567:
591:
579:
603:
372:
271:
855:, and ash, but is more tolerant than eastern cottonwood and black willow. Pin oak usually grows in even-aged stands of dominant and co-dominant trees. Intermediate and suppressed trees in such stands usually die within a few years of being overtopped. Single pin oaks in mixed stands usually are dominants. Pin oak is considered a subclimax species. It persists on heavy, wet soils because it produces an abundance of acorns which, if released, grow faster on these sites than most of its competitors.
97:
53:
543:
72:
555:
700:
most poorly drained sites that may be covered with standing water through much of the growing season. However, they do grow extensively on poorly drained upland "pin oak flats" on the glacial till plains of southwestern Ohio, southern
Illinois and Indiana, and northern Missouri. The level topography and presence of a claypan in the soil of these areas cause these sites to be excessively wet in winter and spring.
902:
suitable locations, causing the tree to shed leaves during the growing season and rot from the top down. Mature pin oaks are often too big to treat and this nutrient deficiency on alkaline soil may eventually kill them. The drooping lower branches can also be a problem, interfering with access for traffic and pedestrians.
863:
Although pin oak is very tolerant of dormant-season flooding, it is much less tolerant of growing-season flooding. Trees may be injured or killed by intermittent growing-season flooding over several successive years. The trees can usually survive one growing season of continuous flooding, but will be
448:
are typically U-shaped and extremely deep cut. In fact, roughly the same amount of sinus area exists as actual leaf area. The leaf is mostly hairless, except for a very characteristic tuft of pale orange-brown down on the lower surface where each lobe vein joins the central vein. Overall autumn leaf
699:
It grows primarily on level or nearly level, poorly drained, alluvial floodplain and river-bottom soils with high clay content. They are usually found on sites that flood intermittently during the dormant season, but do not ordinarily flood during the growing season. They do not grow on the lowest,
901:
In its native range, pin oak is the most commonly used landscaping oak along with northern red oak due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance. However, as it is naturally adapted to moist, acidic soils, it may develop a condition known as iron chlorosis on less
524:
Like all oaks, flowering and leaf-out occur in late spring when all frost danger has passed. The flowers are monoecious catkins which, being self-incompatible, require the presence of another oak for pollination. Any species in the red oak group can serve as a pollinator, but in pin oak's natural
500:
In its natural environment pin oak is a relatively short-lived, fast-growing pioneer or riparian species with a lifespan of approximately 120 years against many oaks which can live several centuries. Despite this there are many examples of pin oak that exceed this lifespan. It develops a shallow,
723:) vary in their relative proportions in this cover type. Large areas of almost pure pin oak occur on the "pin oak flats" of the upland glacial till plains or in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio and central Mississippi River valleys. Associated species in this forest type include red maple (
516:. Young trees under 6 m (20 ft) are often covered with leaves year-round, though the leaves die in the fall, remaining attached to the shoots until the new leaves appear in the spring. As with many other oak species, dead pin oak branches stay on the tree for many years.
864:
killed by continuous flooding over 2 or 3 consecutive years. Pin oak is rated as "intermediately tolerant" to growing-season flooding. Also, since the bark of pin oak is relatively thin, the species is especially susceptible to damage by fire and decay associated with fire wounds.
408:
with a loose, spreading canopy. This canopy is considered one of the most distinctive features of the pin oak: the upper branches point upwards, the middle branches are at right angles to the trunk, and the lower branches droop downwards.
401: ft) in diameter. It has an 8–14 m (26–46 ft) spread. A 10-year-old tree grown in full sun will be about 8 m (26 ft) tall. Young trees have a straight, columnar trunk with smooth bark and a pyramidal canopy.
884:. However, it can be distinguished by its distinctive dead branches on the lower trunk ("pins"), and its uniquely shaped crown. The sinuses on pin oak leaves are also deeply cut, often covering just as much area as the leaf itself.
802:–American elm forests in the bottom lands along the Ohio, Wabash, Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers. A variant of this type, silver maple–American elm–pin oak–sweetgum, is found along major streams in southern Illinois and Indiana.
578:
566:
665:
The pin oak is also well adapted to life in
Australia (where it has been introduced), and is quite widespread across the Australian continent, especially in the cooler southern States such as
512:
A characteristic shared by a few other oak species, and also some beeches and hornbeams, is the retention of leaves through the winter on juvenile trees, a natural phenomenon referred to as
924:. The wood is hard and heavy and is used in general construction and for firewood. The bark was used by some Native American tribes to make a drink for treatment of intestinal pain.
631:
The common name "pin oak" is possibly due to the many small, slender twigs, but may also be from the historical use of the hard wood for pins in wooden building construction.
590:
363:. Pin oak is one of the most commonly used landscaping oaks in its native range due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance.
1933:
1710:
1908:
1943:
1938:
1393:
1008:
379:. 2005 measurements: Height 32.9 metres (107.9 ft), circumference 5.3 metres (17.4 ft), average spread 29 metres (96 ft)
1808:
602:
449:
coloration is generally bronze, though individual leaves may be red for a time, and is not considered particularly distinctive. The
1583:
1044:
717:, which is found on bottom lands and some upland sites throughout the central portion of the pin oak range. Pin oak and sweetgum (
1918:
1635:
1596:
1150:
1733:
1787:
1676:
1640:
920:
is generally marketed as red oak, but is of significantly inferior quality, being somewhat weaker, often with many small
1948:
1534:
1928:
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1035:
1715:
96:
1622:
1738:
1132:
1826:
1124:
1697:
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1487:
1184:
1146:
497:. Unless processed using traditional methods, the acorn is unpalatable because the kernel is very bitter.
1834:
1462:
1443:
1202:
906:
444: in) broad, lobed, with five or seven lobes. Each lobe has five to seven bristle-tipped teeth. The
1821:
1601:
1013:
376:
1923:
1725:
1671:
1228:
1198:
970:
Münchhausen, Otto von (1770). "Verzeichniß der Bäume und
Stauden, welche in Deutschland fortkommen".
1549:
1340:
696:
or sandy
Florida soil, and grows at low altitudes from sea level up to 350 m (1,148 ft).
1689:
1368:
1813:
1570:
719:
17:
1872:
1315:
261:
1777:
1557:
1405:
767:
533:. Interspecies hybridization occurs freely. The acorns require two growing seasons to develop.
35:
1293:
910:
821:
813:
forests in poorly drained bottom lands in northern Ohio and
Indiana along with silver maple (
622:
245:
218:
202:
31:
1764:
1653:
1508:
982:
905:
It is also cultivated in parks and large gardens in the United
Kingdom, and has gained the
889:
666:
655:
8:
1772:
1216:
971:
850:
61:
1383:
photo of herbarium specimen at
Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1924
1072:
1880:
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942:
761:
371:
278:
91:
682:
542:
1759:
1495:
1387:
1260:
1197:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
986:
827:
779:
1192:
1913:
1885:
1500:
1142:
877:
815:
554:
526:
1467:
839:
Pin oak is classed as intolerant of shade. It is less tolerant than elm, boxelder
1839:
1746:
1663:
785:
749:
743:
737:
731:
670:
134:
1862:
1702:
977:
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1454:
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773:
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121:
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1648:
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tree growing to 18–22 metres (59–72 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (
81:
76:
52:
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842:
799:
674:
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1684:
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1437:
873:
791:
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643:
530:
513:
494:
1751:
1302:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1588:
628:
means "of marshland" or "of swamps", referring to its natural habitat.
453:, borne in a shallow, thin cap, are hemispherical, 10–16 millimetres (
1614:
1521:
1229:"The thickest, tallest, and oldest pin oak trees (Quercus palustris)"
810:
806:
693:
678:
384:
1399:
872:
Due to similarity in leaf shape, the pin oak is often confused with
642:
is mainly distributed in the eastern and central United States from
1847:
1422:
647:
180:
147:
1627:
1526:
1048:
921:
689:
659:
493: in) broad, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after
359:
346:
170:
1513:
1392:—information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
651:
413:
160:
450:
404:
By the time the tree is 40 years old, it develops more rough
108:
976:. Vol. 5. Hannover: Försters und Sohns Erben. pp.
917:
502:
713:
Pin oak is a major species in only one forest cover type,
584:
Mature pin oak displaying typical bronze autumn coloration
1281:
Trees of the
Eastern and Central United States and Canada
940:
506:
190:
30:"Pin oak" redirects here. For the northern pin oak, see
1191:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1217:
http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=19
692:
tree, confined to acidic soils, and does not tolerate
1379:—Cirrus image, diagnostic photographs and information
1346:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 83
1131:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1259:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224.
375:Largest known pin oak in New England, located in
1900:
509:, which have a strong, deep taproot when young.
1304:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
1022:Note that this website has been superseded by
1194:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
887:The pin oak is the only known food plant of
658:. It is also native in the extreme south of
1394:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
969:
634:
1009:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
941:Wenzell, K.; Kenny L.; Jerome, D. (2017).
834:
708:
269:
70:
51:
1122:
825:), black tupelo, and eastern cottonwood (
519:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1045:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
370:
1151:United States Department of Agriculture
1118:
1116:
1114:
14:
1901:
1161:– via Southern Research Station.
1112:
1110:
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1404:
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1178:
1176:
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1028:
867:
673:. It is also well adapted to life in
1726:fb6dca08-5e83-4dbf-bf7e-9baca300cca3
1209:
1034:
798:Pin oak is an associated species in
383:Quercus palustris is a medium-sized
1909:IUCN Red List least concern species
1091:
985:in Latin, description in German in
952:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
934:
24:
1944:Trees of the Eastern United States
1939:Trees of humid continental climate
1934:Taxa named by Otto von MĂĽnchhausen
1165:
858:
646:in the northeast, west to eastern
25:
1960:
1372:images from Vanderbilt University
1362:
1077:North Carolina Extension Gardener
473: in) long and 9–15 mm (
430:inches) long and 5–12 cm (2–
1827:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:359933-1
601:
589:
577:
565:
553:
541:
95:
1333:
1308:
1286:
1273:
1919:Garden plants of North America
1221:
1215:"Oak, Pin Quercus palustris",
1065:
992:
963:
819:), swamp white oak, sycamore (
366:
13:
1:
1123:McQuilkin, Robert A. (1990).
927:
1147:United States Forest Service
525:range, this will usually be
7:
1255:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
1203:Harvard University Herbaria
907:Royal Horticultural Society
10:
1965:
1014:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
703:
377:Northampton, Massachusetts
29:
1949:Trees of Northern America
1412:
1341:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1199:Missouri Botanical Garden
284:
277:
268:
251:
244:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
50:
45:
34:. For the community, see
1929:Plants described in 1770
1183:Nixon, Kevin C. (1997).
1139:Silvics of North America
635:Distribution and habitat
416:are 5–16 centimetres (2–
1257:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1233:www.monumentaltrees.com
896:
835:Reaction to competition
805:Pin oak also occurs in
777:), swamp chestnut oak (
720:Liquidambar styraciflua
709:Associated forest cover
616:
1279:Harlow, W. M. (1942).
1201:, St. Louis, MO &
959:: e.T194215A111279508.
847:, sweetgum, hackberry
768:Fraxinus pennsylvanica
608:Emerging young shoots.
596:Typical autumn foliage
520:Flowering and fruiting
380:
36:Pin Oak, West Virginia
1079:. NC State University
911:Award of Garden Merit
822:Platanus occidentalis
374:
32:Quercus ellipsoidalis
890:Bucculatrix domicola
880:, and occasionally,
741:), swamp white oak (
681:, especially in the
505:system, unlike many
1073:"Quercus palustris"
851:Celtis occidentalis
345:, is a tree in the
62:Conservation status
27:Species of oak tree
1024:World Flora Online
868:Associated species
783:), and shellbark (
771:), Nuttall's oak (
762:Quercus macrocarpa
688:It is naturally a
572:Catkins of pin oak
381:
319:(MĂĽnchh.) Kuntze
1896:
1895:
1778:Quercus palustris
1760:Open Tree of Life
1444:Quercus palustris
1414:Quercus palustris
1406:Taxon identifiers
1389:Quercus palustris
1370:Quercus palustris
1318:Quercus palustris
1296:Quercus palustris
1187:Quercus palustris
1127:Quercus palustris
1002:Quercus palustris
945:Quercus palustris
828:Populus deltoides
780:Quercus michauxii
735:), black tupelo (
729:), American elm (
330:Quercus palustris
326:
325:
320:
308:
296:
288:Quercus palustris
255:Quercus palustris
237:Q. palustris
85:
16:(Redirected from
1956:
1924:Ornamental trees
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1703:NHMSYS0000462216
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1225:
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1205:, Cambridge, MA.
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1143:Washington, D.C.
1120:
1089:
1088:
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1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1047:. Archived from
1042:
1032:
1026:
1021:
996:
990:
981:
967:
961:
960:
938:
816:Acer saccharinum
789:) and shagbark (
753:), overcup oak (
715:pin oak–sweetgum
623:specific epithet
605:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
527:northern red oak
492:
491:
487:
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1747:Observation.org
1745:
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1661:MichiganFlora:
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1141:. Vol. 2.
1121:
1092:
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1080:
1071:
1070:
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1055:
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1040:
1033:
1029:
998:
997:
993:
987:Teutonic script
968:
964:
939:
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930:
899:
870:
861:
859:Damaging agents
837:
786:Carya laciniosa
750:Quercus phellos
747:), willow oak (
744:Quercus bicolor
738:Nyssa sylvatica
732:Ulmus americana
711:
706:
683:RĂo de la Plata
671:New South Wales
654:, and south to
637:
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1886:wfo-0000292323
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1037:BSBI List 2007
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1018:The Plant List
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929:
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898:
895:
893:caterpillars.
869:
866:
860:
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833:
809:–American elm–
774:Quercus texana
765:), green ash (
756:Quercus lyrata
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1350:23 September
1348:. Retrieved
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1323:. Retrieved
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1155:. Retrieved
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1076:
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1049:the original
1036:
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1016:– via
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843:Acer negundo
840:
838:
826:
820:
814:
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800:silver maple
797:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
759:), bur oak (
754:
748:
742:
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718:
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675:South Africa
664:
640:Q. palustris
639:
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128:
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40:
1685:NatureServe
1610:iNaturalist
1438:Wikispecies
1325:17 February
874:scarlet oak
792:Carya ovata
726:Acer rubrum
644:Connecticut
531:scarlet oak
514:marcescence
495:pollination
367:Description
343:Spanish oak
135:Angiosperms
1903:Categories
1870:WisFlora:
1801:kew-174242
1796:Plant List
1485:Calflora:
1396:(EUFORGEN)
1238:2021-09-08
1058:2014-10-17
928:References
662:, Canada.
621:The Latin
199:Subgenus:
1576:210001860
1563:210001860
1134:Hardwoods
983:Diagnosis
878:black oak
811:red maple
807:black ash
694:limestone
679:Argentina
626:palustris
385:deciduous
349:section (
339:swamp oak
316:palustris
295:Cockerell
231:Species:
215:Section:
105:Kingdom:
1860:VASCAN:
1853:13100212
1848:Tropicos
1690:2.159415
1628:359933-1
1475:BioLib:
1423:Wikidata
1149:(USFS),
685:region.
667:Victoria
648:Oklahoma
501:fibrous
304:dissecta
279:Synonyms
220:Quercus
204:Quercus
181:Fagaceae
177:Family:
148:Eudicots
82:IUCN 3.1
46:Pin oak
1914:Quercus
1672:MoBotPF
1589:2879112
1514:1151382
1429:Q161253
1377:Pin Oak
1083:21 June
882:red oak
704:Ecology
690:wetland
660:Ontario
656:Georgia
488:⁄
478:⁄
468:⁄
458:⁄
446:sinuses
439:⁄
425:⁄
396:⁄
360:Quercus
355:Lobatae
351:Quercus
347:red oak
335:pin oak
262:MĂĽnchh.
224:Lobatae
208:Quercus
192:Quercus
187:Genus:
171:Fagales
167:Order:
109:Plantae
80: (
18:Pin Oak
1809:PLANTS
1765:538292
1723:NZOR:
1677:280745
1654:194215
1550:quepal
1547:FEIS:
1540:172443
1478:125447
1468:151374
1263:
1153:(USDA)
652:Kansas
560:Leaves
451:acorns
414:leaves
353:sect.
161:Rosids
1840:14279
1814:QUPA2
1788:12916
1785:PFI:
1734:NZPCN
1716:73152
1641:19281
1615:54785
1602:30725
1535:EUNIS
1527:QUEPA
1501:4R5QY
1488:12826
1452:APA:
1344:(PDF)
1052:(xls)
1041:(xls)
980:-254.
922:knots
341:, or
314:var.
302:var.
290:var.
222:sect.
206:subg.
155:Clade
142:Clade
129:Clade
116:Clade
1873:4736
1863:5967
1822:POWO
1773:PfaF
1752:7284
1739:4800
1711:NCBI
1664:1381
1649:IUCN
1636:ITIS
1623:IPNI
1597:GRIN
1584:GBIF
1522:EPPO
1463:APNI
1455:2177
1352:2018
1327:2021
1261:ISBN
1159:2014
1085:2023
957:2017
918:wood
916:The
897:Uses
876:and
677:and
669:and
650:and
617:Name
548:Bark
507:oaks
503:root
412:The
406:bark
307:Lam.
1881:WFO
1835:RHS
1698:NBN
1571:FoC
1558:FNA
1509:EoL
1496:CoL
978:253
909:'s
831:).
529:or
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38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
