712:(air, fire, water, earth) had its own natural place. Because of their differing densities, each element will revert to its own specific place in the atmosphere. So, because of their weights, fire would be at the top, air underneath fire, then water, then lastly earth. He also stated that when a small amount of one element enters the natural place of another, the less abundant element will automatically go towards its own natural place. For example, if there is a fire on the ground, the flames go up into the air in an attempt to go back into its natural place where it belongs. His laws of motion included 1) heavier objects will fall faster, the speed being proportional to the weight and 2) the speed of the object that is falling depends inversely on the density object it is falling through (e.g. density of air). He also stated that, when it comes to violent motion (motion of an object when a force is applied to it by a second object) that the speed that object moves, will only be as fast or strong as the measure of force applied to it. The problem of motion and its causes was studied carefully, leading to the philosophical notion of a "
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4751:, p. 1 "Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."
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5844:, p. 10 'Philosophy is written in that great book which ever lies before our eyes. I mean the universe, but we cannot understand it if we do not first learn the language and grasp the symbols in which it is written. This book is written in the mathematical language, and the symbols are triangles, circles, and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word of it, and without which one wanders in vain through a dark labyrinth.' – Galileo (1623),
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5832:"Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics. Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about reality. In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe. The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no-one ignorant of geometry enter here.'"
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3109:, that when rubbed with fur would cause a similar invisible attraction between the two. This was also first studied rigorously in the 17th century and came to be called electricity. Thus, physics had come to understand two observations of nature in terms of some root cause (electricity and magnetism). However, further work in the 19th century revealed that these two forces were just two different aspects of one force—
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the motion does not depend on the ratio of the weights, but that the difference in time is a very small one. And so, if the difference in the weights is not considerable, that is, of one is, let us say, double the other, there will be no difference, or else an imperceptible difference, in time, though the difference in weight is by no means negligible, with one body weighing twice as much as the other
523:, had a predictive knowledge and a basic awareness of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and stars. The stars and planets, believed to represent gods, were often worshipped. While the explanations for the observed positions of the stars were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, these early observations laid the foundation for later astronomy, as the stars were found to traverse
2911:. By using a methodical approach to compare the implications of a theory with the conclusions drawn from its related experiments and observations, physicists are better able to test the validity of a theory in a logical, unbiased, and repeatable way. To that end, experiments are performed and observations are made in order to determine the validity or invalidity of a theory.
1497:, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light. Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. Electricity and
2724:
2879:. For example, in the study of the origin of the Earth, a physicist can reasonably model Earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing the extrapolation forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events. It also allows for simulations in engineering that speed up the development of a new technology.
3941:, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter—matter and light—matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules. The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of their relevant energy scales. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and
4129:, the origin of the Solar System, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.
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These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as
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and experiment are developed separately, they strongly affect and depend upon each other. Progress in physics frequently comes about when experimental results defy explanation by existing theories, prompting intense focus on applicable modelling, and when new theories generate experimentally testable
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was influential for about two millennia. His approach mixed some limited observation with logical deductive arguments, but did not rely on experimental verification of deduced statements. Aristotle's foundational work in
Physics, though very imperfect, formed a framework against which later thinkers
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of galaxies. Included in these phenomena are the most basic objects composing all other things. Therefore, physics is sometimes called the "fundamental science". Physics aims to describe the various phenomena that occur in nature in terms of simpler phenomena. Thus, physics aims to both connect the
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is a prerequisite for physics, but not for mathematics. It means physics is ultimately concerned with descriptions of the real world, while mathematics is concerned with abstract patterns, even beyond the real world. Thus physics statements are synthetic, while mathematical statements are analytic.
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unified quantum mechanics and special relativity. General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions;
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The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics. Classical mechanics approximates nature as continuous, while quantum theory is concerned with the discrete nature of many phenomena at the atomic
782:
But this is completely erroneous, and our view may be corroborated by actual observation more effectively than by any sort of verbal argument. For if you let fall from the same height two weights of which one is many times as heavy as the other, you will see that the ratio of the times required for
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refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures. These concepts are better
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Applied physics is a general term for physics research, which is intended for a particular use. An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering. It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be
2621:
and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light. Planck, Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales. Later,
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in order to better understand just how conclusive
Aristotle's demonstration is, we may, in my opinion, deny both of his assumptions. And as to the first, I greatly doubt that Aristotle ever tested by experiment whether it be true that two stones, one weighing ten times as much as the other, if
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Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match predictions provided by classical mechanics.
2746:" (system) and a "mathematical description of a physical law" that will be applied to that system. Every mathematical statement used for solving has a hard-to-find physical meaning. The final mathematical solution has an easier-to-find meaning, because it is what the solver is looking for.
906:) and delved further into the way the eye itself works. Using the knowledge of previous scholars, he began to explain how light enters the eye. He asserted that the light ray is focused, but the actual explanation of how light projected to the back of the eye had to wait until 1604. His
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Sagr. – But I, Simplicio, who have made the test can assure you that a cannon ball weighing one or two hundred pounds, or even more, will not reach the ground by as much as a span ahead of a musket ball weighing only half a pound, provided both are dropped from a height of 200
4214:
over the upcoming decade and vastly revise or clarify existing models of the universe. In particular, the potential for a tremendous discovery surrounding dark matter is possible over the next several years. Fermi will search for evidence that dark matter is composed of
2845:, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures. The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices. An understanding of physics makes for more realistic
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are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sandpiles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of
8168:
Smith, A. Mark (2001b). "Alhacen's Theory of Visual
Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume Two".
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Smith, A. Mark (2001a). "Alhacen's Theory of Visual
Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir": Volume One".
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Classical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on a very large or very small scale. For example,
365:, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in these and other academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy.
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These central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of their specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and
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of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the
3884:, respectively). The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012 CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, an integral part of the
1379:
Physics deals with a wide variety of systems, although certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories was experimentally tested numerous times and found to be an adequate approximation of nature. For instance, the theory of
1270:(an early book on physics, which attempted to analyze and define motion from a philosophical point of view), various Greek philosophers advanced their own theories of nature. Physics was known as natural philosophy until the late 18th century.
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for example with hands-on experiments learn through self-discovery. By trial and error they learn to change their preconceptions about phenomena in physics and discover the underlying concepts. Physics education is part of the broader area of
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as energy needs increased. The laws comprising classical physics remain widely used for objects on everyday scales travelling at non-relativistic speeds, since they provide a close approximation in such situations, and theories such as
5903:
purpose is the publication of papers in mathematical physics—that is, the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical
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is on an even smaller scale since it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in
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Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert
Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century,
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I am an old man now, and when I die and go to heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment. One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am rather
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who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of
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provided another problem for classical physics, which was corrected when Planck proposed that the excitation of material oscillators is possible only in discrete steps proportional to their frequency. This, along with the
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Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialised, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as
Einstein (1879–1955) and
615:
explanations for natural phenomena and proclaimed that every event had a natural cause. They proposed ideas verified by reason and observation, and many of their hypotheses proved successful in experiment; for example,
2997:
Theoretical physics has historically taken inspiration from philosophy; electromagnetism was unified this way. Beyond the known universe, the field of theoretical physics also deals with hypothetical issues, such as
4327:, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. The Large Hadron Collider has already found the Higgs boson, but future research aims to prove or disprove the
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world. This is usually combined with the claim that the laws of logic express universal regularities found in the structural features of the world, which may explain the peculiar relation between these fields.
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and subatomic level and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena. The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a
4249:—in which the Solar System's enveloping pocket filled with the solar wind's charged particles is plowing through the onrushing 'galactic wind' of the interstellar medium in the shape of a comet—is wrong."
3101:) were attracted to one another by an invisible force. This effect was later called magnetism, which was first rigorously studied in the 17th century. But even before the Chinese discovered magnetism, the
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Mathematics contains hypotheses, while physics contains theories. Mathematics statements have to be only logically true, while predictions of physics statements must match observed and experimental data.
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Condensed matter physics is the largest field of contemporary physics. Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term
778:. Aristotle's physics was not scrutinized until Philoponus appeared; unlike Aristotle, who based his physics on verbal argument, Philoponus relied on observation. On Aristotle's physics Philoponus wrote:
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understood when lectures are accompanied with demonstration, hand-on experiments, and questions that require students to ponder what will happen in an experiment and why. Students who participate in
2708:
solutions are obtained, or quantitative results, from which new predictions can be made and experimentally confirmed or negated. The results from physics experiments are numerical data, with their
5148:
allowed to fall, at the same instant, from a height of, say, 100 cubits, would so differ in speed that when the heavier had reached the ground, the other would not have fallen more than 10 cubits.
2769:). Structures are formed because particles exert electrical forces on each other, properties include physical characteristics of given substances, and reactions are bound by laws of physics, like
4613:; while Leibniz was the first to publish his work and develop much of the notation used for calculus today, Newton was the first to develop calculus and apply it to physical problems. See also
2660:
3010:. Theorists invoke these ideas in hopes of solving particular problems with existing theories; they then explore the consequences of these ideas and work toward making testable predictions.
4140:. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the Earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for
6053:, p. 157 "In fact experimenters have a certain individual character. They ... very often do their experiments in a region in which people know the theorist has not made any guesses."
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fell to invaders and internal decay in the fifth century, resulting in a decline in intellectual pursuits in western Europe. By contrast, the
Eastern Roman Empire (usually known as the
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fundamental science" because all branches of natural science like chemistry, astronomy, geology, and biology are constrained by laws of physics. Similarly, chemistry is often called
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A scientific law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relation that expresses a fundamental principle of some theory, such as Newton's law of universal gravitation.
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necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally but are created only during high-energy
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Simp. – His language would seem to indicate that he had tried the experiment, because he says: We see the heavier; now the word see shows that he had made the experiment.
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had an impact on Europe. From it, later
European scholars were able to build devices that replicated those Ibn al-Haytham had built and understand the way vision works.
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The development of physics has answered many questions of early philosophers and has raised new questions. Study of the philosophical issues surrounding physics, the
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In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the
Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that
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Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics,
1392:, an aspect of classical mechanics, was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Newton (1642–1727).
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Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed"
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2823:
designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.
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4734:, p. 9 "Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events."
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is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects but on the fundamental properties of
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By the 19th century, physics was realized as a discipline distinct from philosophy and the other sciences. Physics, as with the rest of science, relies on
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that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with motion in the absence of gravitational fields and the
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4763:, p. 2 "Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena."
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is the application of mathematics in physics. Its methods are mathematical, but its subject is physical. The problems in this field start with a "
890:(also known as Kitāb al-Manāẓir), written by Ibn al-Haytham, in which he presented the alternative to the ancient Greek idea about vision. In his
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4990:
4696:, was created in service to the computer infrastructure of CERN, and was/is intended for use by physicists worldwide. The same might be said for
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Physics involves modeling the natural world with theory, usually quantitative. Here, the path of a particle is modeled with the mathematics of
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Alhacen's Theory of Visual
Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's
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in medieval art, in both the East and the West, for more than 600 years. This included later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from
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96:
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have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an
1470:. Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include
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led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers,
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6000:"Has theoretical physics moved too far away from experiments? Is the field entering a crisis and, if so, what should we do about it?"
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The major fields of physics, along with their subfields and the theories and concepts they employ, are shown in the following table.
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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000–2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation
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1150:'s theory of relativity. Both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations.
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of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in
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that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.
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Experimental physics expands, and is expanded by, engineering and technology. Experimental physicists who are involved in
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Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as
4331:, which extends the Standard Model of particle physics. Research on the nature of the major mysteries of dark matter and
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The distinction between mathematics and physics is clear-cut, but not always obvious, especially in mathematical physics.
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Mathematics provides a compact and exact language used to describe the order in nature. This was noted and advocated by
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and moving at a speed much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research today.
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was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics. Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry,
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1050:, the mathematical study of continuous change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems.
795:. Galileo cited Philoponus substantially in his works when arguing that Aristotelian physics was flawed. In the 1300s
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in the 17th century, these natural sciences branched into separate research endeavors. Physics intersects with many
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who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena.
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1222:, is an active area of research. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of
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because of its role in linking the physical sciences. For example, chemistry studies properties, structures, and
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left monuments showing knowledge of the constellations and the motions of the celestial bodies, while Greek poet
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between them. In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high-energy accelerators, detectors, and
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for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century.
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While physics itself aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability.
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748:) resisted the attacks from invaders and continued to advance various fields of learning, including physics.
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who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and
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in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the
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3121:. Physics hopes to find an ultimate reason (theory of everything) for why nature is as it is (see section
2478:. On this scale, ordinary, commonsensical notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.
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7691:. Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. New York: Dover Publications.
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depends on the motion of the observer, which could not be resolved with the constant speed predicted by
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focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.
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Astrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of
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treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).
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that both agree with existing experiments and successfully predict future experimental results, while
2494:. Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in many areas of modern physics.
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devise and perform experiments to test theoretical predictions and explore new phenomena. Although
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803:, developed the concept of impetus. It was a step toward the modern ideas of inertia and momentum.
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Grupen, Klaus (10 July 1999). "Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School".
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Richard Feynman said that 'Turbulence is the most important unsolved problem of classical physics'
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1361:. Hawking referred to himself as an "unashamed reductionist" and took issue with Penrose's views.
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A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories
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Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736
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has noted that experimentalists may seek areas that have not been explored well by theorists.
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Many physicists have written about the philosophical implications of their work, for instance
1183:, led to the theory of quantum mechanics improving on classical physics at very small scales.
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explained the camera obscura, hundreds of years before the modern development of photography.
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Physics uses mathematics to organise and formulate experimental results. From those results,
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1648:{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }
1332:
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1167:
1132:
1128:
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17:
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Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of
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8:
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8727:
8722:
8707:
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The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics
7926:
7899:
7826:
5675:, p. 4. "I think that Roger is a Platonist at heart but he must answer for himself."
4491:
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4149:
4105:
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technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in
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3711:
3691:
3679:
3472:
3431:
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2883:
2831:
2830:. Applied physicists use physics in scientific research. For instance, people working on
2827:
2778:
2758:
2750:
2712:
and estimates of the errors in the measurements. Technologies based on mathematics, like
2503:
2166:
1993:
1983:
1931:
1926:
1901:
1800:
1455:
1443:
1381:
1370:
1357:
1266:
1257:
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used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the
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787:
Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian principles of physics served as an inspiration for
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295:
109:
83:
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7354:
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6805:
6698:
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4210:
Numerous possibilities and discoveries are anticipated to emerge from new data from the
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7954:
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7004:
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6710:
6308:
5919:
The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 3: The Relation of Physics to Other Sciences
5579:
5301:
5268:
4775:, p. 7 "Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you."
4564:
4469:
4465:
4355:
4169:
4141:
4100:
3916:
3755:
3594:
3581:
3553:
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3293:
3264:
3114:
2964:
2743:
2523:
2487:
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2376:
2326:
2276:
2018:
2013:
1953:
1818:
1374:
1336:
1294:
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1202:
was derived. Following the discovery of a particle with properties consistent with the
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814:
752:
705:
661:
592:
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346:
193:
92:
78:
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2066:
9049:
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8813:
8699:
8343:
8297:
8278:
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8231:
8126:
8116:
8070:
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8032:
8013:
7989:
7961:
7884:
7860:
7836:
7812:
7782:
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7663:
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7537:
7508:
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7457:
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7372:
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7308:
7284:
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7139:
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5969:
5583:
5571:
5365:
5306:
5288:
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in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of
4126:
4122:
4080:
4036:
3972:
3942:
3865:
3775:
3727:
3565:
3525:
3517:
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2762:
2701:
2582:
2574:
2336:
2196:
2106:
2101:
1916:
1790:
1765:
1474:, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing;
1413:
1278:
1249:
1187:
1114:
1071:
976:
942:
824:
775:
709:
574:
provided names, which are still used today, for most constellations visible from the
362:
136:
8421:
6837:
National Research Council & Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces 1997
6765:
3086:
things observable to humans to root causes, and then connect these causes together.
2613:
Einstein contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of
2261:
1446:(study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into
9084:
8878:
8818:
8744:
8582:
8536:
8531:
8221:
8178:
8148:
7749:
7713:
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7428:
7358:
7233:
7229:
7179:
7126:
Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton
6924:
6884:
6809:
6792:
6753:
6702:
5959:
5926:
5563:
5357:
5296:
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4309:
4196:
4192:
3908:
3904:
3801:
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3590:
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3317:
3289:
3285:
3211:
3198:
3160:
3140:
3110:
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3022:
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2846:
2709:
2513:
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2366:
2341:
2331:
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2156:
1963:
1943:
1938:
1795:
1502:
1479:
1431:
1401:
1227:
1062:
1023:
1019:
1011:
745:
697:
653:
373:
243:
141:
5114:
4538: – Branch of knowledge relating physical stimuli and psychological perception
4300:
In condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of
3113:. This process of "unifying" forces continues today, and electromagnetism and the
2990:, who study complex phenomena observed in experiment and work to relate them to a
2980:, which inspire the development of new experiments (and often related equipment).
981:
8986:
8898:
8808:
8754:
8654:
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8244:
8226:
8201:
7979:
7854:
7806:
7657:
7494:
7298:
7274:
7183:
7162:
Cho, A. (13 July 2012). "Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search".
7009:
6615:
6604:
6368:
6114:
5177:
4912:
4693:
4546:
4487:
4413:
4352:
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3136:
3034:
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2908:
2790:
2628:
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2578:
2462:
2386:
2381:
2301:
2241:
2146:
2121:
2111:
2076:
2071:
2038:
1968:
1891:
1750:
1514:
1451:
1447:
1352:
1147:
1124:
1004:
963:
946:
788:
767:
571:
508:
381:
287:
161:
5918:
3017:
design and perform experiments with equipment such as particle accelerators and
2886:, so many other important fields are influenced by physics (e.g., the fields of
2692:, hold that logical truths, and therefore mathematical reasoning, depend on the
1120:
9053:
8828:
8783:
8761:
8649:
8320:
7772:
7730:"Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates"
7717:
6685:
5284:
4709:
4685:
4512:
4343:
4286:
4165:
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4013:
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3447:
3419:
3374:
3349:
3224:
3102:
3014:
2872:
2815:
2689:
2663:
Mathematics and ontology are used in physics. Physics is used in chemistry and
2518:
2458:
2371:
2356:
2316:
2306:
2281:
2226:
2176:
2171:
2008:
1988:
1958:
1843:
1780:
1775:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1510:
1506:
1463:
1384:
accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than
1180:
1155:
1139:
1091:
1054:
966:(1564–1642) related mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics.
903:
899:
886:
873:
834:
669:
600:
444:
393:
389:
230:
171:
156:
126:
7523:
5567:
5548:
5207:
4362:
exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of
2651:
illustrates the application of mathematics in physics—in this case, Galileo's
9078:
8838:
8519:
8406:
8375:
8339:
Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update
8094:
8003:
7975:
7639:
7622:
7498:
5575:
5369:
5292:
4898:
4635:
4592:
4587:
4535:
4520:
4328:
4271:
4230:
3980:
3896:
3892:
3751:
3723:
3619:
3577:
3573:
3529:
3521:
3415:
3337:
3256:
2685:
2659:
2346:
2311:
2271:
2236:
2216:
2211:
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2201:
2181:
2126:
2061:
1486:
1344:
1219:
1176:
934:
713:
543:
516:
318:
disciplines. A scientist who specializes in the field of physics is called a
8603:
8130:
7143:
6863:"New developments in understanding interfacial processes in turbulent flows"
6481:
5740:"Bioacoustics – the International Journal of Animal Sound and its Recording"
4684:
Yet, universalism is encouraged in the culture of physics. For example, the
4297:
Research in physics is continually progressing on a large number of fronts.
2856:
2841:
Physics is used heavily in engineering. For example, statics, a subfield of
2639:
2221:
1281:" to advance knowledge of the physical world. The scientific method employs
1162:
of electromagnetism. This discrepancy was corrected by Einstein's theory of
860:
The most notable innovations under Islamic scholarship were in the field of
716:" as the ultimate source of all motion in the world (Book 8 of his treatise
636:
8863:
8381:
8235:
8108:
7648:
7341:
Goldstein, S. (1969). "Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century".
7241:
7191:
6916:
6898:
6889:
6862:
6823:
6245:"CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson"
5973:
5922:
5310:
4526:
4277:
4161:
4096:
3997:
3707:
3655:
3540:
3252:
3152:
3082:
2891:
2887:
2361:
2186:
2161:
2136:
2091:
2086:
2023:
2003:
1475:
1459:
1389:
1035:
1026:(determined by Kepler between 1609 and 1619), Galileo's pioneering work on
1015:
985:
796:
604:
524:
121:
7548:
Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you.
6921:
Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: the science of the world around us
5337:
3171:(1908–1968), who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.
3045:
1438:(study of the forces on a body or bodies not subject to an acceleration),
1214:
predicted by the standard model, and no others, appear to exist; however,
620:
was found to be correct approximately 2000 years after it was proposed by
407:
8559:
8369:
7081:
6136:
5846:
4675:. By the end of World War II, the atom was no longer deemed hypothetical.
4371:
4332:
4305:
4246:
4204:
4200:
4133:
4044:
3920:
3869:
3819:
3687:
3631:
3627:
3399:
2948:
2876:
2598:
2570:
2491:
2351:
2321:
2291:
2096:
1853:
1471:
1313:
1309:
1203:
539:
535:
7415:
7266:
6757:
1106:
1078:
simplify to their classical equivalents at such scales. Inaccuracies in
693:
further developed the field. His approach is entirely superseded today.
8883:
8873:
8446:
8190:
8160:
7060:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing outside of STEM sectors"
6951:
6090:
Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature
4664:
4449:
4407:
physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher.
4347:
4242:
4028:
3719:
3695:
3611:
3549:
3456:
3439:
3305:
3168:
3062:
3053:
to explain its behavior: the purview of the branch of physics known as
3030:
3003:
2977:
2677:
2606:
2594:
2586:
2231:
2141:
2081:
1998:
1848:
1785:
1755:
1745:
1718:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
1467:
1439:
1317:
1253:
1195:
1143:
1110:
930:
756:
625:
369:
358:
146:
131:
8455:
8313:"Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics"
7754:
7729:
7432:
2559:
8734:
8364:
6706:
4986:
4697:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4400:
4323:. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing
4304:. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable
4263:
3838:
3747:
3683:
3663:
3545:
3513:
3468:
3369:
3098:
3094:
3054:
2983:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2842:
2693:
2664:
2648:
2618:
2296:
2028:
1498:
1419:
1348:
1261:
1256:' deduction that matter ought to reduce to an invariant state to the
1058:
1027:
817:
developed it further, especially placing emphasis on observation and
771:
665:
640:
621:
504:
465:
453:
397:
338:
330:
319:
303:
189:
151:
116:
8182:
8152:
8107:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 91.
6814:
6787:
5964:
5939:
5361:
5013:"Daily 40 no. 2 – Aristotle and the Four Simple Bodies and Elements"
8592:
7781:. London; New York: Chatto and Windus; W. W. Norton & Company.
6928:
5689:
5481:
5255:
Within two centuries, the field of optics was radically transformed
4473:
4404:
4316:
4173:
4110:
4002:
3938:
3667:
3586:
3395:
3268:
3078:
3074:
3050:
2850:
2738:
The distinction is clear-cut, but not always obvious. For example,
2731:
2644:
2548:
2131:
1868:
1760:
1490:
1047:
929:) influenced thinking across disciplines from the theory of visual
881:
869:
412:
401:
8955:
6960:
5409:
4476:
as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists:
3810:
2781:. Physics is applied in industries like engineering and medicine.
8543:
5136:
4339:
4245:, "but everyone agrees that it means the textbook picture of the
3868:. Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging
3639:
3557:
3281:
2538:
1858:
1435:
1010:
Major developments in this period include the replacement of the
913:
701:
617:
566:
342:
315:
8387:
7659:
Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations
7324:
Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
5914:
5912:
5739:
4663:
of nineteenth-century physics was denigrated by some, including
4609:
Calculus was independently developed at around the same time by
3825:
Particle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of
684:, wrote on many subjects, including a substantial treatise on "
484:
8425:
7974:
5835:
5695:
5630:, Chapter 15: "Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific Realism?"
5455:
5453:
5439:
4282:
4117:. The vast majority of objects seen above are distant galaxies.
3881:
3857:
3826:
3739:
3651:
3635:
3623:
3509:
3493:
3387:
3365:
2972:
2907:
Physicists use the scientific method to test the validity of a
2765:
of matter (chemistry's focus on the molecular and atomic scale
1838:
1833:
1423:
861:
608:
596:
528:
511:. Early civilizations dating before 3000 BCE, such as the
307:
299:
291:
166:
38:
7623:"Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles"
7602:
In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems
7084:(1991). "Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology".
7043:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Engineering"
4342:, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving
4075:—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the
4005:
atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, the
3895:. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are
2986:
who work at the interplay of theory and experiment are called
864:
and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like
774:'s teaching of physics and noted its flaws. He introduced the
8503:
5909:
5476:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4164:'s discovery that the universe is expanding, as shown by the
4035:
found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the
3983:
and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.
3873:
3853:
3497:
3407:
3321:
3155:; and applied physics. Some physics departments also support
3135:
Contemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into
3106:
3070:
3018:
2861:
2681:
1863:
1823:
1509:, and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current.
1482:, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.
1427:
1343:, who wrote on quantum mechanics. The mathematical physicist
1305:
681:
560:
555:
527:
across the sky, which could not explain the positions of the
512:
459:
447:
435:
396:
led to the development of industrialization; and advances in
311:
7252:
The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton
7203:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
7088:. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5450:
6632:
6571:
6248:
6117:. University of Maryland Physics Education Research Group.
5618:, Chapter 14: "Bayesianism and Modern Theories of Evidence"
4689:
4660:
4457:
4320:
4226:
3852:. The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (
3659:
3391:
2543:
1873:
1828:
1385:
1207:
8431:
8395:
8372:– FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups
7877:; Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces (1997).
7026:"Industrial Physicists: Primarily specializing in Physics"
6044:
4725:
1046:(that would come to bear his name). Newton also developed
6914:
6735:
Wolf, S. A.; Chtchelkanova, A. Y.; Treger, D. M. (2006).
5853:
3489:
2497:
645:
8200:
Stajic, Jelena; Coontz, R.; Osborne, I. (8 April 2011).
7560:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
4625:
Noll notes that some universities still use this title.
4358:, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.
4027:
between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the
4023:
and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the
3844:
Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and
3025:
often work in industry, developing technologies such as
1198:. From this early work, and work in related fields, the
830:
443:('study of nature'), which itself is a borrowing of the
8490:
7475:
Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles
7015:"a scientist who studies or is a specialist in physics"
6734:
6449:
5214:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
5184:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
5158:
5091:
1485:
Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with
7924:
7897:
6854:
5980:
5459:
5445:
337:
oldest. Over much of the past two millennia, physics,
7374:
Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics
7369:
7255:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
6954:(2010). "Far-From-Equilibrium Physics: An Overview".
6621:
6609:
NASA – Scientists Predict Major Discoveries for GLAST
6232:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4338:
Although much progress has been made in high-energy,
2753:(also called basic science). Physics is also called "
1661:
1554:
345:, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of
8378:– Award for outstanding contributions to the subject
7273:
6737:"Spintronics – A retrospective and perspective"
5940:"Scientific method: Defend the integrity of physics"
5700:
5666:
5621:
5609:
5129:
5111:"John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle's Physics"
4531:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4502:
2849:, video games, and movies, and is often critical in
1442:(study of motion without regard to its causes), and
631:
8199:
6984:
6982:
6455:
4019:The most familiar examples of condensed phases are
2803:
model of sound reflecting from an acoustic diffuser
538:, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in
8291:
8171:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
8141:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
7953:
7599:
7472:
7449:
7371:
6504:
6349:
5841:
4962:
4766:
4754:
4737:
4523: – Fields of natural science related to Earth
1717:
1647:
656:in Greece (6th, 5th and 4th centuries BCE) and in
8100:, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's
6868:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
6367:Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (28 February 2019).
4804:
4195:of the evolution of the universe, which includes
3926:
1142:began in the early 20th century with the work of
9076:
7883:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
7370:Gribbin, J.R.; Gribbin, M.; Gribbin, J. (1998).
6979:
5823:
5812:
5655:
5644:
5597:
5253:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 38.
4836:
4712:, on 'systems far from equilibrium', and others.
4233:discoveries: "No one knows what is creating the
1186:Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by
898:, he presented a study of the phenomenon of the
725:
372:. For example, advances in the understanding of
8272:
7065:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
7048:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
7031:. American Institute for Physics. October 2016.
6842:
6540:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from
6514:. Princeton University, Department of Physics.
5806:
5794:
1478:, the physics of animal calls and hearing, and
411:The expansion of the universe according to the
8246:A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics
8242:
8086:A Short History of Science to the 19th Century
7493:
6968:
6830:
6355:
5672:
5549:"On the Past and Future of Natural Philosophy"
4983:"Atomism – Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism"
4071:when he renamed his research group—previously
8971:
8633:
8619:
8476:
8335:
7321:
6217:
6215:
6213:
5861:"Applications of Mathematics to the Sciences"
5627:
5615:
5050:"Natural Philosophy: Aristotle | Physics 139"
4974:
4950:
4760:
4748:
4281:A typical phenomenon described by physics: a
4219:, complementing similar experiments with the
4191:. Cosmologists have recently established the
4179:The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of
3814:A simulated event in the CMS detector of the
2437:
1113:(1858–1947), the originator of the theory of
1024:laws governing the motion of planetary bodies
264:
7578:
7447:
7248:
6406:
6404:
6402:
5818:
5766:"Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)"
5393:
5376:
5323:
5251:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
4939:
4542:Relationship between mathematics and physics
3117:are now considered to be two aspects of the
2784:
2684:, Galileo, and Newton. Some theorists, like
2465:study matter on the smallest scale at which
1642:
1591:
8384:– Online encyclopedic dictionary of physics
8064:
8045:
6917:"What happens far from equilibrium and why"
6476:
6474:
6427:
6226:
6151:
6135:. American Physical Society. Archived from
6004:Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
5678:
5661:
5650:
5633:
5529:. Vol. 2, no. 1. pp. 22–25.
4928:
4783:
4781:
4549: – Travel to notable science locations
4168:, prompted rival explanations known as the
2634:
2577:of 1927, with prominent physicists such as
1297:to measure the validity of a given theory.
1252:' first attempt to characterize matter, to
708:. Aristotle believed that each of the four
438:
8978:
8964:
8626:
8612:
8483:
8469:
7107:. Texas A&M University. Archived from
6556:
6460:
6366:
6237:
6210:
6162:
5335:
5267:Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007).
2944:. (Pictured: Astronaut Bruce McCandless.)
2744:mathematical model of a physical situation
2444:
2430:
1175:and a complete theory predicting discrete
1065:resulted from research efforts during the
799:, a teacher in the faculty of arts at the
558:wrote of various celestial objects in his
271:
257:
8225:
8026:
7753:
7638:
7553:
7414:
7340:
7210:"Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics"
7123:
6974:
6959:
6949:
6888:
6860:
6813:
6662:
6415:
6399:
6173:
6115:"Science and Physics Education Homepages"
5986:
5963:
5937:
5603:
5517:
5464:
5398:
5382:
5300:
5269:"Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics"
5266:
4917:
4792:
4560:List of important publications in physics
3818:, featuring a possible appearance of the
823:reasoning, developing early forms of the
314:. Physics is one of the most fundamental
8415:) is being considered for deletion. See
8263:
7778:Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle
7762:
7456:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
6651:
6471:
6438:
6275:"Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics"
6184:
6087:
5938:Ellis, G.; Silk, J. (16 December 2014).
5164:
5097:
5047:
4945:
4778:
4276:
4262:
4104:
3996:
3969:are considered part of nuclear physics.
3809:
3044:
2947:
2931:
2917:
2855:
2806:
2794:
2722:
2658:
2638:
2569:
2558:
1355:, a view Penrose discusses in his book,
1304:, involves issues such as the nature of
1119:
1105:
980:
958:
912:
829:
635:
483:
458:'natural science'), a term derived from
406:
8294:The Investigation of the Physical World
8273:Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph (2003).
8067:The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
8002:
7985:The Large, the Small and the Human Mind
7936:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
7909:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
7825:
7696:Leggett, A.J. (1999). "Superfluidity".
7695:
7683:
7597:
7521:
7470:
7297:
7198:
6848:
6745:IBM Journal of Research and Development
6668:
6433:
6157:
6125:
6062:
6056:
6050:
5879:
5684:
5639:
5536:from the original on 24 September 2015.
5500:
5239:, Book I , , p. 379; Book II, , p. 453.
5212:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5182:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
5135:
4934:
4772:
4731:
4659:can change with time. For example, the
4109:The deepest visible-light image of the
4001:Velocity-distribution data of a gas of
3961:), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as
3795:
1458:), the latter include such branches as
999:Physics became a separate science when
664:developed along many lines of inquiry.
14:
9077:
8824:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
8440:– Physics and astronomy mind-map from
8083:
7951:
7804:
7795:
7689:A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities
7400:
7150:
6785:
6492:from the original on 12 September 2011
6466:
6221:
6168:
5829:
5248:
4956:
4798:
3933:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
3345:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
3149:atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2498:Fundamental concepts in modern physics
902:(his thousand-year-old version of the
8959:
8607:
8464:
8451:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
8376:Website of the Nobel Prize in physics
8310:
8092:
7859:(2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
7852:
7771:
7655:
7207:
7102:
7080:
6988:
6945:from the original on 4 November 2016.
6788:"LHC 2.0: A new view of the Universe"
6568:Nasa: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
6564:"NASA – Q&A on the GLAST Mission"
6482:"History of Condensed Matter Physics"
6421:
6410:
6387:from the original on 25 February 2021
6305:"Korea University, Physics AMO Group"
6285:from the original on 27 February 2014
6179:
5746:from the original on 5 September 2012
5404:
5236:
5068:
5066:
4968:
4923:
4856:from the original on 24 December 2016
4824:from the original on 24 December 2016
4787:
3599:Newton's law of universal gravitation
3123:
2838:for research in theoretical physics.
736:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
581:
368:Advances in physics often enable new
294:, involving the study of matter, its
9059:
8428:– Directory of physics related media
8342:(13th ed.). Pearson Education.
8336:Young, H.D.; Freedman, R.A. (2014).
7724:
7620:
7277:; Leighton, R.B.; Sands, M. (1963).
6657:
6639:from the original on 13 January 2012
6444:
6192:"High Energy Particle Physics Group"
6133:"Division of Particles & Fields"
5546:
5078:galileoandeinstein.phys.virginia.edu
4453:
4259:List of unsolved problems in physics
4217:weakly interacting massive particles
2902:
2799:Classical physics implemented in an
2490:with motion and its connection with
1038:'s discovery and unification of the
1034:in the 16th and 17th centuries, and
917:The basic way a pinhole camera works
755:created an important compilation of
473:
8985:
8434:– Science videos, including physics
8243:Taylor, P.L.; Heinonen, O. (2002).
7808:The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple
7579:Howard, Ian; Rogers, Brian (1995).
7363:10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245
7161:
6993:. Infobase Publishing. p. 247.
6518:from the original on 8 October 2011
6233:Gribbin, Gribbin & Gribbin 1998
6065:Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory
5893:from the original on 18 August 2014
5593:from the original on 18 April 2016.
5506:
4868:
4634:See, for example, the influence of
4615:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
4456:, spanning all length scales: from
4366:in biological systems. In the 1932
4252:
3986:
2826:The approach is similar to that of
732:European science in the Middle Ages
24:
7557:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
6915:National Research Council (2007).
6578:from the original on 25 April 2009
6121:from the original on 28 July 2016.
6112:
5218:from the original on 22 April 2018
5188:from the original on 22 April 2018
5063:
4399:or physics teaching refers to the
4302:high-temperature superconductivity
3130:
1678:
1200:Standard Model of particle physics
770:, a Byzantine scholar, questioned
25:
9096:
8419:to help reach a consensus. ›
8358:
8202:"Happy 100th, Superconductivity!"
7765:The Beginnings of Western Science
7128:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
6456:Stajic, Coontz & Osborne 2011
6337:from the original on 7 March 2014
5887:"Journal of Mathematical Physics"
5863:. 25 January 2000. Archived from
5720:from the original on 18 June 2013
5427:from the original on 7 April 2014
5336:Al-Khalili, Jim (February 2015).
4993:from the original on 10 July 2014
4223:and other underground detectors.
3358:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
3040:
1600:
1244:In many ways, physics stems from
1216:physics beyond the Standard Model
688:" – in the 4th century BC.
632:Aristotle and Hellenistic Physics
542:, and all Western efforts in the
492:is evident in monuments like the
9058:
9048:
9039:
9038:
7931:"A History of Quantum Mechanics"
7343:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
7052:
7035:
7018:
6997:
6908:
6779:
6728:
6198:from the original on 29 May 2019
6067:. World Scientific. p. 50.
6026:Max Planck Institute for Physics
5488:from the original on 31 May 2014
4980:
4702:
4598:development of scientific method
4505:
4431:This section is an excerpt from
4389:This section is an excerpt from
4368:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
3907:and magnetic resonance imaging,
3448:Nanoscale and mesoscopic physics
2671:
1364:
791:ten centuries later, during the
238:
237:
224:
61:
8945:Timeline of physics discoveries
8456:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
8292:Toraldo Di Francia, G. (1976).
7978:; Shimony, A.; Cartwright, N.;
7606:. University of Chicago Press.
7581:Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
7280:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
6861:Eames, I.; Flor, J. B. (2011).
6590:
6530:
6370:Modern Condensed Matter Physics
6360:
6331:"Aarhus Universitet, AMO Group"
6323:
6297:
6267:
6106:
6081:
6014:
5992:
5931:
5800:
5788:
5758:
5732:
5540:
5518:Womersley, J. (February 2005).
5511:
5387:
5338:"In retrospect: Book of Optics"
5329:
5317:
5260:
5242:
5200:
5170:
5103:
5041:
5005:
4678:
4649:
4628:
4619:
4603:
4472:length scales encompassing the
4212:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
4090:
3061:Physics covers a wide range of
2471:physics of elementary particles
813:from the Greeks and during the
759:' works that are copied in the
8449:– Online course material from
8317:Brookhaven National Laboratory
8249:. Cambridge University Press.
8113:American Philosophical Society
7988:. Cambridge University Press.
7767:. University of Chicago Press.
7621:Kerr, R.A. (16 October 2009).
7507:. Princeton University Press.
7234:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001
7010:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
6373:. Cambridge University Press.
5460:O'Connor & Robertson 1996b
5446:O'Connor & Robertson 1996a
4581:
4043:in certain materials, and the
3927:Atomic, molecular, and optical
3220:Particle physics phenomenology
3105:knew of other objects such as
2627:several candidate theories of
1974:Atomic, molecular, and optical
1639:
1633:
1619:
1588:
1582:
1568:
1561:
1407:
680:) (384–322 BCE), a student of
329:and, through its inclusion of
306:, and the related entities of
13:
1:
8447:Physics at MIT OpenCourseWare
8404:
7304:The Character of Physical Law
7086:The Cambridge Ancient History
6251:. 4 July 2012. Archived from
5770:Acoustical Society of America
5547:Noll, Walter (23 June 2006).
4718:
4235:ENA (energetic neutral atoms)
3310:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
3127:below for more information).
3093:observed that certain rocks (
2767:distinguishes it from physics
2554:
1525:with magnetic poles at rest.
1233:
1098:History of special relativity
838:
726:Medieval European and Islamic
470:'origin, nature, property').
325:Physics is one of the oldest
8227:10.1126/science.332.6026.189
7504:The Nature of Space and Time
7184:10.1126/science.337.6091.141
6671:"What DO we know about high
5809:, pp. 1–4, 115, 185–187
5048:tbcaldwe (14 October 2012).
4383:
3864:, weak, and electromagnetic
3021:, whereas those involved in
2749:Pure physics is a branch of
2720:an active area of research.
2563:The basic domains of physics
2488:general theory of relativity
1127:(1879–1955), discovered the
1102:History of quantum mechanics
970:
884:. The most notable work was
466:
454:
400:inspired the development of
7:
8909:Quantum information science
8311:Walsh, K.M. (1 June 2012).
7583:. Oxford University Press.
7554:Honderich, T., ed. (1995).
7249:Dijksterhuis, E.J. (1986).
7103:Allen, D. (10 April 1997).
6006:. June 2015. Archived from
5807:Tipler & Llewellyn 2003
5795:Tipler & Llewellyn 2003
5520:"Beyond the Standard Model"
5417:"The Industrial Revolution"
4849:Online Etymology Dictionary
4817:Online Etymology Dictionary
4655:Concepts which are denoted
4498:
4335:is also currently ongoing.
4185:cosmic microwave background
3948:Atomic physics studies the
3784:Quantum information science
3616:Cosmic background radiation
3383:Quantum information science
2897:
2882:There is also considerable
2834:might seek to build better
1528:
696:He explained ideas such as
498:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
357:areas of research, such as
10:
9101:
8740:Classical electromagnetism
8365:Physics at Quanta Magazine
7939:. University of St Andrews
7912:. University of St Andrews
7718:10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318
7403:AIP Conference Proceedings
7322:Godfrey-Smith, P. (2003).
7073:
6356:Taylor & Heinonen 2002
5673:Hawking & Penrose 1996
5285:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464
4892:
4884:
4876:
4570:Lists of physics equations
4430:
4409:Physics education research
4403:methods currently used to
4388:
4256:
4094:
3990:
3930:
3799:
3157:physics education research
3027:magnetic resonance imaging
2963:Theorists seek to develop
2921:
2788:
1532:
1411:
1404:, and special relativity.
1368:
1237:
1095:
1089:
974:
729:
603:(650 BCE – 480 BCE), when
585:
477:
460:
448:
423:
419:
36:
29:
9034:
9006:
8993:
8917:
8854:
8782:
8698:
8670:
8642:
8573:
8552:
8502:
8400:American Physical Society
8398:– Online magazine by the
7875:National Research Council
7698:Reviews of Modern Physics
7528:. John Wiley & Sons.
7479:. John Wiley & Sons.
7448:Guicciardini, N. (1999).
6486:American Physical Society
6279:MIT Department of Physics
5568:10.1007/s10659-006-9068-y
4761:Young & Freedman 2014
4749:Young & Freedman 2014
4688:, which was innovated at
4611:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
4425:
4183:and the discovery of the
4077:American Physical Society
4067:was apparently coined by
3678:
3648:Gravitational singularity
3465:Density functional theory
3404:Electromagnetic radiation
2785:Application and influence
1521:with moving charges, and
1293:reasoning and the use of
1085:
1053:The discovery of laws in
673:
605:pre-Socratic philosophers
521:Indus Valley Civilisation
494:ceiling of Senemut's tomb
210:List of unsolved problems
27:Scientific field of study
8846:Condensed matter physics
8492:Fundamental interactions
8442:Georgia State University
8417:templates for discussion
8065:Schrödinger, E. (1995).
8046:Schrödinger, E. (1983).
8027:Rosenberg, Alex (2006).
7763:Lindberg, David (1992).
7640:10.1126/science.326_350a
7201:Ancient Egyptian Science
7151:Cajori, Florian (1917).
6194:. Institute of Physics.
5797:, pp. 269, 477, 561
5742:. Taylor & Francis.
5324:Howard & Rogers 1995
5273:Annals of Saudi Medicine
4575:
4553:
4229:is already yielding new
4181:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
4065:condensed matter physics
4033:Bose–Einstein condensate
4007:Bose–Einstein condensate
3993:Condensed matter physics
3860:) that interact via the
3562:High-energy astrophysics
3502:Bose–Einstein condensate
3427:Condensed matter physics
3145:condensed matter physics
2635:Relation to other fields
1731:Einstein field equations
1434:and may be divided into
1246:ancient Greek philosophy
1218:, with theories such as
766:In sixth-century Europe
546:are descended from late
296:fundamental constituents
37:Not to be confused with
32:Physics (disambiguation)
8527:Electroweak interaction
8093:Smith, A. Mark (2001).
7214:Physical Review Letters
6991:Encyclopedia of Physics
6669:Leggett, A. J. (2006).
5842:Toraldo Di Francia 1976
5713:Encyclopædia Britannica
4908:A Greek–English Lexicon
4478:experimental physicists
4115:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
3644:Gravitational radiation
3440:Low-temperature physics
3278:Fundamental interaction
3233:Quantum electrodynamics
3119:electroweak interaction
2615:absolute time and space
2469:can be identified. The
2034:Theories of gravitation
1949:Electroweak interaction
1264:, and Aristotle's book
1032:observational astronomy
8930:Nobel Prize in Physics
8792:Relativistic mechanics
8432:The Vega Science Trust
8147:(4): i–clxxxi, 1–337.
7662:. Dover Publications.
7598:Kellert, S.H. (1993).
7124:Ben-Chaim, M. (2004).
6890:10.1098/rsta.2010.0332
5249:Dallal, Ahmad (2010).
4482:theoretical physicists
4381:
4325:solar neutrino problem
4294:
4274:
4189:cosmological principle
4118:
4009:
3822:
3764:Physics of computation
3566:Planetary astrophysics
3273:AdS/CFT correspondence
3245:Effective field theory
3237:Quantum chromodynamics
3058:
2960:
2945:
2940:and Earth are both in
2864:
2819:
2804:
2771:conservation of energy
2728:
2668:
2656:
2609:
2564:
1719:
1649:
1146:in quantum theory and
1136:
1117:
1018:with the heliocentric
1001:early modern Europeans
996:
967:
918:
857:
785:
751:In the sixth century,
649:
501:
439:
416:
200:List of physics awards
8935:Philosophy of physics
8588:Philosophy of physics
8264:Thurston, H. (1994).
8029:Philosophy of Science
7856:Chemistry For Dummies
7805:Mattis, D.C. (2006).
7796:Mastin, Luke (2010).
6950:Jaeger, Heinrich M.;
6775:on 24 September 2020.
6092:. Hutchinson Radius.
6088:Weinberg, S. (1993).
5556:Journal of Elasticity
5419:. Schoolscience.org,
4899:Liddell, Henry George
4673:statistical mechanics
4376:
4280:
4266:
4257:Further information:
4221:Large Hadron Collider
4108:
4025:electromagnetic force
4000:
3913:materials engineering
3848:are described by the
3816:Large Hadron Collider
3813:
3760:Physical oceanography
3704:Communication physics
3506:Electrical conduction
3481:Statistical mechanics
3436:High-pressure physics
3216:Astroparticle physics
3048:
2951:
2935:
2918:Theory and experiment
2859:
2810:
2798:
2726:
2718:computational physics
2662:
2653:law of falling bodies
2642:
2631:are being developed.
2573:
2562:
2476:particle accelerators
1912:Philosophy of physics
1720:
1650:
1495:ultraviolet radiation
1398:statistical mechanics
1369:Further information:
1302:philosophy of physics
1275:philosophy of science
1240:Philosophy of physics
1212:fundamental particles
1123:
1109:
1067:Industrial Revolution
1044:universal gravitation
994:universal gravitation
984:
962:
916:
833:
793:Scientific Revolution
780:
761:Archimedes Palimpsest
704:) with the theory of
639:
507:is one of the oldest
487:
410:
351:Scientific Revolution
302:and behavior through
8894:Mathematical physics
8438:HyperPhysics website
8422:Physics/Publications
8048:My View of the World
7904:"Special Relativity"
7853:Moore, J.T. (2011).
7811:. World Scientific.
7656:Krupp, E.C. (2003).
7522:Holzner, S. (2006).
7471:Halpern, P. (2010).
7208:Cohen, M.L. (2008).
7199:Clagett, M. (1995).
6614:2 March 2009 at the
6603:3 April 2010 at the
6598:Nasa – Fermi Science
6538:"BS in Astrophysics"
6063:Stewart, J. (2001).
5472:"The Standard Model"
5421:Institute of Physics
4596:was critical in the
4041:conduction electrons
3841:of other particles.
3796:Nuclear and particle
3607:Magnetohydrodynamics
3582:Stellar astrophysics
3412:Polarization (waves)
3334:Theory of everything
3314:Neutrino oscillation
3261:Grand Unified Theory
3249:Lattice field theory
3229:Quantum field theory
3208:Nuclear astrophysics
3067:elementary particles
2928:Experimental physics
2801:acoustic engineering
2740:mathematical physics
2624:quantum field theory
2534:Statistical ensemble
2529:Physical interaction
2044:Theory of everything
1922:Quantum field theory
1659:
1552:
1173:photoelectric effect
1168:Black-body radiation
1133:theory of relativity
1129:photoelectric effect
1076:theory of relativity
811:Aristotelian physics
742:Western Roman Empire
690:Aristotelian physics
552:Egyptian astronomers
548:Babylonian astronomy
480:History of astronomy
327:academic disciplines
30:For other uses, see
8869:Atmospheric physics
8708:Classical mechanics
8636:branches of physics
8578:Glossary of physics
8553:Hypothetical forces
8218:2011Sci...332..189S
8084:Singer, C. (2008).
8009:The Road to Reality
7952:Oerter, R. (2006).
7835:. D. Van Nostrand.
7746:2001PhT....54l..14L
7710:1999RvMPS..71..318L
7534:2005pfd..book.....H
7525:Physics for Dummies
7425:2000AIPC..536....3G
7384:1999qqep.book.....G
7355:1969AnRFM...1....1G
7226:2008PhRvL.101y0001C
7176:2012Sci...337..141C
6989:Rosen, Joe (2009).
6923:. pp. 91–110.
6881:2011RSPTA.369..702E
6806:2015Natur.519..142G
6786:Gibney, E. (2015).
6758:10.1147/rd.501.0101
6699:2006NatPh...2..134L
6255:on 14 November 2012
5956:2014Natur.516..321E
5776:on 4 September 2015
5696:Penrose et al. 1997
5354:2015Natur.518..164A
4492:engineering physics
4285:levitating above a
4039:phase exhibited by
3959:hyperfine splitting
3829:and energy and the
3780:Quantum electronics
3772:Solid-state devices
3712:Engineering physics
3692:Atmospheric physics
3680:Accelerator physics
3558:Gravitation physics
3473:Fermi liquid theory
3432:Solid-state physics
3298:Elementary particle
2965:mathematical models
2924:Theoretical physics
2884:interdisciplinarity
2860:Experiment using a
2832:accelerator physics
2828:applied mathematics
2759:the central science
2751:fundamental science
1994:Non-linear dynamics
1932:Quantum computation
1927:Quantum information
1801:Satyendra Nath Bose
1456:continuum mechanics
1454:(known together as
1382:classical mechanics
1371:Branches of physics
1358:The Road to Reality
1258:Ptolemaic astronomy
1160:Maxwell's equations
1154:predicted that the
1152:Classical mechanics
1080:classical mechanics
952:The translation of
852:experiments in the
807:Islamic scholarship
801:University of Paris
595:has its origins in
576:Northern Hemisphere
386:domestic appliances
378:solid-state physics
49:Part of a series on
8925:History of physics
8512:Strong interaction
8392:– Academic journal
8370:Usenet Physics FAQ
7902:(February 1996a).
7847:matter and motion.
7220:(5): 25001–25006.
7013:. Merriam-Webster.
6635:. 28 August 2008.
6574:. 28 August 2008.
6424:, pp. 255–258
5989:, pp. 474–476
5628:Godfrey-Smith 2003
5616:Godfrey-Smith 2003
5117:on 11 January 2016
4971:, pp. 108–109
4671:'s formulation of
4565:List of physicists
4466:biological physics
4295:
4275:
4237:ribbon" along the
4119:
4101:Physical cosmology
4073:solid-state theory
4010:
3917:radiocarbon dating
3866:fundamental forces
3823:
3756:Physical chemistry
3595:General relativity
3265:Superstring theory
3241:Electroweak theory
3115:weak nuclear force
3059:
3000:parallel universes
2992:fundamental theory
2961:
2946:
2869:standard consensus
2865:
2836:particle detectors
2820:
2805:
2729:
2669:
2657:
2610:
2565:
2484:frame of reference
2019:General relativity
2014:Special relativity
1954:Strong interaction
1715:
1645:
1375:Outline of physics
1347:has been called a
1337:causal determinism
1295:Bayesian inference
1284:a priori reasoning
1164:special relativity
1137:
1118:
997:
968:
954:The Book of Optics
939:Robert Grosseteste
919:
894:as well as in his
887:The Book of Optics
858:
815:Islamic Golden Age
753:Isidore of Miletus
710:classical elements
662:natural philosophy
650:
593:Natural philosophy
588:Natural philosophy
582:Natural philosophy
502:
490:Egyptian astronomy
426:History of physics
417:
347:natural philosophy
231:Physics portal
9072:
9071:
8953:
8952:
8940:Physics education
8889:Materials science
8856:Interdisciplinary
8814:Quantum mechanics
8601:
8600:
8349:978-1-292-02063-1
8303:978-0-521-29925-1
8284:978-0-7167-4345-3
8277:. W. H. Freeman.
8256:978-0-521-77827-5
8122:978-0-87169-914-5
8088:. Streeter Press.
8076:978-1-881987-09-3
8057:978-0-918024-30-5
8038:978-0-415-34317-6
8019:978-0-679-45443-4
7995:978-0-521-78572-3
7967:978-0-13-236678-6
7890:978-0-309-05928-2
7866:978-1-118-00730-3
7842:978-0-486-66895-6
7832:Matter and Motion
7818:978-981-238-579-6
7800:. lukemastin.com.
7788:978-0-393-00583-7
7755:10.1063/1.1445529
7728:(December 2001).
7669:978-0-486-42882-6
7633:(5951): 350–351.
7613:978-0-226-42976-2
7590:978-0-19-508476-4
7571:978-0-19-866132-0
7543:978-0-470-61841-7
7514:978-0-691-05084-3
7486:978-0-470-64391-4
7433:10.1063/1.1361756
7393:978-0-684-85578-3
7333:978-0-226-30063-4
7314:978-0-262-56003-0
7290:978-0-201-02116-5
7269:on 5 August 2011.
7262:978-0-691-08403-9
7170:(6091): 141–143.
7135:978-0-7546-4091-2
7095:978-0-521-22717-9
6938:978-0-309-10969-7
6875:(1937): 702–705.
6800:(7542): 142–143.
6512:"Philip Anderson"
6380:978-1-108-57347-4
6139:on 29 August 2016
6099:978-0-09-177395-3
6074:978-981-02-4471-2
6010:on 21 April 2016.
5950:(7531): 321–323.
5819:Dijksterhuis 1986
5394:Guicciardini 1999
5348:(7538): 164–165.
5178:"John Philoponus"
5029:on 6 January 2023
4419:science education
4397:Physics education
4391:Physics education
4364:pattern formation
4310:quantum computers
4289:demonstrates the
4239:termination shock
4172:universe and the
4132:The discovery by
4127:stellar evolution
4123:stellar structure
4087:and engineering.
4081:materials science
4049:antiferromagnetic
3973:Molecular physics
3835:computer programs
3793:
3792:
3776:Quantum chemistry
3728:Materials physics
3518:Self-organization
3379:Quantum chemistry
3354:Molecular physics
3089:For example, the
3081:) to the largest
3008:higher dimensions
2903:Scientific method
2847:flight simulators
2812:Archimedes' screw
2603:Erwin Schrödinger
2583:Werner Heisenberg
2575:Solvay Conference
2467:chemical elements
2454:
2453:
1917:Quantum mechanics
1791:Ernest Rutherford
1771:Erwin Schrödinger
1766:Werner Heisenberg
1616:
1564:
1414:Classical physics
1341:Erwin Schrödinger
1335:, who championed
1316:outlooks such as
1279:scientific method
1260:of a crystalline
1192:Erwin Schrödinger
1188:Werner Heisenberg
1181:electron orbitals
1115:quantum mechanics
1072:quantum mechanics
977:Classical physics
943:Leonardo da Vinci
933:to the nature of
927:Kitab al-Manathir
921:The seven-volume
908:Treatise on Light
892:Treatise on Light
825:scientific method
776:theory of impetus
658:Hellenistic times
572:Greek astronomers
517:ancient Egyptians
474:Ancient astronomy
415:theory in physics
363:quantum chemistry
355:interdisciplinary
349:, but during the
281:
280:
137:Classical physics
16:(Redirected from
9092:
9062:
9061:
9052:
9042:
9041:
9021:Physical science
8980:
8973:
8966:
8957:
8956:
8879:Chemical physics
8819:Particle physics
8745:Classical optics
8628:
8621:
8614:
8605:
8604:
8583:Particle physics
8537:electromagnetism
8532:weak interaction
8485:
8478:
8471:
8462:
8461:
8382:World of Physics
8353:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8319:. Archived from
8307:
8288:
8269:
8260:
8239:
8229:
8194:
8164:
8134:
8102:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
8089:
8080:
8069:. Ox Bow Press.
8061:
8050:. Ox Bow Press.
8042:
8023:
7999:
7971:
7959:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7925:O'Connor, J.J.;
7921:
7919:
7917:
7898:O'Connor, J.J.;
7894:
7870:
7849:
7822:
7801:
7792:
7768:
7759:
7757:
7726:Levy, Barbara G.
7721:
7704:(2): S318–S323.
7692:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7652:
7642:
7617:
7605:
7594:
7575:
7550:
7518:
7490:
7478:
7467:
7455:
7444:
7418:
7397:
7377:
7366:
7337:
7318:
7307:. M.I.T. Press.
7294:
7270:
7265:. Archived from
7245:
7204:
7195:
7158:
7147:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7111:on 23 March 2021
7099:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6946:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6892:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6817:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6768:. Archived from
6741:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6724:on 10 June 2010.
6723:
6717:. Archived from
6707:10.1038/nphys254
6682:
6666:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6625:
6619:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6560:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6478:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6453:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
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6394:
6392:
6364:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6307:. Archived from
6301:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6241:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6219:
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6207:
6205:
6203:
6188:
6182:
6177:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6155:
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6148:
6146:
6144:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6028:. Archived from
6018:
6012:
6011:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5967:
5935:
5929:
5927:special sciences
5916:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5898:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5857:
5851:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5772:. Archived from
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5704:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5662:Schrödinger 1995
5659:
5653:
5651:Schrödinger 1983
5648:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5553:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5524:
5515:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5484:. 29 June 2001.
5468:
5462:
5457:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5413:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5142:Two New Sciences
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5113:. Archived from
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5022:. Archived from
5017:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4808:
4802:
4801:, pp. 48–49
4796:
4790:
4785:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4735:
4729:
4713:
4708:See the work of
4706:
4700:
4682:
4676:
4669:Ludwig Boltzmann
4653:
4647:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4607:
4601:
4585:
4532:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4462:particle physics
4253:Current research
4197:cosmic inflation
3987:Condensed matter
3909:ion implantation
3905:nuclear medicine
3802:Particle physics
3788:Vehicle dynamics
3700:Chemical physics
3603:Lambda-CDM model
3591:Cosmic inflation
3477:Many-body theory
3362:Chemical physics
3318:Seesaw mechanism
3212:Particle physics
3199:particle physics
3177:
3176:
3161:physics outreach
3141:particle physics
3124:Current research
3111:electromagnetism
3023:applied research
2988:phenomenologists
2969:experimentalists
2957:electric current
2853:investigations.
2710:units of measure
2446:
2439:
2432:
2097:Skłodowska-Curie
1979:Condensed matter
1944:Weak interaction
1939:Electromagnetism
1796:Louis de Broglie
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1673:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1539:
1538:
1515:electric charges
1505:gives rise to a
1503:electric current
1480:electroacoustics
1402:electromagnetism
1063:electromagnetics
1020:Copernican model
1012:geocentric model
896:Kitāb al-Manāẓir
847:
843:
840:
746:Byzantine Empire
675:
654:classical period
613:non-naturalistic
509:natural sciences
469:
463:
462:
457:
451:
450:
442:
374:electromagnetism
273:
266:
259:
246:
241:
240:
233:
229:
228:
205:List of journals
142:Electromagnetism
65:
46:
45:
21:
9100:
9099:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9030:
9002:
8989:
8987:Natural science
8984:
8954:
8949:
8913:
8899:Medical physics
8850:
8809:Nuclear physics
8778:
8772:Non-equilibrium
8694:
8666:
8638:
8632:
8602:
8597:
8569:
8548:
8504:Physical forces
8498:
8489:
8420:
8361:
8356:
8350:
8326:
8324:
8323:on 29 July 2016
8304:
8296:. CUP Archive.
8285:
8266:Early Astronomy
8257:
8183:10.2307/3657357
8167:
8153:10.2307/3657358
8137:
8123:
8077:
8058:
8039:
8020:
7996:
7968:
7942:
7940:
7927:Robertson, E.F.
7915:
7913:
7900:Robertson, E.F.
7891:
7867:
7843:
7819:
7789:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7614:
7591:
7572:
7544:
7515:
7487:
7464:
7416:physics/9906063
7394:
7334:
7315:
7291:
7283:. Vol. 1.
7263:
7136:
7114:
7112:
7096:
7076:
7071:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7019:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6969:
6947:
6939:
6913:
6909:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6815:10.1038/519142a
6784:
6780:
6772:
6739:
6733:
6729:
6721:
6680:
6677:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6616:Wayback Machine
6605:Wayback Machine
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6547:
6545:
6544:on 4 April 2016
6536:
6535:
6531:
6521:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6493:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6439:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6409:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6381:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6311:on 1 March 2014
6303:
6302:
6298:
6288:
6286:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6178:
6174:
6167:
6163:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6032:on 7 March 2016
6022:"Phenomenology"
6020:
6019:
6015:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5965:10.1038/516321a
5936:
5932:
5917:
5910:
5896:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5859:
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5854:
5840:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5817:
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5805:
5801:
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5777:
5764:
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5738:
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5733:
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5705:
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5667:
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5638:
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5541:
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5469:
5465:
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5440:
5430:
5428:
5415:
5414:
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5399:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5377:
5362:10.1038/518164a
5334:
5330:
5322:
5318:
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5261:
5247:
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5235:
5231:
5221:
5219:
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5092:
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5072:
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5064:
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5052:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4987:About Education
4979:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4913:Perseus Project
4873:
4869:
4859:
4857:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4793:
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4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
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4747:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4716:
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4703:
4694:Tim Berners-Lee
4683:
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4667:'s critique of
4654:
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4620:
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4582:
4578:
4556:
4547:Science tourism
4530:
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4488:applied physics
4454:research fields
4436:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4414:active learning
4394:
4386:
4353:surface tension
4291:Meissner effect
4268:Feynman diagram
4261:
4255:
4154:X-ray astronomy
4138:radio astronomy
4103:
4095:Main articles:
4093:
4069:Philip Anderson
4057:atomic lattices
4037:superconducting
3995:
3989:
3977:Optical physics
3950:electron shells
3935:
3929:
3919:in geology and
3901:nuclear weapons
3899:generation and
3886:Higgs mechanism
3808:
3806:Nuclear physics
3800:Main articles:
3798:
3744:Optoelectronics
3732:Medical physics
3675:Applied physics
3461:Bloch's theorem
3452:Polymer physics
3444:Surface physics
3330:Quantum gravity
3286:electromagnetic
3204:Nuclear physics
3133:
3131:Research fields
3091:ancient Chinese
3043:
2930:
2922:Main articles:
2920:
2909:physical theory
2905:
2900:
2793:
2791:Applied physics
2787:
2674:
2637:
2629:quantum gravity
2591:Hendrik Lorentz
2579:Albert Einstein
2557:
2500:
2463:nuclear physics
2450:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
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2057:
2049:
2048:
2039:Quantum gravity
1989:Complex systems
1887:
1879:
1878:
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1751:Albert Einstein
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1733:
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1452:fluid mechanics
1448:solid mechanics
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1367:
1353:Stephen Hawking
1242:
1236:
1148:Albert Einstein
1125:Albert Einstein
1104:
1094:
1088:
1005:laws of physics
988:discovered the
979:
973:
964:Galileo Galilei
947:Johannes Kepler
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845:
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789:Galileo Galilei
768:John Philoponus
738:
730:Main articles:
728:
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634:
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482:
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434:comes from the
428:
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390:nuclear weapons
382:nuclear physics
288:natural science
277:
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215:
214:
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162:Nuclear physics
112:
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9054:Science Portal
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8804:
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8769:
8762:Thermodynamics
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8720:
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8389:Nature Physics
8385:
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8360:
8359:External links
8357:
8355:
8354:
8348:
8333:
8308:
8302:
8289:
8283:
8275:Modern Physics
8270:
8261:
8255:
8240:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8177:(5): 339–819.
8165:
8121:
8090:
8081:
8075:
8062:
8056:
8043:
8037:
8024:
8018:
8012:. A.A. Knopf.
8000:
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7463:978-0521640664
7462:
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7392:
7378:. Free Press.
7367:
7338:
7332:
7319:
7313:
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7289:
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7196:
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7075:
7072:
7069:
7068:
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7034:
7017:
6996:
6978:
6975:Goldstein 1969
6967:
6952:Liu, Andrea J.
6937:
6929:10.17226/11967
6907:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6778:
6727:
6693:(3): 134–136.
6686:Nature Physics
6675:
6661:
6650:
6620:
6589:
6555:
6529:
6503:
6470:
6459:
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6161:
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6080:
6073:
6055:
6043:
6013:
5991:
5987:Honderich 1995
5979:
5930:
5908:
5878:
5867:on 10 May 2015
5852:
5834:
5822:
5811:
5799:
5787:
5757:
5731:
5699:
5688:
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5665:
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5643:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5604:Rosenberg 2006
5596:
5539:
5510:
5499:
5463:
5449:
5438:
5408:
5397:
5386:
5383:Ben-Chaim 2004
5375:
5328:
5326:, pp. 6–7
5316:
5279:(6): 464–467.
5259:
5241:
5229:
5208:"John Buridan"
5199:
5169:
5167:, p. 162.
5157:
5128:
5102:
5100:, p. 363.
5090:
5062:
5040:
5004:
4973:
4961:
4949:
4938:
4927:
4916:
4867:
4835:
4803:
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4710:Ilya Prigogine
4701:
4686:World Wide Web
4677:
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4577:
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4513:Physics portal
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4382:
4319:have non-zero
4287:superconductor
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4166:Hubble diagram
4092:
4089:
4085:nanotechnology
3991:Main article:
3988:
3985:
3981:optical fields
3931:Main article:
3928:
3925:
3878:W and Z bosons
3850:Standard Model
3797:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3768:Plasma physics
3736:Nanotechnology
3716:Fluid dynamics
3677:
3671:
3670:
3609:
3584:
3570:Plasma physics
3543:
3537:
3536:
3526:superconductor
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3422:
3420:Casimir effect
3385:
3375:Quantum optics
3372:
3350:Atomic physics
3347:
3341:
3340:
3275:
3225:Standard Model
3222:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:Major theories
3184:
3181:
3132:
3129:
3103:ancient Greeks
3042:
3041:Scope and aims
3039:
3015:basic research
2919:
2916:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2816:simple machine
2789:Main article:
2786:
2783:
2690:Penelope Maddy
2673:
2670:
2636:
2633:
2556:
2553:
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2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
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2519:Physical field
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2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
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2434:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
2413:Modern physics
2411:
2410:
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2403:
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2398:
2395:
2394:
2389:
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2379:
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2247:P. W. Anderson
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2031:
2026:
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2011:
2009:Plasma physics
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
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1914:
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1781:Wolfgang Pauli
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1776:Pascual Jordan
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1560:
1546:
1545:
1543:Modern physics
1535:Modern physics
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1523:magnetostatics
1511:Electrostatics
1507:magnetic field
1489:but also with
1430:and bodies in
1412:Main article:
1409:
1406:
1366:
1363:
1238:Main article:
1235:
1232:
1156:speed of light
1140:Modern physics
1092:Modern physics
1090:Main article:
1087:
1084:
1055:thermodynamics
1040:laws of motion
990:laws of motion
975:Main article:
972:
969:
923:Book of Optics
904:pinhole camera
900:camera obscura
874:Ibn al-Haytham
854:Book of Optics
850:camera obscura
835:Ibn al-Haytham
727:
724:
633:
630:
624:and his pupil
601:Archaic period
586:Main article:
583:
580:
544:exact sciences
478:Main article:
475:
472:
424:Main article:
421:
418:
394:thermodynamics
392:; advances in
304:space and time
279:
278:
276:
275:
268:
261:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
234:
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
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183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
172:Thermodynamics
169:
164:
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157:Modern physics
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
127:Atomic physics
124:
119:
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
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9027:
9026:Space science
9024:
9022:
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9016:Life sciences
9014:
9012:
9011:Earth science
9009:
9008:
9005:
8999:
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8905:
8904:Ocean physics
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8839:Modern optics
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8688:Computational
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8212:(6026): 189.
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8101:
8098:De Aspectibus
8097:
8091:
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8082:
8078:
8072:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8031:. Routledge.
8030:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7991:
7987:
7986:
7981:
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7963:
7958:
7957:
7950:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7929:(May 1996b).
7928:
7923:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7901:
7896:
7892:
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7882:
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7868:
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7828:
7827:Maxwell, J.C.
7824:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7773:Lloyd, G.E.R.
7770:
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7756:
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7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7734:Physics Today
7731:
7727:
7723:
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7690:
7686:
7685:Laplace, P.S.
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7335:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7299:Feynman, R.P.
7296:
7292:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7276:
7275:Feynman, R.P.
7272:
7268:
7264:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7127:
7122:
7110:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7061:
7055:
7044:
7038:
7027:
7021:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6992:
6985:
6983:
6976:
6971:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6845:
6839:, p. 161
6838:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6782:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6738:
6731:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6679:
6674:
6665:
6659:
6654:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6629:"Dark Matter"
6624:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6593:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6430:
6423:
6418:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6363:
6357:
6352:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6154:
6138:
6134:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5913:
5905:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5815:
5808:
5803:
5796:
5791:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5647:
5641:
5636:
5629:
5624:
5617:
5612:
5605:
5600:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5508:
5503:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5406:
5401:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5233:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5166:
5165:Lindberg 1992
5161:
5154:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5099:
5098:Lindberg 1992
5094:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5051:
5044:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5008:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4946:Thurston 1994
4942:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4903:Scott, Robert
4900:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4871:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4593:Novum Organum
4589:
4588:Francis Bacon
4584:
4580:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4536:Psychophysics
4534:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4521:Earth science
4519:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:supersymmetry
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4272:R. P. Feynman
4269:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:astrophysical
4228:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4045:ferromagnetic
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3897:nuclear power
3894:
3893:atomic nuclei
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:Photovoltaics
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:Laser physics
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3620:Cosmic string
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3578:Space physics
3575:
3574:Solar physics
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3530:superfluidity
3527:
3523:
3522:Semiconductor
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:Spectral line
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:Vacuum energy
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3282:gravitational
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:Supersymmetry
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3083:superclusters
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:Hilary Putnam
2683:
2679:
2672:Prerequisites
2666:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:J. J. Thomson
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:van der Waals
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:visible light
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:hydrodynamics
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1365:Core theories
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Roger Penrose
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1224:probabilities
1221:
1220:supersymmetry
1217:
1213:
1210:in 2012, all
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1177:energy levels
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
965:
961:
957:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
851:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
737:
733:
723:
721:
720:
715:
711:
707:
706:four elements
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
642:
638:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
579:
577:
573:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:According to
532:
530:
526:
525:great circles
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
471:
468:
456:
446:
441:
437:
433:
427:
414:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
255:
254:
252:
251:
245:
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106:
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91:
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85:
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72:
71:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8864:Astrophysics
8678:Experimental
8565:Quintessence
8495:
8410:
8388:
8338:
8325:. Retrieved
8321:the original
8293:
8274:
8265:
8245:
8209:
8205:
8174:
8170:
8144:
8140:
8109:Philadelphia
8103:
8099:
8095:
8085:
8066:
8047:
8028:
8008:
7984:
7960:. Pi Press.
7955:
7941:. Retrieved
7934:
7914:. Retrieved
7907:
7879:
7855:
7846:
7831:
7807:
7777:
7764:
7737:
7733:
7701:
7697:
7688:
7673:. Retrieved
7658:
7630:
7626:
7601:
7580:
7556:
7547:
7524:
7503:
7474:
7451:
7406:
7402:
7373:
7346:
7342:
7323:
7303:
7279:
7267:the original
7251:
7217:
7213:
7200:
7167:
7163:
7157:. Macmillan.
7153:
7125:
7113:. Retrieved
7109:the original
7085:
7054:
7037:
7020:
7008:
6999:
6990:
6970:
6920:
6910:
6902:
6872:
6866:
6856:
6851:, p. 32
6849:Kellert 1993
6844:
6832:
6797:
6791:
6781:
6770:the original
6749:
6743:
6730:
6719:the original
6690:
6684:
6672:
6664:
6653:
6641:. Retrieved
6623:
6592:
6580:. Retrieved
6567:
6558:
6546:. Retrieved
6542:the original
6532:
6520:. Retrieved
6506:
6494:. Retrieved
6462:
6451:
6440:
6434:Leggett 1999
6429:
6417:
6389:. Retrieved
6369:
6362:
6351:
6339:. Retrieved
6325:
6313:. Retrieved
6309:the original
6299:
6287:. Retrieved
6278:
6269:
6257:. Retrieved
6253:the original
6239:
6228:
6200:. Retrieved
6186:
6175:
6164:
6158:Halpern 2010
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6137:the original
6127:
6108:
6089:
6083:
6064:
6058:
6051:Feynman 1965
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6030:the original
6016:
6008:the original
5994:
5982:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5923:reductionism
5902:
5895:. Retrieved
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5865:the original
5855:
5845:
5837:
5825:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:. Retrieved
5774:the original
5760:
5748:. Retrieved
5734:
5722:. Retrieved
5711:
5702:
5691:
5685:Penrose 2004
5680:
5668:
5657:
5646:
5640:Laplace 1951
5635:
5623:
5611:
5599:
5559:
5555:
5542:
5526:
5513:
5502:
5490:. Retrieved
5475:
5466:
5441:
5429:. Retrieved
5411:
5400:
5389:
5378:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5319:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5232:
5220:. Retrieved
5211:
5202:
5190:. Retrieved
5181:
5172:
5160:
5146:
5140:
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5115:the original
5105:
5093:
5081:. Retrieved
5077:
5053:. Retrieved
5043:
5033:27 September
5031:. Retrieved
5024:the original
5020:Cal State LA
5019:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4981:Gill, N. S.
4976:
4964:
4959:, p. 35
4952:
4941:
4935:Clagett 1995
4930:
4919:
4906:
4870:
4858:. Retrieved
4847:
4838:
4826:. Retrieved
4815:
4806:
4794:
4773:Holzner 2006
4768:
4756:
4732:Maxwell 1878
4727:
4704:
4680:
4657:hypothetical
4656:
4651:
4630:
4621:
4605:
4591:
4583:
4527:Neurophysics
4470:cosmological
4438:
4377:
4367:
4360:
4356:catastrophes
4346:, chaos, or
4337:
4314:
4299:
4296:
4225:
4209:
4178:
4170:steady state
4158:
4131:
4120:
4097:Astrophysics
4091:Astrophysics
4072:
4064:
4061:
4018:
4011:
3971:
3947:
3936:
3890:
3870:gauge bosons
3843:
3831:interactions
3824:
3708:Econophysics
3656:Solar System
3541:Astrophysics
3253:Gauge theory
3173:
3165:
3153:astrophysics
3134:
3122:
3088:
3060:
3012:
2996:
2982:
2962:
2913:
2906:
2892:sociophysics
2888:econophysics
2881:
2866:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2754:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2699:
2675:
2611:
2566:
2480:
2455:
2024:Astrophysics
2004:Neurophysics
1907:Mathematical
1897:Experimental
1484:
1476:bioacoustics
1460:hydrostatics
1417:
1394:
1390:Chaos theory
1378:
1356:
1330:
1314:metaphysical
1299:
1290:a posteriori
1288:
1282:
1272:
1265:
1243:
1185:
1138:
1052:
1036:Isaac Newton
1016:Solar System
1009:
998:
986:Isaac Newton
953:
951:
926:
922:
920:
907:
895:
891:
885:
859:
853:
849:
818:
805:
797:Jean Buridan
786:
781:
765:
750:
739:
717:
714:primer mover
695:
677:
651:
591:
565:
559:
533:
503:
431:
429:
370:technologies
367:
334:
324:
283:
282:
122:Astrophysics
54:
43:
8767:Statistical
8683:Theoretical
8660:Engineering
8560:Fifth force
8544:Gravitation
8516:fundamental
8405:‹ The
8268:. Springer.
8004:Penrose, R.
7980:Hawking, S.
7976:Penrose, R.
7499:Penrose, R.
7495:Hawking, S.
7349:(1): 1–28.
7005:"physicist"
6752:: 101–110.
6467:Mattis 2006
6341:21 February
6315:21 February
6289:21 February
6222:Oerter 2006
6169:Grupen 1999
6113:Redish, E.
5921:; see also
5847:The Assayer
5830:Mastin 2010
5708:"acoustics"
5606:, Chapter 1
5562:(1): 1–11.
5083:17 December
5074:"Aristotle"
5055:17 December
4957:Singer 2008
4799:Cajori 1917
4379:optimistic.
4372:Horace Lamb
4333:dark energy
4306:spintronics
4247:heliosphere
4205:dark matter
4201:dark energy
4146:ultraviolet
4134:Karl Jansky
3921:archaeology
3820:Higgs boson
3688:Agrophysics
3632:Dark matter
3628:Dark energy
3400:Diffraction
3031:transistors
2978:predictions
2877:uncertainty
2818:for lifting
2714:computation
2599:Marie Curie
2492:gravitation
2287:von Neumann
2152:Schrödinger
1984:Statistical
1902:Theoretical
1854:Information
1727:Schrödinger
1513:deals with
1472:ultrasonics
1310:determinism
1287:as well as
1204:Higgs boson
935:perspective
846: 1040
678:Aristotélēs
674:Ἀριστοτέλης
652:During the
599:during the
540:Mesopotamia
536:Asger Aaboe
8884:Geophysics
8874:Biophysics
8718:Analytical
8671:Approaches
8327:18 October
7740:(12): 14.
7105:"Calculus"
6643:30 January
6548:14 October
6522:15 October
6422:Moore 2011
6411:Cohen 2008
6259:18 October
6202:18 October
6180:Walsh 2012
6143:18 October
6036:22 October
5871:30 January
5405:Allen 1997
5237:Smith 2001
4969:Lloyd 1970
4924:Aaboe 1991
4860:1 November
4828:1 November
4788:Krupp 2003
4719:References
4665:Ernst Mach
4464:, through
4458:sub-atomic
4348:turbulence
4344:complexity
4270:signed by
4243:solar wind
4193:ΛCDM model
4051:phases of
4029:superfluid
3839:collisions
3720:Geophysics
3696:Biophysics
3612:Black hole
3550:Astrometry
3457:BCS theory
3306:Antimatter
3169:Lev Landau
3029:(MRI) and
3004:multiverse
2984:Physicists
2716:have made
2678:Pythagoras
2607:Paul Dirac
2595:Niels Bohr
2587:Max Planck
2555:Difference
2509:Covariance
2404:Categories
2197:Heisenberg
2157:de Broglie
2107:Rutherford
2102:Sommerfeld
2056:Scientists
1999:Biophysics
1849:Randomness
1786:Paul Dirac
1756:Niels Bohr
1746:Max Planck
1468:pneumatics
1440:kinematics
1322:naturalism
1318:empiricism
1308:and time,
1254:Democritus
1234:Philosophy
1196:Paul Dirac
1144:Max Planck
1111:Max Planck
1096:See also:
1028:telescopes
931:perception
844: – c.
842: 965
809:inherited
757:Archimedes
626:Democritus
519:, and the
359:biophysics
333:, perhaps
316:scientific
147:Geophysics
132:Biophysics
8834:Molecular
8735:Acoustics
8728:Continuum
8723:Celestial
8713:Newtonian
8700:Classical
8643:Divisions
7441:119476972
7082:Aaboe, A.
6961:1009.4874
6715:122055331
6658:Kerr 2009
6596:See also
6445:Levy 2001
6391:23 August
5904:theories.
5584:121957320
5576:0374-3535
5370:1476-4687
5293:0256-4947
4812:"physics"
4698:arXiv.org
4450:phenomena
4445:scientist
4441:physicist
4433:Physicist
4401:education
4384:Education
4317:neutrinos
4150:gamma-ray
3939:molecular
3748:Photonics
3684:Acoustics
3664:Supernova
3554:Cosmology
3546:Astronomy
3514:Magnetism
3469:Fermi gas
3370:Photonics
3189:Concepts
3183:Subfields
3099:magnetite
3095:lodestone
3079:electrons
3075:neutrinos
3069:(such as
3063:phenomena
3055:mechanics
2953:Lightning
2942:free fall
2938:astronaut
2871:that the
2867:With the
2843:mechanics
2763:reactions
2706:estimated
2694:empirical
2665:cosmology
2649:lava flow
2619:spacetime
2504:Causality
2392:Uhlenbeck
2382:Zeilinger
2342:Gell-Mann
2072:Becquerel
2029:Cosmology
1711:ν
1708:μ
1699:κ
1690:ν
1687:μ
1679:Λ
1671:ν
1668:μ
1643:⟩
1625:ψ
1601:ℏ
1592:⟩
1574:ψ
1562:^
1517:at rest,
1499:magnetism
1420:acoustics
1408:Classical
1349:Platonist
1277:and its "
1262:firmament
1059:chemistry
971:Classical
878:Al-Farisi
772:Aristotle
666:Aristotle
644:(384–322
641:Aristotle
622:Leucippus
611:rejected
513:Sumerians
505:Astronomy
496:from the
430:The word
398:mechanics
339:chemistry
331:astronomy
320:physicist
190:Physicist
152:Mechanics
117:Acoustics
9079:Category
9044:Category
8593:Universe
8520:residual
8407:template
8236:21474747
8131:47168716
8104:, 2 vols
8006:(2004).
7982:(1997).
7829:(1878).
7775:(1970).
7687:(1951).
7675:31 March
7649:19833930
7501:(1996).
7409:: 3–34.
7301:(1965).
7242:19113681
7192:22798574
7144:53887772
6943:Archived
6899:21242127
6824:25762263
6766:41178069
6637:Archived
6612:Archived
6601:Archived
6582:29 April
6576:Archived
6516:Archived
6496:31 March
6490:Archived
6385:Archived
6335:Archived
6283:Archived
6196:Archived
6119:Archived
5974:25519115
5897:31 March
5891:Archived
5744:Archived
5718:Archived
5588:Archived
5531:Archived
5527:Symmetry
5507:Cho 2012
5486:Archived
5482:Fermilab
5425:Archived
5311:18059131
5222:11 April
5216:Archived
5192:11 April
5186:Archived
5139:(1638).
5121:15 April
4991:Archived
4893:ἐπιστήμη
4854:Archived
4844:"physic"
4822:Archived
4590:'s 1620
4499:See also
4474:universe
4174:Big Bang
4142:infrared
4111:universe
4031:and the
4003:rubidium
3937:Atomic,
3668:Universe
3587:Big Bang
3396:Molecule
3269:M-theory
3051:calculus
2898:Research
2851:forensic
2732:Ontology
2647:-shaped
2645:parabola
2549:Particle
2524:Symmetry
2387:Goudsmit
2377:Lawrence
2372:Chadwick
2367:Shockley
2327:'t Hooft
2277:Millikan
2262:Poincaré
2252:Lemaître
2122:Einstein
1964:Particle
1886:Branches
1869:Particle
1819:Topology
1813:Concepts
1761:Max Born
1740:Founders
1491:infrared
1444:dynamics
1074:and the
1048:calculus
882:Avicenna
870:Al-Kindi
866:Ibn Sahl
820:a priori
570:; later
488:Ancient
413:Big Bang
402:calculus
244:Category
184:Research
110:Branches
97:timeline
84:Glossary
9085:Physics
9064:Commons
8998:Outline
8918:Related
8802:General
8797:Special
8655:Applied
8496:physics
8409:below (
8396:Physics
8214:Bibcode
8206:Science
8191:3657357
8161:3657358
7943:1 April
7916:1 April
7798:"Plato"
7742:Bibcode
7706:Bibcode
7627:Science
7562:474–476
7530:Bibcode
7421:Bibcode
7380:Bibcode
7351:Bibcode
7222:Bibcode
7172:Bibcode
7164:Science
7115:1 April
7074:Sources
6877:Bibcode
6802:Bibcode
6695:Bibcode
5952:Bibcode
5750:31 July
5724:14 June
5492:1 April
5431:1 April
5350:Bibcode
5302:6074172
5153:cubits.
5137:Galileo
4997:1 April
4911:at the
4340:quantum
4241:of the
3963:fission
3955:nucleus
3943:quantum
3882:photons
3858:leptons
3640:Gravity
3195:Nuclear
3137:nuclear
3065:, from
3035:Feynman
2702:precise
2539:Quantum
2362:Bardeen
2332:Veltman
2302:Feynman
2272:Penrose
2267:Wheeler
2257:Thomson
2242:Hawking
2217:Hilbert
2212:Moseley
2172:Compton
2147:Kramers
2127:Wilczek
2077:Lorentz
2067:Röntgen
1969:Nuclear
1892:Applied
1859:Entropy
1436:statics
1333:Laplace
1326:realism
1267:Physics
1248:. From
1014:of the
719:Physics
702:gravity
686:Physics
618:atomism
567:Odyssey
529:planets
455:phusikḗ
440:physica
432:physics
420:History
343:biology
286:is the
284:Physics
93:History
79:Outline
55:Physics
8829:Atomic
8784:Modern
8634:Major
8426:Curlie
8412:Curlie
8346:
8300:
8281:
8253:
8234:
8189:
8159:
8129:
8119:
8073:
8054:
8035:
8016:
7992:
7964:
7887:
7863:
7839:
7815:
7785:
7666:
7647:
7610:
7587:
7568:
7540:
7511:
7483:
7460:
7439:
7390:
7330:
7311:
7287:
7259:
7240:
7190:
7142:
7132:
7092:
6935:
6897:
6822:
6793:Nature
6764:
6713:
6377:
6096:
6071:
5972:
5944:Nature
5780:21 May
5582:
5574:
5368:
5342:Nature
5309:
5299:
5291:
4885:φυσική
4644:Ørsted
4640:Ritter
4426:Career
4374:said:
4283:magnet
4203:, and
4162:Hubble
4152:, and
4113:, the
4021:solids
4014:phases
3967:fusion
3915:, and
3880:, and
3874:gluons
3862:strong
3854:quarks
3846:fields
3827:matter
3740:Optics
3652:Planet
3636:Galaxy
3624:Cosmos
3510:Phonon
3494:liquid
3486:Phases
3388:Photon
3366:Optics
3326:String
3294:strong
3077:, and
3071:quarks
3019:lasers
3006:, and
2973:theory
2955:is an
2779:charge
2777:, and
2514:Action
2459:atomic
2317:Lenard
2237:Wigner
2227:Jordan
2207:Zeeman
2182:Walton
2082:Planck
2062:Witten
1959:Atomic
1839:Matter
1834:Energy
1529:Modern
1432:motion
1428:forces
1424:optics
1339:, and
1312:, and
1250:Thales
1228:groups
1086:Modern
1061:, and
1022:, the
862:optics
698:motion
609:Thales
597:Greece
467:phúsis
449:φυσική
388:, and
380:, and
308:energy
300:motion
298:, its
292:matter
242:
167:Optics
39:Physis
8187:JSTOR
8157:JSTOR
7437:S2CID
7411:arXiv
7063:(PDF)
7046:(PDF)
7029:(PDF)
6956:arXiv
6773:(PDF)
6762:S2CID
6740:(PDF)
6722:(PDF)
6711:S2CID
6681:(PDF)
5591:(PDF)
5580:S2CID
5552:(PDF)
5534:(PDF)
5523:(PDF)
5477:DONUT
5027:(PDF)
5016:(PDF)
4877:φύσις
4576:Notes
4554:Lists
4468:, to
4443:is a
4405:teach
4053:spins
3957:(see
3498:solid
3408:Laser
3322:Brane
3180:Field
3107:amber
2862:laser
2682:Plato
2643:This
2617:with
2357:Bragg
2352:Raman
2322:Salam
2292:Higgs
2282:Nambu
2232:Dirac
2222:Gödel
2202:Dyson
2187:Fermi
2177:Pauli
2117:Onnes
2112:Soddy
2087:Curie
1864:Light
1824:Space
1386:atoms
1306:space
722:).
700:(and
682:Plato
670:Greek
607:like
561:Iliad
556:Homer
461:φύσις
445:Greek
436:Latin
312:force
74:Index
8755:Wave
8650:Pure
8344:ISBN
8329:2012
8298:ISBN
8279:ISBN
8251:ISBN
8232:PMID
8127:OCLC
8117:ISBN
8071:ISBN
8052:ISBN
8033:ISBN
8014:ISBN
7990:ISBN
7962:ISBN
7945:2014
7918:2014
7885:ISBN
7861:ISBN
7837:ISBN
7813:ISBN
7783:ISBN
7677:2014
7664:ISBN
7645:PMID
7608:ISBN
7585:ISBN
7566:ISBN
7538:ISBN
7509:ISBN
7481:ISBN
7458:ISBN
7388:ISBN
7328:ISBN
7309:ISBN
7285:ISBN
7257:ISBN
7238:PMID
7188:PMID
7140:OCLC
7130:ISBN
7117:2014
7090:ISBN
6933:ISBN
6895:PMID
6820:PMID
6645:2012
6633:NASA
6607:and
6584:2009
6572:NASA
6550:2016
6524:2012
6498:2014
6393:2020
6375:ISBN
6343:2014
6317:2014
6291:2014
6261:2012
6249:CERN
6204:2012
6145:2012
6094:ISBN
6069:ISBN
6038:2016
5970:PMID
5925:and
5899:2014
5873:2012
5782:2013
5752:2012
5726:2013
5572:ISSN
5494:2014
5433:2014
5366:ISSN
5307:PMID
5289:ISSN
5224:2018
5194:2018
5123:2018
5085:2022
5057:2022
5035:2023
4999:2014
4862:2016
4830:2016
4690:CERN
4661:atom
4638:and
4636:Kant
4460:and
4321:mass
4308:and
4227:IBEX
4099:and
4047:and
3965:and
3856:and
3804:and
3660:Star
3534:Spin
3392:Atom
3302:Spin
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