Physics - Knowledge

712:(air, fire, water, earth) had its own natural place. Because of their differing densities, each element will revert to its own specific place in the atmosphere. So, because of their weights, fire would be at the top, air underneath fire, then water, then lastly earth. He also stated that when a small amount of one element enters the natural place of another, the less abundant element will automatically go towards its own natural place. For example, if there is a fire on the ground, the flames go up into the air in an attempt to go back into its natural place where it belongs. His laws of motion included 1) heavier objects will fall faster, the speed being proportional to the weight and 2) the speed of the object that is falling depends inversely on the density object it is falling through (e.g. density of air). He also stated that, when it comes to violent motion (motion of an object when a force is applied to it by a second object) that the speed that object moves, will only be as fast or strong as the measure of force applied to it. The problem of motion and its causes was studied carefully, leading to the philosophical notion of a " 2808: 4507: 226: 63: 4751:, p. 1 "Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves." 960: 2796: 4106: 2933: 982: 1121: 5844:, p. 10 'Philosophy is written in that great book which ever lies before our eyes. I mean the universe, but we cannot understand it if we do not first learn the language and grasp the symbols in which it is written. This book is written in the mathematical language, and the symbols are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word of it, and without which one wanders in vain through a dark labyrinth.' – Galileo (1623), 2857: 2640: 637: 4278: 3998: 408: 3046: 2949: 2571: 1107: 5832:"Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics. Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about reality. In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe. The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no-one ignorant of geometry enter here.'" 2560: 9040: 239: 9050: 4264: 914: 3811: 3109:, that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two. This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century and came to be called electricity. Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force— 485: 9060: 783:

the motion does not depend on the ratio of the weights, but that the difference in time is a very small one. And so, if the difference in the weights is not considerable, that is, of one is, let us say, double the other, there will be no difference, or else an imperceptible difference, in time, though the difference in weight is by no means negligible, with one body weighing twice as much as the other

523:, had a predictive knowledge and a basic awareness of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and stars. The stars and planets, believed to represent gods, were often worshipped. While the explanations for the observed positions of the stars were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, these early observations laid the foundation for later astronomy, as the stars were found to traverse 2911:. By using a methodical approach to compare the implications of a theory with the conclusions drawn from its related experiments and observations, physicists are better able to test the validity of a theory in a logical, unbiased, and repeatable way. To that end, experiments are performed and observations are made in order to determine the validity or invalidity of a theory. 1497:, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and 2724: 2879:. For example, in the study of the origin of the Earth, a physicist can reasonably model Earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing the extrapolation forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events. It also allows for simulations in engineering that speed up the development of a new technology. 3941:, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter—matter and light—matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of their relevant energy scales. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and 4129:, the origin of the Solar System, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. 4361:

These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as

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and experiment are developed separately, they strongly affect and depend upon each other. Progress in physics frequently comes about when experimental results defy explanation by existing theories, prompting intense focus on applicable modelling, and when new theories generate experimentally testable

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was influential for about two millennia. His approach mixed some limited observation with logical deductive arguments, but did not rely on experimental verification of deduced statements. Aristotle's foundational work in Physics, though very imperfect, formed a framework against which later thinkers

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of galaxies. Included in these phenomena are the most basic objects composing all other things. Therefore, physics is sometimes called the "fundamental science". Physics aims to describe the various phenomena that occur in nature in terms of simpler phenomena. Thus, physics aims to both connect the

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is a prerequisite for physics, but not for mathematics. It means physics is ultimately concerned with descriptions of the real world, while mathematics is concerned with abstract patterns, even beyond the real world. Thus physics statements are synthetic, while mathematical statements are analytic.

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unified quantum mechanics and special relativity. General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions;

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The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics. Classical mechanics approximates nature as continuous, while quantum theory is concerned with the discrete nature of many phenomena at the atomic

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But this is completely erroneous, and our view may be corroborated by actual observation more effectively than by any sort of verbal argument. For if you let fall from the same height two weights of which one is many times as heavy as the other, you will see that the ratio of the times required for

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refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures. These concepts are better

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Applied physics is a general term for physics research, which is intended for a particular use. An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering. It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be

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and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light. Planck, Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales. Later,

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in order to better understand just how conclusive Aristotle's demonstration is, we may, in my opinion, deny both of his assumptions. And as to the first, I greatly doubt that Aristotle ever tested by experiment whether it be true that two stones, one weighing ten times as much as the other, if

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Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match predictions provided by classical mechanics.

2746:" (system) and a "mathematical description of a physical law" that will be applied to that system. Every mathematical statement used for solving has a hard-to-find physical meaning. The final mathematical solution has an easier-to-find meaning, because it is what the solver is looking for. 906:) and delved further into the way the eye itself works. Using the knowledge of previous scholars, he began to explain how light enters the eye. He asserted that the light ray is focused, but the actual explanation of how light projected to the back of the eye had to wait until 1604. His 5152:

Sagr. – But I, Simplicio, who have made the test can assure you that a cannon ball weighing one or two hundred pounds, or even more, will not reach the ground by as much as a span ahead of a musket ball weighing only half a pound, provided both are dropped from a height of 200

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over the upcoming decade and vastly revise or clarify existing models of the universe. In particular, the potential for a tremendous discovery surrounding dark matter is possible over the next several years. Fermi will search for evidence that dark matter is composed of

2845:, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures. The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic 4350:

are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sandpiles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of

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Smith, A. Mark (2001b). "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two".

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Smith, A. Mark (2001a). "Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume One".

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Classical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on a very large or very small scale. For example,

365:, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in these and other academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. 1395:

These central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of their specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and

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of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the

3884:, respectively). The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012 CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, an integral part of the 1379:

Physics deals with a wide variety of systems, although certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories was experimentally tested numerous times and found to be an adequate approximation of nature. For instance, the theory of

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for example with hands-on experiments learn through self-discovery. By trial and error they learn to change their preconceptions about phenomena in physics and discover the underlying concepts. Physics education is part of the broader area of

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as energy needs increased. The laws comprising classical physics remain widely used for objects on everyday scales travelling at non-relativistic speeds, since they provide a close approximation in such situations, and theories such as

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purpose is the publication of papers in mathematical physics—that is, the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical

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is on an even smaller scale since it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in

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Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century,

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I am an old man now, and when I die and go to heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment. One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am rather

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who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of

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provided another problem for classical physics, which was corrected when Planck proposed that the excitation of material oscillators is possible only in discrete steps proportional to their frequency. This, along with the

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Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialised, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Einstein (1879–1955) and

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explanations for natural phenomena and proclaimed that every event had a natural cause. They proposed ideas verified by reason and observation, and many of their hypotheses proved successful in experiment; for example,

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Theoretical physics has historically taken inspiration from philosophy; electromagnetism was unified this way. Beyond the known universe, the field of theoretical physics also deals with hypothetical issues, such as

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world. This is usually combined with the claim that the laws of logic express universal regularities found in the structural features of the world, which may explain the peculiar relation between these fields.

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and subatomic level and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena. The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a

4249:—in which the Solar System's enveloping pocket filled with the solar wind's charged particles is plowing through the onrushing 'galactic wind' of the interstellar medium in the shape of a comet—is wrong." 3101:) were attracted to one another by an invisible force. This effect was later called magnetism, which was first rigorously studied in the 17th century. But even before the Chinese discovered magnetism, the 2735:

Mathematics contains hypotheses, while physics contains theories. Mathematics statements have to be only logically true, while predictions of physics statements must match observed and experimental data.

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Condensed matter physics is the largest field of contemporary physics. Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term

778:. Aristotle's physics was not scrutinized until Philoponus appeared; unlike Aristotle, who based his physics on verbal argument, Philoponus relied on observation. On Aristotle's physics Philoponus wrote: 4412:

understood when lectures are accompanied with demonstration, hand-on experiments, and questions that require students to ponder what will happen in an experiment and why. Students who participate in

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solutions are obtained, or quantitative results, from which new predictions can be made and experimentally confirmed or negated. The results from physics experiments are numerical data, with their

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allowed to fall, at the same instant, from a height of, say, 100 cubits, would so differ in speed that when the heavier had reached the ground, the other would not have fallen more than 10 cubits.

2769:). Structures are formed because particles exert electrical forces on each other, properties include physical characteristics of given substances, and reactions are bound by laws of physics, like 4613:; while Leibniz was the first to publish his work and develop much of the notation used for calculus today, Newton was the first to develop calculus and apply it to physical problems. See also 2660: 3010:. Theorists invoke these ideas in hopes of solving particular problems with existing theories; they then explore the consequences of these ideas and work toward making testable predictions. 4140:. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the Earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for 6053:, p. 157 "In fact experimenters have a certain individual character. They ... very often do their experiments in a region in which people know the theorist has not made any guesses." 2409: 744:

fell to invaders and internal decay in the fifth century, resulting in a decline in intellectual pursuits in western Europe. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire (usually known as the

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fundamental science" because all branches of natural science like chemistry, astronomy, geology, and biology are constrained by laws of physics. Similarly, chemistry is often called

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A scientific law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relation that expresses a fundamental principle of some theory, such as Newton's law of universal gravitation.

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necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally but are created only during high-energy

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Simp. – His language would seem to indicate that he had tried the experiment, because he says: We see the heavier; now the word see shows that he had made the experiment.

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had an impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build devices that replicated those Ibn al-Haytham had built and understand the way vision works.

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The development of physics has answered many questions of early philosophers and has raised new questions. Study of the philosophical issues surrounding physics, the

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In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that

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Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics,

1392:, an aspect of classical mechanics, was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Newton (1642–1727). 4012:

Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed"

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designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.

5765: 4734:, p. 9 "Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." 6736: 5890: 3979:

is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects but on the fundamental properties of

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By the 19th century, physics was realized as a discipline distinct from philosophy and the other sciences. Physics, as with the rest of science, relies on

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that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with motion in the absence of gravitational fields and the

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is the application of mathematics in physics. Its methods are mathematical, but its subject is physical. The problems in this field start with a "

890:(also known as Kitāb al-Manāẓir), written by Ibn al-Haytham, in which he presented the alternative to the ancient Greek idea about vision. In his 6575: 4990: 4696:, was created in service to the computer infrastructure of CERN, and was/is intended for use by physicists worldwide. The same might be said for 8855: 3049:

Physics involves modeling the natural world with theory, usually quantitative. Here, the path of a particle is modeled with the mathematics of

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Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's

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in medieval art, in both the East and the West, for more than 600 years. This included later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from

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have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an

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led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers,

8977: 6282: 6000:"Has theoretical physics moved too far away from experiments? Is the field entering a crisis and, if so, what should we do about it?" 4559: 3174:

The major fields of physics, along with their subfields and the theories and concepts they employ, are shown in the following table.

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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000–2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation

6304: 4529: – branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system 7983: 7935: 7908: 7874: 6744: 6334: 4614: 8823: 8475: 5230: 3932: 3344: 3148: 1973: 5023: 8450: 8347: 8301: 8282: 8254: 8120: 8074: 8055: 8036: 8017: 7993: 7965: 7888: 7864: 7840: 7816: 7786: 7667: 7611: 7588: 7569: 7541: 7512: 7484: 7391: 7331: 7312: 7288: 7260: 7133: 7093: 6936: 6378: 6097: 6072: 5110: 1150:'s theory of relativity. Both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. 806: 735: 6384: 6252: 5185: 2875:

of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in

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that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.

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Experimental physics expands, and is expanded by, engineering and technology. Experimental physicists who are involved in

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Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as

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The distinction between mathematics and physics is clear-cut, but not always obvious, especially in mathematical physics.

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Mathematics provides a compact and exact language used to describe the order in nature. This was noted and advocated by

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and moving at a speed much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research today.

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was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics. Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry,

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in the 17th century, these natural sciences branched into separate research endeavors. Physics intersects with many

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who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.

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because of its role in linking the physical sciences. For example, chemistry studies properties, structures, and

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left monuments showing knowledge of the constellations and the motions of the celestial bodies, while Greek poet

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between them. In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high-energy accelerators, detectors, and

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for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century.

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While physics itself aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability.

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who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and

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in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the

4032: 4006: 3501: 2436: 1101: 4811: 3121:. Physics hopes to find an ultimate reason (theory of everything) for why nature is as it is (see section 2478:. On this scale, ordinary, commonsensical notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid. 9020: 8908: 4907: 4848: 4843: 4816: 4184: 3783: 3615: 3382: 2868: 2795: 497: 7873: 7691:. Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. New York: Dover Publications. 6836: 1158:

depends on the motion of the observer, which could not be resolved with the constant speed predicted by

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focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.

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Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of

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treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).

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that both agree with existing experiments and successfully predict future experimental results, while

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devise and perform experiments to test theoretical predictions and explore new phenomena. Although

2256: 1978: 1730: 1245: 865: 803:, developed the concept of impetus. It was a step toward the modern ideas of inertia and momentum. 657: 204: 31: 7401:

Grupen, Klaus (10 July 1999). "Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School".

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Richard Feynman said that 'Turbulence is the most important unsolved problem of classical physics'

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A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories

4114: 3830: 3643: 3533: 3301: 3277: 3240: 3232: 3219: 3118: 2614: 2508: 2429: 2412: 2033: 1948: 1426:, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by 1321: 1031: 7797: 5864: 4452:, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. They work across a wide range of 1726: 8929: 8791: 8564: 4324: 4234: 4188: 4068: 3763: 3272: 3244: 3236: 2770: 2266: 2246: 2116: 1159: 199: 7878: 7561: 7452:

Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736

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has noted that experimentalists may seek areas that have not been explored well by theorists.

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Many physicists have written about the philosophical implications of their work, for instance

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explained the camera obscura, hundreds of years before the modern development of photography.

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Physics uses mathematics to organise and formulate experimental results. From those results,

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Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of

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The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics

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technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in

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and estimates of the errors in the measurements. Technologies based on mathematics, like

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used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the

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Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian principles of physics served as an inspiration for

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Numerous possibilities and discoveries are anticipated to emerge from new data from the

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The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 3: The Relation of Physics to Other Sciences

5579: 5301: 5268: 4775:, p. 7 "Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." 4564: 4469: 4465: 4355: 4169: 4141: 4100: 3916: 3755: 3594: 3581: 3553: 3460: 3293: 3264: 3114: 2964: 2743: 2523: 2487: 2483: 2376: 2326: 2276: 2018: 2013: 1953: 1818: 1374: 1336: 1294: 1289: 1202:

was derived. Following the discovery of a particle with properties consistent with the

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in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of

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provided names, which are still used today, for most constellations visible from the

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National Research Council & Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces 1997

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things observable to humans to root causes, and then connect these causes together.

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Einstein contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of

2261: 1446:(study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into 9084: 8878: 8818: 8744: 8582: 8536: 8531: 8221: 8178: 8148: 7749: 7713: 7634: 7428: 7358: 7233: 7229: 7179: 7126:

Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton

6924: 6884: 6809: 6792: 6753: 6702: 5959: 5926: 5563: 5357: 5296: 5280: 5141: 4668: 4461: 4309: 4196: 4192: 3908: 3904: 3801: 3787: 3699: 3602: 3590: 3569: 3476: 3361: 3325: 3317: 3289: 3285: 3211: 3198: 3160: 3140: 3110: 3090: 3022: 3007: 2956: 2846: 2709: 2513: 2470: 2466: 2391: 2366: 2341: 2331: 2286: 2156: 1963: 1943: 1938: 1795: 1502: 1479: 1431: 1401: 1227: 1062: 1023: 1019: 1011: 745: 697: 653: 373: 243: 141: 5114: 4538: – Branch of knowledge relating physical stimuli and psychological perception 4300:

In condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of

3113:. This process of "unifying" forces continues today, and electromagnetism and the 2990:, who study complex phenomena observed in experiment and work to relate them to a 2980:, which inspire the development of new experiments (and often related equipment). 981: 8986: 8898: 8808: 8754: 8654: 8411: 8244: 8226: 8201: 7979: 7854: 7806: 7657: 7494: 7298: 7274: 7183: 7162:

Cho, A. (13 July 2012). "Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search".

7009: 6615: 6604: 6368: 6114: 5177: 4912: 4693: 4546: 4487: 4413: 4352: 4290: 4267: 4153: 4137: 4056: 4048: 3976: 3962: 3900: 3885: 3845: 3805: 3743: 3731: 3674: 3451: 3443: 3329: 3203: 3194: 3136: 3034: 2968: 2908: 2790: 2628: 2590: 2578: 2462: 2386: 2381: 2301: 2241: 2146: 2121: 2111: 2076: 2071: 2038: 1968: 1891: 1750: 1514: 1451: 1447: 1352: 1147: 1124: 1004: 963: 946: 788: 767: 571: 508: 381: 287: 161: 5918: 3017:

design and perform experiments with equipment such as particle accelerators and

2886:, so many other important fields are influenced by physics (e.g., the fields of 2692:, hold that logical truths, and therefore mathematical reasoning, depend on the 1120: 9053: 8828: 8783: 8761: 8649: 8320: 7772: 7730:"Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates" 7717: 6685: 5284: 4709: 4685: 4512: 4343: 4286: 4165: 4084: 4052: 4013: 3966: 3954: 3949: 3877: 3849: 3767: 3735: 3715: 3485: 3447: 3419: 3374: 3349: 3224: 3102: 3014: 2872: 2815: 2689: 2663:

Mathematics and ontology are used in physics. Physics is used in chemistry and

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accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than

1180: 1155: 1139: 1091: 1054: 966:(1564–1642) related mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics. 903: 899: 886: 873: 834: 669: 600: 444: 393: 389: 230: 171: 156: 126: 7523: 5567: 5548: 5207: 4362:

exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of

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illustrates the application of mathematics in physics—in this case, Galileo's

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Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update

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disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a

8603: 8130: 7143: 6863:"New developments in understanding interfacial processes in turbulent flows" 6481: 5740:"Bioacoustics – the International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording" 4684:

Yet, universalism is encouraged in the culture of physics. For example, the

4297:

Research in physics is continually progressing on a large number of fronts.

2856: 2841:

Physics is used heavily in engineering. For example, statics, a subfield of

2639: 2221: 1281:" to advance knowledge of the physical world. The scientific method employs 1162:

of electromagnetism. This discrepancy was corrected by Einstein's theory of

860:

The most notable innovations under Islamic scholarship were in the field of

716:" as the ultimate source of all motion in the world (Book 8 of his treatise 636: 8863: 8381: 8235: 8108: 7648: 7341:

Goldstein, S. (1969). "Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century".

7241: 7191: 6916: 6898: 6889: 6862: 6823: 6245:"CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson" 5973: 5922: 5310: 4526: 4277: 4161: 4096: 3997: 3707: 3655: 3540: 3252: 3152: 3082: 2891: 2887: 2361: 2186: 2161: 2136: 2091: 2086: 2023: 2003: 1475: 1459: 1389: 1035: 1026:(determined by Kepler between 1609 and 1619), Galileo's pioneering work on 1015: 985: 796: 604: 524: 121: 7548:

Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you.

6921:

Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: the science of the world around us

5337: 3171:(1908–1968), who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare. 3045: 1438:(study of the forces on a body or bodies not subject to an acceleration), 1214:

predicted by the standard model, and no others, appear to exist; however,

620:

was found to be correct approximately 2000 years after it was proposed by

407: 8559: 8369: 7081: 6136: 5846: 4675:. By the end of World War II, the atom was no longer deemed hypothetical. 4371: 4332: 4305: 4246: 4204: 4200: 4133: 4044: 3920: 3869: 3819: 3687: 3631: 3627: 3399: 2948: 2876: 2598: 2570: 2491: 2351: 2321: 2291: 2096: 1853: 1471: 1313: 1309: 1203: 539: 535: 7415: 7266: 6757: 1106: 1078:

simplify to their classical equivalents at such scales. Inaccuracies in

693:

further developed the field. His approach is entirely superseded today.

8883: 8873: 8446: 8190: 8160: 7060:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing outside of STEM sectors" 6951: 6090:

Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature

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physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher.

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to explain its behavior: the purview of the branch of physics known as

3030: 3003: 2977: 2677: 2606: 2594: 2586: 2231: 2141: 2081: 1998: 1848: 1785: 1755: 1745: 1718:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }} 1467: 1439: 1317: 1253: 1195: 1143: 1110: 930: 756: 625: 369: 358: 146: 131: 8455: 8313:"Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics" 7754: 7729: 7432: 2559: 8734: 8364: 6706: 4986: 4697: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4400: 4323:. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing 4304:. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable 4263: 3838: 3747: 3683: 3663: 3545: 3513: 3468: 3369: 3098: 3094: 3054: 2983: 2952: 2941: 2937: 2842: 2693: 2664: 2648: 2618: 2296: 2028: 1498: 1419: 1348: 1261: 1256:' deduction that matter ought to reduce to an invariant state to the 1058: 1027: 817:

developed it further, especially placing emphasis on observation and

771: 665: 640: 621: 504: 465: 453: 397: 338: 330: 319: 303: 189: 151: 116: 8182: 8152: 8107:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 91. 6814: 6787: 5964: 5939: 5361: 5013:"Daily 40 no. 2 – Aristotle and the Four Simple Bodies and Elements" 8592: 7781:. London; New York: Chatto and Windus; W. W. Norton & Company. 6928: 5689: 5481: 5255:

Within two centuries, the field of optics was radically transformed

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The distinction is clear-cut, but not always obvious. For example,

2731: 2644: 2548: 2131: 1868: 1760: 1490: 1047: 929:) influenced thinking across disciplines from the theory of visual 881: 869: 412: 401: 8955: 6960: 5409: 4476:

as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists:

3810: 2781:. Physics is applied in industries like engineering and medicine. 8543: 5136: 4339: 4245:, "but everyone agrees that it means the textbook picture of the 3868:. Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging 3639: 3557: 3281: 2538: 1858: 1435: 1010:

Major developments in this period include the replacement of the

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Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations

7324:

Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science

5914: 5912: 5739: 4663:

of nineteenth-century physics was denigrated by some, including

4609:

Calculus was independently developed at around the same time by

3825:

Particle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of

684:, wrote on many subjects, including a substantial treatise on " 484: 8425: 7974: 5835: 5695: 5630:, Chapter 15: "Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific Realism?" 5455: 5453: 5439: 4282: 4117:. The vast majority of objects seen above are distant galaxies. 3881: 3857: 3826: 3739: 3651: 3635: 3623: 3509: 3493: 3387: 3365: 2972: 2907:

Physicists use the scientific method to test the validity of a

2765:

of matter (chemistry's focus on the molecular and atomic scale

1838: 1833: 1423: 861: 608: 596: 528: 511:. Early civilizations dating before 3000 BCE, such as the 307: 299: 291: 166: 38: 7623:"Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles" 7602:

In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems

7084:(1991). "Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology". 7043:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Engineering" 4342:, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving 4075:—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the 4005:

atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, the

3895:. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are 2986:

who work at the interplay of theory and experiment are called

864:

and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like

774:'s teaching of physics and noted its flaws. He introduced the 8503: 5909: 5476: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4164:'s discovery that the universe is expanding, as shown by the 4035:

found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the

3983:

and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.

3873: 3853: 3497: 3407: 3321: 3155:; and applied physics. Some physics departments also support 3135:

Contemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into

3106: 3070: 3018: 2861: 2681: 1863: 1823: 1509:, and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. 1482:, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics. 1427: 1343:, who wrote on quantum mechanics. The mathematical physicist 1305: 681: 560: 555: 527:

across the sky, which could not explain the positions of the

512: 459: 447: 435: 396:

led to the development of industrialization; and advances in

311: 7252:

The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton

7203:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. 7088:. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5450: 6632: 6571: 6248: 6117:. University of Maryland Physics Education Research Group. 5618:, Chapter 14: "Bayesianism and Modern Theories of Evidence" 4689: 4660: 4457: 4320: 4226: 3852:. The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter ( 3659: 3391: 2543: 1873: 1828: 1385: 1207: 8431: 8395: 8372:– FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups 7877:; Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces (1997). 7026:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Physics" 6044: 4725: 1046:(that would come to bear his name). Newton also developed 6914: 6735:

Wolf, S. A.; Chtchelkanova, A. Y.; Treger, D. M. (2006).

5853: 3489: 2497: 645: 8200:

Stajic, Jelena; Coontz, R.; Osborne, I. (8 April 2011).

7560:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4625:

Noll notes that some universities still use this title.

4358:, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections. 4027:

between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the

4023:

and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the

3844:

Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and

3025:

often work in industry, developing technologies such as

1198:. From this early work, and work in related fields, the 830: 443:('study of nature'), which itself is a borrowing of the 8490: 7475:

Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles

7015:"a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics" 6734: 6449: 5214:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018. 5184:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018. 5158: 5091: 1485:

Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with

7924: 7897: 6854: 5980: 5459: 5445: 337:

oldest. Over much of the past two millennia, physics,

7374:

Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics

7369: 7255:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6954:(2010). "Far-From-Equilibrium Physics: An Overview". 6621: 6609:

NASA – Scientists Predict Major Discoveries for GLAST

6232: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4338:

Although much progress has been made in high-energy,

2753:(also called basic science). Physics is also called " 1661: 1554: 345:, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of 8378:– Award for outstanding contributions to the subject 7273: 6737:"Spintronics – A retrospective and perspective" 5940:"Scientific method: Defend the integrity of physics" 5700: 5666: 5621: 5609: 5129: 5111:"John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle's Physics" 4531:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

4502: 2849:, video games, and movies, and is often critical in 1442:(study of motion without regard to its causes), and 631: 8199: 6984: 6982: 6455: 4019:The most familiar examples of condensed phases are 2803:

model of sound reflecting from an acoustic diffuser

538:, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in 8291: 8171:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 8141:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7953: 7599: 7472: 7449: 7371: 6504: 6349: 5841: 4962: 4766: 4754: 4737: 4523: – Fields of natural science related to Earth 1717: 1647: 656:in Greece (6th, 5th and 4th centuries BCE) and in 8100:, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's 6868:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 6367:Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (28 February 2019). 4804: 4195:of the evolution of the universe, which includes 3926: 1142:began in the early 20th century with the work of 9076: 7883:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 7370:Gribbin, J.R.; Gribbin, M.; Gribbin, J. (1998). 6979: 5823: 5812: 5655: 5644: 5597: 5253:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 38. 4836: 4712:, on 'systems far from equilibrium', and others. 4233:discoveries: "No one knows what is creating the 1186:Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by 898:, he presented a study of the phenomenon of the 725: 372:. For example, advances in the understanding of 8272: 7065:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016. 7048:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016. 7031:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016. 6842: 6540:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from 6514:. Princeton University, Department of Physics. 5806: 5794: 1478:, the physics of animal calls and hearing, and 411:The expansion of the universe according to the 8246:A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics 8242: 8086:A Short History of Science to the 19th Century 7493: 6968: 6830: 6355: 5672: 5549:"On the Past and Future of Natural Philosophy" 4983:"Atomism – Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism" 4071:when he renamed his research group—previously 8971: 8633: 8619: 8476: 8335: 7321: 6217: 6215: 6213: 5861:"Applications of Mathematics to the Sciences" 5627: 5615: 5050:"Natural Philosophy: Aristotle | Physics 139" 4974: 4950: 4760: 4748: 4281:A typical phenomenon described by physics: a 4219:, complementing similar experiments with the 4191:. Cosmologists have recently established the 4179:The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of 3814:A simulated event in the CMS detector of the 2437: 1113:(1858–1947), the originator of the theory of 1024:laws governing the motion of planetary bodies 264: 7578: 7447: 7248: 6406: 6404: 6402: 5818: 5766:"Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)" 5393: 5376: 5323: 5251:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History 4939: 4542:Relationship between mathematics and physics 3117:are now considered to be two aspects of the 2784: 2684:, Galileo, and Newton. Some theorists, like 2465:study matter on the smallest scale at which 1642: 1591: 8384:– Online encyclopedic dictionary of physics 8064: 8045: 6917:"What happens far from equilibrium and why" 6476: 6474: 6427: 6226: 6151: 6135:. American Physical Society. Archived from 6004:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 5678: 5661: 5650: 5633: 5529:. Vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 22–25. 4928: 4783: 4781: 4549: – Travel to notable science locations 4168:, prompted rival explanations known as the 2634: 2577:of 1927, with prominent physicists such as 1297:to measure the validity of a given theory. 1252:' first attempt to characterize matter, to 708:. Aristotle believed that each of the four 438: 8978: 8964: 8626: 8612: 8483: 8469: 7107:. Texas A&M University. Archived from 6556: 6460: 6366: 6237: 6210: 6162: 5335: 5267:Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007). 2944:. (Pictured: Astronaut Bruce McCandless.) 2744:mathematical model of a physical situation 2444: 2430: 1175:and a complete theory predicting discrete 1065:resulted from research efforts during the 799:, a teacher in the faculty of arts at the 558:wrote of various celestial objects in his 271: 257: 8225: 8026: 7753: 7638: 7553: 7414: 7340: 7210:"Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics" 7123: 6974: 6959: 6949: 6888: 6860: 6813: 6662: 6415: 6399: 6173: 6115:"Science and Physics Education Homepages" 5986: 5963: 5937: 5603: 5517: 5464: 5398: 5382: 5300: 5269:"Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics" 5266: 4917: 4792: 4560:List of important publications in physics 3818:, featuring a possible appearance of the 823:reasoning, developing early forms of the 314:. Physics is one of the most fundamental 8415:) is being considered for deletion. See 8263: 7778:Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle 7762: 7456:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6651: 6471: 6438: 6275:"Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics" 6184: 6087: 5938:Ellis, G.; Silk, J. (16 December 2014). 5164: 5097: 5047: 4945: 4778: 4276: 4262: 4104: 3996: 3969:are considered part of nuclear physics. 3809: 3044: 2947: 2931: 2917: 2855: 2806: 2794: 2722: 2658: 2638: 2569: 2558: 1355:, a view Penrose discusses in his book, 1304:, involves issues such as the nature of 1119: 1105: 980: 958: 912: 829: 635: 483: 458:'natural science'), a term derived from 406: 8294:The Investigation of the Physical World 8273:Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph (2003). 8067:The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 8002: 7985:The Large, the Small and the Human Mind 7936:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 7909:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 7825: 7696:Leggett, A.J. (1999). "Superfluidity". 7695: 7683: 7597: 7521: 7470: 7297: 7198: 6848: 6745:IBM Journal of Research and Development 6668: 6433: 6157: 6125: 6062: 6056: 6050: 5879: 5684: 5639: 5536:from the original on 24 September 2015. 5500: 5239:, Book I , , p. 379; Book II, , p. 453. 5212:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5182:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5135: 4934: 4772: 4731: 4659:can change with time. For example, the 4109:The deepest visible-light image of the 4001:Velocity-distribution data of a gas of 3961:), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as 3795: 1458:), the latter include such branches as 999:Physics became a separate science when 664:developed along many lines of inquiry. 14: 9077: 8824:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics 8440:– Physics and astronomy mind-map from 8083: 7951: 7804: 7795: 7689:A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities 7400: 7150: 6785: 6492:from the original on 12 September 2011 6466: 6221: 6168: 5829: 5248: 4956: 4798: 3933:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics 3345:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics 3149:atomic, molecular, and optical physics 2498:Fundamental concepts in modern physics 902:(his thousand-year-old version of the 8959: 8607: 8464: 8451:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 8376:Website of the Nobel Prize in physics 8310: 8092: 7859:(2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 7852: 7771: 7655: 7207: 7102: 7080: 6988: 6945:from the original on 4 November 2016. 6788:"LHC 2.0: A new view of the Universe" 6568:Nasa: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 6564:"NASA – Q&A on the GLAST Mission" 6482:"History of Condensed Matter Physics" 6421: 6410: 6387:from the original on 25 February 2021 6305:"Korea University, Physics AMO Group" 6285:from the original on 27 February 2014 6179: 5746:from the original on 5 September 2012 5404: 5236: 5068: 5066: 4968: 4923: 4856:from the original on 24 December 2016 4824:from the original on 24 December 2016 4787: 3599:Newton's law of universal gravitation 3123: 2838:for research in theoretical physics. 736:Physics in the medieval Islamic world 581: 368:Advances in physics often enable new 294:, involving the study of matter, its 9059: 8428:– Directory of physics related media 8342:(13th ed.). Pearson Education. 8336:Young, H.D.; Freedman, R.A. (2014). 7724: 7620: 7277:; Leighton, R.B.; Sands, M. (1963). 6657: 6639:from the original on 13 January 2012 6444: 6192:"High Energy Particle Physics Group" 6133:"Division of Particles & Fields" 5546: 5078:galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu 4453: 4259:List of unsolved problems in physics 4217:weakly interacting massive particles 2902: 2799:Classical physics implemented in an 2490:with motion and its connection with 1038:'s discovery and unification of the 1034:in the 16th and 17th centuries, and 917:The basic way a pinhole camera works 755:created an important compilation of 473: 8985: 8434:– Science videos, including physics 8243:Taylor, P.L.; Heinonen, O. (2002). 7808:The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple 7579:Howard, Ian; Rogers, Brian (1995). 7363:10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245 7161: 6993:. Infobase Publishing. p. 247. 6518:from the original on 8 October 2011 6233:Gribbin, Gribbin & Gribbin 1998 6065:Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory 5893:from the original on 18 August 2014 5593:from the original on 18 April 2016. 5506: 4868: 4634:See, for example, the influence of 4615:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy 4456:, spanning all length scales: from 4366:in biological systems. In the 1932 4252: 3986: 2826:The approach is similar to that of 732:European science in the Middle Ages 24: 7557:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 6915:National Research Council (2007). 6578:from the original on 25 April 2009 6121:from the original on 28 July 2016. 6112: 5218:from the original on 22 April 2018 5188:from the original on 22 April 2018 5063: 4399:or physics teaching refers to the 4302:high-temperature superconductivity 3130: 1678: 1200:Standard Model of particle physics 770:, a Byzantine scholar, questioned 25: 9096: 8419:to help reach a consensus. › 8358: 8202:"Happy 100th, Superconductivity!" 7765:The Beginnings of Western Science 7128:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 6456:Stajic, Coontz & Osborne 2011 6337:from the original on 7 March 2014 5887:"Journal of Mathematical Physics" 5863:. 25 January 2000. Archived from 5720:from the original on 18 June 2013 5427:from the original on 7 April 2014 5336:Al-Khalili, Jim (February 2015). 4993:from the original on 10 July 2014 4223:and other underground detectors. 3358:Atomic and molecular astrophysics 3040: 1600: 1244:In many ways, physics stems from 1216:physics beyond the Standard Model 688:" – in the 4th century BC. 632:Aristotle and Hellenistic Physics 542:, and all Western efforts in the 492:is evident in monuments like the 9058: 9048: 9039: 9038: 7931:"A History of Quantum Mechanics" 7343:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 7052: 7035: 7018: 6997: 6908: 6779: 6728: 6198:from the original on 29 May 2019 6067:. World Scientific. p. 50. 6026:Max Planck Institute for Physics 5488:from the original on 31 May 2014 4980: 4702: 4598:development of scientific method 4505: 4431:This section is an excerpt from 4389:This section is an excerpt from 4368:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 3907:and magnetic resonance imaging, 3448:Nanoscale and mesoscopic physics 2671: 1364: 791:ten centuries later, during the 238: 237: 224: 61: 8945:Timeline of physics discoveries 8456:The Feynman Lectures on Physics 8292:Toraldo Di Francia, G. (1976). 7978:; Shimony, A.; Cartwright, N.; 7606:. University of Chicago Press. 7581:Binocular Vision and Stereopsis 7280:The Feynman Lectures on Physics 6861:Eames, I.; Flor, J. B. (2011). 6590: 6530: 6370:Modern Condensed Matter Physics 6360: 6331:"Aarhus Universitet, AMO Group" 6323: 6297: 6267: 6106: 6081: 6014: 5992: 5931: 5800: 5788: 5758: 5732: 5540: 5518:Womersley, J. (February 2005). 5511: 5387: 5338:"In retrospect: Book of Optics" 5329: 5317: 5260: 5242: 5200: 5170: 5103: 5041: 5005: 4678: 4649: 4628: 4619: 4603: 4472:length scales encompassing the 4212:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 4090: 3061:Physics covers a wide range of 2471:physics of elementary particles 813:from the Greeks and during the 759:' works that are copied in the 8449:– Online course material from 8317:Brookhaven National Laboratory 8249:. Cambridge University Press. 8113:American Philosophical Society 7988:. Cambridge University Press. 7767:. University of Chicago Press. 7621:Kerr, R.A. (16 October 2009). 7507:. Princeton University Press. 7234:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001 7010:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 6373:. Cambridge University Press. 5460:O'Connor & Robertson 1996b 5446:O'Connor & Robertson 1996a 4581: 4043:in certain materials, and the 3927:Atomic, molecular, and optical 3220:Particle physics phenomenology 3105:knew of other objects such as 2627:several candidate theories of 1974:Atomic, molecular, and optical 1639: 1633: 1619: 1588: 1582: 1568: 1561: 1407: 680:) (384–322 BCE), a student of 329:and, through its inclusion of 306:, and the related entities of 13: 1: 8447:Physics at MIT OpenCourseWare 8404: 7304:The Character of Physical Law 7086:The Cambridge Ancient History 6251:. 4 July 2012. Archived from 5770:Acoustical Society of America 5547:Noll, Walter (23 June 2006). 4718: 4235:ENA (energetic neutral atoms) 3310:Spontaneous symmetry breaking 3127:below for more information). 3093:observed that certain rocks ( 2767:distinguishes it from physics 2554: 1525:with magnetic poles at rest. 1233: 1098:History of special relativity 838: 726:Medieval European and Islamic 470:'origin, nature, property'). 325:Physics is one of the oldest 8227:10.1126/science.332.6026.189 7504:The Nature of Space and Time 7184:10.1126/science.337.6091.141 6671:"What DO we know about high 5809:, pp. 1–4, 115, 185–187 5048:tbcaldwe (14 October 2012). 4383: 3864:, weak, and electromagnetic 3021:, whereas those involved in 2749:Pure physics is a branch of 2720:an active area of research. 2563:The basic domains of physics 2488:general theory of relativity 1127:(1879–1955), discovered the 1102:History of quantum mechanics 970: 884:. The most notable work was 466: 454: 400:inspired the development of 7: 8909:Quantum information science 8311:Walsh, K.M. (1 June 2012). 7583:. Oxford University Press. 7554:Honderich, T., ed. (1995). 7249:Dijksterhuis, E.J. (1986). 7103:Allen, D. (10 April 1997). 6006:. June 2015. Archived from 5807:Tipler & Llewellyn 2003 5795:Tipler & Llewellyn 2003 5520:"Beyond the Standard Model" 5417:"The Industrial Revolution" 4849:Online Etymology Dictionary 4817:Online Etymology Dictionary 4655:Concepts which are denoted 4498: 4335:is also currently ongoing. 4185:cosmic microwave background 3948:Atomic physics studies the 3784:Quantum information science 3616:Cosmic background radiation 3383:Quantum information science 2897: 2882:There is also considerable 2834:might seek to build better 1528: 696:He explained ideas such as 498:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 357:areas of research, such as 10: 9101: 8740:Classical electromagnetism 8365:Physics at Quanta Magazine 7939:. University of St Andrews 7912:. University of St Andrews 7718:10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318 7403:AIP Conference Proceedings 7322:Godfrey-Smith, P. (2003). 7073: 6356:Taylor & Heinonen 2002 5673:Hawking & Penrose 1996 5285:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464 4892: 4884: 4876: 4570:Lists of physics equations 4430: 4409:Physics education research 4403:methods currently used to 4388: 4256: 4094: 3990: 3930: 3799: 3157:physics education research 3027:magnetic resonance imaging 2963:Theorists seek to develop 2921: 2788: 1532: 1411: 1404:, and special relativity. 1368: 1237: 1095: 1089: 974: 729: 603:(650 BCE – 480 BCE), when 585: 477: 460: 448: 423: 419: 36: 29: 9034: 9006: 8993: 8917: 8854: 8782: 8698: 8670: 8642: 8573: 8552: 8502: 8400:American Physical Society 8398:– Online magazine by the 7875:National Research Council 7698:Reviews of Modern Physics 7528:. John Wiley & Sons. 7479:. John Wiley & Sons. 7448:Guicciardini, N. (1999). 6486:American Physical Society 6279:MIT Department of Physics 5568:10.1007/s10659-006-9068-y 4761:Young & Freedman 2014 4749:Young & Freedman 2014 4688:, which was innovated at 4611:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4425: 4183:and the discovery of the 4077:American Physical Society 4067:was apparently coined by 3678: 3648:Gravitational singularity 3465:Density functional theory 3404:Electromagnetic radiation 2785:Application and influence 1521:with moving charges, and 1293:reasoning and the use of 1085: 1053:The discovery of laws in 673: 605:pre-Socratic philosophers 521:Indus Valley Civilisation 494:ceiling of Senemut's tomb 210:List of unsolved problems 27:Scientific field of study 8846:Condensed matter physics 8492:Fundamental interactions 8442:Georgia State University 8417:templates for discussion 8065:Schrödinger, E. (1995). 8046:Schrödinger, E. (1983). 8027:Rosenberg, Alex (2006). 7763:Lindberg, David (1992). 7640:10.1126/science.326_350a 7201:Ancient Egyptian Science 7151:Cajori, Florian (1917). 6194:. Institute of Physics. 5797:, pp. 269, 477, 561 5742:. Taylor & Francis. 5324:Howard & Rogers 1995 5273:Annals of Saudi Medicine 4575: 4553: 4229:is already yielding new 4181:Big Bang nucleosynthesis 4065:condensed matter physics 4033:Bose–Einstein condensate 4007:Bose–Einstein condensate 3993:Condensed matter physics 3860:) that interact via the 3562:High-energy astrophysics 3502:Bose–Einstein condensate 3427:Condensed matter physics 3145:condensed matter physics 2635:Relation to other fields 1731:Einstein field equations 1434:and may be divided into 1246:ancient Greek philosophy 1218:, with theories such as 766:In sixth-century Europe 546:are descended from late 296:fundamental constituents 37:Not to be confused with 32:Physics (disambiguation) 8527:Electroweak interaction 8093:Smith, A. Mark (2001). 7214:Physical Review Letters 6991:Encyclopedia of Physics 6669:Leggett, A. J. (2006). 5842:Toraldo Di Francia 1976 5713:Encyclopædia Britannica 4908:A Greek–English Lexicon 4478:experimental physicists 4115:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field 3644:Gravitational radiation 3440:Low-temperature physics 3278:Fundamental interaction 3233:Quantum electrodynamics 3119:electroweak interaction 2615:absolute time and space 2469:can be identified. The 2034:Theories of gravitation 1949:Electroweak interaction 1264:, and Aristotle's book 1032:observational astronomy 8930:Nobel Prize in Physics 8792:Relativistic mechanics 8432:The Vega Science Trust 8147:(4): i–clxxxi, 1–337. 7662:. Dover Publications. 7598:Kellert, S.H. (1993). 7124:Ben-Chaim, M. (2004). 6890:10.1098/rsta.2010.0332 5249:Dallal, Ahmad (2010). 4482:theoretical physicists 4381: 4325:solar neutrino problem 4294: 4274: 4189:cosmological principle 4118: 4009: 3822: 3764:Physics of computation 3566:Planetary astrophysics 3273:AdS/CFT correspondence 3245:Effective field theory 3237:Quantum chromodynamics 3058: 2960: 2945: 2940:and Earth are both in 2864: 2819: 2804: 2771:conservation of energy 2728: 2668: 2656: 2609: 2564: 1719: 1649: 1146:in quantum theory and 1136: 1117: 1018:with the heliocentric 1001:early modern Europeans 996: 967: 918: 857: 785: 751:In the sixth century, 649: 501: 439: 416: 200:List of physics awards 8935:Philosophy of physics 8588:Philosophy of physics 8264:Thurston, H. (1994). 8029:Philosophy of Science 7856:Chemistry For Dummies 7805:Mattis, D.C. (2006). 7796:Mastin, Luke (2010). 6950:Jaeger, Heinrich M.; 6775:on 24 September 2020. 6092:. Hutchinson Radius. 6088:Weinberg, S. (1993). 5556:Journal of Elasticity 5419:. Schoolscience.org, 4899:Liddell, Henry George 4673:statistical mechanics 4376: 4280: 4266: 4257:Further information: 4221:Large Hadron Collider 4108: 4025:electromagnetic force 4000: 3913:materials engineering 3848:are described by the 3816:Large Hadron Collider 3813: 3760:Physical oceanography 3704:Communication physics 3506:Electrical conduction 3481:Statistical mechanics 3436:High-pressure physics 3216:Astroparticle physics 3048: 2951: 2935: 2918:Theory and experiment 2859: 2810: 2798: 2726: 2718:computational physics 2662: 2653:law of falling bodies 2642: 2631:are being developed. 2573: 2562: 2476:particle accelerators 1912:Philosophy of physics 1720: 1650: 1495:ultraviolet radiation 1398:statistical mechanics 1369:Further information: 1302:philosophy of physics 1275:philosophy of science 1240:Philosophy of physics 1212:fundamental particles 1123: 1109: 1067:Industrial Revolution 1044:universal gravitation 994:universal gravitation 984: 962: 916: 833: 793:Scientific Revolution 780: 761:Archimedes Palimpsest 704:) with the theory of 639: 507:is one of the oldest 487: 410: 351:Scientific Revolution 302:and behavior through 8894:Mathematical physics 8438:HyperPhysics website 8422:Physics/Publications 8048:My View of the World 7904:"Special Relativity" 7853:Moore, J.T. (2011). 7811:. World Scientific. 7656:Krupp, E.C. (2003). 7522:Holzner, S. (2006). 7471:Halpern, P. (2010). 7208:Cohen, M.L. (2008). 7199:Clagett, M. (1995). 6614:2 March 2009 at the 6603:3 April 2010 at the 6598:Nasa – Fermi Science 6538:"BS in Astrophysics" 6063:Stewart, J. (2001). 5472:"The Standard Model" 5421:Institute of Physics 4596:was critical in the 4041:conduction electrons 3841:of other particles. 3796:Nuclear and particle 3607:Magnetohydrodynamics 3582:Stellar astrophysics 3412:Polarization (waves) 3334:Theory of everything 3314:Neutrino oscillation 3261:Grand Unified Theory 3249:Lattice field theory 3229:Quantum field theory 3208:Nuclear astrophysics 3067:elementary particles 2928:Experimental physics 2801:acoustic engineering 2740:mathematical physics 2624:quantum field theory 2534:Statistical ensemble 2529:Physical interaction 2044:Theory of everything 1922:Quantum field theory 1659: 1552: 1173:photoelectric effect 1168:Black-body radiation 1133:theory of relativity 1129:photoelectric effect 1076:theory of relativity 811:Aristotelian physics 742:Western Roman Empire 690:Aristotelian physics 552:Egyptian astronomers 548:Babylonian astronomy 480:History of astronomy 327:academic disciplines 30:For other uses, see 8869:Atmospheric physics 8708:Classical mechanics 8636:branches of physics 8578:Glossary of physics 8553:Hypothetical forces 8218:2011Sci...332..189S 8084:Singer, C. (2008). 8009:The Road to Reality 7952:Oerter, R. (2006). 7835:. D. Van Nostrand. 7746:2001PhT....54l..14L 7710:1999RvMPS..71..318L 7534:2005pfd..book.....H 7525:Physics for Dummies 7425:2000AIPC..536....3G 7384:1999qqep.book.....G 7355:1969AnRFM...1....1G 7226:2008PhRvL.101y0001C 7176:2012Sci...337..141C 6989:Rosen, Joe (2009). 6923:. pp. 91–110. 6881:2011RSPTA.369..702E 6806:2015Natur.519..142G 6786:Gibney, E. (2015). 6758:10.1147/rd.501.0101 6699:2006NatPh...2..134L 6255:on 14 November 2012 5956:2014Natur.516..321E 5776:on 4 September 2015 5696:Penrose et al. 1997 5354:2015Natur.518..164A 4492:engineering physics 4285:levitating above a 4039:phase exhibited by 3959:hyperfine splitting 3829:and energy and the 3780:Quantum electronics 3772:Solid-state devices 3712:Engineering physics 3692:Atmospheric physics 3680:Accelerator physics 3558:Gravitation physics 3473:Fermi liquid theory 3432:Solid-state physics 3298:Elementary particle 2965:mathematical models 2924:Theoretical physics 2884:interdisciplinarity 2860:Experiment using a 2832:accelerator physics 2828:applied mathematics 2759:the central science 2751:fundamental science 1994:Non-linear dynamics 1932:Quantum computation 1927:Quantum information 1801:Satyendra Nath Bose 1456:continuum mechanics 1454:(known together as 1382:classical mechanics 1371:Branches of physics 1358:The Road to Reality 1258:Ptolemaic astronomy 1160:Maxwell's equations 1154:predicted that the 1152:Classical mechanics 1080:classical mechanics 952:The translation of 852:experiments in the 807:Islamic scholarship 801:University of Paris 595:has its origins in 576:Northern Hemisphere 386:domestic appliances 378:solid-state physics 49:Part of a series on 8925:History of physics 8512:Strong interaction 8392:– Academic journal 8370:Usenet Physics FAQ 7902:(February 1996a). 7847:matter and motion. 7220:(5): 25001–25006. 7013:. Merriam-Webster. 6635:. 28 August 2008. 6574:. 28 August 2008. 6424:, pp. 255–258 5989:, pp. 474–476 5628:Godfrey-Smith 2003 5616:Godfrey-Smith 2003 5117:on 11 January 2016 4971:, pp. 108–109 4671:'s formulation of 4565:List of physicists 4466:biological physics 4295: 4275: 4237:ribbon" along the 4119: 4101:Physical cosmology 4073:solid-state theory 4010: 3917:radiocarbon dating 3866:fundamental forces 3823: 3756:Physical chemistry 3595:General relativity 3265:Superstring theory 3241:Electroweak theory 3115:weak nuclear force 3059: 3000:parallel universes 2992:fundamental theory 2961: 2946: 2869:standard consensus 2865: 2836:particle detectors 2820: 2805: 2729: 2669: 2657: 2610: 2565: 2484:frame of reference 2019:General relativity 2014:Special relativity 1954:Strong interaction 1715: 1645: 1375:Outline of physics 1347:has been called a 1337:causal determinism 1295:Bayesian inference 1284:a priori reasoning 1164:special relativity 1137: 1118: 997: 968: 954:The Book of Optics 939:Robert Grosseteste 919: 894:as well as in his 887:The Book of Optics 858: 815:Islamic Golden Age 753:Isidore of Miletus 710:classical elements 662:natural philosophy 650: 593:Natural philosophy 588:Natural philosophy 582:Natural philosophy 502: 490:Egyptian astronomy 426:History of physics 417: 347:natural philosophy 231:Physics portal 9072: 9071: 8953: 8952: 8940:Physics education 8889:Materials science 8856:Interdisciplinary 8814:Quantum mechanics 8601: 8600: 8349:978-1-292-02063-1 8303:978-0-521-29925-1 8284:978-0-7167-4345-3 8277:. W. H. Freeman. 8256:978-0-521-77827-5 8122:978-0-87169-914-5 8088:. Streeter Press. 8076:978-1-881987-09-3 8057:978-0-918024-30-5 8038:978-0-415-34317-6 8019:978-0-679-45443-4 7995:978-0-521-78572-3 7967:978-0-13-236678-6 7890:978-0-309-05928-2 7866:978-1-118-00730-3 7842:978-0-486-66895-6 7832:Matter and Motion 7818:978-981-238-579-6 7800:. lukemastin.com. 7788:978-0-393-00583-7 7755:10.1063/1.1445529 7728:(December 2001). 7669:978-0-486-42882-6 7633:(5951): 350–351. 7613:978-0-226-42976-2 7590:978-0-19-508476-4 7571:978-0-19-866132-0 7543:978-0-470-61841-7 7514:978-0-691-05084-3 7486:978-0-470-64391-4 7433:10.1063/1.1361756 7393:978-0-684-85578-3 7333:978-0-226-30063-4 7314:978-0-262-56003-0 7290:978-0-201-02116-5 7269:on 5 August 2011. 7262:978-0-691-08403-9 7170:(6091): 141–143. 7135:978-0-7546-4091-2 7095:978-0-521-22717-9 6938:978-0-309-10969-7 6875:(1937): 702–705. 6800:(7542): 142–143. 6512:"Philip Anderson" 6380:978-1-108-57347-4 6139:on 29 August 2016 6099:978-0-09-177395-3 6074:978-981-02-4471-2 6010:on 21 April 2016. 5950:(7531): 321–323. 5819:Dijksterhuis 1986 5394:Guicciardini 1999 5348:(7538): 164–165. 5178:"John Philoponus" 5029:on 6 January 2023 4419:science education 4397:Physics education 4391:Physics education 4364:pattern formation 4310:quantum computers 4289:demonstrates the 4239:termination shock 4172:universe and the 4132:The discovery by 4127:stellar evolution 4123:stellar structure 4087:and engineering. 4081:materials science 4049:antiferromagnetic 3973:Molecular physics 3835:computer programs 3793: 3792: 3776:Quantum chemistry 3728:Materials physics 3518:Self-organization 3379:Quantum chemistry 3354:Molecular physics 3089:For example, the 3081:) to the largest 3008:higher dimensions 2903:Scientific method 2847:flight simulators 2812:Archimedes' screw 2603:Erwin Schrödinger 2583:Werner Heisenberg 2575:Solvay Conference 2467:chemical elements 2454: 2453: 1917:Quantum mechanics 1791:Ernest Rutherford 1771:Erwin Schrödinger 1766:Werner Heisenberg 1616: 1564: 1414:Classical physics 1341:Erwin Schrödinger 1335:, who championed 1316:outlooks such as 1279:scientific method 1260:of a crystalline 1192:Erwin Schrödinger 1188:Werner Heisenberg 1181:electron orbitals 1115:quantum mechanics 1072:quantum mechanics 977:Classical physics 943:Leonardo da Vinci 933:to the nature of 927:Kitab al-Manathir 921:The seven-volume 908:Treatise on Light 892:Treatise on Light 825:scientific method 776:theory of impetus 658:Hellenistic times 572:Greek astronomers 517:ancient Egyptians 474:Ancient astronomy 415:theory in physics 363:quantum chemistry 355:interdisciplinary 349:, but during the 281: 280: 137:Classical physics 16:(Redirected from 9092: 9062: 9061: 9052: 9042: 9041: 9021:Physical science 8980: 8973: 8966: 8957: 8956: 8879:Chemical physics 8819:Particle physics 8745:Classical optics 8628: 8621: 8614: 8605: 8604: 8583:Particle physics 8537:electromagnetism 8532:weak interaction 8485: 8478: 8471: 8462: 8461: 8382:World of Physics 8353: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8319:. Archived from 8307: 8288: 8269: 8260: 8239: 8229: 8194: 8164: 8134: 8102:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 8089: 8080: 8069:. Ox Bow Press. 8061: 8050:. Ox Bow Press. 8042: 8023: 7999: 7971: 7959: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7925:O'Connor, J.J.; 7921: 7919: 7917: 7898:O'Connor, J.J.; 7894: 7870: 7849: 7822: 7801: 7792: 7768: 7759: 7757: 7726:Levy, Barbara G. 7721: 7704:(2): S318–S323. 7692: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7652: 7642: 7617: 7605: 7594: 7575: 7550: 7518: 7490: 7478: 7467: 7455: 7444: 7418: 7397: 7377: 7366: 7337: 7318: 7307:. M.I.T. Press. 7294: 7270: 7265:. Archived from 7245: 7204: 7195: 7158: 7147: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7111:on 23 March 2021 7099: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6946: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6892: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6768:. Archived from 6741: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6724:on 10 June 2010. 6723: 6717:. Archived from 6707:10.1038/nphys254 6682: 6666: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6625: 6619: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6478: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6453: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6408: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6364: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6307:. Archived from 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6219: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6166: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6028:. Archived from 6018: 6012: 6011: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5935: 5929: 5927:special sciences 5916: 5907: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5851: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5772:. Archived from 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5704: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5662:Schrödinger 1995 5659: 5653: 5651:Schrödinger 1983 5648: 5642: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5553: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5484:. 29 June 2001. 5468: 5462: 5457: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5413: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5142:Two New Sciences 5133: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5113:. Archived from 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5022:. Archived from 5017: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4808: 4802: 4801:, pp. 48–49 4796: 4790: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4713: 4708:See the work of 4706: 4700: 4682: 4676: 4669:Ludwig Boltzmann 4653: 4647: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4607: 4601: 4585: 4532: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4462:particle physics 4253:Current research 4197:cosmic inflation 3987:Condensed matter 3909:ion implantation 3905:nuclear medicine 3802:Particle physics 3788:Vehicle dynamics 3700:Chemical physics 3603:Lambda-CDM model 3591:Cosmic inflation 3477:Many-body theory 3362:Chemical physics 3318:Seesaw mechanism 3212:Particle physics 3199:particle physics 3177: 3176: 3161:physics outreach 3141:particle physics 3124:Current research 3111:electromagnetism 3023:applied research 2988:phenomenologists 2969:experimentalists 2957:electric current 2853:investigations. 2710:units of measure 2446: 2439: 2432: 2097:Skłodowska-Curie 1979:Condensed matter 1944:Weak interaction 1939:Electromagnetism 1796:Louis de Broglie 1724: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1674: 1673: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1632: 1631: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1604: 1581: 1580: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1539: 1538: 1515:electric charges 1505:gives rise to a 1503:electric current 1480:electroacoustics 1402:electromagnetism 1063:electromagnetics 1020:Copernican model 1012:geocentric model 896:Kitāb al-Manāẓir 847: 843: 840: 746:Byzantine Empire 675: 654:classical period 613:non-naturalistic 509:natural sciences 469: 463: 462: 457: 451: 450: 442: 374:electromagnetism 273: 266: 259: 246: 241: 240: 233: 229: 228: 205:List of journals 142:Electromagnetism 65: 46: 45: 21: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9030: 9002: 8989: 8987:Natural science 8984: 8954: 8949: 8913: 8899:Medical physics 8850: 8809:Nuclear physics 8778: 8772:Non-equilibrium 8694: 8666: 8638: 8632: 8602: 8597: 8569: 8548: 8504:Physical forces 8498: 8489: 8420: 8361: 8356: 8350: 8326: 8324: 8323:on 29 July 2016 8304: 8296:. CUP Archive. 8285: 8266:Early Astronomy 8257: 8183:10.2307/3657357 8167: 8153:10.2307/3657358 8137: 8123: 8077: 8058: 8039: 8020: 7996: 7968: 7942: 7940: 7927:Robertson, E.F. 7915: 7913: 7900:Robertson, E.F. 7891: 7867: 7843: 7819: 7789: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7614: 7591: 7572: 7544: 7515: 7487: 7464: 7416:physics/9906063 7394: 7334: 7315: 7291: 7283:. Vol. 1. 7263: 7136: 7114: 7112: 7096: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7019: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6987: 6980: 6973: 6969: 6947: 6939: 6913: 6909: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6815:10.1038/519142a 6784: 6780: 6772: 6739: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6680: 6677: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6616:Wayback Machine 6605:Wayback Machine 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6544:on 4 April 2016 6536: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6311:on 1 March 2014 6303: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6032:on 7 March 2016 6022:"Phenomenology" 6020: 6019: 6015: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5965:10.1038/516321a 5936: 5932: 5917: 5910: 5896: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5377: 5362:10.1038/518164a 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5265: 5261: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5149: 5134: 5130: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4987:About Education 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4913:Perseus Project 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4694:Tim Berners-Lee 4683: 4679: 4667:'s critique of 4654: 4650: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4608: 4604: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4556: 4547:Science tourism 4530: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4488:applied physics 4454:research fields 4436: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4414:active learning 4394: 4386: 4353:surface tension 4291:Meissner effect 4268:Feynman diagram 4261: 4255: 4154:X-ray astronomy 4138:radio astronomy 4103: 4095:Main articles: 4093: 4069:Philip Anderson 4057:atomic lattices 4037:superconducting 3995: 3989: 3977:Optical physics 3950:electron shells 3935: 3929: 3919:in geology and 3901:nuclear weapons 3899:generation and 3886:Higgs mechanism 3808: 3806:Nuclear physics 3800:Main articles: 3798: 3744:Optoelectronics 3732:Medical physics 3675:Applied physics 3461:Bloch's theorem 3452:Polymer physics 3444:Surface physics 3330:Quantum gravity 3286:electromagnetic 3204:Nuclear physics 3133: 3131:Research fields 3091:ancient Chinese 3043: 2930: 2922:Main articles: 2920: 2909:physical theory 2905: 2900: 2793: 2791:Applied physics 2787: 2674: 2637: 2629:quantum gravity 2591:Hendrik Lorentz 2579:Albert Einstein 2557: 2500: 2463:nuclear physics 2450: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2057: 2049: 2048: 2039:Quantum gravity 1989:Complex systems 1887: 1879: 1878: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1751:Albert Einstein 1741: 1733: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1685: 1681: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1603: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1537: 1531: 1519:electrodynamics 1452:fluid mechanics 1448:solid mechanics 1416: 1410: 1377: 1367: 1353:Stephen Hawking 1242: 1236: 1148:Albert Einstein 1125:Albert Einstein 1104: 1094: 1088: 1005:laws of physics 988:discovered the 979: 973: 964:Galileo Galilei 947:Johannes Kepler 848:) wrote of his 845: 841: 789:Galileo Galilei 768:John Philoponus 738: 730:Main articles: 728: 643: 634: 590: 584: 482: 476: 434:comes from the 428: 422: 390:nuclear weapons 382:nuclear physics 288:natural science 277: 236: 223: 222: 215: 214: 185: 177: 176: 162:Nuclear physics 112: 102: 88: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9098: 9088: 9087: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9056: 9054:Science Portal 9046: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8983: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8960: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8860: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8762:Thermodynamics 8759: 8758: 8757: 8752: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8704: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8680: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8665: 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A.A. Knopf. 8000: 7994: 7972: 7966: 7949: 7922: 7895: 7889: 7871: 7865: 7850: 7841: 7823: 7817: 7802: 7793: 7787: 7769: 7760: 7722: 7693: 7681: 7668: 7653: 7618: 7612: 7595: 7589: 7576: 7570: 7551: 7542: 7519: 7513: 7491: 7485: 7468: 7463:978-0521640664 7462: 7445: 7398: 7392: 7378:. Free Press. 7367: 7338: 7332: 7319: 7313: 7295: 7289: 7271: 7261: 7246: 7205: 7196: 7159: 7148: 7134: 7121: 7100: 7094: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7051: 7034: 7017: 6996: 6978: 6975:Goldstein 1969 6967: 6952:Liu, Andrea J. 6937: 6929:10.17226/11967 6907: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6778: 6727: 6693:(3): 134–136. 6686:Nature Physics 6675: 6661: 6650: 6620: 6589: 6555: 6529: 6503: 6470: 6459: 6448: 6437: 6426: 6414: 6398: 6379: 6359: 6348: 6322: 6296: 6266: 6236: 6225: 6209: 6183: 6172: 6161: 6150: 6124: 6105: 6098: 6080: 6073: 6055: 6043: 6013: 5991: 5987:Honderich 1995 5979: 5930: 5908: 5878: 5867:on 10 May 2015 5852: 5834: 5822: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5757: 5731: 5699: 5688: 5677: 5665: 5654: 5643: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5604:Rosenberg 2006 5596: 5539: 5510: 5499: 5463: 5449: 5438: 5408: 5397: 5386: 5383:Ben-Chaim 2004 5375: 5328: 5326:, pp. 6–7 5316: 5279:(6): 464–467. 5259: 5241: 5229: 5208:"John Buridan" 5199: 5169: 5167:, p. 162. 5157: 5128: 5102: 5100:, p. 363. 5090: 5062: 5040: 5004: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4938: 4927: 4916: 4867: 4835: 4803: 4791: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4710:Ilya Prigogine 4701: 4686:World Wide Web 4677: 4648: 4627: 4618: 4602: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4524: 4517: 4516: 4513:Physics portal 4500: 4497: 4437: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4395: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4319:have non-zero 4287:superconductor 4254: 4251: 4166:Hubble diagram 4092: 4089: 4085:nanotechnology 3991:Main article: 3988: 3985: 3981:optical fields 3931:Main article: 3928: 3925: 3878:W and Z bosons 3850:Standard Model 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3768:Plasma physics 3736:Nanotechnology 3716:Fluid dynamics 3677: 3671: 3670: 3609: 3584: 3570:Plasma physics 3543: 3537: 3536: 3526:superconductor 3483: 3454: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420:Casimir effect 3385: 3375:Quantum optics 3372: 3350:Atomic physics 3347: 3341: 3340: 3275: 3225:Standard Model 3222: 3201: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3186:Major theories 3184: 3181: 3132: 3129: 3103:ancient Greeks 3042: 3041:Scope and aims 3039: 3015:basic research 2919: 2916: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2816:simple machine 2789:Main article: 2786: 2783: 2690:Penelope Maddy 2673: 2670: 2636: 2633: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2519:Physical field 2516: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2413:Modern physics 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2247:P. W. Anderson 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2009:Plasma physics 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1781:Wolfgang Pauli 1778: 1776:Pascual Jordan 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1546: 1545: 1543:Modern physics 1535:Modern physics 1533:Main article: 1530: 1527: 1523:magnetostatics 1511:Electrostatics 1507:magnetic field 1489:but also with 1430:and bodies in 1412:Main article: 1409: 1406: 1366: 1363: 1238:Main article: 1235: 1232: 1156:speed of light 1140:Modern physics 1092:Modern physics 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1055:thermodynamics 1040:laws of motion 990:laws of motion 975:Main article: 972: 969: 923:Book of Optics 904:pinhole camera 900:camera obscura 874:Ibn al-Haytham 854:Book of Optics 850:camera obscura 835:Ibn al-Haytham 727: 724: 633: 630: 624:and his pupil 601:Archaic period 586:Main article: 583: 580: 544:exact sciences 478:Main article: 475: 472: 424:Main article: 421: 418: 394:thermodynamics 392:; advances in 304:space and time 279: 278: 276: 275: 268: 261: 253: 250: 249: 248: 247: 234: 217: 216: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 172:Thermodynamics 169: 164: 159: 157:Modern physics 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 127:Atomic physics 124: 119: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 101: 100: 89: 87: 86: 81: 76: 70: 67: 66: 58: 57: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9097: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9065: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9045: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9027: 9026:Space science 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9016:Life sciences 9014: 9012: 9011:Earth science 9009: 9008: 9005: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8974: 8969: 8967: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8904:Ocean physics 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8839:Modern optics 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8689: 8688:Computational 8686: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8629: 8624: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8610: 8609: 8606: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8572: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8479: 8474: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8334: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8212:(6026): 189. 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8098:De Aspectibus 8097: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8031:. Routledge. 8030: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7929:(May 1996b). 7928: 7923: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7827:Maxwell, J.C. 7824: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7773:Lloyd, G.E.R. 7770: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7734:Physics Today 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7685:Laplace, P.S. 7682: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7604: 7603: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7299:Feynman, R.P. 7296: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7275:Feynman, R.P. 7272: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7061: 7055: 7044: 7038: 7027: 7021: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6985: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6839:, p. 161 6838: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6782: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6738: 6731: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6687: 6679: 6674: 6665: 6659: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6629:"Dark Matter" 6624: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6441: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6357: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6165: 6159: 6154: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5166: 5165:Lindberg 1992 5161: 5154: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5099: 5098:Lindberg 1992 5094: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5051: 5044: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4946:Thurston 1994 4942: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4903:Scott, Robert 4900: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4871: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4593:Novum Organum 4589: 4588:Francis Bacon 4584: 4580: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4536:Psychophysics 4534: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521:Earth science 4519: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4329:supersymmetry 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4272:R. P. Feynman 4269: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231:astrophysical 4228: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4045:ferromagnetic 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:nuclear power 3894: 3893:atomic nuclei 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752:Photovoltaics 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3724:Laser physics 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620:Cosmic string 3617: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3578:Space physics 3575: 3574:Solar physics 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3530:superfluidity 3527: 3523: 3522:Semiconductor 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3416:Spectral line 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3338:Vacuum energy 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:gravitational 3279: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257:Supersymmetry 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3083:superclusters 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Hilary Putnam 2683: 2679: 2672:Prerequisites 2666: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2632: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2347:J. J. Thomson 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2192:van der Waals 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1558: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:visible light 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:hydrodynamics 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1372: 1365:Core theories 1362: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:Roger Penrose 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1224:probabilities 1221: 1220:supersymmetry 1217: 1213: 1210:in 2012, all 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1177:energy levels 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 965: 961: 957: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 915: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 855: 851: 836: 832: 828: 826: 822: 821: 816: 812: 808: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 737: 733: 723: 721: 720: 715: 711: 707: 706:four elements 703: 699: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 647: 642: 638: 629: 627: 623: 619: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 579: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 534:According to 532: 530: 526: 525:great circles 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 499: 495: 491: 486: 481: 471: 468: 456: 446: 441: 437: 433: 427: 414: 409: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 274: 269: 267: 262: 260: 255: 254: 252: 251: 245: 235: 232: 227: 221: 220: 219: 218: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 195: 191: 188: 187: 181: 180: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 111: 106: 105: 98: 94: 91: 90: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 56: 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 8864:Astrophysics 8678:Experimental 8565:Quintessence 8495: 8410: 8388: 8338: 8325:. Retrieved 8321:the original 8293: 8274: 8265: 8245: 8209: 8205: 8174: 8170: 8144: 8140: 8109:Philadelphia 8103: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8066: 8047: 8028: 8008: 7984: 7960:. Pi Press. 7955: 7941:. Retrieved 7934: 7914:. Retrieved 7907: 7879: 7855: 7846: 7831: 7807: 7777: 7764: 7737: 7733: 7701: 7697: 7688: 7673:. Retrieved 7658: 7630: 7626: 7601: 7580: 7556: 7547: 7524: 7503: 7474: 7451: 7406: 7402: 7373: 7346: 7342: 7323: 7303: 7279: 7267:the original 7251: 7217: 7213: 7200: 7167: 7163: 7157:. Macmillan. 7153: 7125: 7113:. Retrieved 7109:the original 7085: 7054: 7037: 7020: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6970: 6920: 6910: 6902: 6872: 6866: 6856: 6851:, p. 32 6849:Kellert 1993 6844: 6832: 6797: 6791: 6781: 6770:the original 6749: 6743: 6730: 6719:the original 6690: 6684: 6672: 6664: 6653: 6641:. Retrieved 6623: 6592: 6580:. Retrieved 6567: 6558: 6546:. Retrieved 6542:the original 6532: 6520:. Retrieved 6506: 6494:. Retrieved 6462: 6451: 6440: 6434:Leggett 1999 6429: 6417: 6389:. 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Springer. 8004:Penrose, R. 7980:Hawking, S. 7976:Penrose, R. 7499:Penrose, R. 7495:Hawking, S. 7349:(1): 1–28. 7005:"physicist" 6752:: 101–110. 6467:Mattis 2006 6341:21 February 6315:21 February 6289:21 February 6222:Oerter 2006 6169:Grupen 1999 6113:Redish, E. 5921:; see also 5847:The Assayer 5830:Mastin 2010 5708:"acoustics" 5606:, Chapter 1 5562:(1): 1–11. 5083:17 December 5074:"Aristotle" 5055:17 December 4957:Singer 2008 4799:Cajori 1917 4379:optimistic. 4372:Horace Lamb 4333:dark energy 4306:spintronics 4247:heliosphere 4205:dark matter 4201:dark energy 4146:ultraviolet 4134:Karl Jansky 3921:archaeology 3820:Higgs boson 3688:Agrophysics 3632:Dark matter 3628:Dark energy 3400:Diffraction 3031:transistors 2978:predictions 2877:uncertainty 2818:for lifting 2714:computation 2599:Marie Curie 2492:gravitation 2287:von Neumann 2152:Schrödinger 1984:Statistical 1902:Theoretical 1854:Information 1727:Schrödinger 1513:deals with 1472:ultrasonics 1310:determinism 1287:as well as 1204:Higgs boson 935:perspective 846: 1040 678:Aristotélēs 674:Ἀριστοτέλης 652:During the 599:during the 540:Mesopotamia 536:Asger Aaboe 8884:Geophysics 8874:Biophysics 8718:Analytical 8671:Approaches 8327:18 October 7740:(12): 14. 7105:"Calculus" 6643:30 January 6548:14 October 6522:15 October 6422:Moore 2011 6411:Cohen 2008 6259:18 October 6202:18 October 6180:Walsh 2012 6143:18 October 6036:22 October 5871:30 January 5405:Allen 1997 5237:Smith 2001 4969:Lloyd 1970 4924:Aaboe 1991 4860:1 November 4828:1 November 4788:Krupp 2003 4719:References 4665:Ernst Mach 4464:, through 4458:sub-atomic 4348:turbulence 4344:complexity 4270:signed by 4243:solar wind 4193:ΛCDM model 4051:phases of 4029:superfluid 3839:collisions 3720:Geophysics 3696:Biophysics 3612:Black hole 3550:Astrometry 3457:BCS theory 3306:Antimatter 3169:Lev Landau 3029:(MRI) and 3004:multiverse 2984:Physicists 2716:have made 2678:Pythagoras 2607:Paul Dirac 2595:Niels Bohr 2587:Max Planck 2555:Difference 2509:Covariance 2404:Categories 2197:Heisenberg 2157:de Broglie 2107:Rutherford 2102:Sommerfeld 2056:Scientists 1999:Biophysics 1849:Randomness 1786:Paul Dirac 1756:Niels Bohr 1746:Max Planck 1468:pneumatics 1440:kinematics 1322:naturalism 1318:empiricism 1308:and time, 1254:Democritus 1234:Philosophy 1196:Paul Dirac 1144:Max Planck 1111:Max Planck 1096:See also: 1028:telescopes 931:perception 844: – c. 842: 965 809:inherited 757:Archimedes 626:Democritus 519:, and the 359:biophysics 333:, perhaps 316:scientific 147:Geophysics 132:Biophysics 18:Physically 8834:Molecular 8735:Acoustics 8728:Continuum 8723:Celestial 8713:Newtonian 8700:Classical 8643:Divisions 7441:119476972 7082:Aaboe, A. 6961:1009.4874 6715:122055331 6658:Kerr 2009 6596:See also 6445:Levy 2001 6391:23 August 5904:theories. 5584:121957320 5576:0374-3535 5370:1476-4687 5293:0256-4947 4812:"physics" 4698:arXiv.org 4450:phenomena 4445:scientist 4441:physicist 4433:Physicist 4401:education 4384:Education 4317:neutrinos 4150:gamma-ray 3939:molecular 3748:Photonics 3684:Acoustics 3664:Supernova 3554:Cosmology 3546:Astronomy 3514:Magnetism 3469:Fermi gas 3370:Photonics 3189:Concepts 3183:Subfields 3099:magnetite 3095:lodestone 3079:electrons 3075:neutrinos 3069:(such as 3063:phenomena 3055:mechanics 2953:Lightning 2942:free fall 2938:astronaut 2871:that the 2867:With the 2843:mechanics 2763:reactions 2706:estimated 2694:empirical 2665:cosmology 2649:lava flow 2619:spacetime 2504:Causality 2392:Uhlenbeck 2382:Zeilinger 2342:Gell-Mann 2072:Becquerel 2029:Cosmology 1711:ν 1708:μ 1699:κ 1690:ν 1687:μ 1679:Λ 1671:ν 1668:μ 1643:⟩ 1625:ψ 1601:ℏ 1592:⟩ 1574:ψ 1562:^ 1517:at rest, 1499:magnetism 1420:acoustics 1408:Classical 1349:Platonist 1277:and its " 1262:firmament 1059:chemistry 971:Classical 878:Al-Farisi 772:Aristotle 666:Aristotle 644:(384–322 641:Aristotle 622:Leucippus 611:rejected 513:Sumerians 505:Astronomy 496:from the 430:The word 398:mechanics 339:chemistry 331:astronomy 320:physicist 190:Physicist 152:Mechanics 117:Acoustics 9079:Category 9044:Category 8593:Universe 8520:residual 8407:template 8236:21474747 8131:47168716 8104:, 2 vols 8006:(2004). 7982:(1997). 7829:(1878). 7775:(1970). 7687:(1951). 7675:31 March 7649:19833930 7501:(1996). 7409:: 3–34. 7301:(1965). 7242:19113681 7192:22798574 7144:53887772 6943:Archived 6899:21242127 6824:25762263 6766:41178069 6637:Archived 6612:Archived 6601:Archived 6582:29 April 6576:Archived 6516:Archived 6496:31 March 6490:Archived 6385:Archived 6335:Archived 6283:Archived 6196:Archived 6119:Archived 5974:25519115 5897:31 March 5891:Archived 5744:Archived 5718:Archived 5588:Archived 5531:Archived 5527:Symmetry 5507:Cho 2012 5486:Archived 5482:Fermilab 5425:Archived 5311:18059131 5222:11 April 5216:Archived 5192:11 April 5186:Archived 5139:(1638). 5121:15 April 4991:Archived 4893:ἐπιστήμη 4854:Archived 4844:"physic" 4822:Archived 4590:'s 1620 4499:See also 4474:universe 4174:Big Bang 4142:infrared 4111:universe 4031:and the 4003:rubidium 3937:Atomic, 3668:Universe 3587:Big Bang 3396:Molecule 3269:M-theory 3051:calculus 2898:Research 2851:forensic 2732:Ontology 2647:-shaped 2645:parabola 2549:Particle 2524:Symmetry 2387:Goudsmit 2377:Lawrence 2372:Chadwick 2367:Shockley 2327:'t Hooft 2277:Millikan 2262:Poincaré 2252:Lemaître 2122:Einstein 1964:Particle 1886:Branches 1869:Particle 1819:Topology 1813:Concepts 1761:Max Born 1740:Founders 1491:infrared 1444:dynamics 1074:and the 1048:calculus 882:Avicenna 870:Al-Kindi 866:Ibn Sahl 820:a priori 570:; later 488:Ancient 413:Big Bang 402:calculus 244:Category 184:Research 110:Branches 97:timeline 84:Glossary 9085:Physics 9064:Commons 8998:Outline 8918:Related 8802:General 8797:Special 8655:Applied 8496:physics 8409:below ( 8396:Physics 8214:Bibcode 8206:Science 8191:3657357 8161:3657358 7943:1 April 7916:1 April 7798:"Plato" 7742:Bibcode 7706:Bibcode 7627:Science 7562:474–476 7530:Bibcode 7421:Bibcode 7380:Bibcode 7351:Bibcode 7222:Bibcode 7172:Bibcode 7164:Science 7115:1 April 7074:Sources 6877:Bibcode 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