1172:
285:
262:
1452:
molecule. Zn and Zn-binding amino acids (His411, Tyr447, and Cys530 in human PGLYRP2) are required for the amidase activity. Cys419 in human PGLYRP2, which is broadly conserved in invertebrate and vertebrate PRGPs, forms a disulfide bond with Cys425 (in human PGLYRP2) and is required for the amidase activity, as this disulfide bond is essential for the structural integrity of the PGRP domain. Cys530 is conserved in all amidase-active vertebrate and invertebrate PGRPs, whereas non-catalytic PGRPs (including mammalian PGLYRP1, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4) have
184:
159:
291:
190:
1582:-deficient mice are more susceptible than wild type mice to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, which indicates that PGLYRP2 protects mice from DSS-induced colitis. Intestinal microbiome is important for this protection, because this increased sensitivity to colitis could be transferred to wild type
1659:-deficient mice are more resistant to weight loss in a model of chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity, which indicates that in wild type mice PGLYRP2 contributes to the chemotherapy-induced weight loss. These results indicate that under certain conditions PGLYRP2 has pro-inflammatory effects.
1456:
in this position, and thus the presence of Cys or Ser in this position can be used to predict amidase activity of PGRPs. However, Cys530 and seven other amino acids that are all required for the amidase activity of PGRPs are not sufficient for the amidase activity, which requires additional so far
2567:
Kibardin AV, Mirkina II, Baranova EV, Zakeyeva IR, Georgiev GP, Kiselev SL (February 2003). "The differentially spliced mouse tagL gene, homolog of tag7/PGRP gene family in mammals and
Drosophila, can recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall independently of T phage lysozyme
1447:
PGLYRP2 hydrolyzes the amide bond between the MurNAc and L-Ala, the first amino acid in the stem peptide. This hydrolysis separates the crosslinking peptides from the polysaccharide chains and solubilizes cross-linked bacterial peptidoglycan into uncross-linked polysaccharide chains. The minimal
1451:
The peptidoglycan-binding site, which is also the amidase catalytic domain, is located in the C-terminal PGRP domain. This PGRP domain is sufficient for the enzymatic activity of PGLYRP2, although this activity of the isolated C-terminal fragment is diminished compared with the entire PGLYRP2
1571:
Hydrolysis of peptidoglycan by PGLYRP2 diminishes peptidoglycan's pro-inflammatory activity. This effect is likely due to amidase activity of PGLYRP2, which separates the stem peptide from MurNAc in peptidoglycan and destroys the motif required for the peptidoglycan-induced activation of
2758:
Vanderwinkel E, de Pauw P, Philipp D, Ten Have JP, Bainter K (February 1995). "The human and mammalian N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase: distribution, action on different bacterial peptidoglycans, and comparison with the human lysozyme activities".
1347:(also known as a PGRP domain) with predicted peptidoglycan-binding and catalytic cleft with walls formed by α-helices and the floor by a β-sheet. PGLYRP2 also has a long N-terminal segment that comprises two thirds of the PGLYRP2 sequence, has two
4378:
Das AA, Choudhury KR, Jagadeeshaprasad MG, Kulkarni MJ, Mondal PC, Bandyopadhyay A (June 2020). "Proteomic analysis detects deregulated reverse cholesterol transport in human subjects with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction".
2835:
Hoijer MA, de Groot R, van
Lieshout L, Jacobs BC, Melief MJ, Hazenberg MP (January 1998). "Differences in N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase and lysozyme in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis".
1135:
codes for a family of 4 PGRPs: PGRP-S (short PGRP) and PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ. Subsequently, the Human Genome
Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee changed the gene symbols of PGRP-S, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ to
298:
197:
2608:
Zhang Y, van der Fits L, Voerman JS, Melief MJ, Laman JD, Wang M, et al. (August 2005). "Identification of serum N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase as liver peptidoglycan recognition protein 2".
3034:"Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells"
1124:
and by homology searches of available human and mouse sequences predicted the presence of long forms of human and mouse PGRPs, which they named PGRP-L by analogy to long forms of insect PGRPs.
2312:
Vanderwinkel E, de
Vlieghere M, de Pauw P, Cattalini N, Ledoux V, Gigot D, ten Have JP (July 1990). "Purification and characterization of N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase from human serum".
1418:-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, that binds and hydrolyzes bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is the main component of bacterial cell wall and is a polymer of β(1-4)-linked
3667:
Hoijer MA, Melief MJ, Debets R, Hazenberg MP (December 1997). "Inflammatory properties of peptidoglycan are decreased after degradation by human N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase".
1195:-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases. Recombinant and native human PGLYRP2 proteins were then further shown to be identical with the previously identified and purified serum NAMLAA.
2358:
De Pauw P, Neyt C, Vanderwinkel E, Wattiez R, Falmagne P (June 1995). "Characterization of human serum N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase purified by affinity chromatography".
3610:"Pglyrp-Regulated Gut Microflora Prevotella falsenii, Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides eggerthii Enhance and Alistipes finegoldii Attenuates Colitis in Mice"
1886:
Kibardin AV, Mirkina II, Korneeva EA, Gnuchev NV, Georgiev GP, Kiselev SL (May 2000). "Molecular cloning of a new mouse gene tagL containing a lysozyme-like domain".
1131:
and coworkers discovered and cloned three human PGRPs, named PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ (for long and intermediate size transcripts), and established that human
2214:
Valinger Z, Ladesić B, Tomasić J (February 1982). "Partial purification and characterization of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase from human and mouse serum".
3389:"Functions of Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (Pglyrps) at the Ocular Surface: Bacterial Keratitis in Gene-Targeted Mice Deficient in Pglyrp-2, -3 and -4"
1600:-like inflammation, which indicates that PGLYRP2 is anti-inflammatory and protects mice from this type of skin inflammation. This pro-inflammatory effect in
3699:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein Pglyrp2 protects mice from psoriasis-like skin inflammation by promoting regulatory T cells and limiting Th17 responses"
1930:
Gelius E, Persson C, Karlsson J, Steiner H (July 2003). "A mammalian peptidoglycan recognition protein with N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity".
4222:"Serum sCD14, PGLYRP2 and FGA as potential biomarkers for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis based on data-independent acquisition and targeted proteomics"
2172:
Ladesić B, Tomasić J, Kveder S, Hrsak I (November 1981). "The metabolic fate of 14C-labeled immunoadjuvant peptidoglycan monomer. II. In vitro studies".
1092:
in 1981 by Branko Ladešić and coworkers. The enzyme (abbreviated NAMLAA) was then purified from human serum by this and other groups. The sequence of 15
761:
780:
120:
3558:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins protect mice from experimental colitis by promoting normal gut flora and preventing induction of interferon-gamma"
3196:"Role of mouse peptidoglycan recognition protein PGLYRP2 in the innate immune response to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in vivo"
4767:
2131:
2936:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-Ala amidase) is induced in keratinocytes by bacteria through the p38 kinase pathway"
2149:
1292:(interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1) signaling pathways. Constitutive and induced expression of PGLYRP2 is controlled by different
4006:
Gorecki AM, Bakeberg MC, Theunissen F, Kenna JE, Hoes ME, Pfaff AL, Akkari PA, Dunlop SA, Kõks S, Mastaglia FL, Anderton RS (2020-11-17).
4860:
3245:"Gene silencing and overexpression of porcine peptidoglycan recognition protein long isoforms: involvement in beta-defensin-1 expression"
1705:
genes) than healthy controls. These results suggest that PGLYRP2 protects humans from these inflammatory diseases, and that mutations in
1020:
4551:
Royet J, Dziarski R (April 2007). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: pleiotropic sensors and effectors of antimicrobial defences".
1027:
4514:
Royet J, Gupta D, Dziarski R (November 2011). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation".
2796:"Expression and intracellular localization of the human N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase, a bacterial cell wall-degrading enzyme"
4331:"Tumor-Derived Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 Predicts Survival and Antitumor Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma"
3802:"Peptidoglycan Recognition Peptide 2 Aggravates Weight Loss in a Murine Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity"
3861:"Sex-dependent alterations in motor and anxiety-like behavior of aged bacterial peptidoglycan sensing molecule 2 knockout mice"
2708:"Differential expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 in the skin and liver requires different transcription factors"
1552:-deficient mice have significant changes in the composition of their intestinal microbiome, which affect their sensitivity to
4855:
4504:
1285:
2114:
2041:
1620:-induced intestinal inflammation, which indicates that PGLYRP2 also has anti-inflammatory effect in the intestinal tract.
1235:
granules. PGLYRP2 is differentially expressed in the developing brain and this expression is influenced by the intestinal
1179:
gene on chromosome 19 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated.
2093:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1161:
1153:
1141:
4008:"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Gut Homeostasis Influence Risk and Age-at-Onset of Parkinson's Disease"
1344:
32:
2402:"Purification and characterization of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase from human plasma using monoclonal antibodies"
1576:(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2), one of the proinflammatory peptidoglycan receptors.
284:
1763:
1316:
1112:
261:
1568:
and plays a role in maintaining anti- and pro-inflammatory homeostasis in the intestine, skin, joints, and brain.
2118:
2097:
1836:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: a novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules"
1211:. PGLYRP2 (NAMLAA) is present in human plasma at 100 to 200 μg/mL and at lower concentrations in saliva, milk,
825:
91:, HMFT0141, PGLYRPL, PGRP-L, PGRPL, TAGL-like, tagL, tagL-alpha, tagl-beta, peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
4067:"Association of PGLYRP2 gene polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson's disease in northern Chinese Han population"
183:
158:
3800:
Bech AS, Nexoe AB, Dubik M, Moeller JB, Soerensen GL, Holmskov U, Madsen GI, Husby S, Rathe M (2021-03-23).
2256:
Mollner S, Braun V (December 1984). "Murein hydrolase (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine amidase) in human serum".
806:
4278:
1725:
100:
297:
196:
290:
189:
4424:"Antibody to peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGLYRP)-2 as a novel biomarker in rheumatoid arthritis"
1686:
1262:
1187:
and coworkers discovered that mouse and human PGLYRP2 (PGRP-L) proteins encoded by the mouse and human
2794:
Hoijer MA, Melief MJ, Calafat J, Roos D, van den Beemd RW, van Dongen JJ, Hazenberg MP (August 1997).
1596:-deficient mice are more susceptible than wild type mice to the development of experimentally induced
4487:, Royet J, Gupta D (2016). "Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins and Lysozyme". In Ratcliffe MJ (ed.).
4422:
Huang F, Liu X, Cheng Y, Sun X, Li Y, Zhao J, Cao D, Wu Q, Pan X, Deng H, Tian M, Li Z (2021-08-31).
1631:
induced by systemic administration of peptidoglycan or MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln peptidoglycan fragment (
1168:
PGRPs. Sergei
Kiselev and coworkers also independently cloned mouse PGLYRP2 (which they named TagL).
87:
4173:"Host Protein Biomarkers Identify Active Tuberculosis in HIV Uninfected and Co-infected Individuals"
4114:"PGLYRP2 as a novel biomarker for the activity and lipid metabolism of systemic lupus erythematosus"
3142:"Control of intestinal Nod2-mediated peptidoglycan recognition by epithelium-associated lymphocytes"
1673:-like behaviors compared with wild type mice, which indicate that PGLYRP2 affects behavior in mice.
3301:"Genetic Association of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Variants with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
1744:
1481:
1332:
999:
995:
991:
987:
966:
932:
928:
924:
920:
899:
108:
4171:
Achkar JM, Cortes L, Croteau P, Yanofsky C, Mentinova M, Rajotte I, et al. (September 2015).
4066:
1116:
3753:"PGLYRP-2 and Nod2 are both required for peptidoglycan-induced arthritis and local inflammation"
2066:"Pglyrp2 peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI"
1382:), has a conserved Zn-binding site in the peptidoglycan-binding cleft, which is also present in
1003:
962:
936:
895:
2884:"The bacterial peptidoglycan-sensing molecule Pglyrp2 modulates brain development and behavior"
1718:
1528:
1524:
1475:
1259:
1248:
4220:
Chen J, Han YS, Yi WJ, Huang H, Li ZB, Shi LY, Wei LL, Yu Y, Jiang TT, Li JC (November 2020).
4729:
Wolf AJ, Underhill DM (April 2018). "Peptidoglycan recognition by the innate immune system".
3502:
Bobrovsky P, Manuvera V, Polina N, Podgorny O, Prusakov K, Govorun V, Lazarev V (July 2016).
1754:
Autoantibodies to PGLYRP2 are significantly increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
1748:
1532:
1497:
172:
128:
1171:
3621:
3451:
Dabrowski AN, Conrad C, Behrendt U, Shrivastav A, Baal N, Wienhold SM, et al. (2019).
3400:
3312:
2521:
2462:
2265:
1788:
1685:
variants or changed expression of PGLYRP2 are associated with some diseases. Patients with
1426:
1403:
1293:
1278:
1088:-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase enzymatic activity was first observed in human and mouse
4279:"Measurement of Organ-Specific and Acute-Phase Blood Protein Levels in Early Lyme Disease"
3032:
Uehara A, Sugawara Y, Kurata S, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Kusumoto S, et al. (May 2005).
2042:"PGLYRP2 peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI"
1793:
8:
3957:
Goldman SM, Kamel F, Ross GW, Jewell SA, Marras C, Hoppin JA, et al. (August 2014).
2882:
Arentsen T, Qian Y, Gkotzis S, Femenia T, Wang T, Udekwu K, et al. (February 2017).
2510:"A peptidoglycan recognition protein in innate immunity conserved from insects to humans"
2451:"A family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster"
1512:
1419:
1300:
1270:
1212:
4423:
3625:
3404:
3316:
3140:
Duerr CU, Salzman NH, Dupont A, Szabo A, Normark BH, Normark S, et al. (May 2011).
3086:"Regulation of the Peptidoglycan Amidase PGLYRP2 in Epithelial Cells by Interleukin-36γ"
2525:
2466:
2269:
4798:
4754:
4712:
4685:
4667:
4640:
4619:
4592:
4576:
4539:
4496:
4461:
4440:
4404:
4355:
4330:
4306:
4254:
4221:
4197:
4172:
4148:
4113:
4094:
4042:
4007:
3983:
3958:
3934:
3910:"Replication of a genome-wide case-control study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma"
3909:
3890:
3836:
3801:
3777:
3752:
3723:
3698:
3644:
3609:
3582:
3557:
3528:
3503:
3479:
3452:
3423:
3388:
3335:
3300:
3269:
3244:
3220:
3195:
3171:
3110:
3085:
3063:
3014:
2960:
2935:
2908:
2883:
2861:
2737:
2289:
2023:
1865:
1694:
1690:
1516:
infection, although the latter was accompanied by increased inflammation in the cecum.
1363:
in the PGRP domain that are conserved in all human PGRPs and are predicted to form two
132:
2674:
2649:
2581:
1943:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
656:
negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response
655:
650:
645:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
4833:
4802:
4790:
4746:
4717:
4672:
4624:
4568:
4531:
4500:
4465:
4453:
4445:
4408:
4396:
4360:
4311:
4259:
4241:
4202:
4153:
4135:
4098:
4086:
4047:
4029:
3988:
3939:
3882:
3841:
3823:
3782:
3728:
3676:
3649:
3587:
3533:
3504:"Recombinant Human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Reveal Antichlamydial Activity"
3484:
3428:
3340:
3274:
3260:
3225:
3163:
3115:
3055:
3050:
3033:
3006:
2965:
2951:
2913:
2853:
2817:
2776:
2729:
2679:
2665:
2625:
2585:
2549:
2544:
2509:
2490:
2485:
2450:
2431:
2417:
2375:
2329:
2325:
2281:
2231:
2227:
2189:
2185:
2015:
1947:
1895:
1857:
1728:
and correlate with disease activity index, renal damage, and abnormal lipid profile.
1714:
1632:
1609:
1097:
80:
4580:
3894:
3358:
3175:
3067:
3018:
2865:
2741:
2293:
2027:
1994:"Human peptidoglycan recognition protein-L is an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase"
1869:
1284:
Bacteria and cytokines induce expression of PGLYRP2 in epithelial cells through the
112:
4823:
4782:
4758:
4738:
4707:
4697:
4662:
4652:
4614:
4604:
4560:
4543:
4523:
4492:
4435:
4388:
4350:
4342:
4301:
4293:
4249:
4233:
4192:
4184:
4143:
4125:
4078:
4037:
4019:
3978:
3970:
3929:
3921:
3872:
3831:
3813:
3772:
3764:
3718:
3710:
3639:
3629:
3577:
3569:
3523:
3515:
3474:
3464:
3418:
3408:
3387:
Gowda RN, Redfern R, Frikeche J, Pinglay S, Foster JW, Lema C, et al. (2015).
3330:
3320:
3264:
3256:
3215:
3207:
3153:
3105:
3097:
3045:
2996:
2985:"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins are a new class of human bactericidal proteins"
2955:
2947:
2903:
2895:
2845:
2807:
2768:
2719:
2669:
2661:
2617:
2577:
2539:
2529:
2480:
2470:
2421:
2413:
2367:
2321:
2273:
2223:
2181:
2005:
1939:
1847:
1647:-deficient mice are also more resistant than wild type mice to bacterially induced
1605:
1583:
1502:
1491:
377:
308:
252:
207:
4297:
1992:
Wang ZM, Li X, Cocklin RR, Wang M, Wang M, Fukase K, et al. (December 2003).
1319:) through sequences in the proximal region of the promoter. Induced expression of
4828:
4811:
4786:
4082:
3634:
3413:
3325:
2621:
1666:
1359:
segment is also longer than in other mammalian PGLYRPs. PGLYRP2 has two pairs of
352:
136:
4392:
4188:
2154:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2136:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1335:(specificity protein 1) through sequences in the distal region of the promoter.
4636:
4588:
4484:
4130:
3768:
3605:
3573:
2650:"Innate immune responses in peptidoglycan recognition protein L-deficient mice"
2514:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2455:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1441:
1266:
1255:
1216:
1184:
1128:
453:
4024:
3877:
3860:
1351:
regions, is not found in other mammalian PGLYRP1, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4 and in
4849:
4702:
4449:
4245:
4139:
4033:
3827:
3818:
3714:
3469:
2812:
2795:
2534:
2475:
1783:
1627:-deficient mice are more resistant than wild type mice to the development of
1520:
1383:
1368:
1089:
555:
49:
4657:
4609:
2449:
Werner T, Liu G, Kang D, Ekengren S, Steiner H, Hultmark D (December 2000).
1355:
PGRPs, and is unique with no identifiable functional motifs or domains. The
513:
391:
4837:
4812:"Bacterial Peptidoglycans from Microbiota in Neurodevelopment and Behavior"
4794:
4750:
4721:
4676:
4628:
4572:
4535:
4457:
4400:
4364:
4315:
4263:
4206:
4157:
4090:
4051:
3992:
3943:
3886:
3845:
3786:
3732:
3653:
3591:
3537:
3488:
3432:
3344:
3299:
Zulfiqar F, Hozo I, Rangarajan S, Mariuzza RA, Dziarski R, Gupta D (2013).
3278:
3229:
3167:
3119:
3059:
3010:
3001:
2984:
2969:
2917:
2772:
2733:
2724:
2707:
2683:
2629:
2589:
2494:
2371:
2019:
2010:
1993:
1951:
1899:
1861:
1852:
1835:
1740:
1736:
1565:
1352:
1324:
1203:
Human and mouse PGLYRP2 is constitutively expressed in the adult and fetal
1108:
370:
149:
4686:"Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host"
3680:
3556:
Saha S, Jing X, Park SY, Wang S, Li X, Gupta D, Dziarski R (August 2010).
2857:
2821:
2780:
2553:
2435:
2379:
2333:
2285:
2235:
2193:
2065:
1067:
1062:
4742:
4277:
Zhou Y, Qin S, Sun M, Tang L, Yan X, Kim TK, et al. (January 2020).
3959:"Peptidoglycan recognition protein genes and risk of Parkinson's disease"
3908:
Ng D, Hu N, Hu Y, Wang C, Giffen C, Tang ZZ, et al. (October 2008).
3751:
Saha S, Qi J, Wang S, Wang M, Li X, Kim YG, et al. (February 2009).
3519:
3211:
3101:
1232:
870:
851:
4564:
2899:
2311:
1164:), respectively, and this nomenclature is currently also used for other
4237:
3158:
3141:
2277:
1640:
1437:
1379:
1356:
1348:
1308:
1274:
1252:
1236:
1220:
1093:
269:
166:
116:
4346:
3974:
3925:
3194:
Lee J, Geddes K, Streutker C, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE (August 2012).
2426:
1394:, and one cysteine (His411, Tyr447, His522, Cys530 in human PGLYRP2).
4329:
Yang Z, Feng J, Xiao L, Chen X, Yao Y, Li Y, et al. (May 2020).
1648:
1636:
1628:
1597:
1466:
1387:
1378:
PGLYRP2, similar to all other amidase-active PGRPs (invertebrate and
1372:
1364:
1331:(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and
725:
336:
323:
235:
222:
124:
46:
4527:
4377:
2983:
Lu X, Wang M, Qi J, Wang H, Li X, Gupta D, Dziarski R (March 2006).
4768:"Bacterial Peptidoglycan as a Driver of Chronic Brain Inflammation"
2849:
1709:
gene are among the genetic factors predisposing to these diseases.
1448:
peptidoglycan fragment hydrolyzed by PGLYRP2 is MurNAc-tripeptide.
1391:
1360:
1240:
1051:
43:
2757:
1489:-deficient mice did not show a changed susceptibility to systemic
1328:
3697:
Park SY, Gupta D, Hurwich R, Kim CH, Dziarski R (December 2011).
3450:
1670:
1635:, MDP). In this model, PGLYRP2 is required for the production of
1553:
1548:
Mouse PGLYRP2 plays a role in maintaining healthy microbiome, as
1433:
1101:
837:
792:
710:
706:
2834:
2401:
1604:-deficient mice is due to the increased numbers and activity of
1296:
whose binding sequences are located in different regions of the
1219:. PGLYRP2 is also expressed to a much lower level in the colon,
104:
3501:
2566:
2508:
Kang D, Liu G, Lundström A, Gelius E, Steiner H (August 1998).
1453:
1228:
1224:
1165:
1132:
1035:
747:
28:
4005:
3298:
2607:
2357:
1885:
4765:
3858:
2610:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics
1312:
1289:
1208:
1204:
3859:
Arentsen T, Khalid R, Qian Y, Diaz Heijtz R (January 2018).
3031:
2400:
Hoijer MA, Melief MJ, Keck W, Hazenberg MP (February 1996).
1929:
1724:
Increased serum PGLYRP2 levels are present in patients with
1616:-deficient mice are more susceptible than wild type mice to
4809:
4170:
3666:
3386:
1573:
1244:
1104:
was not cloned and the gene encoding NAMLAA was not known.
56:
3193:
2881:
3243:
Sang Y, Ramanathan B, Ross CR, Blecha F (November 2005).
3084:
Scholz GM, Heath JE, Aw J, Reynolds EC (September 2018).
2399:
2171:
1732:
3242:
1697:, have significantly more frequent missense variants in
360:
4766:
Laman JD, 't Hart BA, Power C, Dziarski R (July 2020).
3604:
3359:"Reactome | PGLYRP2 hydrolyzes bacterial peptidoglycan"
3139:
2793:
1409:
3956:
2507:
2406:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
2213:
3799:
3083:
2448:
1465:
PGLYRP2 plays a limited role in host defense against
1343:
PGLYRP2 has one canonical carboxy-terminal catalytic
525:
1198:
4683:
3696:
2934:Wang H, Gupta D, Li X, Dziarski R (November 2005).
2933:
1932:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1834:Liu C, Xu Z, Gupta D, Dziarski R (September 2001).
1402:The PGLYRP2 protein plays an important role in the
4684:Bastos PA, Wheeler R, Boneca IG (September 2020).
4513:
4483:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1833:
661:negative regulation of interferon-gamma production
4810:Gonzalez-Santana A, Diaz Heijtz R (August 2020).
4065:Luan M, Jin J, Wang Y, Li X, Xie A (April 2022).
1991:
307:
206:
4847:
4641:"The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)"
4593:"The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)"
4421:
4328:
3608:, Park SY, Kashyap DR, Dowd SE, Gupta D (2016).
3555:
4491:. Vol. 2. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 389–403.
2705:
2103:
2082:
16:Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
4276:
4219:
3750:
2647:
2115:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000079563
1243:induce low level of PGLYRP2 expression in the
1096:amino acids of NAMLAA was identified, but the
691:pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway
4728:
4635:
4587:
4550:
4064:
1523:, it has antibacterial activity against both
1460:
1371:and secreted, and forms non-disulfide-linked
4112:Li H, Meng D, Jia J, Wei H (December 2021).
4111:
2982:
2648:Xu M, Wang Z, Locksley RM (September 2004).
2255:
1731:Decreased expression of PGLYRP2 is found in
1623:However, PGLYRP2 also has opposite effects.
1436:, typically composed of alternating L and D
1277:. Some mammals, e.g. pigs, express multiple
2706:Li X, Wang S, Wang H, Gupta D (July 2006).
2094:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000161031
1345:peptidoglycan-binding type 2 amidase domain
681:defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
594:N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity
4226:Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
3907:
1559:
4827:
4711:
4701:
4666:
4656:
4618:
4608:
4439:
4354:
4305:
4253:
4196:
4147:
4129:
4041:
4023:
3982:
3933:
3876:
3835:
3817:
3776:
3722:
3643:
3633:
3581:
3527:
3478:
3468:
3422:
3412:
3334:
3324:
3268:
3219:
3157:
3109:
3049:
3000:
2959:
2907:
2811:
2723:
2673:
2543:
2533:
2484:
2474:
2425:
2009:
1851:
1543:
1281:of PGLYRP2 with differential expression.
1564:PGLYRP2 directly and indirectly affects
1485:-induced pneumonia and sepsis. However,
1183:In 2003 Håkan Steiner and coworkers and
1170:
1111:and coworkers discovered a family of 12
1148:(peptidoglycan recognition protein 2),
4848:
4428:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
3746:
3744:
3742:
3692:
3690:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3079:
3077:
2929:
2927:
2877:
2875:
2753:
2751:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2603:
2601:
2599:
1608:(Th17) cells and decreased numbers of
1473:-deficient mice are more sensitive to
1327:is regulated by transcription factors
1311:is regulated by transcription factors
584:peptidoglycan immune receptor activity
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2167:
2165:
2163:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1829:
1207:, from where it is secreted into the
312:
273:
268:
211:
170:
165:
3453:"Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection"
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1881:
1879:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1676:
1655:-induced lung infection. Moreover,
1432:(MurNAc) with MurNAc-attached short
1414:PGLYRP2 is an enzyme (EC 3.5.1.28),
1410:Peptidoglycan binding and hydrolysis
1386:type 2 amidases and consists of two
1286:p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
3739:
3687:
3544:
3439:
3375:
3285:
3182:
3126:
3074:
2989:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2924:
2872:
2748:
2712:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2690:
2636:
2596:
2360:Protein Expression and Purification
1998:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1840:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1779:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
1774:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
1769:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
1586:mice by microbiome transplant from
1162:peptidoglycan recognition protein 4
1154:peptidoglycan recognition protein 3
1142:peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
676:regulation of inflammatory response
22:Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
13:
4861:Peptidoglycan recognition proteins
4497:10.1016/B978-0-12-374279-7.02022-1
4476:
2838:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2761:Biochemical and Molecular Medicine
2386:
2340:
2300:
2242:
2200:
2160:
1715:esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
1713:variants are also associated with
1701:gene (and also in the other three
610:intracellular anatomical structure
14:
4872:
1958:
1906:
1876:
1806:
1764:Peptidoglycan recognition protein
1665:-deficient mice also show higher
1519:Although PGLYRP2 is not directly
1317:activating transcription factor 2
1199:Tissue distribution and secretion
1113:Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein
4441:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/vlvlqu
3261:10.1128/IAI.73.11.7133-7141.2005
3051:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00500.x
2952:10.1128/IAI.73.11.7216-7225.2005
2666:10.1128/MCB.24.18.7949-7957.2004
296:
289:
283:
260:
195:
188:
182:
157:
4415:
4371:
4322:
4270:
4213:
4164:
4105:
4058:
4012:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
3999:
3950:
3914:International Journal of Cancer
3901:
3852:
3793:
3660:
3598:
3495:
3351:
3236:
3025:
2976:
2828:
2787:
2560:
2501:
2442:
2142:
1739:, drug-sensitive tuberculosis,
1440:, that cross-link the adjacent
686:peptidoglycan catabolic process
2654:Molecular and Cellular Biology
2124:
2058:
2034:
696:antimicrobial humoral response
514:More reference expression data
1:
4489:Encyclopedia of Immunobiology
4298:10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00569
3865:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
2582:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01401-8
2314:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
2216:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
2174:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
1944:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01096-9
1799:
1303:. Constitutive expression of
1263:intraepithelial T lymphocytes
281:
180:
4856:Genes on human chromosome 19
4829:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.003
4816:Trends in Molecular Medicine
4787:10.1016/j.molmed.2019.11.006
4775:Trends in Molecular Medicine
4553:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
4286:Journal of Proteome Research
4118:Lipids in Health and Disease
4083:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136547
3635:10.1371/journal.pone.0146162
3414:10.1371/journal.pone.0137129
3326:10.1371/journal.pone.0067393
2622:10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.07.001
2570:Journal of Molecular Biology
2418:10.1016/0304-4165(95)00136-0
2326:10.1016/0167-4838(90)90267-j
2228:10.1016/0167-4838(82)90313-2
2186:10.1016/0304-4165(81)90042-8
1726:systemic lupus erythematosus
1397:
1338:
1079:
7:
4393:10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103796
4189:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.039
1757:
1639:and cytokines that attract
1233:polymorphonuclear leukocyte
10:
4877:
4731:Nature Reviews. Immunology
4516:Nature Reviews. Immunology
4131:10.1186/s12944-021-01515-8
3769:10.1016/j.chom.2008.12.010
3574:10.1016/j.chom.2010.07.005
1687:inflammatory bowel disease
1461:Defense against infections
1457:unidentified amino acids.
1273:) cells, and inflammatory
42:(NAMLAA), that hydrolyzes
4690:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
4025:10.3389/fnagi.2020.603849
3878:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.014
3669:European Cytokine Network
3457:Frontiers in Microbiology
2150:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2132:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1643:to the arthritic joints.
1510:infections or intestinal
1066:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1034:
1015:
984:
980:
959:
955:
948:
917:
913:
892:
888:
881:
868:
864:
849:
845:
836:
823:
819:
804:
800:
791:
778:
774:
759:
755:
746:
731:
724:
720:
704:
554:
550:
538:
533:
524:
511:
460:
451:
398:
389:
359:
351:
347:
330:
317:
280:
259:
250:
246:
229:
216:
179:
156:
147:
143:
98:
95:
85:
78:
73:
69:
64:
3819:10.3389/fonc.2021.635005
3715:10.4049/jimmunol.1101068
3470:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00199
2813:10.1182/blood.V90.3.1246
2535:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10078
2476:10.1073/pnas.97.25.13772
2258:Archives of Microbiology
1745:hepatocellular carcinoma
1669:and decreased levels of
1482:Streptococcus pneumoniae
1367:bonds. Human PGLYRP2 is
1028:Chr 17: 32.63 – 32.64 Mb
4658:10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232
4610:10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232
3757:Cell Host & Microbe
3562:Cell Host & Microbe
1560:Effects on inflammation
1479:-induced keratitis and
1404:innate immune responses
1021:Chr 19: 15.47 – 15.5 Mb
4703:10.1093/femsre/fuaa044
3508:Infection and Immunity
3249:Infection and Immunity
3200:Infection and Immunity
3090:Infection and Immunity
3002:10.1074/jbc.M511631200
2940:Infection and Immunity
2773:10.1006/bmme.1995.1004
2725:10.1074/jbc.M601017200
2372:10.1006/prep.1995.1049
2011:10.1074/jbc.M307758200
1853:10.1074/jbc.M105566200
1689:(IBD), which includes
1544:Maintaining microbiome
1476:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1180:
671:detection of bacterium
666:innate immune response
472:mesenteric lymph nodes
52:and is encoded by the
4381:Journal of Proteomics
3806:Frontiers in Oncology
3703:Journal of Immunology
3038:Cellular Microbiology
1749:myocardial infarction
1498:Staphylococcus aureus
1294:transcription factors
1174:
646:immune system process
620:extracellular exosome
589:peptidoglycan binding
275:Chromosome 17 (mouse)
173:Chromosome 19 (human)
4743:10.1038/nri.2017.136
4071:Neuroscience Letters
3520:10.1128/IAI.01495-15
3212:10.1128/IAI.00168-12
3102:10.1128/IAI.00384-18
2888:Molecular Psychiatry
2070:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2046:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1888:Doklady Biochemistry
1794:Bacterial cell walls
1789:Innate immune system
1651:and inflammation in
625:extracellular region
4565:10.1038/nrmicro1620
4232:(21): 12537–12549.
3626:2016PLoSO..1146162D
3405:2015PLoSO..1037129G
3317:2013PLoSO...867393Z
2900:10.1038/mp.2016.182
2526:1998PNAS...9510078K
2467:2000PNAS...9713772W
2270:1984ArMic.140..171M
1719:Parkinson's disease
1513:Salmonella enterica
1430:-acetylmuramic acid
1213:cerebrospinal fluid
630:extracellular space
402:right lobe of liver
137:PGLYRP2 - orthologs
4639:, Gupta D (2006).
4591:, Gupta D (2006).
4238:10.1111/jcmm.15796
3963:Movement Disorders
3159:10.1038/mi.2010.71
3146:Mucosal Immunology
2568:homology domain".
2278:10.1007/BF00454921
1695:ulcerative colitis
1423:-acetylglucosamine
1181:
1175:Location of human
826:ENSMUSG00000079563
639:Biological process
603:Cellular component
579:hydrolase activity
562:Molecular function
464:left lobe of liver
4506:978-0-12-374279-7
4347:10.1002/hep.30924
3975:10.1002/mds.25895
3926:10.1002/ijc.23682
1677:Medical relevance
1633:muramyl dipeptide
1590:-deficient mice.
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1046:
1045:
1011:
1010:
974:
973:
944:
943:
907:
906:
877:
876:
858:
857:
832:
831:
813:
812:
787:
786:
768:
767:
716:
715:
651:peptide amidation
569:metal ion binding
546:
545:
542:
541:
520:
519:
507:
506:
445:
444:
426:lactiferous gland
343:
342:
242:
241:
39:
4868:
4841:
4831:
4806:
4772:
4762:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4680:
4670:
4660:
4632:
4622:
4612:
4584:
4547:
4510:
4470:
4469:
4443:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4358:
4341:(5): 1626–1642.
4326:
4320:
4319:
4309:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4133:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4027:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3986:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3880:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3821:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3780:
3748:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3553:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3514:(7): 2124–2130.
3499:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3416:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3328:
3296:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3161:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3053:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2727:
2718:(30): 20738–48.
2703:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2605:
2594:
2593:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2520:(17): 10078–82.
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2355:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2253:
2240:
2239:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2101:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2004:(49): 49044–52.
1989:
1956:
1955:
1927:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1846:(37): 34686–94.
1831:
1492:Escherichia coli
1249:gastrointestinal
1115:(PGRP) genes in
1059:
1058:
1030:
1023:
1006:
978:
977:
969:
953:
952:
949:RefSeq (protein)
939:
911:
910:
902:
886:
885:
862:
861:
843:
842:
817:
816:
798:
797:
772:
771:
753:
752:
722:
721:
574:zinc ion binding
552:
551:
531:
530:
516:
496:secondary oocyte
456:
454:Top expressed in
449:
448:
394:
392:Top expressed in
387:
386:
366:
365:
349:
348:
339:
326:
315:
300:
293:
287:
276:
264:
248:
247:
238:
225:
214:
199:
192:
186:
175:
161:
145:
144:
139:
90:
83:
62:
61:
40:-alanine amidase
37:
36:-acetylmuramoyl-
4876:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4770:
4528:10.1038/nri3089
4507:
4479:
4477:Further reading
4474:
4473:
4420:
4416:
4376:
4372:
4327:
4323:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4218:
4214:
4169:
4165:
4110:
4106:
4063:
4059:
4004:
4000:
3955:
3951:
3906:
3902:
3857:
3853:
3798:
3794:
3749:
3740:
3709:(11): 5813–23.
3695:
3688:
3665:
3661:
3620:(1): e0146162.
3603:
3599:
3554:
3545:
3500:
3496:
3449:
3440:
3399:(9): e0137129.
3385:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3297:
3286:
3255:(11): 7133–41.
3241:
3237:
3192:
3183:
3138:
3127:
3082:
3075:
3030:
3026:
2995:(9): 5895–907.
2981:
2977:
2946:(11): 7216–25.
2932:
2925:
2880:
2873:
2833:
2829:
2792:
2788:
2756:
2749:
2704:
2691:
2660:(18): 7949–57.
2646:
2637:
2606:
2597:
2565:
2561:
2506:
2502:
2461:(25): 13772–7.
2447:
2443:
2398:
2387:
2356:
2341:
2310:
2301:
2254:
2243:
2212:
2201:
2170:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2035:
1990:
1959:
1928:
1907:
1884:
1877:
1832:
1807:
1802:
1760:
1691:Crohn's disease
1679:
1562:
1546:
1463:
1412:
1400:
1341:
1267:dendritic cells
1239:. Bacteria and
1201:
1082:
1068:View/Edit Mouse
1063:View/Edit Human
1026:
1019:
1016:Location (UCSC)
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
965:
961:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
898:
894:
807:ENSG00000161031
700:
634:
598:
512:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
452:
441:
436:
434:skin of abdomen
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
390:
334:
321:
313:
303:
302:
301:
294:
274:
251:Gene location (
233:
220:
212:
202:
201:
200:
193:
171:
148:Gene location (
99:
86:
79:
31:(EC 3.5.1.28),
17:
12:
11:
5:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4843:
4842:
4822:(8): 729–743.
4807:
4781:(7): 670–682.
4763:
4737:(4): 243–254.
4726:
4681:
4645:Genome Biology
4633:
4597:Genome Biology
4585:
4548:
4522:(12): 837–51.
4511:
4505:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4434:(5): 988–994.
4414:
4370:
4321:
4292:(1): 346–359.
4269:
4212:
4163:
4104:
4057:
3998:
3969:(9): 1171–80.
3949:
3900:
3851:
3792:
3738:
3686:
3659:
3597:
3543:
3494:
3438:
3374:
3350:
3284:
3235:
3206:(8): 2645–54.
3181:
3125:
3073:
3024:
2975:
2923:
2894:(2): 257–266.
2871:
2850:10.1086/513815
2827:
2806:(3): 1246–54.
2786:
2747:
2689:
2635:
2595:
2559:
2500:
2441:
2385:
2339:
2299:
2264:(2–3): 171–7.
2241:
2199:
2159:
2141:
2123:
2102:
2081:
2057:
2033:
1957:
1905:
1894:(1–6): 103–5.
1875:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1678:
1675:
1612:(Treg) cells.
1561:
1558:
1545:
1542:
1462:
1459:
1442:polysaccharide
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1340:
1337:
1271:natural killer
1258:, and also in
1217:synovial fluid
1200:
1197:
1185:Roman Dziarski
1129:Roman Dziarski
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
982:
981:
975:
972:
971:
957:
956:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
915:
914:
908:
905:
904:
890:
889:
883:
879:
878:
875:
874:
866:
865:
859:
856:
855:
847:
846:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
821:
820:
814:
811:
810:
802:
801:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
776:
775:
769:
766:
765:
757:
756:
750:
744:
743:
738:
733:
729:
728:
718:
717:
714:
713:
702:
701:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
604:
600:
599:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
565:
563:
559:
558:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
528:
522:
521:
518:
517:
509:
508:
505:
504:
502:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
457:
446:
443:
442:
440:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
395:
383:
382:
374:
363:
357:
356:
353:RNA expression
345:
344:
341:
340:
332:
328:
327:
319:
316:
311:
305:
304:
295:
288:
282:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
257:
256:
244:
243:
240:
239:
231:
227:
226:
218:
215:
210:
204:
203:
194:
187:
181:
177:
176:
169:
163:
162:
154:
153:
141:
140:
97:
93:
92:
84:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4873:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4839:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:(4): 264–77.
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4183:(9): 1160–8.
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:(7): 1610–5.
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3763:(2): 137–50.
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3675:(4): 375–81.
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:(2): 147–62.
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:(6): e67393.
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3152:(3): 325–34.
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3044:(5): 675–86.
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2576:(2): 467–74.
2575:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:(4): 988–94.
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Peptidoglycan
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:S. pneumoniae
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:bacteria and
1530:
1529:Gram-negative
1526:
1525:Gram-positive
1522:
1521:bacteriolytic
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:(GlcNAc) and
1424:
1422:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:bacteriophage
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:keratinocytes
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:, heart, and
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
976:
970:
968:
964:
958:
954:
951:
947:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
916:
912:
909:
903:
901:
897:
891:
887:
884:
882:RefSeq (mRNA)
880:
873:
872:
867:
863:
860:
854:
853:
848:
844:
841:
839:
835:
828:
827:
822:
818:
815:
809:
808:
803:
799:
796:
794:
790:
783:
782:
777:
773:
770:
764:
763:
758:
754:
751:
749:
745:
742:
739:
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
719:
712:
708:
703:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
602:
601:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:Gene ontology
553:
549:
537:
532:
529:
527:
523:
515:
510:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
459:
455:
450:
447:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
388:
385:
384:
381:
379:
375:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
333:
329:
325:
320:
314:17|17 B1
310:
306:
299:
292:
286:
279:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
249:
245:
237:
232:
228:
224:
219:
209:
205:
198:
191:
185:
178:
174:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
89:
82:
77:
72:
68:
63:
60:
58:
55:
51:
50:peptidoglycan
48:
45:
41:
35:
30:
26:
23:
19:
4819:
4815:
4778:
4774:
4734:
4730:
4693:
4689:
4648:
4644:
4600:
4596:
4556:
4552:
4519:
4515:
4488:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4289:
4285:
4272:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4180:
4177:eBioMedicine
4176:
4166:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3868:
3864:
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