39:
60:
794:
also interact with the endoplasmic reticulum and cooperate in the synthesis of ether lipids (plasmalogens), which are important for nerve cells (see above). In filamentous fungi, peroxisomes move on microtubules by 'hitchhiking,' a process involving contact with rapidly moving early endosomes. Physical contact between organelles is often mediated by membrane contact sites, where membranes of two organelles are physically tethered to enable rapid transfer of small molecules, enable organelle communication and are crucial for coordination of cellular functions and hence human health. Alterations of membrane contacts have been observed in various diseases.
43:
42:
44:
41:
31:
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753:, which participate in the process of peroxisome assembly in different organisms. In mammalian cells there are 13 characterized peroxins. In contrast to protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria, proteins do not need to be unfolded to be imported into the peroxisome lumen. The matrix protein import receptors, the peroxins
913:
origin; that is, peroxisomes evolved from bacteria that invaded larger cells as parasites, and very gradually evolved a symbiotic relationship. However, this view has been challenged by recent discoveries. For example, peroxisome-less mutants can restore peroxisomes upon introduction of the wild-type
821:
PEX genes encode the protein machinery (peroxins) required for proper peroxisome assembly. Peroxisomal membrane proteins are imported through at least two routes, one of which depends on interaction between peroxin 19 and peroxin 3, while the other is required for import of peroxin 3, either of which
231:
to oxygen and water. Due to their role in peroxide metabolism, De Duve named them “peroxisomes”, replacing the formerly used morphological term “microbodies”. Later, it was described that firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells, allowing the discovery of the import targeting
777:
is crucial for the export of PEX5 from the peroxisome to the cytosol. The biogenesis of the peroxisomal membrane and the insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) requires the peroxins PEX19, PEX3, and PEX16. PEX19 is a PMP receptor and chaperone, which binds the PMPs and routes them to the
793:
Peroxisomes interact with mitochondria in several metabolic pathways, including β-oxidation of fatty acids and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Both organelles are in close contact with the endoplasmic reticulum and share several proteins, including organelle fission factors. Peroxisomes
240:
Peroxisomes are small (0.1–1 μm diameter) subcellular compartments (organelles) with a fine, granular matrix and surrounded by a single biomembrane which are located in the cytoplasm of a cell. Compartmentalization creates an optimized environment to promote various metabolic reactions within
769:. A special way of peroxisomal protein targeting is called piggy backing. Proteins that are transported by this unique method do not have a canonical PTS, but rather bind on a PTS protein to be transported as a complex. A model describing the import cycle is referred to as the
565:
40:
435:
674:
822:
may occur without the import of matrix (lumen) enzymes, which possess the peroxisomal targeting signal PTS1 or PTS2 as previously discussed. Elongation of the peroxisome membrane and the final fission of the organelle are regulated by Pex11p.
250:), it has been observed that, with good glucose supply, only a few, small peroxisomes are present. In contrast, when the yeasts were supplied with long-chain fatty acids as sole carbon source up to 20 to 25 large peroxisomes can be formed.
732:
under certain experimental conditions and replicate by membrane growth and division out of pre-existing organelles. Peroxisome matrix proteins are translated in the cytoplasm prior to import. Specific amino acid sequences (PTS or
789:
The diverse functions of peroxisomes require dynamic interactions and cooperation with many organelles involved in cellular lipid metabolism such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lipid droplets, and lysosomes.
336:, caused by the accumulation of uric acid. Certain enzymes within the peroxisome, by using molecular oxygen, remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates (labeled as R), in an oxidative reaction, producing
749:(PTS2) of peroxisomal matrix proteins signals them to be imported into the organelle by a targeting factor. There are currently 36 known proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and maintenance, called
761:, accompany their cargoes (containing a PTS1 or a PTS2 amino acid sequence, respectively) all the way to the peroxisome where they release the cargo into the peroxisomal matrix and then return to the
354:
3463:
3347:
Mateos RM, León AM, Sandalio LM, Gómez M, del Río LA, Palma JM (December 2003). "Peroxisomes from pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.): purification, characterisation and antioxidant activity".
470:
297:
acids important for the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A and K. Skin disorders are features of genetic disorders affecting peroxisome function as a result.
597:
1285:
Rhodin, J (1954). "Correlation of ultrastructural organization and function in normal and experimentally changed proximal tubule cells of the mouse kidney".
922:
211:
and Pierre
Baudhuin in 1966. De Duve and co-workers discovered that peroxisomes contain several oxidases involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H
244:
The number, size and protein composition of peroxisomes are variable and depend on cell type and environmental conditions. For example, in baker's yeast (
717:
molecule to play an antifungal role to be made and delivered to the outside of the cell through the action of the peroxisomal proteins (PEN2 and PEN3).
1732:
Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, del Río LA (April 2001). "Peroxisomes as a source of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signal molecules in plant cells".
3048:
Duhita N, Le HA, Satoshi S, Kazuo H, Daisuke M, Takao S (January 2010). "The origin of peroxisomes: The possibility of an actinobacterial symbiosis".
909:
The protein content of peroxisomes varies across species or organism, but the presence of proteins common to many species has been used to suggest an
571:
This reaction is important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes detoxify various toxic substances that enter the blood. About 25% of the
274:
where they eventually are broken down to carbon dioxide and water. In yeast and plant cells, this process is carried out exclusively in peroxisomes.
778:
peroxisomal membrane, where it interacts with PEX3, a peroxisomal integral membrane protein. PMPs are then inserted into the peroxisomal membrane.
1697:
del Río LA, Sandalio LM, Palma JM, Bueno P, Corpas FJ (November 1992). "Metabolism of oxygen radicals in peroxisomes and cellular implications".
2022:
Hoepfner D, Schildknegt D, Braakman I, Philippsen P, Tabak HF (July 2005). "Contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum to peroxisome formation".
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805:
are a class of medical conditions that typically affect the human nervous system as well as many other organ systems. Two common examples are
4194:
3546:
147:
critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs. Peroxisomes contain approximately 10% of the total activity of two enzymes (
982:
207:
Peroxisomes (microbodies) were first described by a
Swedish doctoral student, J. Rhodin in 1954. They were identified as organelles by
4158:
3083:
Gabaldón T, Capella-Gutiérrez S (October 2010). "Lack of phylogenetic support for a supposed actinobacterial origin of peroxisomes".
710:
are also important signalling molecules in plants and animals and contribute to healthy ageing and age-related disorders in humans.
3468:
104:) is then formed. Peroxisomes owe their name to hydrogen peroxide generating and scavenging activities. They perform key roles in
2269:"The human peroxisomal targeting signal receptor, Pex5p, is translocated into the peroxisomal matrix and recycled to the cytosol"
898:
894:
890:
430:{\displaystyle \mathrm {RH} _{\mathrm {2} }+\mathrm {O} _{\mathrm {2} }\rightarrow \mathrm {R} +\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} _{2}}
2742:
Williams C, Opalinski L, Landgraf C, Costello J, Schrader M, Krikken AM, Knoops K, Kram AM, Volkmer R, van der Klei IJ (2015).
2918:
Fagarasanu A, Fagarasanu M, Rachubinski RA (2007). "Maintaining peroxisome populations: a story of division and inheritance".
2445:
2428:
Costello JL, Passmore JB, Islinger M, Schrader M (2018). "Multi-localized
Proteins: The Peroxisome-Mitochondria Connection".
1619:
1544:
4018:
3120:"Glycosome assembly in trypanosomes: variations in the acceptable degeneracy of a COOH-terminal microbody targeting signal"
560:{\displaystyle \mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} _{2}+\mathrm {R'H} _{2}\rightarrow \mathrm {R'} +2\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} }
1975:"Dysfunctional peroxisomes compromise gut structure and host defense by increased cell death and Tor-dependent autophagy"
3968:
1577:
1511:
1124:
Bonekamp NA, Völkl A, Fahimi HD, Schrader M (2009). "Reactive oxygen species and peroxisomes: struggling for balance".
4023:
3539:
1269:
148:
687:, and the NADP-dehydrogenases of the pentose-phosphate pathway. It has been demonstrated that peroxisomes generate
3302:
Yifrach E, Chuartzman SG, Dahan N, Maskit S, Zada L, Weill U, Yofe I, Olender T, Schuldiner M, Zalckvar E (2016).
3608:
1262:
Esau's Plant
Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development
810:
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152:
92:
cells. Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles. Frequently, molecular oxygen serves as a co-substrate, from which
1447:"Identification of peroxisomal targeting signals located at the carboxy terminus of four peroxisomal proteins"
4038:
3961:
3710:
1867:
Bednarek P, Pislewska-Bednarek M, Svatos A, Schneider B, Doubsky J, Mansurova M, et al. (January 2009).
773:. There is now evidence that ATP hydrolysis is required for the recycling of receptors to the cytosol. Also,
4013:
3532:
2836:"Characterization of proteome dynamics during growth in oleate reveals a new peroxisome-targeting receptor"
734:
729:
669:{\displaystyle 2\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} _{2}\rightarrow 2\mathrm {H} _{2}\mathrm {O} +\mathrm {O} _{2}}
3514:
684:
159:, which is important for energy metabolism. It is vigorously debated whether peroxisomes are involved in
17:
3177:
Schrader M, Costello J, Godinho LF, Islinger M (2015). "Peroxisome-mitochondria interplay and disease".
1767:
Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Carreras A, Quirós M, León AM, Romero-Puertas MC, et al. (September 2004).
259:
128:
124:
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Peroxisomes in mammals and humans also contribute to anti-viral defense. and the combat of pathogens
4028:
1869:"A glucosinolate metabolism pathway in living plant cells mediates broad-spectrum antifungal defense"
267:
156:
2285:
1769:"Cellular and subcellular localization of endogenous nitric oxide in young and senescent pea plants"
1607:
3705:
246:
81:
2693:"PEX3 functions as a PEX19 docking factor in the import of class I peroxisomal membrane proteins"
2326:
Eberhart T, Kovacs WJ (November 2018). "Pexophagy in yeast and mammals: an update on mysteries".
113:
1300:
de Duve, Christian; Baudhuin, Pierre (1966). "Peroxisomes (microbodies and related particles)".
713:
The peroxisome of plant cells is polarised when fighting fungal penetration. Infection causes a
3670:
3645:
3304:"Characterization of proteome dynamics in oleate reveals a novel peroxisome targeting receptor"
2280:
2744:"The membrane remodeling protein Pex11p activates the GTPase Dnm1p during peroxisomal fission"
679:
In higher plants, peroxisomes contain also a complex battery of antioxidative enzymes such as
3909:
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1189:
926:
802:
290:
281:
in animal cells also occur in peroxisomes. Plasmalogen is the most abundant phospholipid in
3942:
3430:
2834:
Yifrach E, Chuartzman SG, Dahan N, Maskit S, Zada L, Weill U, et al. (November 2016).
1880:
1391:
1336:
910:
806:
680:
325:
59:
3421:
Corpas FJ (November 2015). "What is the role of hydrogen peroxide in plant peroxisomes?".
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8:
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461:
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signal for peroxisomes, and triggering many advances in the peroxisome biogenesis field.
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1101:
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1027:
144:
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Blattner J, Swinkels B, Dörsam H, Prospero T, Subramani S, Clayton C (December 1992).
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2004:
1955:
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1193:
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958:
337:
329:
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The specific metabolic pathways that occur exclusively in mammalian peroxisomes are:
208:
93:
3216:
2677:
2616:
Islinger, Markus; Grille, Sandra; Fahimi, H. Dariush; Schrader, Michael (Mar 2012).
2602:
2365:
2312:
2061:
1910:
1364:
3438:
3399:
3389:
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3325:
3315:
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3020:
3010:
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2927:
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2855:
2847:
2806:
2765:
2755:
2714:
2704:
2655:
2637:
2629:
2580:
2539:
2531:
2490:
2482:
2433:
2400:
2392:
2343:
2335:
2290:
2239:
2223:
2182:
2174:
2135:
2098:
2088:
2039:
2031:
1994:
1986:
1945:
1937:
1888:
1839:
1829:
1788:
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1741:
1706:
1669:
1651:
1474:
1458:
1417:
1399:
1344:
1309:
1224:
1185:
1176:
Wanders RJ, Waterham HR (2006). "Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited".
1153:
1133:
1096:
1088:
1047:
1039:
176:
168:
105:
1313:
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peroxisomes required to sustain cellular functions and viability of the organism.
3593:
3495:
2437:
2396:
2178:
2093:
2076:
1924:
Dixit E, Boulant S, Zhang Y, Lee AS, Odendall C, Shum B, et al. (May 2010).
285:. Deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of
3752:
2997:
Gabaldón T, Snel B, van
Zimmeren F, Hemrika W, Tabak H, Huynen MA (March 2006).
2212:"Import of proteins into peroxisomes: piggybacking to a new home away from home"
702:
There is evidence now that those reactive oxygen species including peroxisomal H
3556:
3096:
3061:
2795:"Pex9p is a new yeast peroxisomal import receptor for PTS1-containing proteins"
2748:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2535:
2348:
2035:
1941:
966:
934:
929:, along with a number of metabolic enzymes that were likely recruited from the
774:
332:. However the last enzyme is absent in humans, explaining the disease known as
263:
3241:
3190:
2633:
2486:
2339:
1818:"Peroxisomal Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism and Signaling in Health and Disease"
1043:
4212:
3839:
3799:
3774:
3690:
3603:
3578:
2651:
2235:
1665:
1587:
1554:
1521:
1470:
1413:
1238:
714:
305:
293:
affect the nervous system. Peroxisomes also play a role in the production of
132:
3394:
3360:
2971:
2954:
2760:
1990:
1893:
1868:
1404:
3819:
3791:
3769:
3762:
3742:
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3598:
3583:
3450:
3413:
3368:
3339:
3294:
3259:
3208:
3135:
3104:
3069:
3034:
2980:
2939:
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2820:
2779:
2728:
2669:
2594:
2553:
2504:
2455:
2414:
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2253:
2196:
2112:
2053:
2008:
1959:
1902:
1853:
1802:
1753:
1683:
1348:
1197:
1145:
1110:
1061:
970:
930:
696:
576:
457:
271:
184:
140:
3153:
3015:
2904:
2709:
2147:
1784:
1718:
1488:
1462:
1431:
1356:
1246:
1213:"Dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway in rat liver peroxisomes"
3921:
3887:
3814:
3809:
3700:
2953:
Schlüter A, Fourcade S, Ripp R, Mandel JL, Poch O, Pujol A (April 2006).
1866:
1834:
1329:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
453:
278:
172:
164:
2227:
3916:
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3834:
3829:
3824:
3779:
3725:
3715:
3660:
3650:
3320:
3285:
3268:
3199:
2851:
2811:
2794:
2793:
Effelsberg D, Cruz-Zaragoza LD, Schliebs W, Erdmann R (November 2016).
2642:
2585:
2568:
2103:
1656:
1327:
de Duve C (April 1969). "The peroxisome: a new cytoplasmic organelle".
1077:"Dynamic reorganization of metabolic enzymes into intracellular bodies"
950:
745:
739:
688:
180:
160:
120:
89:
3442:
3269:"Pex9p is a novel yeast peroxisomal import receptor for PTS1-proteins"
3266:
2792:
2075:
Schrader M, Costello JL, Godinho LF, Azadi AS, Islinger M (May 2016).
4098:
3937:
3899:
3872:
3844:
3737:
3720:
3655:
3628:
3560:
2955:"The evolutionary origin of peroxisomes: an ER-peroxisome connection"
2044:
2021:
962:
946:
188:
136:
85:
3378:"Functional implications of peroxisomal nitric oxide (NO) in plants"
1137:
4008:
3988:
3882:
3638:
3623:
3618:
3491:
1926:"Peroxisomes are signaling platforms for antiviral innate immunity"
1640:"Organelle interplay—peroxisome interactions in health and disease"
1606:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
918:
575:
that humans consume by drinking alcoholic beverages is oxidized to
220:
192:
76:
2471:"Hitchhiking: A Non-Canonical Mode of Microtubule-based Transport"
1973:
Di Cara F, Bülow MH, Simmonds AJ, Rachubinski RA (November 2018).
1380:"Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells"
1074:
921:
found homologies between the peroxisomal import machinery and the
567:, thus eliminating the poisonous hydrogen peroxide in the process.
4065:
4054:
4033:
3904:
3804:
3757:
3633:
2741:
1638:
Schrader, Michael; Kamoshita, Maki; Islinger, Markus (Mar 2019).
762:
750:
572:
449:
53:
49:
2427:
1378:
Keller, G. A.; Gould, S.; Deluca, M.; Subramani, S. (May 1987).
4118:
4113:
4108:
3747:
3176:
2996:
2917:
1972:
862:
858:
854:
321:
286:
282:
3519:
3509:
3267:
Effelsberg D, Cruz-Zaragoza LD, Schliebs W, Erdmann R (2016).
3171:
3117:
2520:"Mind the Organelle Gap - Peroxisome Contact Sites in Disease"
2126:
Lazarow PB, Fujiki Y (Nov 1985). "Biogenesis of peroxisomes".
310:β-oxidation of very-long-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids
167:
synthesis in animals. Other peroxisomal functions include the
4181:
4176:
4171:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4103:
4078:
2385:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2167:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
2081:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
1026:
Islinger M, Voelkl A, Fahimi HD, Schrader M (November 2018).
954:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
850:
196:
109:
30:
3301:
2833:
2615:
2432:. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 89. pp. 383–415.
2074:
1502:
Karlson, P, Doenecke D, Koolman J, Fuchs G, Gerok W (2005).
1025:
901:. Between organisms, PEX numbering and function can differ.
4166:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4073:
3487:
3474:
1766:
1123:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
784:
758:
754:
333:
294:
2952:
2883:
Lazarow PB, Fujiki Y (1985). "Biogenesis of peroxisomes".
1377:
3877:
3082:
1696:
1637:
917:
Two independent evolutionary analyses of the peroxisomal
316:
conjugation of cholic acid as part of bile acid synthesis
266:. In animal cells, the long fatty acids are converted to
2517:
2468:
1075:
O'Connell JD, Zhao A, Ellington AD, Marcotte EM (2012).
3554:
3346:
2381:"No peroxisome is an island - Peroxisome contact sites"
1605:
1506:(15 ed.). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme. pp. 396f.
1501:
258:
A major function of the peroxisome is the breakdown of
3983:
3486:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
2378:
2077:"Proliferation and fission of peroxisomes - An update"
139:. Peroxisomes also play a role in the biosynthesis of
2690:
1815:
600:
473:
357:
3047:
2160:
1923:
1731:
781:
The degradation of peroxisomes is called pexophagy.
2566:
2161:Saleem RA, Smith JJ, Aitchison JD (December 2006).
2999:"Origin and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome"
2518:Castro IG, Schuldiner M, Zalckvar E (March 2018).
1534:
1287:Doctorate Thesis. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
1117:
668:
587:accumulates in the cell, catalase converts it to H
559:
429:
440:Catalase, another peroxisomal enzyme, uses this H
4210:
1539:(4 ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 53f.
797:
2992:
2990:
2920:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
2691:Fang Y, Morrell JC, Jones JM, Gould SJ (2004).
2266:
1384:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1299:
1175:
3226:"The peroxisome: still a mysterious organelle"
3223:
2325:
1614:(Fourth ed.). New York: Garland Science.
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
3969:
3540:
3375:
2882:
2379:Shai N, Schuldiner M, Zalckvar E (May 2016).
2125:
1816:Lismont C, Revenco I, Fransen M (July 2019).
1259:
195:and amine oxidation and assimilation in some
3076:
3041:
2987:
2946:
2911:
2560:
2260:
2154:
2015:
1860:
1760:
1725:
1068:
1028:"The peroxisome: an update on mysteries 2.0"
825:Genes that encode peroxin proteins include:
3111:
2876:
2567:Depreter M, Espeel M, Roels F (June 2003).
1822:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1690:
1504:Karlsons Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry
1320:
1160:
1019:
940:
3976:
3962:
3547:
3533:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1278:
1210:
983:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
131:, bile acid intermediates (in the liver),
88:, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all
3403:
3393:
3329:
3319:
3284:
3249:
3198:
3143:
3024:
3014:
2970:
2859:
2810:
2769:
2759:
2718:
2708:
2659:
2641:
2584:
2543:
2494:
2404:
2347:
2294:
2284:
2243:
2186:
2102:
2092:
2043:
1998:
1949:
1892:
1843:
1833:
1792:
1673:
1655:
1478:
1421:
1403:
1293:
1228:
1100:
1051:
464:, by means of the peroxidation reaction:
2932:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123456
2618:"The peroxisome: an update on mysteries"
2469:Salogiannis J, Reck-Peterson SL (2017).
1567:
1535:Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2006).
1190:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133329
937:origin; however, this is controversial.
785:Peroxisome interaction and communication
277:The first reactions in the formation of
63:Peroxisome in rat neonatal cardiomyocyte
58:
37:
29:
3515:PeroxisomeKB: Peroxisome Knowledge Base
1594:
1326:
1284:
904:
579:in this way. In addition, when excess H
448:to oxidize other substrates, including
48:Distribution of peroxisomes (white) in
14:
4211:
3420:
1644:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
949:family related to peroxisomes include
723:
253:
75:
3957:
3528:
2209:
1633:
1631:
1444:
1093:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155841
270:, which are subsequently shuttled to
4019:Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase
2267:Dammai V, Subramani S (April 2001).
1572:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 159.
2897:10.1146/annurev.cb.01.110185.002421
2140:10.1146/annurev.cb.01.110185.002421
1699:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
24:
3520:Innovative Training Network PERICO
3172:Innovative Training Network PERICO
3164:
1628:
1230:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14898.x
1211:Antonenkov, Vasily D. (Jul 1989).
656:
647:
636:
618:
606:
553:
542:
526:
511:
504:
488:
476:
417:
405:
396:
380:
363:
360:
223:involved in the decomposition of H
25:
4235:
4024:Alkylglycerone phosphate synthase
3510:PeroxisomeDB: Peroxisome-Database
3503:
2573:Microscopy Research and Technique
1570:Yeast: Molecular and Cell Biology
933:. The peroxisome may have had an
728:Peroxisomes are derived from the
149:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
3462: This article incorporates
3457:
1217:European Journal of Biochemistry
153:6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
119:Peroxisomes are involved in the
2959:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2827:
2786:
2735:
2684:
2622:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
2609:
2511:
2462:
2421:
2372:
2328:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
2319:
2203:
2119:
2068:
1966:
1917:
1809:
1561:
1528:
1495:
1438:
1371:
1032:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
811:peroxisome biogenesis disorders
289:, which is one reason why many
34:Basic structure of a peroxisome
3376:Corpas FJ, Barroso JB (2014).
3224:Schrader M, Fahimi HD (2008).
2524:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2163:"Proteomics of the peroxisome"
1260:Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2006).
1253:
1204:
995:
628:
521:
392:
320:Peroxisomes contain oxidative
13:
1:
3711:Microtubule organizing center
2885:Annual Review of Cell Biology
2569:"Human peroxisomal disorders"
2296:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00310-5
2128:Annual Review of Cell Biology
1979:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1746:10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01898-2
1612:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1314:10.1152/physrev.1966.46.2.323
1178:Annual Review of Biochemistry
988:
807:X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
798:Associated medical conditions
4014:Acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
2438:10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_17
2397:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.016
2179:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.005
2094:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.024
1711:10.1016/0891-5849(92)90150-F
735:peroxisomal targeting signal
730:smooth endoplasmic reticulum
313:biosynthesis of plasmalogens
235:
7:
3349:Journal of Plant Physiology
3124:The Journal of Cell Biology
1451:The Journal of Cell Biology
976:
685:ascorbate-glutathione cycle
260:very long chain fatty acids
125:very long chain fatty acids
10:
4240:
3485:
3382:Frontiers in Plant Science
3097:10.1016/j.gene.2010.06.004
3062:10.1016/j.gene.2009.09.014
2536:10.1016/j.tibs.2018.01.001
2036:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.025
1942:10.1016/j.cell.2010.04.018
1003:"Definition of PEROXISOME"
771:extended shuttle mechanism
202:
129:branched chain fatty acids
4190:
4157:
4063:
4047:
4029:Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase
3996:
3930:
3865:
3790:
3681:
3567:
3242:10.1007/s00418-008-0396-9
3191:10.1007/s10545-015-9819-7
2634:10.1007/s00418-012-0941-4
2487:10.1016/j.tcb.2016.09.005
2430:Proteomics of Peroxisomes
2340:10.1007/s00418-018-1724-3
1608:"Chapter 12: Peroxisomes"
1445:Gould, S. J. (Sep 1988).
1264:. John Wiley & Sons.
1044:10.1007/s00418-018-1722-5
591:O through this reaction:
157:pentose phosphate pathway
3706:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
2210:Thoms, Sven (Nov 2015).
945:Other organelles of the
941:Other related organelles
816:
683:, the components of the
268:medium chain fatty acids
82:membrane-bound organelle
77:[pɛɜˈɹɒksɪˌsoʊm]
3395:10.3389/fpls.2014.00097
3361:10.1078/0176-1617-01008
3308:Journal of Cell Science
3273:Journal of Cell Science
2840:Journal of Cell Science
2799:Journal of Cell Science
2761:10.1073/pnas.1418736112
2697:Journal of Cell Biology
1991:10.1091/mbc.E18-07-0434
1894:10.1126/science.1163732
1734:Trends in Plant Science
1405:10.1073/pnas.84.10.3264
1007:www.merriam-webster.com
171:in germinating seeds ("
114:reactive oxygen species
3464:public domain material
3136:10.1083/jcb.119.5.1129
2475:Trends in Cell Biology
1349:10.1098/rspb.1969.0039
1081:Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol
973:of filamentous fungi.
670:
561:
431:
64:
56:
35:
3696:Intermediate filament
3589:Endoplasmic reticulum
3016:10.1186/1745-6150-1-8
2972:10.1093/molbev/msj103
2710:10.1083/jcb.200311131
1785:10.1104/pp.104.042812
1463:10.1083/jcb.107.3.897
1302:Physiological Reviews
927:endoplasmic reticulum
803:Peroxisomal disorders
671:
562:
432:
291:peroxisomal disorders
62:
47:
33:
3943:Extracellular matrix
1835:10.3390/ijms20153673
905:Evolutionary origins
681:superoxide dismutase
598:
471:
355:
326:D-amino acid oxidase
3646:Cytoplasmic granule
3435:2015PlBio..17.1099C
3230:Histochem Cell Biol
3179:J Inherit Metab Dis
2349:20.500.11850/302080
2228:10.1098/rsob.150148
1885:2009Sci...323..101B
1568:Feldmann H (2009).
1396:1987PNAS...84.3264K
1341:1969RSPSB.173...71D
724:Peroxisome assembly
254:Metabolic functions
145:ether phospholipids
3671:Weibel–Palade body
3555:Structures of the
3321:10.1242/jcs.195255
3286:10.1242/jcs.195271
2852:10.1242/jcs.195255
2812:10.1242/jcs.195271
2586:10.1002/jemt.10330
1657:10.1002/jimd.12083
666:
557:
427:
65:
57:
36:
4206:
4205:
4004:Mevalonate kinase
3951:
3950:
3731:Spindle pole body
3443:10.1111/plb.12376
3314:(21): 4067–4075.
3279:(21): 4057–4066.
2846:(21): 4067–4075.
2805:(21): 4057–4066.
2754:(20): 6377–6382.
2447:978-981-13-2232-7
1985:(22): 2766–2783.
1621:978-0-8153-3218-3
1546:978-3-11-018531-7
1537:Biology of Plants
1390:(10): 3264–3268.
959:filamentous fungi
348:, itself toxic):
338:hydrogen peroxide
330:uric acid oxidase
209:Christian de Duve
94:hydrogen peroxide
45:
27:Type of organelle
16:(Redirected from
4231:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3482:
3477:. Archived from
3461:
3460:
3454:
3417:
3407:
3397:
3372:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3298:
3288:
3263:
3253:
3220:
3202:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3018:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2763:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2663:
2645:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2588:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2351:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2288:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1896:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1796:
1773:Plant Physiology
1764:
1758:
1757:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1659:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
999:
675:
673:
672:
667:
665:
664:
659:
650:
645:
644:
639:
627:
626:
621:
615:
614:
609:
566:
564:
563:
558:
556:
551:
550:
545:
533:
532:
520:
519:
514:
510:
497:
496:
491:
485:
484:
479:
436:
434:
433:
428:
426:
425:
420:
414:
413:
408:
399:
391:
390:
389:
383:
374:
373:
372:
366:
177:photorespiration
169:glyoxylate cycle
106:lipid metabolism
79:
74:
46:
21:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4186:
4153:
4059:
4043:
3992:
3982:
3952:
3947:
3926:
3861:
3786:
3677:
3594:Golgi apparatus
3570:
3563:
3553:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3467:
3458:
3429:(6): 1099–103.
3355:(12): 1507–16.
3167:
3165:Further reading
3162:
3161:
3116:
3112:
3081:
3077:
3046:
3042:
2995:
2988:
2951:
2947:
2916:
2912:
2881:
2877:
2832:
2828:
2791:
2787:
2740:
2736:
2689:
2685:
2614:
2610:
2565:
2561:
2516:
2512:
2467:
2463:
2448:
2426:
2422:
2377:
2373:
2324:
2320:
2286:10.1.1.385.9484
2265:
2261:
2208:
2204:
2173:(12): 1541–51.
2159:
2155:
2124:
2120:
2073:
2069:
2020:
2016:
1971:
1967:
1922:
1918:
1879:(5910): 101–6.
1865:
1861:
1814:
1810:
1765:
1761:
1730:
1726:
1695:
1691:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1604:
1595:
1580:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1443:
1439:
1376:
1372:
1335:(1030): 71–83.
1325:
1321:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1254:
1209:
1205:
1174:
1161:
1138:10.1002/biof.48
1122:
1118:
1073:
1069:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
996:
991:
979:
943:
925:pathway in the
907:
819:
800:
787:
765:– a step named
726:
709:
705:
699:(NO) radicals.
694:
660:
655:
654:
646:
640:
635:
634:
622:
617:
616:
610:
605:
604:
599:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
552:
546:
541:
540:
525:
524:
515:
503:
502:
501:
492:
487:
486:
480:
475:
474:
472:
469:
468:
447:
443:
421:
416:
415:
409:
404:
403:
395:
385:
384:
379:
378:
368:
367:
359:
358:
356:
353:
352:
347:
343:
304:α-oxidation of
256:
238:
230:
226:
218:
214:
205:
103:
99:
72:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3866:Other internal
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3504:External links
3502:
3500:
3499:
3483:
3481:on 2009-12-08.
3470:Science Primer
3455:
3418:
3373:
3344:
3299:
3264:
3236:(4): 421–440.
3221:
3185:(4): 681–702.
3174:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3130:(5): 1129–36.
3110:
3075:
3056:(1–2): 18–24.
3040:
3003:Biology Direct
2986:
2945:
2910:
2875:
2826:
2785:
2734:
2703:(6): 863–875.
2683:
2628:(5): 547–574.
2608:
2559:
2530:(3): 199–210.
2510:
2481:(2): 141–150.
2461:
2446:
2420:
2371:
2334:(5): 473–488.
2318:
2259:
2222:(11): 150148.
2202:
2153:
2134:(1): 489–530.
2118:
2067:
2014:
1965:
1916:
1859:
1808:
1779:(1): 2722–33.
1759:
1724:
1689:
1627:
1620:
1593:
1579:978-3527326099
1578:
1560:
1545:
1527:
1513:978-3133578158
1512:
1494:
1457:(3): 897–905.
1437:
1370:
1319:
1308:(2): 323–357.
1292:
1277:
1270:
1252:
1203:
1159:
1116:
1067:
1038:(5): 443–471.
1018:
993:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
978:
975:
971:Woronin bodies
967:kinetoplastids
942:
939:
935:Actinomycetota
906:
903:
818:
815:
799:
796:
786:
783:
775:ubiquitination
725:
722:
707:
703:
692:
677:
676:
663:
658:
653:
649:
643:
638:
633:
630:
625:
620:
613:
608:
603:
588:
584:
580:
569:
568:
555:
549:
544:
539:
536:
531:
528:
523:
518:
513:
509:
506:
500:
495:
490:
483:
478:
445:
441:
438:
437:
424:
419:
412:
407:
402:
398:
394:
388:
382:
377:
371:
365:
362:
345:
341:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
264:beta oxidation
255:
252:
237:
234:
228:
224:
216:
212:
204:
201:
101:
97:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4236:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:intermediates
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:Proteinoplast
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Mitochondrion
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3792:Endosymbionts
3789:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Lamellipodium
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Microfilament
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Autophagosome
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Cell membrane
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3569:Endomembrane
3566:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:Plant Biology
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:(1–2): 61–5.
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2965:(4): 838–45.
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2579:(2): 203–23.
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:(5): 1061–9.
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2279:(2): 187–96.
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2087:(5): 971–83.
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:(4): 668–81.
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:(4): 145–50.
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:(5): 557–80.
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1271:9780471738435
1267:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:(4): 346–55.
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
984:
981:
980:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
912:
911:endosymbiotic
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
814:
812:
808:
804:
795:
791:
782:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
731:
721:
718:
716:
715:glucosinolate
711:
700:
698:
690:
686:
682:
661:
651:
641:
631:
623:
611:
601:
594:
593:
592:
578:
574:
547:
537:
534:
529:
516:
507:
498:
493:
481:
467:
466:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
422:
410:
400:
386:
375:
369:
351:
350:
349:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
312:
309:
307:
306:phytanic acid
303:
302:
301:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
251:
249:
248:
247:S. cerevisiae
242:
233:
222:
219:) as well as
210:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:D-amino acids
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
70:
61:
55:
52:cells during
51:
32:
19:
4192:
4048:Transporters
3984:
3820:Gerontoplast
3770:Pseudopodium
3763:Radial spoke
3743:Undulipodium
3683:Cytoskeleton
3665:
3599:Parenthesome
3479:the original
3469:
3426:
3422:
3385:
3381:
3352:
3348:
3311:
3307:
3276:
3272:
3233:
3229:
3182:
3178:
3127:
3123:
3113:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3006:
3002:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2429:
2423:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2219:
2216:Open Biology
2215:
2205:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2030:(1): 85–95.
2027:
2023:
2017:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1828:(15): 3673.
1825:
1821:
1811:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1650:(1): 71–89.
1647:
1643:
1611:
1569:
1563:
1536:
1530:
1503:
1497:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1261:
1255:
1223:(1): 75–82.
1220:
1216:
1206:
1181:
1177:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1006:
997:
944:
931:mitochondria
916:
908:
824:
820:
801:
792:
788:
780:
770:
766:
744:
738:
727:
719:
712:
701:
697:nitric oxide
678:
577:acetaldehyde
570:
458:formaldehyde
439:
319:
299:
276:
272:mitochondria
257:
245:
243:
239:
206:
185:trypanosomes
141:plasmalogens
118:
84:, a type of
68:
66:
3985:Peroxisomal
3922:Magnetosome
3888:Spliceosome
3815:Chromoplast
3810:Chloroplast
3701:Microtubule
3200:10871/17472
2891:: 489–530.
2643:10871/33969
2104:10871/18323
1184:: 295–332.
951:glyoxysomes
454:formic acid
287:nerve cells
279:plasmalogen
179:in leaves,
173:glyoxysomes
165:cholesterol
18:Peroxisomes
4224:Metabolism
4219:Organelles
4213:Categories
4064:Structure/
3917:Proteasome
3910:Inclusions
3857:Nitroplast
3850:Apicoplast
3835:Elaioplast
3830:Amyloplast
3825:Leucoplast
3780:Filopodium
3726:Basal body
3716:Centrosome
3666:Peroxisome
3661:Glyoxysome
3651:Melanosome
3561:organelles
2926:: 321–44.
1126:BioFactors
1087:: 89–111.
1012:2019-10-30
989:References
963:glycosomes
746:N-terminus
743:(PTS1) or
740:C-terminus
689:superoxide
324:, such as
189:glycosomes
181:glycolysis
161:isoprenoid
137:polyamines
121:catabolism
90:eukaryotic
69:peroxisome
4199:disorders
4193:see also
3989:lysosomal
3938:Cell wall
3900:Cytoplasm
3873:Nucleolus
3845:Tannosome
3753:Flagellum
3738:Myofibril
3721:Centriole
3656:Microbody
3629:Phagosome
3496:IPR006708
2652:0948-6143
2281:CiteSeerX
2236:2046-2441
2045:1874/9833
1666:1573-2665
1588:489629727
1555:180904366
1522:181474420
1471:0021-9525
1414:0027-8424
1239:0014-2956
947:microbody
833:(PXMP3),
767:recycling
737:) at the
629:→
522:→
393:→
236:Structure
155:) in the
110:reduction
86:microbody
4009:Catalase
3991:proteins
3931:External
3883:Ribosome
3639:Acrosome
3624:Endosome
3619:Lysosome
3492:InterPro
3451:26242708
3414:24672535
3369:14717445
3340:27663510
3295:27678487
3260:18274771
3217:24392713
3209:25687155
3105:20600706
3070:19818387
3035:16556314
2981:16452116
2940:17506702
2870:27663510
2821:27678487
2780:25941407
2729:15007061
2678:14853309
2670:22415027
2603:37748392
2595:12740827
2554:29395653
2505:27665063
2456:30378033
2415:26384874
2366:52307878
2358:30238155
2313:18873642
2305:11336669
2254:26581572
2197:17050007
2113:26409486
2062:18837009
2054:16009135
2009:30188767
1960:20451243
1911:38423996
1903:19095900
1854:31357514
1803:15347796
1754:11286918
1684:30864148
1365:86579094
1198:16756494
1146:19459143
1111:23057741
1062:30219925
977:See also
919:proteome
849:, PEX9,
809:and the
751:peroxins
530:′
508:′
262:through
221:catalase
193:methanol
191:"), and
108:and the
80:) is a
4066:Peroxin
4055:SLC27A2
4034:HSD17B4
3997:Enzymes
3905:Cytosol
3805:Plastid
3758:Axoneme
3634:Vacuole
3614:Exosome
3609:Vesicle
3584:Nucleus
3431:Bibcode
3405:3956114
3331:6275125
3251:2668598
3154:1447292
3145:2289717
3026:1472686
2905:3916321
2861:6275125
2771:4443378
2720:2172291
2661:6182659
2545:6252078
2496:5258766
2406:4869879
2245:4680570
2188:1858641
2148:3916321
2000:6249834
1951:3670185
1881:Bibcode
1873:Science
1845:6695606
1719:1334030
1675:7041636
1489:2901422
1480:2115268
1432:3554235
1392:Bibcode
1357:4389648
1337:Bibcode
1247:2753047
1154:7502822
1102:4089986
1053:6182659
763:cytosol
573:ethanol
462:alcohol
450:phenols
322:enzymes
203:History
54:mitosis
50:HEK 293
4119:PEX11G
4114:PEX11B
4109:PEX11A
3748:Cilium
3571:system
3449:
3412:
3402:
3388:: 97.
3367:
3338:
3328:
3293:
3258:
3248:
3215:
3207:
3152:
3142:
3103:
3068:
3033:
3023:
2979:
2938:
2903:
2868:
2858:
2819:
2778:
2768:
2727:
2717:
2676:
2668:
2658:
2650:
2601:
2593:
2552:
2542:
2503:
2493:
2454:
2444:
2413:
2403:
2364:
2356:
2311:
2303:
2283:
2252:
2242:
2234:
2195:
2185:
2146:
2111:
2060:
2052:
2007:
1997:
1958:
1948:
1909:
1901:
1852:
1842:
1801:
1794:523336
1791:
1752:
1717:
1682:
1672:
1664:
1618:
1586:
1576:
1553:
1543:
1520:
1510:
1487:
1477:
1469:
1430:
1423:304849
1420:
1412:
1363:
1355:
1268:
1245:
1237:
1196:
1152:
1144:
1109:
1099:
1060:
1050:
969:, and
955:plants
914:gene.
897:, and
863:PEX11G
859:PEX11B
855:PEX11A
695:) and
460:, and
283:myelin
197:yeasts
135:, and
4182:LAMP3
4177:LAMP2
4172:LAMP1
4149:PEX26
4144:PEX19
4139:PEX16
4134:PEX14
4129:PEX13
4124:PEX12
4104:PEX10
4079:PXMP3
4039:AMACR
3893:Vault
3466:from
3213:S2CID
3009:: 8.
2674:S2CID
2599:S2CID
2362:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2058:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1361:S2CID
1150:S2CID
899:PEX31
895:PEX30
891:PEX28
887:PEX26
883:PEX19
879:PEX16
875:PEX14
871:PEX13
867:PEX12
851:PEX10
817:Genes
4167:CD68
4159:LAMP
4099:PEX7
4094:PEX6
4089:PEX5
4084:PEX3
4074:PEX1
3987:and
3557:cell
3490:and
3488:Pfam
3475:NCBI
3447:PMID
3410:PMID
3365:PMID
3336:PMID
3291:PMID
3256:PMID
3205:PMID
3150:PMID
3101:PMID
3085:Gene
3066:PMID
3050:Gene
3031:PMID
2977:PMID
2936:PMID
2901:PMID
2866:PMID
2817:PMID
2776:PMID
2725:PMID
2666:PMID
2648:ISSN
2591:PMID
2550:PMID
2501:PMID
2452:PMID
2442:ISBN
2411:PMID
2389:1863
2354:PMID
2301:PMID
2273:Cell
2250:PMID
2232:ISSN
2193:PMID
2171:1763
2144:PMID
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