540:
1481:
1426:
1389:
1309:
1304:
1265:
1162:
1152:
1073:
1035:
975:
965:
839:
827:
817:
436:
394:
299:
244:
3520:
3256:
3252:
3209:
3123:
2892:
2759:
2736:
2376:
2253:
2136:
2067:
1807:
1648:
1608:
1578:
1525:
1500:
1486:
1234:
1219:
1093:
1060:
1045:
1030:
917:
812:
776:
411:
315:
241:
220:
78:
366:
itself is derived from the word for long pepper, Tamil word
3455:
3289:
3034:
2980:
2941:
2632:
2595:
2463:
1545:
1260:
890:
880:
761:
402:
212:
233:â from which black, green and white pepper are obtained.
522:
Journal of the
Economic and Social History of the Orient
3340:
380:, referring to completely different plants under genus
611:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 14.
344:
After the discovery of the
American continents and of
477:
475:
473:
1957:
483:
470:
370:. The plant itself is a native of India. The word
4120:
1698:
481:
642:(1st (corrected re-issue) ed.). 1913. p.
518:"Black Pepper Consumption in the Roman Empire"
314:, long pepper was an important and well-known
1941:
754:
740:
625:
692:
656:
204:), sometimes called Indian long pepper or
1955:
1948:
1934:
747:
733:
584:. Asian Educational Services. p. 14.
558:
511:
509:
507:
302:in the sixth or fifth century BCE, though
47:
577:
401:
393:
282:
604:
546:University of Wales Trinity Saint David
504:
14:
4121:
3792:
3791:
2128:CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
1929:
728:
482:Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009) .
444:, and one of the national dishes of
287:Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Garden,
3700:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
2816:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
2556:N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
24:
251:, the fruits contain the compound
25:
4165:
406:Ganthoda, the root of long pepper
4134:Flora of the Indian subcontinent
4080:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:682031-1
672:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00281.x
515:
275:, originally from the Americas.
65:
56:Long pepper's leaves and fruits
434:. Pippali is the main spice of
1111:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
686:
650:
598:
571:
552:
13:
1:
3774:Receptor/signaling modulators
2123:CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
621:– via Internet Archive.
500:– via Internet Archive.
463:
4139:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
695:Food and Chemical Toxicology
357:
7:
3402:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
2310:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
2180:Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
2008:15-Deoxy-Î-prostaglandin J2
923:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
605:Barnett, Lionel D. (1914).
451:
10:
4170:
578:Rawlinson, H. G. (2001) .
278:
29:
3800:
3767:
3570:
3043:
3032:
3012:
2989:
2978:
2950:
2901:
2890:
2768:
2604:
2593:
2518:
2472:
2461:
2401:
1980:
1969:
1887:
1846:
1569:
1059:
845:Coriander leafâ/âCilantro
760:
755:Culinary herbs and spices
707:10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.027
635:Oxford English Dictionary
594:– via Google Books.
534:10.1163/15685209-12341462
398:Dried long pepper catkins
325:distinguished the two in
176:
169:
62:Scientific classification
60:
55:
46:
41:
4149:Plants described in 1753
2387:Umbellularia californica
1743:Montreal steak seasoning
389:
348:, called by the Spanish
3357:N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
3139:Andrographis paniculata
422:spice mixtures, and in
414:and Nepalese vegetable
3778:Ion channel modulators
3507:Tetrahydrocannabivarin
3002:Tripterygium wilfordii
2368:Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
1699:
407:
399:
291:
3335:Lysophosphatidic acid
660:Pigment Cell Research
646:, definitions 1c, 2b.
405:
397:
286:
3715:Pregnenolone sulfate
3536:Euphorbia resinifera
3478:Euphorbia resinifera
3407:Phenylacetylrinvanil
3367:N-Oleoylethanolamide
3315:Homodihydrocapsaicin
2703:Pregnenolone sulfate
2566:Pregnenolone sulfate
2373:Thiopropanal S-oxide
2358:Tetrahydrocannabinol
2046:Allyl isothiocyanate
1594:Beau monde seasoning
959:Limnophila aromatica
3620:Cannabigerolic acid
3382:Nordihydrocapsaicin
3343:(acidic conditions)
1718:Jamaican jerk spice
1340:Japanese pricklyash
486:The History of Food
3583:Vernonia tweediana
3162:African blue basil
3134:Bisandrographolide
2720:Steviol glycosides
2673:Hydroxycitronellal
2419:Dehydroligustilide
2239:Angelica acutiloba
2153:Dehydroligustilide
1694:Herbes de Provence
1325:Grains of paradise
1188:Crushed red pepper
902:Houttuynia cordata
408:
400:
327:his work of botany
312:Columbian exchange
292:
258:Piper retrofractum
4116:
4115:
4036:Open Tree of Life
3794:Taxon identifiers
3785:
3784:
3763:
3762:
3695:Meclofenamic acid
3501:melegueta peppers
3372:Nonivamide (PAVA)
3108:melegueta peppers
3028:
3027:
2974:
2973:
2886:
2885:
2806:Meclofenamic acid
2729:Stevia rebaudiana
2589:
2588:
2551:Meclofenamic acid
2457:
2456:
2347:melegueta peppers
2320:Phenacyl chloride
2275:N-Methylmaleimide
2265:Methyl salicylate
2210:Hydrogen peroxide
2163:Diallyl disulfide
2025:melegueta peppers
1923:
1922:
1895:Chinese herbology
1773:Pumpkin pie spice
1753:Old Bay Seasoning
1713:Italian seasoning
1659:Five-spice powder
961:(rice-paddy herb)
804:Indian bay leaf (
310:and prior to the
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
4161:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4095:
4083:
4082:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4044:
4043:
4031:
4030:
4018:
4017:
4005:
4004:
3992:
3991:
3979:
3978:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3952:
3940:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3849:
3848:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3789:
3788:
3630:Cannabigerovarin
3362:N-Oleoyldopamine
3268:Euodia ruticarpa
3234:Dihydrocapsaicin
3041:
3040:
3037:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2643:Cooling Agent 10
2602:
2601:
2598:
2470:
2469:
2466:
1988:4-Hydroxynonenal
1978:
1977:
1974:
1959:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1704:
1511:Tasmanian pepper
1492:Sichuan pepper (
1447:Pomegranate seed
1261:Dillâ/âDill seed
1116:Brazilian pepper
1079:Alligator pepper
833:garlicâ/âChinese
749:
742:
735:
726:
725:
719:
718:
690:
684:
683:
654:
648:
647:
629:
623:
622:
602:
596:
595:
575:
569:
568:
556:
550:
549:
513:
502:
501:
489:
479:
458:Piperlonguminine
339:Age of Discovery
182:
70:
69:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4078:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4039:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3961:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3759:
3750:Tolfenamic acid
3670:Flufenamic acid
3566:
3473:Resiniferatoxin
3466:Ruta graveolens
3229:Diacyl glycerol
3024:
3008:
2970:
2966:
2946:
2932:
2882:
2868:Tolfenamic acid
2861:Ruta graveolens
2801:Flufenamic acid
2764:
2713:Ruta graveolens
2624:(intracellular)
2585:
2581:Tolfenamic acid
2536:Flufenamic acid
2514:
2490:Diacyl glycerol
2453:
2397:
2083:Cannabichromene
1993:4-Oxo-2-nonenal
1965:
1954:
1924:
1919:
1883:
1842:
1818:Tandoori masala
1565:
1442:Peruvian pepper
1330:Grains of Selim
1315:Aromatic ginger
1248:Bunium persicum
1055:
756:
753:
723:
722:
691:
687:
655:
651:
638:. Vol. 7:
631:
630:
626:
619:
603:
599:
592:
576:
572:
557:
553:
516:Cobb, Matthew.
514:
505:
498:
480:
471:
466:
454:
392:
360:
281:
261:, is native to
189:
184:
178:
165:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4167:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:wfo-0000486013
4097:
4084:
4071:
4058:
4045:
4032:
4019:
4006:
3993:
3980:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3850:
3837:
3822:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3783:
3782:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3528:
3514:
3504:
3486:
3470:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3440:Dorrigo pepper
3433:
3419:
3412:Phorbol esters
3409:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3260:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3199:
3189:
3182:Cannabidivarin
3179:
3169:
3150:camphor laurel
3143:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2811:Mefenamic acid
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2733:
2717:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2504:St John's wort
2497:
2492:
2487:
2484:St John's wort
2476:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2350:
2332:
2329:Dorrigo pepper
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2250:Sichuan pepper
2243:
2227:
2222:
2220:Isothiocyanate
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2113:Cinnamaldehyde
2110:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2043:
2033:
2028:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1888:Related topics
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:Mulling spices
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:Cinnamon sugar
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Voatsiperifery
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:Nigella sativa
1232:
1227:
1225:Coriander seed
1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
862:
861:
852:
842:
837:
836:
835:
825:
820:
815:
810:
801:
796:
795:
794:
789:
784:
774:
766:
764:
758:
757:
752:
751:
744:
737:
729:
721:
720:
685:
649:
624:
617:
597:
590:
570:
551:
503:
497:978-0631177418
496:
468:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
453:
450:
391:
388:
359:
356:
280:
277:
215:in the family
191:
190:
185:
174:
173:
167:
166:
162:P. longum
159:
157:
153:
152:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4166:
4155:
4154:Indian spices
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Piper (plant)
4127:
4126:
4124:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3766:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Ruthenium red
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Niflumic acid
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3578:α-Spinasterol
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:Homocapsaicin
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:wild bergamot
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3166:camphor basil
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3020:Ruthenium red
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Ruthenium red
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Niflumic acid
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:; indirectly)
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Frescolat MGA
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Niflumic acid
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2449:Ruthenium red
2447:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Methylglyoxal
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:Cuminaldehyde
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:Ras el hanout
1786:
1784:
1783:Quatre Ă©pices
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Khmeli suneli
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Garlic powder
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Bouquet garni
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Litsea cubeba
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Juniper berry
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1148:Celery powder
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
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997:
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992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
960:
956:
954:
953:Lemon verbena
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
907:
903:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
860:
858:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
807:
802:
800:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
773:
772:
768:
767:
765:
763:
759:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
730:
727:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
645:
641:
637:
636:
628:
620:
618:9788171564422
614:
610:
609:
601:
593:
591:9788120615496
587:
583:
582:
574:
566:
562:
555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
510:
508:
499:
493:
488:
487:
478:
476:
474:
469:
459:
456:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:North African
417:
413:
404:
396:
387:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
355:
353:
352:
347:
342:
340:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
290:
285:
276:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
234:
232:
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
188:
183:
181:
175:
172:
171:Binomial name
168:
164:
163:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Tracheophytes
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3832:Piper longum
3802:Piper longum
3801:
3770:
3769:
3610:Cannabigerol
3581:
3534:
3476:
3464:
3429:
3426:black pepper
3386:chili pepper
3319:chili pepper
3309:chili pepper
3300:Hepoxilin B3
3295:Hepoxilin A3
3266:
3238:chili pepper
3196:chili pepper
3137:
3000:
2859:
2786:Clotrimazole
2727:
2711:
2663:Frescolat ML
2571:Progesterone
2480:Adhyperforin
2393:WIN 55,212-2
2386:
2237:
2205:Hepoxilin B3
2200:Hepoxilin A3
2171:
2103:Cannabigerol
1768:Powder-douce
1758:Panch phoron
1728:Lemon pepper
1664:Garam masala
1654:Fines herbes
1634:Curry powder
1614:Chaat masala
1493:
1472:Sarsaparilla
1432:Onion powder
1380:Mango-ginger
1374:
1246:
1239:
1173:Chili powder
958:
948:Lemon myrtle
905:
901:
856:
855:Vietnamese (
805:
769:
698:
694:
688:
663:
659:
652:
639:
633:
627:
607:
600:
580:
573:
564:
560:
554:
544:– via
525:
521:
485:
435:
431:
409:
381:
376:
371:
367:
363:
361:
349:
346:chili pepper
343:
335:
323:Theophrastus
320:
293:
270:
256:
249:Piper nigrum
248:
235:
230:Piper nigrum
228:
205:
201:Piper longum
200:
199:
195:
194:
180:Piper longum
179:
177:
161:
160:
148:
111:
98:
85:
42:Long pepper
36:
4054:kew-2568895
3958:iNaturalist
3826:Wikispecies
3745:Tivanisiran
3650:Capsazepine
3562:Zucapsaicin
3430:long pepper
3396:Pacific yew
3285:GSK1016790A
3172:Cannabidiol
3158:camphorweed
2846:RQ-00203078
2841:PF-05105679
2781:Capsazepine
2546:GSK2293017A
2510:Substance P
2495:GSK1702934A
2444:PF-04745637
2383:Umbellulone
2304:Pacific yew
2290:Oleocanthal
2269:wintergreen
2230:Ligustilide
2093:Cannabidiol
2058:horseradish
1867:Bangladeshi
1798:Sharena sol
1793:Recado rojo
1778:QĂąlat daqqa
1738:Mixed spice
1674:Garlic salt
1639:Doubanjiang
1375:Long pepper
1335:Horseradish
1153:Celery seed
1026:SanshĆ leaf
943:Lemon grass
666:(1): 90â8.
377:bell pepper
304:Hippocrates
196:Long pepper
105:Angiosperms
32:Siling haba
4123:Categories
4049:Plant List
3640:Cannabinol
3540:pooissonii
3531:Tinyatoxin
3482:pooissonii
3446:Probenecid
3436:Polygodial
3392:Paclitaxel
3376:PAVA spray
3263:Evodiamine
3214:pepperwort
3129:Anandamide
3096:α-Sanshool
3044:Activators
2997:Triptolide
2990:Activators
2902:Activators
2878:TRPM4-IN-5
2796:Elismetrep
2724:stevioside
2652:eucalyptus
2648:Eucalyptol
2612:ADP-ribose
2605:Activators
2541:GSK417651A
2500:Hyperforin
2473:Activators
2353:Tear gases
2325:Polygodial
2315:PF-4840154
2300:Paclitaxel
2168:Dicentrine
2078:Bradykinin
2013:α-Sanshool
1981:Activators
1963:modulators
1905:Marination
1900:Herbal tea
1862:Australian
1858:By region
1833:Yuzu koshĆ
1823:Thuna paha
1763:Persillade
1516:Tonka bean
1452:Poppy seed
1360:Dried lime
1283:Fingerroot
1198:New Mexico
1106:Asafoetida
938:Lemon balm
896:Hoja santa
876:Curry leaf
701:: 149â57.
632:"Pepper".
561:L'Histoire
528:(4): 7â8.
464:References
424:Indonesian
242:hazel tree
238:poppy seed
217:Piperaceae
138:Piperaceae
118:Magnoliids
3924:200005574
3911:200005574
3771:See also:
3755:TRPV3-74a
3740:SB-705498
3735:SB-366791
3685:Lanthanum
3680:HC-067047
3600:Asivatrep
3461:Rutamarin
3325:Incensole
3275:Gingerols
3244:Estradiol
3220:, others)
3202:Carvacrol
3192:Capsaicin
3086:13-oxoODE
3076:12S-HpETE
3056:5',6'-EET
2856:Rutamarin
2755:Thio-BCTC
2708:Rutamarin
2638:Coolact P
2429:HC-030031
2294:olive oil
2190:Gingerols
2003:12S-HpETE
1915:Spice rub
1910:Seasoning
1877:Pakistani
1708:Idli podi
1679:Gochujang
1629:Crab boil
1546:Yuzu zest
1477:Sassafras
1365:Liquorice
1271:Fenugreek
1208:Cultivars
542:1568-5209
428:Malaysian
362:The word
358:Etymology
267:Indonesia
225:seasoning
210:flowering
156:Species:
128:Piperales
75:Kingdom:
4093:25000012
4088:Tropicos
3989:11179999
3976:682031-1
3811:Wikidata
3705:NGD-8243
3690:Mavatrep
3675:GRC-6211
3644:cannabis
3634:cannabis
3624:cannabis
3614:cannabis
3595:AMG-9810
3571:Blockers
3552:Vanillin
3547:Tramadol
3511:cannabis
3489:Shogaols
3422:Piperine
3186:cannabis
3176:cannabis
3154:rosemary
3071:12S-HETE
3066:9-oxoODE
3013:Blockers
2963:PI(4,5)P
2951:Blockers
2929:PI(3,5)P
2836:Ononetin
2821:Nicotine
2769:Blockers
2745:fructose
2737:tastants
2683:Linalool
2668:Geraniol
2628:CIM-0216
2519:Blockers
2434:Nicotine
2409:A-967079
2402:Blockers
2362:cannabis
2335:Shogaols
2280:Nicotine
2246:Linalool
2185:Formalin
2147:turmeric
2143:Curcumin
2117:cinnamon
2107:cannabis
2097:cannabis
2087:cannabis
2073:ASP-7663
2031:Acrolein
1854:Culinary
1828:Vadouvan
1803:Shichimi
1701:HĂșng lĂŹu
1521:Turmeric
1506:Tamarind
1355:Korarima
1288:Galangal
1256:Deulkkae
1215:Cinnamon
1193:Jalapeño
1183:Chipotle
1131:Cardamom
1084:Allspice
1051:Woodruff
1041:Tarragon
1006:Rosemary
971:Marjoram
933:Lavender
928:Kkaennip
866:Culantro
850:Bolivian
799:Bay leaf
771:Angelica
715:23619565
680:16420250
452:See also
446:Pakistan
383:Capsicum
351:pimiento
296:Ayurveda
272:Capsicum
253:piperine
134:Family:
3937:3086338
3867:Ecocrop
3817:Q685336
3725:RN-9893
3720:RN-1734
3590:AMG-517
3556:vanilla
3525:oregano
3497:Sichuan
3475:(RTX) (
3451:Protons
3414:(e.g.,
3347:Menthol
3329:incense
3249:Eugenol
3206:oregano
3146:Camphor
3114:Allicin
3104:Sichuan
3091:20-HETE
3081:13-HODE
2924:ML2-SA1
2825:tobacco
2776:AMG-333
2749:sucrose
2741:glucose
2739:(e.g.,
2722:(e.g.,
2688:Menthol
2622:Calcium
2438:tobacco
2414:AM-0902
2343:Sichuan
2284:tobacco
2173:Lindera
2050:mustard
2036:Allicin
2021:Sichuan
1998:4,5-EET
1960:channel
1838:Za'atar
1733:Mitmita
1684:Harissa
1599:Berbere
1589:Baharat
1556:Zereshk
1551:Zedoary
1531:Vanilla
1494:huÄjiÄo
1467:Saffron
1457:Radhuni
1437:Paprika
1422:Njangsa
1417:Nigella
1395:Mustard
1293:greater
1203:Tabasco
1178:Cayenne
1158:Charoli
1126:Caraway
1121:Camphor
1089:Amchoor
1001:Perilla
996:Parsley
991:Oregano
986:Mitsuba
981:Mugwort
906:giáș„p cĂĄ
886:Epazote
857:rau rÄm
823:Chervil
442:Lucknow
432:pippali
418:, some
416:pickles
368:pippali
289:Nanning
279:History
247:. Like
208:, is a
206:pippali
144:Genus:
124:Order:
79:Plantae
18:Pippali
4144:Spices
4062:PLANTS
4015:506524
3963:346856
3950:400109
3885:489436
3846:494439
3665:DHEA-S
3517:Thymol
3493:ginger
3416:4α-PDD
3279:ginger
3118:garlic
3100:ginger
3061:9-HODE
2958:ML-SI3
2919:ML-SA1
2914:MK6-83
2735:Sweet
2698:PMD 38
2678:Icilin
2531:DHEA-S
2423:celery
2339:ginger
2234:celery
2225:JT-010
2215:Icilin
2194:ginger
2157:celery
2062:wasabi
2054:radish
2040:garlic
2017:ginger
1872:Indian
1689:Hawaij
1644:Douchi
1619:Chaunk
1584:Advieh
1579:Adjika
1571:Blends
1541:Wasabi
1482:Sesame
1427:Nutmeg
1390:Mahleb
1385:Mastic
1320:Golpar
1310:Ginger
1305:Garlic
1298:lesser
1266:Fennel
1163:Chenpi
1143:Cassia
1074:Ajwain
1069:Aonori
1061:Spices
1036:Sorrel
1021:Savory
966:Lovage
913:Hyssop
840:Cicely
828:Chives
818:Borage
806:tejpat
713:
678:
615:
588:
540:
494:
437:nihari
412:Indian
372:pepper
364:pepper
308:Romans
300:Greece
245:catkin
4067:PILO4
4041:97780
4028:49511
4002:41371
3984:IRMNG
3898:PIPLO
3859:4J4P3
3655:DCDPC
3521:thyme
3257:clove
3253:basil
3210:thyme
3124:AM404
3051:2-APB
2937:SF-22
2909:EVP21
2893:TRPML
2791:DCDPC
2760:WS-12
2526:DCDPC
2377:onion
2254:thyme
2176:spp.)
2137:cumin
2068:AM404
1847:Lists
1813:Tajin
1808:Tabil
1649:Duqqa
1609:Buknu
1526:Uzazi
1501:Sumac
1487:Shiso
1410:white
1405:brown
1400:black
1350:Kokum
1235:Cumin
1230:Cubeb
1220:Clove
1168:Chili
1136:black
1094:Anise
1046:Thyme
1031:Shiso
918:Jimbu
871:Cress
813:Boldo
792:Lemon
777:Basil
762:Herbs
640:NâPoy
538:eISSN
390:Usage
331:Pliny
316:spice
221:spice
149:Piper
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
4075:POWO
4023:NCBI
4010:ITIS
3971:IPNI
3945:GRIN
3932:GBIF
3893:EPPO
3872:8674
3841:BOLD
3660:DHEA
3605:BCTC
3499:and
3456:RhTx
3351:mint
3339:Low
3290:Heat
3224:DHEA
3106:and
3035:TRPV
2981:TRPP
2942:SN-2
2873:TPPO
2692:mint
2633:Cold
2617:BCTC
2596:TRPM
2576:Pyr3
2464:TRPC
2345:and
2023:and
1972:TRPA
1561:Zest
1462:Rose
1276:blue
1099:star
1016:Sage
976:Mint
891:Hemp
881:Dill
787:Thai
782:Holy
711:PMID
676:PMID
613:ISBN
586:ISBN
492:ISBN
426:and
263:Java
223:and
213:vine
4101:WFO
3997:ISC
3919:FoC
3906:FNA
3880:EoL
3854:CoL
2726:) (
1958:TRP
1011:Rue
703:doi
668:doi
644:663
530:doi
374:in
4125::
4103::
4090::
4077::
4064::
4051::
4038::
4025::
4012::
3999::
3986::
3973::
3960::
3947::
3934::
3921::
3908::
3895::
3882::
3869::
3856::
3843::
3828::
3813::
3776:âą
3523:,
3495:,
3428:,
3341:pH
3255:,
3216:,
3212:,
3208:,
3164:,
3160:,
3156:,
3152:,
3102:,
2747:,
2743:,
2341:,
2252:,
2236:,
2060:,
2056:,
2052:,
2019:,
709:.
699:58
697:.
674:.
664:19
662:.
565:24
563:.
536:.
526:61
524:.
520:.
506:^
472:^
448:.
341:.
318:.
265:,
187:L.
114::
101::
88::
3646:)
3642:(
3636:)
3632:(
3626:)
3622:(
3616:)
3612:(
3586:)
3580:(
3558:)
3554:(
3543:)
3538:/
3533:(
3527:)
3519:(
3513:)
3509:(
3503:)
3491:(
3485:)
3480:/
3469:)
3463:(
3442:)
3438:(
3432:)
3424:(
3418:)
3398:)
3394:(
3388:)
3384:(
3378:)
3374:(
3353:)
3349:(
3331:)
3327:(
3321:)
3317:(
3311:)
3307:(
3281:)
3277:(
3271:)
3265:(
3259:)
3251:(
3240:)
3236:(
3204:(
3198:)
3194:(
3188:)
3184:(
3178:)
3174:(
3168:)
3148:(
3142:)
3136:(
3120:)
3116:(
3110:)
3098:(
3005:)
2999:(
2965:2
2931:2
2864:)
2858:(
2827:)
2823:(
2732:)
2716:)
2710:(
2694:)
2690:(
2654:)
2650:(
2506:)
2502:(
2486:)
2482:(
2440:)
2436:(
2425:)
2421:(
2389:)
2385:(
2379:)
2375:(
2364:)
2360:(
2349:)
2337:(
2331:)
2327:(
2306:)
2302:(
2296:)
2292:(
2286:)
2282:(
2271:)
2267:(
2256:)
2248:(
2242:)
2232:(
2196:)
2192:(
2170:(
2159:)
2155:(
2149:)
2145:(
2139:)
2135:(
2119:)
2115:(
2109:)
2105:(
2099:)
2095:(
2089:)
2085:(
2064:)
2048:(
2042:)
2038:(
2027:)
2015:(
1949:e
1942:t
1935:v
1496:)
908:)
904:(
859:)
808:)
748:e
741:t
734:v
717:.
705::
682:.
670::
567:.
548:.
532::
198:(
34:.
20:)
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