629:
569:
593:
31:
653:
617:
605:
75:
259:
368:
50:
438:, mostly in two pockets along the St. Lawrence River. It is known as a pioneer species and is often the first tree to vegetate a site after it has been cleared away. It is a climax vegetation type in extreme conditions, but in most cases it is replaced by oaks and other hardwoods. This pine occupies a variety of habitats, from dry, acidic sandy uplands to swampy lowlands, and can survive in very poor conditions. It is the primary tree of the
581:
628:
652:
548:
all utilized pitch pine. The
Iroquois used the pitch to treat rheumatism, burns, cuts, and boils. Pitch also worked as a laxative. A pitch pine poultice was used by both the Iroquois and the Shinnecock to open boils and to treat abscesses. The Cherokee used pitch pine wood in canoe construction and
363:
Pitch pine is rapid-growing when young, gaining around one foot of height per year under optimal conditions, until growth slows at 50–60 years. By 90 years of age, the amount of annual height gain is minimal. Open-growth trees begin bearing cones in as little as three years, with shade-inhabiting
348: in) long and oval, with prickles on the scales. Trunks are usually straight with a slight curve, covered in large, thick, irregular plates of bark. Pitch pine has an exceptionally high regenerative ability; if the main trunk is cut or damaged by fire, it can re-sprout using
552:
Pitch pine is known to cross with pond loblolly and shortleaf pines. One of those crosses is the pitlolly pine (pinus x rigitaeda), a natural hybrid between the loblolly pine and the pitch pine. This hybrid combines the tall size of the loblolly pine and the
568:
658:
A pitch pine cone experimentally exposed to fire by Saint
Michael's College scientists (Vermont; USA). The middle photograph shows the cone right after exposure to a bunsen burner flame. The right hand photograph was taken 24 hours
523:
Pitch pine is not a major timber tree due to the frequency of multiple or crooked trunks, nor is it as fast-growing as other eastern
American pines. However, it grows well on unfavorable sites. In the past, it was a major source of
532:
Pitch pine is currently used mainly for rough construction, pulp, crating, and fuel. However, due to its uneven growth, quantities of high quality can be difficult to obtain, and large lengths of pitch pine can be very costly.
592:
528:
and timber for ship building, mine timbers, and railroad ties because the wood's high resin content preserves it from decay. As such, it has also been used for elaborate wood constructions, e. g. radio towers.
284:, primarily from central Maine south to Georgia and as far west as Kentucky. It is found in environments which other species would find unsuitable for growth, such as acidic, sandy, and low-nutrient soils.
364:
pines taking a few years longer. Cones take two years to mature. Seed dispersal occurs over the fall and winter, and trees cannot self-pollinate. The lifespan of a pitch pine is about 200 years or longer.
30:
292:
The pitch pine is irregular in shape, but grows to 6–30 metres (20–98 ft)). Branches are usually twisted, and it does a poor job at self-pruning. The needles are in
356:
from heat. Burnt pitch pines often form stunted, twisted trees with multiple trunks as a result of the resprouting. This characteristic makes it a popular species for
1373:
1232:
1096:
1171:
1343:
1378:
1363:
1353:
1253:
1031:
767:
616:
1383:
1109:
1044:
1057:
724:
822:
1222:
1114:
1398:
450:
Pitch pines provide habitat and food for many wildlife species. They are used for cover and nesting by birds such as the
557:
of the pitch pine. This hybrid was used as substitute of loblolly pine and has been extensively planted in South Korea.
1358:
982:
846:. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
758:
74:
1176:
1368:
1083:
1388:
1271:
1158:
439:
1062:
1023:
1010:
1279:
352:. This is one of its many adaptations to fire, which also include a thick bark to protect the sensitive
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1049:
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639:
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206:
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475:
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1258:
728:
1101:
1005:
924:
886:
483:
471:
233:
190:
1212:
1127:
956:
427:
394:
8:
39:
1245:
1315:
554:
69:
1207:
943:
818:
489:
This species occasionally hybridizes with other pine species, such as loblolly pine (
486:. Deer consume seedlings and new sprouts, and small mammals and birds eat the seeds.
479:
293:
174:
679:
580:
1320:
948:
697:
1284:
1194:
1137:
349:
1307:
1163:
1348:
1240:
802:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company (published 1966). p. 52.
635:
503:
497:
99:
1337:
1122:
987:
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688:
525:
389:
281:
249:
59:
54:
1297:
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353:
1145:
1070:
918:
491:
455:
258:
1199:
935:
1036:
508:
367:
112:
1075:
969:
880:
1292:
903:
545:
537:
512:
467:
423:
320:
inch broad) and often slightly twisted. The cones are 4–7 cm (
152:
1088:
974:
815:
National
Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America
771:
435:
142:
132:
122:
961:
574:
Bark and trunk sprout, a defining characteristic of the species
431:
372:
357:
415:
86:
864:
671:
419:
277:
162:
310:–5 inches) in length, and are stout (over 1 millimetre or
812:
410:
Pitch pine is found mainly in the southern areas of the
739:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
642:. The vast pine forest is almost entirely made up of
392:. It belongs to the family Pinaceae and the subgenus
813:Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; et al. (2008).
1335:
703:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42411A2978217.en
296:(bundles) of three, about 6–13 centimetres (
405:
723:
677:
622:Pitch pine on Long Island in New York, USA
375:. This specimen was collected in the wild.
257:
48:
29:
701:
1374:Least concern flora of the United States
806:
768:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
366:
440:Atlantic coastal pine barrens ecoregion
1336:
844:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
837:
885:
884:
797:
751:
737:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1187:0b365b38-1c2a-42f0-961d-4b53882799b4
1063:F94B8FD1-6DCE-28D4-7835-60DD3C28733F
793:
791:
757:
1344:IUCN Red List least concern species
817:. New York: Sterling. p. 756.
689:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1379:Trees of humid continental climate
1364:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
1354:Trees of the Eastern United States
384:It was given its scientific name,
14:
1410:
788:
430:. A few stands occur in southern
1272:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263270-1
651:
634:View north from a fire tower on
627:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
402:), along with other hard pines.
73:
536:Archaeology indicates that the
1384:Garden plants of North America
857:
831:
717:
287:
1:
865:"North American Native Trees"
798:Grimm, William Carey (1962).
664:
276:, is a small-to-medium-sized
507:); the last is treated as a
371:Pitch Pine being trained as
7:
1399:Taxa named by Philip Miller
598:New growth and pollen cones
379:
10:
1415:
560:
445:
412:northeastern United States
280:. It is native to eastern
1359:Trees of Northern America
893:
838:Gucker, Corey L. (2007).
549:for decorative carvings.
256:
239:
232:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
464:great-crested flycatcher
406:Distribution and habitat
640:New Jersey Pine Barrens
518:
476:black-and-white warbler
460:red-cockaded woodpecker
1369:Flora of Massachusetts
511:of pitch pine by some
484:chestnut-sided warbler
472:black-capped chickadee
388:, by British botanist
376:
1389:Plants used in bonsai
370:
696:: e.T42411A2978217.
16:Species of pine tree
678:Farjon, A. (2013).
495:), shortleaf pine (
40:Conservation status
501:), and pond pine (
377:
1331:
1330:
1208:Open Tree of Life
887:Taxon identifiers
824:978-1-4027-3875-3
800:The Book Of Trees
480:Nashville warbler
265:
264:
63:
1406:
1394:Ornamental trees
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1261:
1249:
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1236:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1216:
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1203:
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1190:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1164:NHMSYS0000461726
1154:
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1141:
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1131:
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1118:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1092:
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978:
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851:
835:
829:
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795:
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783:
782:
776:
770:. Archived from
765:
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
705:
675:
655:
631:
619:
610:Cone and needles
607:
595:
583:
571:
350:epicormic shoots
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1257:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1198:
1195:Observation.org
1193:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1135:MichiganFlora:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1004:
996:
994:
986:
981:
973:
968:
960:
955:
947:
942:
934:
932:
923:
922:
917:
908:
907:
902:
889:
879:
878:
869:
867:
863:
862:
858:
849:
847:
836:
832:
825:
811:
807:
796:
789:
780:
778:
774:
763:
756:
752:
742:
740:
722:
718:
708:
706:
676:
672:
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632:
623:
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611:
608:
599:
596:
587:
584:
575:
572:
563:
521:
448:
414:, from coastal
408:
382:
344:
340:
337:
335:
330:
326:
323:
321:
316:
312:
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306:
302:
299:
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290:
252:
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241:
228:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:wfo-0000481833
1312:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1250:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1041:
1028:
1015:
1002:
992:
979:
966:
953:
940:
930:
915:
899:
897:
891:
890:
877:
876:
856:
840:"Pinus rigida"
830:
823:
805:
787:
760:BSBI List 2007
750:
716:
669:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
657:
650:
648:
636:Apple Pie Hill
633:
626:
624:
621:
614:
612:
609:
602:
600:
597:
590:
588:
585:
578:
576:
573:
566:
562:
559:
520:
517:
504:Pinus serotina
498:Pinus echinata
447:
444:
407:
404:
381:
378:
289:
286:
263:
262:
254:
253:
248:
237:
236:
230:
229:
225:P. rigida
222:
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156:
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66:
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38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
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1377:
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1372:
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1362:
1360:
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1350:
1347:
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1339:
1322:
1317:
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1277:
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1224:
1218:
1214:
1209:
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1201:
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1192:
1188:
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1169:
1165:
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1156:
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1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
931:
926:
920:
916:
911:
905:
901:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
883:
866:
860:
845:
841:
834:
826:
820:
816:
809:
801:
794:
792:
777:on 2015-06-26
773:
769:
762:
761:
754:
738:
734:
732:
726:
720:
704:
699:
695:
691:
690:
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674:
670:
654:
649:
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637:
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613:
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601:
594:
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582:
577:
570:
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558:
556:
550:
547:
543:
539:
534:
530:
527:
516:
514:
510:
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500:
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494:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:and northern
425:
421:
417:
413:
403:
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:Philip Miller
387:
374:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
354:cambium layer
351:
295:
285:
283:
282:North America
279:
275:
271:
270:
260:
255:
251:
246:
244:
238:
235:
234:Binomial name
231:
227:
226:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
209:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
193:
189:
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177:
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138:
137:
134:
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128:
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121:
118:
117:
114:
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108:
105:
104:
101:
100:Tracheophytes
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1233:pinus-rigida
925:Pinus rigida
895:Pinus rigida
894:
868:. Retrieved
859:
848:. Retrieved
843:
833:
814:
808:
799:
779:. Retrieved
772:the original
759:
753:
741:. Retrieved
736:
731:Pinus rigida
730:
719:
707:. Retrieved
693:
687:
682:Pinus rigida
681:
673:
644:Pinus rigida
643:
586:Pollen cones
551:
535:
531:
522:
502:
496:
490:
488:
452:pine warbler
449:
409:
399:
393:
386:Pinus rigida
385:
383:
362:
291:
273:
269:Pinus rigida
268:
267:
266:
243:Pinus rigida
242:
240:
224:
223:
211:
207:
203:Subsection:
195:
191:
179:
175:
163:
113:Gymnospermae
106:
93:
18:
1246:kew-2562491
1146:NatureServe
1071:iNaturalist
919:Wikispecies
709:19 November
492:Pinus taeda
456:wild turkey
288:Description
24:Pitch pine
1338:Categories
1241:Plant List
870:2017-05-01
850:2018-07-23
781:2014-10-17
743:31 January
725:USDA, NRCS
665:References
542:Shinnecock
509:subspecies
400:Diploxylon
398:(formerly
274:pitch pine
171:Subgenus:
119:Division:
1024:200005353
1011:200005353
555:hardiness
513:botanists
294:fascicles
219:Species:
212:Australes
210:subsect.
196:Trifoliae
187:Section:
133:Pinopsida
123:Pinophyta
83:Kingdom:
1305:VASCAN:
1298:24900213
1293:Tropicos
1151:2.161753
1102:10195425
1089:263270-1
933:BioLib:
904:Wikidata
727:(n.d.).
546:Cherokee
538:Iroquois
468:blue jay
424:Kentucky
380:Taxonomy
153:Pinaceae
149:Family:
60:IUCN 3.1
1037:5285635
962:1014253
910:Q837410
638:in the
561:Gallery
446:Ecology
436:Ontario
428:Georgia
343:⁄
329:⁄
315:⁄
305:⁄
159:Genus:
143:Pinales
139:Order:
129:Class:
87:Plantae
58: (
1254:PLANTS
1213:636907
1184:NZOR:
1177:164242
1115:183376
998:pinrig
995:FEIS:
988:150619
821:
659:later.
544:, and
482:, and
432:Quebec
373:bonsai
358:bonsai
272:, the
194:sect.
178:subg.
1349:Pinus
1285:13130
1230:PPE:
1220:PFI:
1128:42411
1097:IRMNG
1076:53464
1058:IFPNI
1050:28537
983:EUNIS
975:PIURI
949:4J2G9
775:(xls)
764:(xls)
553:cold-
526:pitch
416:Maine
395:Pinus
250:Mill.
180:Pinus
164:Pinus
107:Clade
94:Clade
1308:7194
1267:POWO
1259:PIRI
1223:8336
1200:7197
1172:NCBI
1138:2895
1123:IUCN
1110:ITIS
1084:IPNI
1045:GRIN
1032:GBIF
970:EPPO
936:2333
819:ISBN
745:2016
711:2021
694:2013
519:Uses
434:and
420:Ohio
418:and
278:pine
1316:WFO
1280:RHS
1159:NBN
1019:FoC
1006:FNA
957:EoL
944:CoL
698:doi
422:to
1340::
1318::
1295::
1282::
1269::
1256::
1243::
1210::
1197::
1174::
1161::
1148::
1125::
1112::
1099::
1086::
1073::
1060::
1047::
1034::
1021::
1008::
985::
972::
959::
946::
921::
906::
842:.
790:^
766:.
735:.
692:.
686:.
540:,
515:.
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
442:.
360:.
317:16
208:P.
192:P.
176:P.
109::
96::
873:.
853:.
827:.
784:.
747:.
733:"
729:"
713:.
700::
684:"
680:"
646:.
345:4
341:3
338:+
336:2
334:–
331:2
327:1
324:+
322:1
313:1
307:4
303:1
300:+
298:2
62:)
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