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333:: namely, that justification as possession of forgiving grace by faith is indeed not conditioned by obedience; but also that the new life is presupposed by obedience and works springing out of the same justification. But neither Major nor Menius was sufficiently firm in his view to stand against the charge of denying the doctrine of justification and going over to the Roman camp, and thus they were driven back to the general proposition of justification by faith alone. The
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164:, afterward to be numbered among the vehement opponents of Philippism; both of whom formally and materially received the forms of doctrine shaped by Melanchthon. As long as Luther lived, the conflict with external foes and the work of building up the Evangelical Church so absorbed the Reformers that the internal differences which had already begun to show themselves were kept in the background.
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494:, the loci of Melanchthon of the later editions, and of the Corpus Philippicum, met by the challenge from the other side that these were an attack upon the pure teaching and authority of Luther. Both sides claimed the victory, and the Leipzig and Wittenberg Philippists issued a justification of their position in the
452:) were denounced as dangerous errors and corruptions. It led, however, to discord among the Jena theologians themselves, since Strigel defended against Flacius Melanchthon's doctrine on sin and grace, and drew upon himself very rough treatment from the impetuous duke. But the ultimate outcome was the decline of the
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professors and the replacing of them by
Philippists. It seemed for the time that the Thuringian opposition to the Philippism of Electoral Saxony was broken; but with the downfall of John Frederick and the accession of his brother John William to power, the tables were turned; the Philippists at Jena
506:
Pure
Lutheranism was now fortified in a number of local churches by Corpora doctrinæ of a strict nature, and the work for concord went on more and more definitely along the lines of eliminating Melanchthonism. The Philippists, fully alarmed, attempted not only to consolidate in Electoral Saxony but
411:
in this and the following years, which showed a tendency to work not so much for the reconciliation of the contending parties as for a personal humiliation of
Melanchthon. He, although deeply wounded, showed great restraint in his public utterances; but his followers in Leipzig and Wittenberg paid
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had held closely to the formula of
Melanchthon) and Amsdorf and Flacius, Strigel went deeper into the matter in 1559 and insisted that grace worked upon sinful men as upon personalities, not natural objects without a will; and that in the position that there was a spontaneous cooperation of human
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nothing but a narrow and contentious class, which, ignoring the inherent teaching of Luther, sought to domineer over the church by letter and name, and in addition to assert its own ambitious self. On the other hand, the
Philippists regarded themselves as the faithful guardians of learning over
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in 1557, where the
Flacian party did not hesitate, even in the presence of Roman Catholics, to show their enmity for Melanchthon and his followers. After several well-meant attempts at pacification on the part of the Lutheran princes, the most passionate outbreak occurred in the last year of
208:, he ruined his position with a large part of the Evangelical theologians. An opposition party was formed in which the leadership was assumed by Flacius in view of his learning, controversial ability, and inflexible firmness. Melanchthon, on the other hand, with his faithful followers
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Saxony and began to drive out not only strict
Lutheran zealots like Heshusius and Wigand, but all who refused their subscription to the Consensus, the Philippists thought they were on the way to a victory which should give them all Germany. But the unquestionably Calvinist work of
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to gain ascendency over the entire German
Evangelical Church. They met their downfall first in Electoral Saxony. The conclusion of the Altenburg Colloquy prompted the elector, in Aug., 1569, to issue orders that all the ministers in his domains should hold to the
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to an essential of
Lutheran teaching. The Wittenberg pronouncement on the subject prudently confined itself to Biblical expressions and forewarned itself against unnecessary disputations, which only strengthened the suspicion of unavowed sympathy with Calvin.
511:, intending thus to avoid Flacian exaggerations and guard the pure original doctrine of Luther and Melanchthon in the days of their union. But the Wittenberg men interpreted it as an approval of their Philippism, especially in regard to the
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decline. It was a misfortune not only for
Melanchthon but for the whole Lutheran body, that he who had formerly stood as a teacher by the side Luther, the original leader, was now forced suddenly into the position to head not only the
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of 1569. The Elector August was now very anxious to restore peace in the Saxon territories, and John William agreed to call a conference at Altenburg (Oct. 21, 1568), in which the principal representatives of Philippism were
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269:, in both of which the Philippists had the majority; and the bitter personal antagonism felt at Wittenberg for Flacius, who assailed his former teachers harshly and made all reconciliation impossible.
382:, the more they mistrusted every announcement of a formula of the Lord's Supper after the form of Luther's doctrine yet obscure. The controversy on this subject, in which Melanchthon's friend
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540:'s hands opened his eyes. The heads of the Philippist party were imprisoned and roughly handled, and the Torgau Confession of 1574 completed their downfall. By the adoption of the
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of 1571, with which is connected the protest of the Hessian theologians in conference at Ziegenhain in 1570 against Flacian Lutheranism and in favor of Philippism.
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closed the controversy by avoiding both extremes, but failed to offer a final solution of the question demanded by the original motive of the controversy. The
317:, or as Menius preferred to say "the new obedience, the new life, is necessary to salvation," they were not only conscious of the danger that the doctrine of
490:, and of the other side Wigand, Cölestin, and Kirchner. It led to no result, although it continued until the following March. The Philippists asserted the
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their cause was ruined in all the territories which accepted it, although in some others it survived under the aspect of a modified Lutheranism, as in
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341:, breaking out about the same time, also sprang out of the ethical interest which had induced Melanchthon to enunciate the doctrine of
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sought to strike a decisive blow at Philippism. This was apparent at the Weimar meeting of 1556 and in the negotiations of Coswig and
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formulation of doctrine, a large number of disciples among whom were included some of the most zealous Lutherans, such as
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view. The suspicions now entertained against Melanchthon and his school were quickened by the renewed outbreak of the
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of 1571, a cleverly worded document; and when on the death of John William, in 1574, August assumed the regency in
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also claimed to be representatives of the pure doctrine, defenders of orthodoxy, and heirs of the spirit of
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forces, as a means to which end they attempted to break down by this attitude the barriers which separated
249:. Personal, political, and ecclesiastical animosities widened the breach; such as the rivalry between the
108:, who were all adherents of Melanchthon's distinctive views, especially those in which he approximated to
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was the designation usually applied in the latter half of the sixteenth century to the followers of
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and moral laxity but they manifested a tendency to bring into account the necessary connection of
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but the entire Evangelical Church of Germany. There was among Luther's associates, notably
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But no sooner was Luther dead than did the internal, as well as the external, peace of the
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their opponents back in their own coin. The heat of partizan feeling was displayed at the
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and then with Heshusius, leading to his deposition in 1561, elevated the doctrine of
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The actual conflict began with the controversy over the Interim and the question of
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and the person of Christ. They pacified the elector, who had become uneasy, by the
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Melanchthon's life, 1559, in connection with the "Weimar Confutation" published by
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against the alleged "barbarism," and as the mean between the extremes. The
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688:. Vol. IX (third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
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of the Saxon house (now extruded from the electoral dignity) and the
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672: This article incorporates text from a publication in the
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in 1548 and the following years. In the negotiations concerning the
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to designate a distinct party organized by Melanchthon's son-in-law
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powers released by grace there was an actual lapse into the
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Issues / people / publications involved
349:. After the clash in 1555 between Pfeffinger (who in his
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were again displaced (1568–69) by the strict Lutherans,
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New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
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96:. It probably originated among the opposite or
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1137:The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ
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710:Philippism – Melanchthon and the Consequences
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649:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJackson1914 (
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41:and should be built from multiple sources.
564:as a victim to this unpopular revival of
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428:, in which together with the errors of
378:entertained a dread of the invasion of
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678:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914).
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366:accused Melanchthon of agreement with
285:the Wittenberg theologians as well as
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532:(1574), and a confidential letter of
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39:it is a near-copy-paste of its source
236:, and others saw in the self-styled
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261:and the electoral universities of
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289:and the intimate of Melanchthon,
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530:Exegesis perspicua de sacra cœna
351:Propositiones de libero arbitrio
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124:. Somewhat later it was used in
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309:put forth the proposition that
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345:in opposition to his previous
77:. Their opponents were called
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176:Melanchthon as an old man by
386:of Bremen was involved with
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1086:Augsburg Confession Variata
509:Corpus doctrinæ Philippicum
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492:Augsburg Confession of 1540
488:Caspar Cruciger the Younger
112:doctrine on the subject of
33:to comply with Knowledge's
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230:Caspar Cruciger the Elder
168:Opposition to Melanchthon
456:, the deposition of the
190:University of Wittenberg
73:formed a party in early
50:may contain suggestions.
31:may need to be rewritten
339:synergistic controversy
178:Lucas Cranach the Elder
712:by JĂĽrgen Diestelmann.
446:Majoristic Controversy
374:. The more the German
319:justification by faith
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362:controversy in 1552.
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85:Before Luther's death
966:Nicolaus von Amsdorf
704:Christian Cyclopedia
548:, or, as in Nassau,
536:which fell into the
517:Consensus Dresdensis
321:alone would lead to
194:Nikolaus von Amsdorf
419:Duke John Frederick
414:Conference of Worms
399:Lutheran strictures
94:Philipp Melanchthon
1200:Formula of Concord
1081:Philip Melanchthon
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923:Philip Melanchthon
918:Francesco Stancaro
873:Philip Melanchthon
542:Formula of Concord
454:University of Jena
335:Formula of Concord
313:were necessary to
301:at Wittenberg and
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234:Victorinus Strigel
210:Joachim Camerarius
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162:Tilemann Heshusius
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848:Descent into Hell
840:Descent into Hell
809:Johannes Agricola
647:, pp. 33–34.
609:, pp. 32–33.
496:Endlicher Bericht
347:predestinarianism
287:Johann Pfeffinger
243:genuine Lutherans
238:genuine Lutherans
222:Johann Pfeffinger
116:and the value of
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35:quality standards
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1131:Gnesio-Lutherans
1111:Johannes Saliger
1096:Joachim Westphal
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1049:Matthias Flacius
1024:Gnesio-Lutherans
1014:Matthias Flacius
981:Gnesio-Lutherans
933:Andreas Musculus
928:Matthias Flacius
908:Andreas Osiander
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878:Matthias Flacius
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291:George of Anhalt
255:Albertine branch
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44:You can help
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991:Synergistic
976:Philippists
956:Georg Major
883:Philippists
829:Philippists
767:Controversy
702:article in
700:Philippists
662:Works cited
558:Christian I
450:adiaphorism
438:Antinomians
422: [
368:John Calvin
299:Georg Major
214:Georg Major
90:Philippists
75:Lutheranism
71:Philippists
948:Majoristic
899:Osiandrian
819:Anton Otto
790:Antinomian
773:Resolution
572:References
311:good works
263:Wittenberg
154:scholastic
150:Calvinists
142:Protestant
118:good works
102:Wittenberg
566:Calvinism
554:Calvinism
546:Nuremberg
521:Ernestine
484:Paul Eber
475:Heshusius
409:Magdeburg
380:Calvinism
376:Lutherans
343:free will
315:salvation
279:Adiaphora
226:Paul Eber
206:adiaphora
146:Lutherans
114:free will
48:talk page
1214:Category
748:Lutheran
502:Downfall
471:Kirchner
467:Cölestin
430:Servetus
392:ubiquity
1173:1640-86
1145:1561–63
1066:1560–75
1041:Flacian
1038:1560–75
988:1555–60
945:1551–62
895:1549–66
860:1548–55
837:1533–53
786:1527–56
775:
676::
538:elector
442:Zwingli
267:Leipzig
132:, with
106:Leipzig
746:Early
473:, and
436:, the
126:Saxony
46:. The
550:Hesse
426:]
307:Gotha
37:, as
762:Date
651:help
632:help
613:help
594:help
486:and
403:The
329:and
265:and
200:and
160:and
148:and
104:and
69:The
1076:VII
903:III
305:at
1216::
1151:XI
994:II
951:VI
843:IX
800:VI
682:.
580:^
568:.
528:,
469:,
465:,
448:,
440:,
432:,
424:de
232:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
136:,
81:.
1202:.
1044:I
868:X
797:V
739:e
732:t
725:v
706:.
653:)
634:)
615:)
596:)
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