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186:, recording that enemies of Pericles tried to attack him through Phidias – who was accused of stealing gold intended for the Parthenon's statue of Athena, and of impiously portraying himself and Pericles on the shield of the statue. The historical value of this account, as well as the legend about accusations against the 'Periclean circle', is debatable, but
579:, Phidias was accused of embezzlement. Specifically, he was charged with shortchanging the amount of gold that was supposed to be used for the statue and keeping the extra for himself. It seems that the charge was politically motivated – a result of his friendship with Pericles, who had many enemies in Athens.
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According to
Plutarch, Phidias was made an object of attack by the political enemies of Pericles. His workman Menon is said to have been at least partially responsible for his downfall: Plutarch states that Menon sat in the marketplace begging for protection in exchange for bringing charges against
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after he completed the Statue of Zeus at
Olympia for them. From the late 5th century BC, small copies of the statue of Zeus were found on coins from Elis, which give a general notion of the pose and the character of the head. The god was seated on a throne, every part of which was used for
642:
A significant advancement in the knowledge of
Phidias' working methodology came during 1954–58 with the excavation of the workshop at Olympia where he created the Statue of Zeus. Tools, terracotta molds and a cup inscribed on the bottom "Φειδίου εἰμί" (Pheidíou eimí) – "I belong to Phidias";
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literally: "of
Phidias I am", were found here, just where Pausanias said the statue was constructed. The discovery has enabled archaeologists to re-create the techniques used to make the statue and confirm its date.
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Of
Phidias' life, little is known apart from his works. Although no original works exist that can be attributed to him with certainty, numerous Roman copies of varying degrees of fidelity are known to exist.
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in Athens. Both sculptures belong to about the middle of the 5th century BC. A number of replicas and works inspired by it, both ancient and modern, have been made. Upon completing the
327:, a Roman-era statue of Athena Parthenos considered to be the most faithful reproduction of the chryselephantine statue made by Phidias and his assistants, as displayed in the
168:, a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. Phidias was the son of Charmides of Athens. The ancients believed that his masters were
447:
In 447 BC, Pericles commissioned several sculptures for Athens from
Phidias to celebrate the Greek victory against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon during the
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The Delian team was an association of approximately 150 Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the
Persian Empire.
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Phidias. He was subsequently provided with safety by the state and exempted from public duties. Accordingly, Phidias was imprisoned and died in prison at Athens.
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BC. It is therefore possible that most of sculptural decoration of the
Parthenon was the work of Phidias' workshop including pupils of Phidias, such as
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to prove his innocence, but was then accused of impiously portraying himself and
Pericles on the shield of the statue, which was apparently true.
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sculptural decoration. His body was of ivory, his robe of gold. His head was of a somewhat archaic type; the bust of Zeus found at
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sculptural design. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of all ancient Greek sculptors.
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Ivory head of Apollo, perhaps carved by
Phidias, looted in 1995 by Pietro Casasanta and repatriated to Italy in 2003
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after Phidias. However, Barr later wrote that he thought it unlikely that Phidias actually used the golden ratio.
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or permanent moral level of his works as compared with those of the later so called "pathetic" school. Both
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at Paris, which has lost its head, gives some idea of what the original statue may have looked like.
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428:. Ancient critics take a very high view of the merits of Phidias. They especially praise the
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369:. On the Acropolis of Athens, Phidias constructed a colossal bronze statue of Athena, the
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For the ancient Greeks, two works of Phidias far outshone all others: the colossal
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Birte Lundgreen, "A Methodological Enquiry: The Great Bronze Athena by Phidias"
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A copy of a work by Phidias or one of his pupils: head of Athena, found around
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391:, Phidias made two other statues of Athena, as well as a statue of the goddess
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For the Australian artist who used the pseudonym "Phidias" in radio talks, see
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BC torsos of Athena have been found at Athens. The torso of Athena in the
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writes that he superintended the great works ordered by Greek statesman
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247: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Understanding Greek sculpture : ancient meanings, modern readings
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Understanding Greek sculpture : ancient meanings, modern readings
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Cunningham, Lawrence S.; Reich, John J.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2016).
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1340:. Vol. 10–11. International Business Machines Corporation. 1944.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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451:(490 BC). Pericles used some of the money from the maritime
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Understanding Greek sculpture: ancient meanings, modern readings
492:. He described it as "the best of all Pheidias's works to see".
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Plutarch records that Phidias was imprisoned and died in jail.
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The earliest of Phidias' works were dedications in memory of
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One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works,
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he created a great group in bronze including the figures of
132:, painter, and architect, active in the 5th century BC. His
1380:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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402:, Phidias was celebrated for his statues in bronze and his
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calls his statues sublime, and at the same time precise.
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Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities, Volume I
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and Plutarch mention works of his depicting the warlike
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Phidias is often credited as the main instigator of the
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of wisdom and warriors and the protector of Athens. At
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discusses Phidias' friendship with the Greek statesman
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According to Pausanias (1.28.2), the original bronze
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mentions an incident with Phidias around that time.
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27:
Greek sculptor, painter and architect (c.480–430 BC)
375:, which was visible far out at sea. Athena was the
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140:. Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess
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1057:Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens
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582:Phidias supposedly weighed the gold robe of the
406:works (statues made of gold and ivory). In the
1900:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
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1310:. London: Constable and Company Ltd. p.
208:, Phidias is depicted enthroned on the right.
1170:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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500:in a statue of which the head is located in
1325:Barr, Mark (1929). "Parameters of beauty".
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868:who participated in the tyranny at Athens.
395:in ivory and gold for the people of Elis.
633:The workshop of Phidias at Olympia (2005)
307:Learn how and when to remove this message
1366:
1154:
1126:"Athenian impiety trials: a reappraisal"
1078:. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp.
1028:Clayton, Peter A; Price, Martin (2013).
973:. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp.
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1189:. New York: Thames and Hudson. p.
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1031:The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
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496:suggested that he found a copy of the
329:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
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1427:
1059:. The Symphonette Press. p. 105.
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459:were not brought to Athens until 434
416:unlike many sculptors of his time.
245:adding citations to reliable sources
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24:
2056:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
2051:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
138:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
25:
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1419:Phidias as a first name in the US
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1238:A Walking Tour of Olympia, Greece
2036:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
1950:Korai of the Acropolis of Athens
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944:. Cengage Learning. p. 88.
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1630:Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos
1620:Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
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1695:Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
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557:BC), which was erected in the
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2046:Siege of the Acropolis (1687)
1251:Olympia, Workshop of Pheidias
1034:. Routledge. pp. 62–63.
814:
603:
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523:A reconstruction of Phidias'
481:
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1332:. Vol. 60. p. 325.
1055:Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974).
881:the neoplatonic philosopher.
488:BC) for Athenians living on
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1760:Temple of Roma and Augustus
1745:Choragic Monument of Nikias
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892:"Ageladas | Greek sculptor"
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535:in 1572, from a drawing by
204:In this painting by artist
37:For Greek myth figure, see
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2120:Ancient Athenian sculptors
1945:Pediments of the Parthenon
1519:Pediments of the Parthenon
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1270:; Lehmann, Ingmar (2011).
809:Pediments of the Parthenon
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1835:Giovanni Battista Lusieri
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1524:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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1273:The Glorious Golden Ratio
1255:Perseus Building Catalog,
1224:Oxford Dictionary of Art,
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525:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
134:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
2110:Ancient Greek architects
2100:5th-century BC Athenians
1940:Metopes of the Parthenon
1600:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
1336:"Parameters of beauty".
877:Not to be confused with
730:, representation on coin
638:Archaeological discovery
480:was created by Phidias (
346:as a central figure. At
61:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
2041:Sack of Athens (267 AD)
1377:Encyclopædia Britannica
1167:Encyclopædia Britannica
1142:10.13130/1128-8221/4290
1124:Filonik, Jakub (2013).
896:Encyclopedia Britannica
804:Ancient Greek sculpture
651:By 1910, mathematician
1990:Nike Fixing her Sandal
1715:Altar of Athena Polias
1615:Sanctuary of Asclepius
1388:Part III of Stewart's
1268:Posamentier, Alfred S.
1181:Spivey, Nigel (1996).
1070:Spivey, Nigel (1996).
965:Spivey, Nigel (1996).
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537:Maarten van Heemskerck
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130:Ancient Greek sculptor
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1595:Temple of Athena Nike
1394:Yale University Press
1302:Cook, Theodore Andrea
632:
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367:Miltiades the Younger
322:
203:
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2010:Athena Marsyas Group
1895:Old Acropolis Museum
1865:Panagiotis Kavvadias
1840:Reverend Philip Hunt
1725:Sanctuary of Pandion
1690:Old Temple of Athena
1415:at Wikimedia Commons
1112:The Life of Pericles
693:named after Phidias.
514:École des Beaux-Arts
365:heroes, and General
241:improve this article
49:Phidias Showing the
2115:Acropolis of Athens
2020:Three-Bodied Daemon
2015:Nike of Callimachus
1605:Pedestal of Agrippa
1566:Acropolis of Athens
504:and the body is at
39:Pheidas (mythology)
1825:Francesco Morosini
1307:The Curves of Life
761:Reconstruction of
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146:Athenian Acropolis
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1735:Odeon of Pericles
1668:Former structures
1573:Extant structures
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1411:Media related to
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1041:978-1-136-74810-3
494:Adolf Furtwängler
325:Varvakeion Athena
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844:
836:
835:
824:
823:
816:
813:
812:
811:
806:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
784:
782:
778:Head of Athena
776:
769:
767:
760:
753:
751:
741:
734:
732:
726:
719:
717:
710:
703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
681:
648:
645:
639:
636:
559:Temple of Zeus
547:Statue of Zeus
533:Philippe Galle
315:
314:
229:
227:
220:
214:
211:
206:Paul Delaroche
57:to his Friends
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2132:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Persian Rider
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:Elgin Marbles
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Pelasgic wall
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:Elgin Marbles
1481:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1363:public domain
1352:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1136:(16): 26–33.
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
980:
976:
971:
970:
961:
953:
947:
943:
936:
922:on 2008-10-16
921:
917:
911:
897:
893:
887:
880:
874:
867:
861:
855:
849:
845:
843:
842:
829:
825:
822:
821:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
788:
783:
779:
773:
768:
764:
763:Athena Lemnia
757:
752:
749:
745:
738:
733:
729:
723:
718:
714:
707:
702:
701:
692:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
654:
644:
631:
627:
625:
620:
616:
613:According to
611:
607: 421 BC
600:
599:
594:
590:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
548:
545:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
515:
507:
503:
499:
498:Athena Lemnia
495:
491:
484: 450–440
479:
478:
477:Athena Lemnia
472:
470:
466:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:
409:Hippias Major
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
330:
326:
321:
311:
308:
300:
289:
286:
282:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
258: –
257:
253:
252:Find sources:
246:
242:
236:
235:
230:This section
228:
224:
219:
218:
213:Life and work
207:
202:
198:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
148:, namely the
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126: 430 BC
116:
108:
107:Ancient Greek
102:
72:
68:
62:
58:
56:
52:
46:
40:
33:
32:Jeffrey Smart
19:
2073:Perserschutt
2071:
1980:Moschophoros
1955:Antenor Kore
1794:
1785:Themistocles
1680:Hekatompedon
1501:
1494:
1487:
1475:
1468:
1454:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1337:
1328:Architecture
1326:
1320:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1240:," about.com
1232:
1223:
1217:
1184:
1176:
1165:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1106:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1001:
968:
960:
941:
935:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
910:
899:. Retrieved
895:
886:
873:
860:
853:
848:
840:
839:
828:
819:
818:
780:, Roman copy
684:4753 Phidias
672:golden ratio
663:
657:Greek letter
650:
641:
612:
596:
593:Aristophanes
591:
588:
583:
581:
576:
566:
541:
497:
475:
473:
446:
438:Athena Areia
407:
397:
370:
337:
333:
303:
297:October 2021
294:
284:
277:
270:
263:
251:
239:Please help
234:verification
231:
192:
188:Aristophanes
178:
159:
149:
114:
70:
66:
65:
48:
1975:Peplos Kore
1965:Kritios Boy
1855:Ludwig Ross
1805:Callicrates
1710:Arrephorion
1705:Pandroseion
1700:Chalkotheke
1585:Erechtheion
1334:Reprinted:
1226:e-Notes.com
1222:"Phidias",
615:Philochorus
469:Agoracritus
154:inside the
2094:Categories
1830:Lord Elgin
1720:Eleusinion
1635:Beulé Gate
1625:Aglaureion
1200:0500278768
1110:Plutarch,
1089:0500278768
1014:Plutarch.
984:0500278768
951:1337514942
926:2008-07-27
901:2019-02-24
815:References
565:, and the
361:, several
352:Greek gods
267:newspapers
158:, and the
124: – c.
122: 480
59:(1868) by
1918:Sculpture
1820:Mardonius
1810:Mnesikles
1750:Klepsydra
1645:Peripatos
1590:Propylaia
1580:Parthenon
1509:Parthenon
1257:about.com
916:"Phidias"
866:Charmides
841:Citations
820:Footnotes
765:, Dresden
713:Aphrodite
688:main-belt
653:Mark Barr
573:Parthenon
553: 432
529:engraving
465:Alcamenes
457:Parthenon
442:Demetrius
434:Pausanias
426:Acropolis
400:antiquity
393:Aphrodite
387:, and at
344:Miltiades
256:"Phidias"
166:Propylaea
156:Parthenon
128:) was an
55:Parthenon
1970:Kore 670
1815:Xerxes I
1790:Pericles
1372:Pheidias
1304:(1914).
1209:36645523
1098:36645523
1018:, p. 31.
993:36645523
864:Not the
798:See also
711:Head of
691:asteroid
670:for the
624:Otricoli
531:made by
422:Pericles
418:Plutarch
340:Marathon
184:Pericles
180:Plutarch
174:Ageladas
115:Pheidias
71:Pheidias
18:Pheidias
1907:at the
1883:Museums
1800:Ictinus
1795:Phidias
1455:Phidias
1413:Phidias
1365::
1348:Sources
698:Gallery
666:) as a
595:' play
563:Olympia
506:Dresden
502:Bologna
424:on the
389:Plataea
381:Pellene
377:goddess
281:scholar
144:on the
111:Φειδίας
67:Phidias
53:of the
2029:Events
1774:People
1462:Legacy
1359:
1284:
1207:
1197:
1096:
1086:
1080:153-54
1038:
991:
981:
948:
879:Hegias
748:Athens
668:symbol
647:Legacy
619:Eleans
555:
527:in an
510:
490:Lemnos
486:
461:
414:marble
385:Achaea
359:Athena
355:Apollo
348:Delphi
283:
276:
269:
262:
254:
170:Hegias
142:Athena
51:Frieze
2079:Moria
1338:Think
1114:, 31.
598:Peace
430:ethos
363:Attic
288:JSTOR
274:books
1330:(NY)
1282:ISBN
1205:OCLC
1195:ISBN
1130:Dike
1094:OCLC
1084:ISBN
1036:ISBN
989:OCLC
979:ISBN
946:ISBN
744:Pnyx
686:, a
467:and
357:and
323:The
260:news
172:and
1392:, (
1374:".
1312:420
1253:,"
1191:158
1138:doi
975:154
660:Phi
561:at
398:In
383:in
243:by
69:or
2096::
1396:).
1276:.
1203:.
1193:.
1164:.
1134:16
1132:.
1128:.
1092:.
1082:.
987:.
977:.
894:.
604:c.
551:c.
482:c.
471:.
440:.
176:.
119:c.
117:;
113:,
109::
105:;
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1447:e
1440:t
1433:v
1314:.
1290:.
1249:"
1211:.
1144:.
1140::
1100:.
1044:.
995:.
954:.
929:.
904:.
664:φ
662:(
601:(
549:(
310:)
304:(
299:)
295:(
285:·
278:·
271:·
264:·
237:.
101:/
98:s
95:ə
92:i
89:d
86:ɪ
83:f
80:ˈ
77:/
73:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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