298:
46:
245:
544:
317:
339:
334:
279:
552:
33:
260:
687:
or putrid. The gleba is known to attract insects, including flies, bees, and beetles, some of which consume the spore-containing slime. It is thought that long-distance spore dispersal is facilitated by these insects, who may deposit in their feces intact spores that survive the passage through the
1433:
Brouwer E, Braat M, van Hoek B, Noteboom R, Oplaat C, de
Peijper R, Smits M, Klok P (2009). "WAD'N GEZWAM! De invloed van schelpenpaden op de paddenstoelendiversiteit van Terschelling" [The influence of shell-covered paths on the fungus diversity of Terschelling].
829:
when in its egg form. Central
Europeans and the Chinese consider the eggs a delicacy. Regarding the edibility of mature specimens, one author commented on the genus in general, "No one with his sense of smell developed would think of eating the members of this group."
627:
resembling plant roots) at the base. The eggs are enclosed in a tough covering and a gelatinous layer that breaks down as the stinkhorn emerges. Mature fruiting bodies may be 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) tall by 3 to 4 cm
494:
198:
787:
species, and thus obtains nutrients by decomposing organic matter. In North
America, it is commonly associated with tree stumps, or roots of stumps that are decomposing in the ground. In
1196:
672:
is cuplike, and typically retains its pink color although it may turn brownish with age. Fruit bodies are short-lived, typically lasting only one or two days.
1453:
Hoiland K. (1975). "The obligate macromycetes of sand dunes in Norway with special regard to the occurrences on Lista Vest-Agder county southwest Norway".
404: in) thick, and is spongy, fragile, and hollow. At the top of the stem is a ridged and pitted, thimble-like cap over which is spread olive-colored
1919:
1971:
1818:
466:
178:
956:
244:
1893:
412:). Shortly after emerging, the gleba liquefies and releases a fetid odor that attracts insects, which help disperse the spores.
1761:
1317:
1135:
1101:
1751:
995:
1718:
1121:
1215:
1728:
1682:
1283:
1273:
1066:
1035:
1025:
765:(including Denmark, Ireland, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, and Wales) Turkey (
2083:
2030:
1976:
1569:
Koretskii PM, Bakayeva EA (1979). "Gasteromycetes of Fomin
Botanical Gardens (Shevchenko State University, Kiev)".
2078:
429:
It is a widely distributed species, and is native to
Eurasia and North America. In Australia, it is probably an
1326:
1958:
1392:
2068:
1588:
Rhind PM, Jones PS (1999). "The floristics and conservation status of sand-dune communities in Wales".
458:
881:
450:
156:
2035:
1986:
1885:
1363:
1127:
1414:
Vimba E. (1997). "Mycological studies of the
Latvian coast of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga".
45:
2073:
514:
212:
1950:
433:. It typically grows in public lawns, yards and gardens, usually in sandy soils. It is said to be
2088:
351:
707:(spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical, with dimensions of 20–25 by 3–4 μm. They have eight
619: in), and are colored rosy-pink to violet. They are typically submerged in the ground with
2063:
1924:
1786:
521:
849:
2022:
486:
188:
140:
2012:
1854:
1416:
Proceedings of the
Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences
1162:
805:
8:
1511:
Lizon P. (1989). "Epigeous
Phallales fungi Gasteromycetidae in Slovakia Czechoslovakia".
766:
446:
1872:
2058:
1675:
British
Puffballs, Earthstars and Stinkhorns: an Account of the British Gasteroid Fungi
1605:
1333:
750:
430:
164:
40:
2007:
1841:
1823:
1757:
1724:
1698:
Wojewoda W. (1965). "Fungi belonging to the family
Phallaceae requiring protection".
1678:
1636:
1609:
1551:
1520:
1493:
1462:
1313:
1279:
1131:
1097:
1062:
1031:
814:
810:
730:
720:
474:
418:
284:
1846:
1597:
1251:
669:
657:
528:
423:
383:
117:
1059:
Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook
711:(slender extensions that attach to the spores), as well as a clamp at their base.
1994:
826:
454:
434:
345:
1963:
661:
533:
Phalli, ex fungorum genere, in Hollandiae sabuletis passim crescentis descriptio
1880:
774:
555:
The pink volva is what remains of the tough outer covering of the immature egg.
478:
87:
1255:
938:
Mémoires de l'Institut National Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Physiques
2052:
1809:
1640:
1555:
1524:
1497:
1466:
1310:
Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide)
788:
758:
680:
77:
1720:
All that the Rain Promises and More: a Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms
1278:. Sydney, NSW, Australia: University of New South Wales Press. p. 199.
754:
324:
1999:
1945:
1906:
1833:
1654:
Wang JR, Bau T (2004). "Notes on Basidiomycetes of Jilin Province (VI)".
1003:
800:
620:
387:
304:
1157:
1155:
1153:
876:
874:
543:
1898:
1601:
796:
708:
379:
107:
1911:
728:, but is distinguished by its white volva. Another similar stinkhorn,
684:
1937:
1867:
1150:
871:
746:
660:
is up to 3 cm wide, hollow, spongy and honeycombed. The head is
97:
57:
1780:
1623:
Kasuya T, Takehashi S, Sanjyo K (2007). "Three species of the genus
1932:
1803:
784:
624:
551:
422:(the common stinkhorn) by the presence of a pink or violet-colored
270:
250:
32:
531:(1512–1575), who wrote a pamphlet on stinkhorn mushrooms in 1564 (
1085:
704:
696:
679:
has been described by some authors as faint and pleasant or like
910:
1859:
844:
842:
762:
375:
67:
1093:
770:
692:
665:
409:
405:
266:
1432:
839:
700:
1307:
792:
825:
Like many other stinkhorns, this species is thought to be
791:, its distribution is more or less restricted to coastal
1312:. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. p. 249.
1242:
Shaw DE, Roberts P (2002). "Bees and phalloid exudate".
795:, while in Poland, it has been noted to avoid humid and
390:
reaches up to 20 cm (8 in) tall by 4 cm (
978:
911:"Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada"
1622:
1361:
Lange M. (1957). "Notes on Danish Gasteromycetes H".
1308:
Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008).
1119:
426:
at the base of the stem, and by differences in odor.
563:
in the egg stage have dimensions of 4 to 6 cm (
1672:
987:
1030:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 8.
699:(translucent), with dimensions of 3–4 by 1–2
664:, ridged and pitted, and covered with olive green
1568:
2050:
928:Ventenat EP. (1798). "Dissertation sur le genre
1194:
1115:
1113:
1027:In the Company of Mushrooms: A Biologist's Tale
1723:. Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 241.
1190:
1188:
1186:
1562:
1537:
1023:
1017:
656: in) thick. The white- or cream-colored
1743:
1691:
1531:
1473:
1409:
1407:
1342:: The Common Stinkhorn (MushroomExpert.Com)"
1303:
1301:
1267:
1265:
1110:
927:
467:Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck
1749:
1697:
1479:
1446:
1426:
1381:
1375:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1183:
1123:Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States
1120:Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007).
961:. Göttingen: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 246
954:
921:
737:
1666:
1616:
1587:
1452:
1056:
948:
757:mulch used in gardening and landscaping),
31:
1710:
1581:
1504:
1404:
1354:
1298:
1271:
1262:
1061:. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 244.
799:forest soils, and live in symbiosis with
1716:
1673:Pegler DN, Læssøe T, Spooner BM (1995).
1647:
1510:
1413:
1360:
1232:
1080:
1078:
1050:
550:
547:A cross-section of the immature egg-form
542:
477:. According to the taxonomical database
1653:
1480:Zabawski J. (1976). "New localities of
1275:A Field Guide To The Fungi Of Australia
1084:
972:
892:. International Mycological Association
860:. International Mycological Association
809:. The mushroom is one of three species
16:Dune stinkhorn or sand stinkhorn fungus
2051:
1753:The Mushroom Book (Cooking in America)
416:may be distinguished from the similar
1785:
1784:
1484:new record in the northwest Poland".
1075:
915:National General Status Working Group
1987:ebf45e08-26ad-46aa-95f8-1a6c36356845
1513:Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae
993:
903:
1542:found in Sodermanland, SE Sweden".
1486:Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica
996:"A mycological voice from the past"
803:grasses and the black locust tree,
734:has a smooth, not reticulate head.
724:has the same overall appearance as
13:
714:
527:is named after the Dutch botanist
14:
2100:
932:" [Dissertation on the genus
559:The immature fruiting bodies of
437:in its immature egg-like stage.
337:
332:
315:
296:
277:
258:
243:
44:
1590:Journal of Coastal Conservation
979:Nees von Esenbeck CDG. (1817).
683:, others describe the smell as
481:, additional synonyms include:
1677:. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
749:(where it is thought to be an
538:
1:
1538:Gothnier M, Strid T (2004). "
981:System der Pilze und Schwämme
833:
695:are cylindrical, smooth, and
591: in) by 3 to 4 cm (
1201:for the mycoflora of Turkey"
820:
461:under that name in his 1801
7:
1571:Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya
1057:Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990).
463:Synopsis Methodica Fungorum
440:
251:Mycological characteristics
10:
2105:
1656:Journal of Fungal Research
1393:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1390:Nanuf. found in Ireland".
1195:Demỉrel K; Uzun Y (2004).
1090:Mushrooms of North America
958:Systema Methodica Fungorum
459:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
1793:
1700:Chronmy Przyrode Ojczysta
1544:Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift
1364:Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift
1256:10.1017/S0269915X02003105
1208:Turkish Journal of Botany
1128:Syracuse University Press
983:(in German). p. 251.
331:
314:
294:
276:
257:
238:
170:
163:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1627:rediscovered in Japan".
1214:: 213–14. Archived from
738:Habitat and distribution
473:in 1817; this name is a
447:described scientifically
382:(stinkhorn) family. The
366:, commonly known as the
2084:Fungi described in 1798
1629:Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho
451:Étienne Pierre Ventenat
449:by the French botanist
2079:Fungi of North America
1024:Schaechter E. (1998).
556:
548:
471:Hymenophallus hadriani
445:The species was first
174:Hymenophallus hadriani
1750:Marshall N. (2008) .
1388:Geoglossum cookeianum
1382:Hassell FC. (1952). "
675:Although the odor of
554:
546:
507:Ithyphallus impudicus
499:Ithyphallus impudicus
218:Ithyphallus impudicus
204:Ithyphallus impudicus
1197:"Two new records of
955:Persoon CH. (1801).
806:Robinia pseudoacacia
469:called the species
2069:Fungi of Australia
1602:10.1007/BF02802737
1386:(Vent.) Pers. and
1272:Smith KN. (2005).
751:introduced species
745:is known to be in
557:
549:
491:Phallus imperialis
431:introduced species
374:, is a species of
195:Phallus imperialis
2046:
2045:
2008:Open Tree of Life
1787:Taxon identifiers
1763:978-1-4290-1089-4
1717:Arora D. (1991).
1336:Phallus impudicus
1319:978-1-58729-627-7
1137:978-0-8156-3112-5
1103:978-0-593-31998-7
1000:Collective Source
731:P. ravenelii
721:Phallus impudicus
688:digestive tract.
623:(aggregations of
419:P. impudicus
359:
358:
233:Species of fungus
231:
230:
226:
215:
201:
191:
181:
2096:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1964:NHMSYS0001493100
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1795:Phallus hadriani
1782:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1540:Phallus hadriani
1535:
1529:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1482:Phallus hadriani
1477:
1471:
1470:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1384:Phallus hadriani
1379:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1205:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1171:California Fungi
1165:Phallus hadriani
1159:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1126:. Syracuse, NY:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1002:. Archived from
991:
985:
984:
976:
970:
969:
967:
966:
952:
946:
945:
925:
919:
918:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
890:Species Fungorum
884:Phallus hadriani
878:
869:
868:
866:
865:
852:Phallus hadriani
846:
781:Phallus hadriani
743:Phallus hadriani
726:P. hadriani
677:P. hadriani
655:
654:
650:
647:
641:
640:
636:
633:
618:
617:
613:
610:
604:
603:
599:
596:
590:
589:
585:
582:
576:
575:
571:
568:
561:P. hadriani
529:Hadrianus Junius
522:specific epithet
517:, date unknown.
414:P. hadriani
403:
402:
398:
395:
363:Phallus hadriani
341:
340:
336:
335:
319:
318:
300:
299:
281:
280:
262:
261:
247:
240:Phallus hadriani
236:
235:
224:
210:
197:
187:
176:
152:
150:Phallus hadriani
132:P. hadriani
49:
48:
35:
25:Phallus hadriani
21:
20:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2074:Fungi of Europe
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1995:Observation.org
1993:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1789:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1756:. p. 112.
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1631:(in Japanese).
1621:
1617:
1586:
1582:
1567:
1563:
1536:
1532:
1509:
1505:
1478:
1474:
1451:
1447:
1431:
1427:
1412:
1405:
1380:
1376:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1270:
1263:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1130:. p. 277.
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:. p. 121.
1083:
1076:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
992:
988:
977:
973:
964:
962:
953:
949:
926:
922:
909:
908:
904:
895:
893:
880:
879:
872:
863:
861:
848:
847:
840:
836:
823:
740:
717:
715:Similar species
652:
648:
645:
643:
638:
634:
631:
629:
615:
611:
608:
606:
601:
597:
594:
592:
587:
583:
580:
578:
573:
569:
566:
564:
541:
443:
400:
396:
393:
391:
353:not recommended
338:
333:
316:
301:
297:
278:
259:
253:
248:
234:
225:(Berk.) De Toni
216:
202:
192:
182:
159:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2089:Fungus species
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2027:
2017:
2004:
1991:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1828:
1815:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1742:
1729:
1709:
1690:
1683:
1665:
1658:(in Chinese).
1646:
1615:
1580:
1573:(in Russian).
1561:
1546:(in Swedish).
1530:
1503:
1472:
1445:
1425:
1422:(5–6): 234–40.
1403:
1374:
1353:
1325:
1318:
1297:
1284:
1261:
1231:
1182:
1149:
1136:
1109:
1102:
1074:
1067:
1049:
1036:
1016:
986:
971:
947:
920:
902:
870:
837:
835:
832:
822:
819:
775:Jilin Province
767:Iğdır Province
739:
736:
716:
713:
540:
537:
483:Phallus iosmus
479:Index Fungorum
442:
439:
372:sand stinkhorn
368:dune stinkhorn
357:
356:
342:
329:
328:
320:
312:
311:
302:
295:
292:
291:
282:
274:
273:
263:
255:
254:
249:
242:
232:
229:
228:
185:Phallus iosmus
168:
167:
161:
160:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2101:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Fungi of Asia
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1732:
1730:0-89815-388-3
1726:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1684:0-947643-81-8
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1221:on 2011-08-19
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239:
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184:
173:
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149:
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1946:NatureServe
1907:iNaturalist
1706:(5): 19–24.
1662:(4): 40–43.
1340:P. hadriani
854:Vent. 1798"
817:of Latvia.
801:xerophilous
621:rhizomorphs
539:Description
485:, named by
322:Ecology is
305:Spore print
211:(Schulzer)
2053:Categories
1769:2010-10-14
1736:2010-10-12
1442:(1): 7–17.
1347:2009-02-16
1291:2010-10-12
1250:(3): 109.
1244:Mycologist
1225:2009-02-17
1176:2009-02-16
1143:2010-10-12
1043:2010-10-12
1010:2010-03-18
994:Wilson N.
965:2010-10-12
896:2010-10-12
864:2010-10-12
834:References
709:sterigmata
668:mass. The
662:reticulate
503:imperialis
455:sanctioned
388:fruit body
380:Phallaceae
208:imperialis
108:Phallaceae
74:Division:
2059:Phallales
1868:FloraBase
1641:0029-0289
1610:128814958
1596:: 31–42.
1556:0039-646X
1525:0570-202X
1498:0015-931X
1467:0006-5269
1400:(9): 250.
1199:Phalalles
821:Edibility
811:protected
747:Australia
489:in 1836;
126:Species:
98:Phallales
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1951:2.911930
1933:MycoBank
1925:10781727
1881:Fungorum
1831:BioLib:
1824:60030906
1819:AusFungi
1804:Wikidata
1519:: 1–19.
1088:(2023).
858:MycoBank
785:saprobic
755:woodchip
625:mycelium
525:hadriani
497:, 1873;
495:Schulzer
487:Berkeley
441:Taxonomy
271:hymenium
199:Schulzer
177:(Vent.)
165:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
2023:1458531
1899:2524103
1810:Q768006
1625:Phallus
1455:Blyttia
1086:Audubon
936:].
934:Phallus
930:Phallus
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813:by the
705:basidia
697:hyaline
681:violets
651:⁄
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475:synonym
408:slime (
399:⁄
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370:or the
289:conical
213:De Toni
119:Phallus
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
2036:426221
2020:uBio:
2013:984161
1984:NZOR:
1977:299189
1938:245853
1912:128521
1886:245853
1860:189005
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827:edible
763:Europe
703:. The
693:spores
666:glebal
511:iosmos
435:edible
376:fungus
347:edible
267:Glebal
222:iosmos
2031:WoRMS
2000:13808
1920:IRMNG
1873:38820
1847:777KN
1834:60805
1606:S2CID
1219:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
1094:Knopf
886:Vent"
797:humic
793:dunes
783:is a
771:Japan
685:fetid
670:volva
658:stipe
509:var.
501:var.
424:volva
410:gleba
406:spore
384:stalk
309:olive
220:var.
206:var.
193:1873
189:Berk.
183:1836
172:1817
157:Vent.
68:Fungi
1972:NCBI
1894:GBIF
1758:ISBN
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1637:ISSN
1552:ISSN
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1463:ISSN
1338:and
1314:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1063:ISBN
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691:The
520:The
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350:but
179:Nees
1959:NBN
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1842:CoL
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