258:(UV-B) to 750 nm (far-red light). Plants use light of different wavelengths as environmental cues to both alter their position and to trigger important developmental transitions. The most prominent wavelength responsible for plant mechanisms is blue light, which can trigger cell elongation, plant orientation, and flowering. One of the most important processes regulated by photoreceptors is known as
262:. When a seed germinates underground in the absence of light, its stem rapidly elongates upwards. When it breaks through the surface of the soil, photoreceptors perceive light. The activated photoreceptors cause a change in developmental program; the plant starts producing chlorophyll and switches to photosynthetic growth.
627:
Smith, Dean P.; Ranganathan, Rama; Hardy, Robert W.; Marx, Julia; Tsuchida, Tammy; Zuker, Charles S. (1991). "Photoreceptor
Deactivation and Retinal Degeneration Mediated by a Photoreceptor-Specific Protein Kinase C".
317:
290:
286:
238:
911:
560:
Li, Xiankun; Ren, Haisheng; Kundu, Mainak; Liu, Zheyun; Zhong, Frank W.; Wang, Lijuan; Gao, Jiali; Zhong, Dongping (2020-08-28).
844:"Photoreceptors in Plant Photomorphogenesis to Date. Five Phytochromes, Two Cryptochromes, One Phototropin, and One Superchrome"
1106:
149:
is exceptional amongst photoreceptors in that it contains no external chromophore. Instead, UVR8 absorbs light through
687:
Kojima, Daisuke; Mori, Suguru; Torii, Masaki; Wada, Akimori; Morishita, Rika; Fukada, Yoshitaka (17 October 2011).
939:
20:
97:, even so photopigment may also refer to the photoreceptor as a whole). The chromophore reacts to light via
1101:
1096:
904:
1111:
1091:
1086:
254:
All the photoreceptors listed above allow plants to sense light with wavelengths range from 280
355:
897:
175:: in vertebrate retina, mediates pupillary reflex, involved in regulation of circadian rhythms
794:
669:
520:
934:
700:
637:
573:
134:
114:
33:
involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are
8:
338:
106:
704:
641:
577:
870:
843:
775:
723:
688:
653:
604:
561:
537:
504:
480:
445:
259:
166:
98:
38:
19:
This article is about molecular photoreceptors. For other types of photoreceptors, see
975:
949:
875:
824:
816:
767:
728:
661:
609:
591:
542:
524:
485:
467:
367:
323:
272:
58:
50:
779:
1053:
1011:
1006:
1001:
865:
855:
806:
759:
748:"Sensing the light environment in plants: photoreceptors and early signaling steps"
718:
708:
645:
599:
581:
532:
516:
475:
457:
382:
280:
235:: blue and UV-A light perception (to mediate phototropism and chloroplast movement)
198:
70:
959:
944:
713:
333:
242:
154:
673:
980:
763:
586:
420:
388:
102:
74:
77:
including control of flowering times in plants and mating seasons in animals.
1080:
1038:
1033:
820:
595:
562:"A leap in quantum efficiency through light harvesting in photoreceptor UVR8"
528:
471:
328:
649:
462:
879:
828:
811:
771:
732:
613:
546:
489:
372:
350:
295:
226:
130:
126:
122:
94:
62:
665:
1058:
1048:
400:
247:
232:
142:
138:
90:
46:
860:
985:
657:
377:
172:
150:
66:
1063:
255:
188:
182:
178:
118:
54:
34:
105:, thus initiating a change of the receptor protein which triggers a
1016:
954:
747:
311:
208:
192:
1026:
1021:
920:
307:
110:
86:
30:
201:: mediates photoreceptor deactivation, and retinal degeneration
42:
746:
GalvĂŁo, Vinicius Costa; Fankhauser, Christian (October 2015).
503:
Rockwell, Nathan C.; Su, Yi-Shin; Lagarias, J. Clark (2006).
689:"UV-Sensitive Photoreceptor Protein OPN5 in Humans and Mice"
265:
889:
220:
204:
146:
842:
Briggs, Winslow R.; Olney, Margaret A. (1 January 2001).
626:
344:
301:
109:
cascade. Chromophores found in photoreceptors include
793:
Christie, John M.; Briggs, Winslow R. (2001-04-13).
69:, as well as responses to light-dark cycles such as
686:
502:
1078:
745:
505:"Phytochrome structure and signaling mechanisms"
792:
361:
181:: reception of various colors of light in the
85:Photoreceptor proteins typically consist of a
905:
559:
160:
57:. They mediate light responses as varied as
841:
283:: in unicellular algae, mediates phototaxis
214:
912:
898:
444:Lin, Chentao; Todo, Takeshi (2005-04-29).
869:
859:
810:
722:
712:
603:
585:
536:
479:
461:
266:Photoreceptors in phototactic flagellates
521:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144208
795:"Blue Light Sensing in Higher Plants *"
443:
1079:
345:Photoreception and signal transduction
302:Photoreceptors in archaea and bacteria
893:
191:: green-blue light reception in the
13:
14:
1123:
250:: red and far-red light reception
53:and bacteriophytochromes in some
241:: blue light entrainment of the
940:Post-translational modification
799:Journal of Biological Chemistry
752:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
229:: blue and UV-A light reception
835:
786:
739:
680:
620:
553:
509:Annual Review of Plant Biology
496:
437:
413:
145:in plants). The plant protein
21:Photoreceptor (disambiguation)
1:
406:
919:
714:10.1371/journal.pone.0026388
153:residues within its protein
80:
7:
394:
362:Responses to photoreception
133:in plants and animals) and
10:
1128:
1107:Integral membrane proteins
981:Protein structural domains
764:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.013
587:10.1038/s41467-020-17838-6
421:"Rhodopsin | biochemistry"
305:
164:
89:attached to a non-protein
18:
994:
968:
927:
161:Photoreceptors in animals
356:Visual phototransduction
215:Photoreceptors in plants
16:Molecular photoreceptors
650:10.1126/science.1962207
463:10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220
425:Encyclopedia Britannica
93:(sometimes referred as
812:10.1074/jbc.R100004200
223:: UV-B light reception
27:Photoreceptor proteins
1044:Photoreceptor protein
566:Nature Communications
115:retinylidene proteins
935:Protein biosynthesis
195:of vertebrate retina
185:of vertebrate retina
29:are light-sensitive
1102:Biological pigments
1097:Signal transduction
861:10.1104/pp.125.1.85
805:(15): 11457–11460.
705:2011PLoSO...626388K
642:1991Sci...254.1478S
636:(5037): 1478–1484.
578:2020NatCo..11.4316L
446:"The cryptochromes"
339:Cyanobacteriochrome
318:Bacteriophytochrome
107:signal transduction
39:photoreceptor cells
260:photomorphogenesis
167:Photoreceptor cell
99:photoisomerization
41:of the vertebrate
1112:Molecular biology
1092:Sensory receptors
1074:
1073:
976:Protein structure
950:Protein targeting
368:Visual perception
324:bacteriorhodopsin
273:Eyespot apparatus
59:visual perception
51:bacteriorhodopsin
1119:
1087:Circadian rhythm
1054:Phycobiliprotein
1012:Globular protein
1007:Membrane protein
1002:List of proteins
914:
907:
900:
891:
890:
884:
883:
873:
863:
848:Plant Physiology
839:
833:
832:
814:
790:
784:
783:
743:
737:
736:
726:
716:
684:
678:
677:
624:
618:
617:
607:
589:
557:
551:
550:
540:
500:
494:
493:
483:
465:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
417:
383:Circadian rhythm
281:Channelrhodopsin
199:Protein Kinase C
71:circadian rhythm
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1034:Fibrous protein
990:
964:
960:Protein methods
945:Protein folding
923:
918:
888:
887:
840:
836:
791:
787:
744:
740:
685:
681:
625:
621:
558:
554:
501:
497:
442:
438:
429:
427:
419:
418:
414:
409:
397:
364:
347:
334:Proteorhodopsin
314:
304:
268:
243:circadian clock
217:
207:: sensitive to
169:
163:
155:coding sequence
83:
75:photoperiodisms
49:in plants, and
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
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1061:
1056:
1046:
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1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
972:
970:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
925:
924:
917:
916:
909:
902:
894:
886:
885:
834:
785:
738:
699:(10): e26388.
679:
619:
552:
495:
450:Genome Biology
436:
411:
410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
396:
393:
392:
391:
389:Photoperiodism
386:
380:
375:
370:
363:
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359:
358:
353:
346:
343:
342:
341:
336:
331:
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293:
284:
267:
264:
252:
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245:
236:
230:
224:
216:
213:
212:
211:
202:
196:
186:
176:
162:
159:
141:, for example
129:, for example
117:, for example
103:photoreduction
82:
79:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1124:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:Chromoprotein
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
971:
967:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
926:
922:
915:
910:
908:
903:
901:
896:
895:
892:
881:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
615:
611:
606:
601:
597:
593:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
548:
544:
539:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
491:
487:
482:
477:
473:
469:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
426:
422:
416:
412:
402:
399:
398:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Halorhodopsin
327:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
313:
309:
297:
296:Flavoproteins
294:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
274:
263:
261:
257:
249:
246:
244:
240:
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222:
219:
218:
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177:
174:
171:
170:
168:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:flavoproteins
124:
121:in animals),
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1043:
854:(1): 85–88.
851:
847:
837:
802:
798:
788:
755:
751:
741:
696:
692:
682:
633:
629:
622:
569:
565:
555:
512:
508:
498:
453:
449:
439:
428:. Retrieved
424:
415:
401:Biliproteins
385:(body clock)
373:Phototropism
351:Visual cycle
270:
269:
253:
227:Cryptochrome
139:biliproteins
131:cryptochrome
95:photopigment
84:
63:phototropism
26:
25:
1059:Phytochrome
1049:Biliprotein
572:(1): 4316.
515:: 837–858.
291:volvoxopsin
287:Chlamyopsin
271:(Also see:
248:Phytochrome
233:Phototropin
143:phytochrome
91:chromophore
47:phytochrome
1081:Categories
986:Proteasome
969:Structures
456:(5): 220.
430:2021-01-21
407:References
378:Phototaxis
306:See also:
183:cone cells
173:Melanopsin
165:See also:
151:tryptophan
73:and other
67:phototaxis
1064:Lipocalin
928:Processes
821:0021-9258
758:: 46–53.
674:213560980
596:2041-1723
529:1543-5008
472:1474-760X
193:rod cells
189:Rhodopsin
179:Photopsin
119:rhodopsin
81:Structure
35:rhodopsin
1017:Globulin
955:Proteome
921:Proteins
880:11154303
829:11279226
780:12390801
772:25638281
733:22043319
693:PLOS ONE
670:ProQuest
614:32859932
547:16669784
490:15892880
395:See also
322:sensory
312:Bacteria
239:Zeitlupe
209:UV-light
55:bacteria
31:proteins
1027:Albumin
1022:Edestin
871:1539332
724:3197025
701:Bibcode
666:1962207
658:2879432
638:Bibcode
630:Science
605:7455749
574:Bibcode
538:2664748
481:1175950
308:Archaea
111:retinal
87:protein
37:in the
878:
868:
827:
819:
778:
770:
731:
721:
672:
664:
656:
612:
602:
594:
545:
535:
527:
488:
478:
470:
123:flavin
43:retina
995:Types
776:S2CID
654:JSTOR
135:bilin
876:PMID
825:PMID
817:ISSN
768:PMID
729:PMID
662:PMID
610:PMID
592:ISSN
543:PMID
525:ISSN
486:PMID
468:ISSN
310:and
289:and
221:UVR8
205:OPN5
147:UVR8
65:and
866:PMC
856:doi
852:125
807:doi
803:276
760:doi
719:PMC
709:doi
646:doi
634:254
600:PMC
582:doi
533:PMC
517:doi
476:PMC
458:doi
101:or
1083::
874:.
864:.
850:.
846:.
823:.
815:.
801:.
797:.
774:.
766:.
756:34
754:.
750:.
727:.
717:.
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691:.
668:.
660:.
652:.
644:.
632:.
608:.
598:.
590:.
580:.
570:11
568:.
564:.
541:.
531:.
523:.
513:57
511:.
507:.
484:.
474:.
466:.
452:.
448:.
423:.
256:nm
157:.
61:,
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899:v
882:.
858::
831:.
809::
782:.
762::
735:.
711::
703::
697:6
676:.
648::
640::
616:.
584::
576::
549:.
519::
492:.
460::
454:6
433:.
275:)
137:(
125:(
113:(
23:.
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