Prison - Knowledge

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their time, or trying to please prison staff (which can often secure early release for good behavior). However, the educational needs of prisoners often come into conflict with the security concerns of prison staff and with a public that wants to be "tough on crime" (and thus supports denying prisoners access to education). Whatever their reasons for participating in educational programs, prison populations tend to have very low literacy rates and lack of basic mathematical skills, and many have not completed secondary education. This lack of basic education severely limits their employment opportunities outside of prison, leading to high rates of recidivism, and research has shown that prison education can play a significant role in helping prisoners reorient their lives and become successful after reentry.

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without any recreational opportunities. The tension between these two opinions, coupled with lack of funding, leads to a large variety of different recreational procedures at different prisons. Prison administrators, however, generally find the provision of recreational opportunities to be useful at maintaining order in the prisons, because it keeps prisoners occupied and provides leverage to gain compliance (by depriving prisoners of recreation as punishment). Examples of common facilities/programs that are available in some prisons are: gyms and weightlifting rooms, arts and crafts, games (such as cards, chess, or bingo), television sets, and sports teams. Additionally, many prisons have an outdoor recreation area, commonly referred to as an "exercise yard".

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monitored and accounted for at all times, and the layout of prison kitchens must be designed in a way that allows staff to observe activity of the kitchen staff (who are usually prisoners). The quality of kitchen equipment varies from prison to prison, depending on when the prison was constructed, and the level of funding available to procure new equipment. Prisoners are often served food in a large cafeteria with rows of tables and benches that are securely attached to the floor. However, inmates that are locked in control units, or prisons that are on "lockdown" (where prisoners are made to remain in their cells all day) have trays of food brought to their cells and served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door. Prison food in many

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subjective determinations made by intake personnel (which include mental health workers, counselors, clerical staff, sheriff deputies, prison unit managers, and others). This process will have a major impact on the prisoner's experience, determining their security level, educational and work programs, mental health status (e.g. the determination of whether they will be placed in a mental health unit), and many other factors. This sorting of prisoners is one of the fundamental techniques through which the prison administration maintains control over the inmate population and attempts to reduce risks and liabilities in an attempt to create an orderly and secure prison environment. At some prisons, prisoners are made to wear a

1640:, and mines. Besides the economic benefits of providing a free source of hard labor, the proponents of the new penal code also thought that this would deter criminal activity by making a conspicuous public example of consequences of breaking the law. However, what actually ended up happening was frequent spectacles of disorderly conduct by the convict work crews, and the generation of sympathetic feelings from the citizens who witnessed the mistreatment of the convicts. The laws quickly drew criticism from a humanitarian perspective (as cruel, exploitative and degrading) and from a utilitarian perspective (as failing to deter crime and delegitimizing the state in the eyes of the public). Reformers such as 2612: 2379:

adult offenders is a relatively modern idea. The earliest known use of the term "juvenile delinquency" was in London in 1816, from where it quickly spread to the United States. The first juvenile correctional institution in the United States opened in 1825 in New York City. By 1917, juvenile courts had been established in all but 3 states. It was estimated that in 2011 more than 95,000 juveniles were locked up in prisons and jails in the United States (the largest youth prisoner population in the world). Besides prisons, many other types of residential placement exist within juvenile justice systems, including youth homes, community-based programs, training schools and boot camps.

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cell blocks which permitted only intermittent observation of prisoners.) Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or "modules" are designed to hold 16 to 50 prisoners and are arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern. A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, supervise each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or desk from which a single officer can monitor all the cells and the entire pod, control cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison.

1610: 1672: 2620: 2202: 2441: 1095: 794: 2020: 2716: 1554:, where the ladies' section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The inmates did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept on straw. In 1816, Fry founded a prison school for the children who were imprisoned with their parents. She also began a system of supervision and required the women to sew and to read the Bible. In 1817, she helped to found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate. 2473: 1902: 2790:: Theories of rehabilitation argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to change prisoners' lives in a way that will make them productive and law-abiding members of society once they are released. The idea was promoted by 19th century reformers, who promoted prisons as a humane alternative to harsh punishments of the past. Many governments and prison systems have adopted rehabilitation as an official aim. In the United States and Canada, prison agencies are often referred to as " 2308: 1252:, with few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death. Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of 1375: 10149: 2163:

in mental health units, etc.). Prison populations are largely from poor minority communities that experience greater rates of chronic illness, substance abuse, and mental illness than the general population. This leads to a high demand for medical services, and in countries such as the US that do not provide tax-payer funded healthcare, prison is often the first place that people are able to receive medical treatment (which they could not afford outside).

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into state prisons are pregnant and in jails 6% of women are pregnant". The standard of care that female prisoners receive before and after giving birth is often far worse than the standard expected by the general population, and sometimes almost none is given. In some countries, female prisoners may be restrained while giving birth. In many countries including the United States, mothers will frequently be separated from their baby after giving birth.

2424:, the guards of women's prisons are usually female, though not always. For example, in federal women's correction facilities of the United States, 70% of guards are male. Rape and sexual offenses remain commonplace in many women's prisons, and are usually underreported. Two studies in the late 2000s noted that because a high proportion of female inmates have experienced sexual abuse in the past, they are particularly vulnerable to further abuse. 2406: 2361: 2064: 1961: 2075:(which rarely results in incarceration) are almost always sent to minimum-security prisons due to them having committed nonviolent crimes. Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them free movement around the grounds to work or partake in activities during the day. Some countries (such as 8986: 61: 2092:

tend to have very tall walls and towers, barbed wire and other serious security measures whereas these types of high level security measures are absent at many female prisons. This is due to multiple factors including females being convicted of less severe offences, and being less likely to be convicted of violent offences, in comparison to males, and due to female prisoners being less likely to be violent than male prisoners.

2771:, earn less money when they do find work, and experience a wide range of medical and psychological issues. Many countries have a high recidivism rate. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 67.8% of released prisoners in the United States are rearrested within three years and 76.6% are rearrested within five years. If the prisoner has a family, they are likely to suffer socially and economically from their absence. 2101: 10161: 8974: 1867: 1477: 1280:, was based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of moral instruction, and that prisoners' behavior could be "corrected" so that when they were released, they would be model members of society. 1731:, although state prison systems were largely in place by the end of the 19th century in most European countries. After the unification of Italy in 1861, the government reformed the repressive and arbitrary prison system they inherited, and modernized and secularized criminal punishment by emphasizing discipline and deterrence. Italy developed an advanced penology under the leadership of 1136:, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of for retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used commonly for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. The prison in ancient Athens was known as the 2541:, at first prisoners of war were released, after they promised not to fight again unless formally exchanged. When the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners the system broke down, and each side built large-scale POW camps. Conditions in terms of housing, food, and medical care were bad in the Confederacy, and the Union retaliated by imposing harsh conditions. 2222:

reading has a variety of benefits including improved literacy, ability to understand rules and regulations (leading to improved behavior), ability to read books that encourage self-reflection and analysis of one's emotional state, consciousness of important real-world events, and education that can lead to successful re-entry into society after release.

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prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry,

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also lead to the decrease in availability to provide the youth with much needed and promised programs and services while they are in the facility. Many times the administration is not prepared to handle the large number of residents and therefore the facilities can become unstable and create instability in simple logistics.

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the first prisons used as criminal rehabilitation centers. At a time when the implementation of capital punishment for a variety of relatively trivial offenses was on the decline, the notion of incarceration as a form of punishment and correction held great appeal to reform-minded thinkers and politicians.

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in the present day. By their very definition, prisons house individuals who may be prone to violence and rule-breaking. It is also typical that a high proportion of inmates have mental health concerns. A 2014 US report found that this included 64% of local jail inmates, 54% of state prisoners and 45%

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Not all countries have experienced a rise in prison population: Sweden closed four prisons in 2013 due to a significant drop in the number of inmates. The head of Sweden's prison and probation services characterized the decrease in the number of Swedish prisoners as "out-of-the-ordinary", with prison

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By 1900 the legal framework of the Geneva and Hague Convention provided considerable protection. In the First World War, millions of prisoners were held on both sides, with no major atrocities. Officers received privileged treatment. There was an increase in the use of forced labor throughout Europe.

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Some prisons provide educational programs for inmates that can include basic literacy, secondary education, or even college education. Prisoners seek education for a variety of reasons, including the development of skills for after release, personal enrichment and curiosity, finding something to fill

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Pods may be designed for high-security "indirect supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells. An alternative is "direct supervision", in which officers work within the pod and directly interact with and supervise

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came up with a solution that would enable the continued use of forced labor while keeping disorderly conduct and abuse out of the eyes of the public. They suggested that prisoners be sent to secluded "houses of repentance" where they would be subjected (out of the view of the public) to "bodily pain,

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introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. His views influenced the establishment of

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it is apparent that while the number of prisoner receivals at the women's prison, Bandyup, has been declining over the last five years, the prison muster has been steadily rising. For the first time in its history, Bandyup is filling to capacity. The current high prison muster reflects an unchanging

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In the United States alone, more than $ 74 billion per year is spent on prisons, with over 800,000 people employed in the prison industry. As the prison population grows, revenues increase for a variety of small and large businesses that construct facilities, and provide equipment (security systems,

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Modern prisons often hold hundreds or thousands of inmates, and must have facilities onsite to meet most of their needs, including dietary, health, fitness, education, religious practices, entertainment, and many others. Conditions in prisons vary widely around the world, and the types of facilities

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The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. At one end of the spectrum are the most secure facilities ("maximum security"), which typically hold prisoners that are considered dangerous, disruptive or likely to try

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in 1777. He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they could not pay the jailer's fees. He proposed wide-ranging reforms to the system, including the housing of each prisoner in a separate cell and the requirements that staff should be

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States government spent an estimated US$ 80.7 billion to maintain prisons. CNBC estimated that the cost of maintaining the US prison system was US$ 74 billion per year. This increases government spending on prisons. As of 2023, the US no longer has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with

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Political prisoners are people who have been imprisoned because of their political beliefs, activities and affiliations. There is much debate about who qualifies as a "political prisoner". The category of "political prisoner" is often contested, and many regimes that incarcerate political prisoners

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In the 19th century, a growing awareness that female prisoners had different needs to male prisoners led to the establishment of dedicated prisons for women. In modern times, it is the norm for female inmates to be housed in either a separate prison or a separate wing of a unisex prison. The aim is

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In the United States, a million incarcerated people suffer from mental illness without any assistance or treatment for their condition. The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, known as the rate of recidivism, is unusually high for those with the most serious disorders. Analysis of data in

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Prisons in wealthy, industrialized nations provide medical care for most of their inmates. Additionally, prison medical staff play a major role in monitoring, organizing, and controlling the prison population through the use of psychiatric evaluations and interventions (psychiatric drugs, isolation

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Jails at the time were run as business ventures, and contained both felons and debtors; the latter were often housed with their wives and younger children. The jailers made their money by charging the inmates for food, drink, and other services, and the system was generally corruptible. One reform

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The argument that prisons can reduce crime through incapacitation is more widely accepted, even among academics who doubt that prisons can rehabilitate or deter offenders. A dissenting argument from Arrigo and Milovanovic, who argue that prisoners will simply continue to victimize people inside of

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If a society has a very high imprisonment rate, these effects become noticeable not just on family units, but also on entire poor communities or communities of color. The expensive cost of maintaining a high imprisonment rate also costs money that must come at the expense of either the taxpayer or

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The needs of mothers during pregnancy and childbirth often conflict with the demands of the prison system. The Rebecca Project, a non-profit organization that campaigns for women's rights issues, reports that "In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that, on average, 5% of women who enter

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Like adult facilities, youth detention centers in some countries are experiencing overcrowding due to large increases in incarceration rates of young offenders. Crowding can create extremely dangerous environments in juvenile detention centers and juvenile correctional facilities. Overcrowding may

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literacy frameworks have also been supported by scholars like Alexandra Cavallaro who see the incorporation of LGBTQ individuals' stories as key to promoting lifelong learning. Keeping forward solutions in mind, rhetorical listening is a final approach that is spread by leaders like Wendy Hinshaw.

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There are fundamental differences between the security level of men's prisons and that of women's prisons. Male prisons tend to have higher, or more severe, security levels/classifications than female prisons. This is even noticeable when comparing the construction and design of male prisons which

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Modern prison designs have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility and also to allow a smaller prison staff to monitor prisoners directly, often using a decentralized "podular" layout. (In comparison, 19th-century prisons had large landings and

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argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to cause a sufficient level of misery to the prisoner, in proportion to the perceived seriousness of their crime. These theories do not necessarily focus on whether or not a particular punishment benefits the community, but instead are based upon a belief

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In 2021, the United States of America had the world's largest prison population, with over 2 million people in American prisons or jails—up from 744,000 in 1985—making 1 in every 200 American adults a prisoner. In 2017, the nonprofit organization Prison Policy Initiative estimated that the United

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are known by a variety of names, including "youth detention facilities", "juvenile detention centers", and "reformatories". The purpose of youth detention facilities is to keep young offenders away from the public, while working towards rehabilitation. The idea of separately treating youthful and

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being shut down. Meanwhile, many nations that have historically lacked prison libraries are starting to develop them. Prison libraries can dramatically improve the quality of life for prisoners, who have large amounts of empty time on their hands that can be occupied with reading. This time spent

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American Library Association, American Library Association Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained Working Group, American Library Association Council Committee on Diversity, American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services, San Francisco

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Many countries maintain or have in the past had a system of prisons specifically intended for political prisoners. In some countries, dissidents can be detained, tortured, executed, and/or "disappeared" without trial. This can happen either legally, or extralegally (sometimes by falsely accusing

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into helpful workforce members upon release, scholars like Michael Sutcliffe argue that there needs to be a focus on re-enfranchising members and helping them share their voices. Still others advocate for styles of collective life-writing to capture the experience of incarcerated individuals and

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are people who perform correctional casework in an institutional setting; develop, evaluate, and analyze program needs and other data about inmates; evaluate progress of individual offenders in the institution; coordinate and integrate inmate training programs; develop social histories; evaluate

1429:. While conditions on these ships were generally appalling, their use and the labor thus provided set a precedent which persuaded many people that mass incarceration and labor were viable methods of crime prevention and punishment. The turn of the 19th century would see the first movement toward 2270:

Many prisons provide limited recreational and fitness facilities for prisoners. The provision of these services is controversial, with certain elements of society claiming that prisons are being "soft" on inmates, and others claiming that it is cruel and dehumanizing to confine people for years

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Prisons generally have to provide food for a large number of individuals, and thus are generally equipped with a large institutional kitchen. There are many security considerations, however, that are unique to the prison dining environment. For instance, cutlery equipment must be very carefully

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in Finland is an example of one such "open" correctional facility. The prison has been open since 1971 and, as of September 2013, the facility's 95 male prisoners leave the prison grounds on a daily basis to work in the corresponding township or commute to the mainland for either work or study.

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Prisoners are at risk of being drawn further into crime, as they may become acquainted with other criminals, trained in further criminal activity, exposed to further abuse (both from staff and other prisoners) and left with criminal records that make it difficult to find legal employment after

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freed slaves but allowed forced labor for people convicted of crimes. Prisons are very attractive to employers, because prisoners can be made to perform a great array of jobs, under conditions that most free laborers would not accept (and would be illegal outside of prisons): sub-minimum wage

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Generally, when an inmate arrives at a prison, they go through a security classification screening and risk assessment that determines where they will be placed within the prison system. Classifications are assigned by assessing the prisoner's personal history and criminal record, and through

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But, by 1820, faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined, as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes. In response, New York developed the

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that underpin the design of the modern prison. In the panopticon model, prisoners were housed in one-person cells arranged in a circular pattern, all facing towards a central observation tower in such a way that the guards could see into all of the cells from the observation tower, while the

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Prisons employ people to run and maintain the prison while keeping control of the inmates. Oftentimes, the number of people employed within a prison depends upon factors such as the size of the prison, how many inmates the prison has, and how much funding the prison gets. Staff may include:

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There were several reasons that early prison reformers sought to move punishment out of the view of the public, by placing prisons away from population centers and restricting access to the inside of prison facilities. For a detailed history of the ideological origins of these practices of

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treatment, and other forms of specialized care, depending on the needs of the inmate population and the willingness of the prison to provide for these needs. Health care services in many prisons have long been criticized as inadequate, underfunded, and understaffed, and many prisoners have

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programs, which overlap with the above methods. Restorative justice is based around arranging a mediation between the offender and victim, so that the offenders can take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done—by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community

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within prisons depend on many intersecting factors including funding, legal requirements, and cultural beliefs/practices. Nevertheless, in addition to the cell blocks that contain the prisoners, there are also certain auxiliary facilities that are common in prisons throughout the world.

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made this option available for lesser crimes, or offered it by discretion as a longer-term alternative to the death penalty, which could theoretically be imposed for the growing number of offenses in Britain. The substantial expansion of transportation was the first major innovation in

1710:: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included 1796:

are people who are employed to intervene therapeutically with various clients, the majority of whom happen to be offenders. These interventions include prison adjustment, prerelease and postrelease vocational and marital/family readjustment, and work with adolescent adjustment

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In the first half of the 19th century, capital punishment came to be regarded as inappropriate for many crimes that it had previously been carried out for, and by the mid-19th century, imprisonment had replaced the death penalty for the most serious offenses except for murder.

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Many prisons also provide a library where prisoners can check out books, or do legal research for their cases. Often these libraries are very small, consisting of a few shelves of books. In some countries, such as the United States, drastic budget cuts have resulted in many

2533:"These great trunks of ships were immense coffins, in which living men were consigned to a slow death.... black army bread full of gritty particles, biscuit full of maggots, salt meat that was already decomposing, rancid lard, spoiled cod, stale rice, peas, and beans." 2838:

This has resulted in a series of studies that are skeptical towards the idea that prison can rehabilitate offenders. As Morris and Rothman (1995) point out, "It's hard to train for freedom in a cage." A few countries have been able to operate prison systems with a low

2976:, although abolitionists often support reform campaigns, regarding them as incremental steps towards abolishing prisons. The abolition movement is motivated by a belief that prisons are inherently ineffective and discriminatory. The movement is associated with 2892:. Prison reformers also argue that alternative methods are often better at rehabilitating offenders and preventing crime in the long term. Among the countries that have sought to actively reduce prison populations include Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands. 2244:, all prison institutions offer literacy programs to expand inmates' educational opportunities. Some scholars in the field see prison literacy programs as organic, tactical spaces that resist institutionalization. They warn against the dehumanizing nature of 1318:" jobs that were anticipated to shape them into hardworking individuals and prepare them for the real world. By the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace. 1237:. He traces the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison used by the "disciplines" – new technological powers that can be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks. 1535:

was passed in 1779. This introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries (one for men and one for women). However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from

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in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. The capability to imprison citizens granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government and served as a signifier of who possessed

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But some authors have pointed out that many historical treatments overemphasize Howard's work, and that there were many other individuals (including local prison administrators) that also played a significant role in the development of modern prisons. See

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furniture, clothing), and services (transportation, communications, healthcare, food) for prisons. These parties have a strong interest in the expansion of the prison system since their development and prosperity directly depends on the number of inmates.

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payments, no insurance, no collective bargaining, lack of alternative options, etc. Prison labor can soon deprive the free labor of jobs in a number of sectors, since the organized labor turns out to be uncompetitive compared to the prison counterpart.

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facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of

2510:, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Military prisons in the United States have also been converted to civilian prisons, to include 2800:: Theories of deterrence argue that by sentencing criminals to extremely harsh penalties, other people who might be considering criminal activities will be so terrified of the consequences that they will choose not to commit crimes out of fear. 5603: 2334:

In addition to the above facilities, others that are common include prison factories and workshops, visiting areas, mail rooms, telephone and computer rooms, a prison store (often called a "canteen") where prisoners can purchase goods with

1081:, while the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used in speech, officially named facilities use "facility", "correctional centre", "penitentiary", or "institution". A number of facilities retain their historical designation as a "jail". 2830:

Academic studies have been inconclusive as to whether high imprisonment rates reduce crime rates in comparison to low imprisonment rates; only a minority suggest it creates a significant reduction, and others suggest it increases crime.

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into a state prison, in 1790. This prison was modeled on what became known as the "Pennsylvania system" (or "separate system"), and placed all prisoners into solitary cells with nothing other than religious literature, made them wear

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often claim that they are merely "criminals". Others who are sometimes classified as "political prisoners" include prisoners who were politicized in prison, and are subsequently punished for their involvement with political causes.

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In the Napoleonic wars, the broken down hulks were still in use for naval prisoners. One French surgeon recalled his captivity in Spain, where scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery, and typhus abounded, and prisoners died by the thousands:

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rates, and the fact that most of the youths that are incarcerated are those from lower socio-economic classes (who often suffer from broken families, lack of educational/job opportunities, and violence in their communities).

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Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (mainly male violence against women).

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The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and

1957:, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility. 1303:). From the Middle Ages up to the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, imprisonment was rarely used as a punishment in its own right, and prisons were mainly to hold those awaiting trial and convicts awaiting punishment. 1524:

professional and paid by the government, that outside inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions. The prison reform charity, the

1540:, and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms, and eventually, in 1815, jail fees were abolished. 2964:

These alternatives do not eliminate the need for imprisonment altogether. Suspended sentences entail the threat of time in prison, while for others, actual imprisonment may be used as a punishment for noncompliance.

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Prisons have formed parts of military systems since the French Revolution. France set up its system in 1796. They were modernized in 1852 and since their existence, are used variously to house prisoners of war,

8097: 1270:, claims that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they deter people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison. The second theory, which saw prisons as a form of 6043: 1256:, often with hard labor, as a solution. The prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of 4022:

An act to authorise, for a limited time, the punishment by hard labour of offenders who, for certain crimes, are or shall become liable to be transported to any of his Majesty's colonies and plantations.

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website hosts data regarding prison populations around the world, including "Persons held – by sex, by age group," "Persons held – by status and sex" and "Prison capacity and overcrowding – totals".

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Cook, Emma S.; Lee, Yee Ming; White, B. Douglas; Gropper, Sareen S. (14 August 2015). "The Diet of Inmates: An Analysis of a 28-Day Cycle Menu Used in a Large County Jail in the State of Georgia".

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instead. The suspension of transport also prompted the use of prisons for punishment and the initial start of a prison building program. Britain would resume transportation to specifically planned

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is a place where individuals in pretrial custody or given short sentences are sent. In the United States, jails are often run by counties, while prisons are run by the state or federal government.

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In 1786, the state of Pennsylvania passed a law that mandated that all convicts who had not been sentenced to death would be placed in penal servitude to do public works projects such as building

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are not entirely opposed to attempting to rehabilitate offenders, but instead argue that most prisoners would be more likely to be rehabilitated if they received a punishment other than prison.

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practices and encourage the maintenance of agency and control in these programs to prevent them from becoming self-serving entities that cause further exploitation. Others argue that certain

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A graph showing the incarceration rate per 100,000 population in the United States. The rapid rise in the rate of imprisonment in the United States came in response to the declaration of a

2851:. On the other hand, in many countries including the United States, the vast majority of prisoners are rearrested within 3 years of their release. Prison reform organizations such as the 2343:

where prisoners who have been sentenced to death await execution and an execution room, where the death sentence is carried out. In places like Singapore and Malaysia, there is place for

2088:, prisoners are also allowed to visit their families in Helsinki and eat together with the prison staff. Prisoners in Scandinavian facilities are permitted to wear their own clothes. 2187:

2000 from several forensic hospitals in California, New York and Oregon found that with treatment the rate of recidivism was "much lower" than for untreated mentally ill offenders.

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On the other end are "minimum security" prisons which are most often used to house those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. For example, prisoners convicted of

4953: 4780:

Wolff, Nancy, and Jing Shi. "Patterns of victimization and feelings of safety inside prison: The experience of male and female inmates." Crime & Delinquency 57.1 (2011): 29–55.

2084:

Prisoners can rent flat-screen televisions, sound systems, and mini-refrigerators with the prison-labor wages that they can earn—wages range between 4.10 and €7.30 per hour. With

1041:, the words "gaol", "jail" and "prison" are commonly used. The spelling "gaol" was in official use in the past, and many historical gaols are now tourist attractions, such as the 2768: 145: 9756: 6731: 1264:, and suggested that prisons should simply be used as a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as whipping, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as 7355: 5074:

Harer, Miles D.; Langan, Neal P. (October 2001). "Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence: Assessing the Predictive Validity of a Risk Classification System".

1107: 1099: 7729: 6325:

Woolhouse, Rachel; McKinlay, Audrey; Grace, Randolph C. (August 2018). "Women in Prison With Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Mechanism, and Impact on Mental Health".

6070: 8138: 8123: 6935: 5914: 2917:: The offender performs of a period of probation, and only serves a prison sentence if the terms of probation are broken. This is similar to the Canadian concept of a 2315:", where prisoners are held prior to their executions, as well as an execution chamber, where they are put to death under controlled conditions. Pictured here is the 8078: 6206: 2279:

Most prisoners are part of the "general population" of the prison, members of which are generally able to socialize with each other in common areas of the prison. A

1771:, are enforcement officials who are in charge of enforcing prison rules among the inmates. Thus they are responsible for the care, custody and control of the prison. 2525:, British prisoners held by the U.S. were assigned to local farmers as laborers. The British kept American sailors in broken down ship hulls with high death rates. 6089: 1283:

The concept of the modern prison was imported to Europe in the early 19th-century. Prior forms of punishment were usually physical, including capital punishment,

6035: 1586:, established in 1816 with a capacity for just under 1,000 inmates. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted the disciplinary system advocated by the SIPD. By the 1840s, 1229:

during the modern age based on historical documents from France. Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the

6427:"Lawrie, Rowena --- "Speak Out Speak Strong: Rising Imprisonment Rates of Aboriginal Women" [2003] IndigLawB 24; (2003) 5(24) Indigenous Law Bulletin 5" 5593:

Edited by Erin Boyington, Randall Horton, Eldon Ray James, Sharaya Olmeda, and Victoria Van Hyning. 2024 revised edition. Chicago: American Library Association.

1359:

eighteenth-century British penal practice. Transportation to America was abruptly suspended by the Criminal Law Act 1776 (16 Geo. 3 c.43) with the start of the

9604: 2950:: The offender is not punished for the crime if they abide by certain conditions; typically they must not commit any further crimes within a designated period. 2698: 5051:"Gender Differences in Prisoner Subcultures (From Women and Crime in America, P 409-419, 1981, Lee H Bowker, ed. -See NCJ-93434) | Office of Justice Programs" 3099: 7174: 10198: 5050: 1433:, and by the 1810s, the first state prisons and correctional facilities were built, thereby inaugurating the modern prison facilities available today. 780: 6801: 6103:

Brown, Sherri (April 2011). "Working with Women who are Survivors of the United States 'Corrections' Systems: Challenges for Social Service Workers".

3613: 2988:, with some prison abolitionists arguing that imprisoning people for actions the state designates as crimes is not only inexpedient but also immoral. 2412:(Toronto, Canada), which opened in 1874 and was Canada's first dedicated prison for women. The reformatory was closed in 1969 due to an abuse scandal. 2386:

In addition to overcrowding, juvenile prisons are questioned for their overall effectiveness in rehabilitating youth. Many critics note high juvenile

1602:

opened in 1842, beginning a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment. Robert Peel's

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argues that offenders can be deterred by the fear of being caught but are unlikely to be deterred by the fear or experience of the punishment. Like

2545:

Food and medical treatment were generally comparable to what active duty soldiers received, and housing was much better than front-line conditions.

2157: 6376: 4546: 3527: 8389: 7450: 8662: 5002:

Bagaric, Mirko; Bagaric, Brienna (2016). "Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black".

3578: 2252:

systems are falsely advertised as a perfect solution when in reality there are much larger systemic issues at hand. Rather than trying to shape

1017:, the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used, although the terms "correctional facility" and "prison" among others are in official usage. 10436: 6450:

Wilson, Mandy; Jones, Jocelyn; Butler, Tony; Simpson, Paul; Gilles, Marisa; Baldry, Eileen; Levy, Michael; Sullivan, Elizabeth (January 2017).

1606:

of 1823 introduced regular visits to prisoners by chaplains, provided for the payment of jailers and prohibited the use of irons and manacles.

1221: 1069:

in Australia are referred to as "youth correctional facilities" or "youth detention centres" among other names, depending on the jurisdiction.

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policy of sentencing a comparatively large number of the population, compounded by an apparent increase in prisoners' terms of imprisonment .

4057: 4037: 4011: 1926:

Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers,

3699:

A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria /

2755:, which could lead to serious injury or death en masse. Academic research has found that poor conditions tend to increase the likelihood of 2295:

to isolate them from the general population. Other prisoners that are often segregated from the general population include those who are in

6012: 5895: 4524: 3728:

Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses

2747:, self-harm, and the widespread smuggling of illegal drugs and other contraband. The social system within the prison commonly develops an " 2693:

The prison industry also includes private businesses that benefit from the exploitation of the prison labor. Some scholars, using the term

1848:

to meet the religious need for inmates. Religious workers are also in charge of the weddings when inmates marry someone outside the prison.

6228: 4945: 4013:

The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761 [continued to 1806]

10164: 9736: 8261: 7899: 7545: 6185: 5802: 5544: 5482: 5355: 5288: 5158: 4840: 4767: 4703: 4645: 3892: 3741: 1415:

halted in the 1770s, the immediate need for additional penal accommodations emerged. Given the undeveloped institutional facilities, old

8294: 8064: 7670: 7511: 6908: 6644: 5881: 5449: 5386: 5321: 4904: 4871: 4809: 4734: 4379: 4348: 4317: 4195: 4164: 3974: 3644: 1164:

system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions contaminated with

9778: 8228: 7833: 7802: 7769: 6677: 5986: 5513: 3926: 3770:

C. Fred Alford, "What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years."

1779:

are employed to provide education for inmates to use after their release, in order to reduce the likelihood of the inmates reoffending.

9857: 9639: 2783:

A variety of justifications and explanations are put forth for why people are imprisoned by the state. The most common of these are:

1187:

could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire.

988:

holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government. After a conviction, a

8694:

The State of Prisons of England, Scotland and Wales: Not for the Debtor Only, But for Felons Also, and Other Less Criminal Offenders

6727: 4922: 1694:

in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at

1225:(1975), energized the historical study of prisons and their role in the overall social system. The book analyzed changes in Western 10191: 7323: 6510: 3830: 2664: 1668:

soon built the Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village, which was modeled on the Pennsylvania system, and other states followed.

397: 7420:

Ellis, D. (1984) Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11 (3). 277–308.

3988: 9928: 9028: 7345: 2636: 1314:. These houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities the inmates were given " 7720: 4200:

Architectural innovation lay at the heart of eighteenth-century prison reform and one of its master thinkers was Jeremy Bentham

10053: 8978: 773: 8115: 6927: 5818: 10502: 8956: 8933: 8912: 8889: 8868: 8847: 8826: 8788: 8765: 8744: 8723: 8702: 8681: 8651: 8630: 8609: 8588: 8562: 8531: 8510: 8487: 8445: 8418: 8383: 8288: 8255: 8222: 8189: 8091: 8058: 7893: 7864: 7827: 7796: 7763: 7702: 7664: 7637: 7539: 7505: 7397: 7251:"To Challenge and Suffer: The Forms and Foundations of Working Inmates' Social Criticism (Sociétés Contemporaines 87 (2012))" 7211: 7092: 6769: 6710: 6671: 6638: 6179: 5980: 5953: 5875: 5828: 5796: 5569: 5538: 5507: 5476: 5443: 5380: 5349: 5315: 5282: 5152: 4898: 4865: 4834: 4803: 4761: 4728: 4697: 4670: 4639: 4410: 4373: 4342: 4311: 4272: 4189: 4158: 4116: 3968: 3920: 3886: 3857: 3735: 3671: 3638: 3445: 3411: 3383: 3361: 3333: 3303: 3272: 3241: 3213: 1742:

who advocated for the necessity of humanizing and socializing methods within the prison system in Great Britain and America.

8195: 7217: 6775: 5117: 4219: 10508: 10067: 5629:"Literacy as an Act of Creative Resistance: Joining the Work of Incarcerated Teaching Artists at a Maximum-Security Prison" 1207:, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels. 130: 6202: 2052:, and inmates from other prisons who have a history of violent or other disruptive behavior in prison or are suspected of 10514: 10184: 10152: 9567: 8322: 4659:

Sheridan, Francis (1996). "Security and Control: Perimeter Security". In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.).

2697:, have argued that the trend of "hiring out prisoners" is a continuation of the slavery tradition, pointing out that the 2409: 1168:. Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to 10299: 10132: 10011: 8808:: the impact of decarceration and prison closure on local communities in Kazakhstan, Post-Soviet Affairs, 40:2, 71–87, 8545: 3759: 3018: 2998: 2453: 1857:

may be utilized for tasks within the prison, such as cooking food for the other inmates or providing cleaning services.

747: 601: 10102: 9953: 9678: 9496: 9444: 8469: 7559:

SpearIt (2015-07-09). "Shackles Beyond the Sentence: How Legal Financial Obligations Create a Permanent Underclass".

6538: 5667: 3706: 766: 7913: 3815:

Schwan, A., & Shapiro, S. (2011). How to read Foucault's discipline and punish. London : Pluto Press, 2011.

9662: 1330:

Women in Plymouth, England (Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll) mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to

4088:

Horrors of the prison ships: Dr. West's description of the wallabout floating dungeons, how captive patriots fared

2821:

that some kind of moral balance will be achieved by "paying back" the prisoner for the wrongs they have committed.

2810:

argue that while prisoners are incarcerated, they will be unable to commit crimes, thus keeping communities safer.

10484: 10116: 10109: 9841: 9453: 7151: 5717:"Making Citizens Behind Bars (and the Stories We Tell About It): Queering Approaches to Prison Literacy Programs" 5589:

Public Library Jail and Reentry Services, and Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies. 2024.

4610: 4241: 2500: 2311:

In countries where capital punishment is practiced, such as the United States, some prisons are equipped with a "

2079:) also have "open" prisons where prisoners are allowed home-leave or part-time employment outside of the prison. 1739: 644: 341: 4978: 3159:

gaol is a dated British and South African spelling also used historically in Canada and Australia. The spelling

2953:

Other court orders that take away privileges from the offender, such as banning motoring offenders from driving.

2044:

prisons have been created where the custody level goes beyond maximum security for people such as terrorists or

1053:, while other states and territories use a variety of names. "Prison" is officially used for some facilities in 10032: 5913:

Bradley, Kevin; Kashyap, Kiran; Klippan, Lucy; Lulham, Rohan; McGregor, Fiona; Munro, Tasman; Tomkin; Douglas.

3563: 2852: 2611: 2291:(also called a "block" or "isolation cell") is a highly secure area of the prison, where inmates are placed in 2109: 1525: 581: 561: 135: 7054: 6853: 10544: 10460: 10222: 9576: 8757:

Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge Issues in crime & justice

7937: 7190:

Kai, Jonathan (March 23, 2013). "The disgrace of America's prison-industrial complex". National Post. p. A22.

2918: 2859: 2449: 2012: 1504: 742: 737: 591: 39: 6301: 3398:

For a detailed discussion of the sometimes blurred line between "criminals" and "political prisoners", see:

10293: 9820: 3605: 2904: 2879: 2724: 2648:

In 2021, the World Prison Brief reported that at least 11.5 million people were imprisoned worldwide.

2600: 2226: 2183:

experienced abuse and mistreatment at the hands of prison medical staff who are entrusted with their care.

1652: 1196: 392: 17: 8990: 7411:

Bidna, H. (1975). Effects of increased security on prison violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 3. 33–46.

3549: 1625:, where prison cells were placed inside of rectangular buildings that lent themselves more to large-scale 10575: 10526: 9021: 8029: 2113: 649: 3519: 10418: 10018: 9997: 9625: 9512: 9080: 3996: 2888:

movements generally seek to reduce prison populations. A key goal is to improve conditions by reducing

1408:

for women and children. It was the first facility to make any medical services available to prisoners.

1360: 1176:(a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor). 556: 281: 232: 115: 8371: 7442: 6258:

Simon, Rachel E.; Clarke, Jennifer G. (2013-09-01). "Shackling and Separation: Motherhood in Prison".

1598:, set an ambitious program of prison building in the country, with one large prison opening per year. 10478: 10442: 10406: 10335: 10311: 10281: 9903: 9813: 9771: 8809: 5227: 2969: 2694: 2684: 2245: 2007: 2000: 1950: 1707: 1703: 1272: 913: 694: 576: 480: 446: 431: 237: 155: 7005: 6981: 4303:

The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941

4074: 1468:, that had few towns or food sources. Siberia quickly gained its fearful connotation of punishment. 10472: 10448: 10412: 10329: 9864: 9308: 9114: 6426: 5972:

Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in Solitary Confinement in Jails and Prisons Across the United States

3013: 2572: 2558: 2105: 1537: 1512: 699: 105: 1759:, also known as a Governor is the official who is in charge of the prison and heads all the staff. 10382: 10341: 10123: 10046: 9962: 9799: 9611: 9183: 7234:

Young, Cynthia (2000). "Punishing Labor: Why Labor Should Oppose the Prison Industrial Complex".

6592:

Jones Heather (2008). "A Missing Paradigm? Military Captivity and the Prisoner of War, 1914–18".

6004: 3023: 1870:

Shita (Shata) Prison in Israel. Many modern prisons are surrounded by a perimeter of high walls,

1599: 1546:

were prominent in campaigning against and publicizing the dire state of the prisons at the time.

1355: 1149: 586: 421: 227: 165: 31: 6630:

Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion

5747: 4532: 4108: 4102: 3724:"Competition for the Prisoner's Body: Wardens and Jailers in Fourteenth-Century Southern France" 3233:

Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary

1306:

However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at

10430: 10376: 10359: 10039: 9729: 9437: 9410: 9283: 9135: 9014: 6271: 6236: 5628: 5222: 5022:"Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report – Survey of State Prison Inmates, Women in Prison" 4402: 2627:: nearly half of those incarcerated in the United States are sentenced to prison for violating 2400: 2369: 1728: 1676: 1029:, "prison" is officially used, although "jail" is widely understood and more common in usage. 752: 514: 150: 8776: 8308: 8243: 7881: 7856: 7629: 7564: 7529: 7277: 6702: 6696: 6167: 6121:"Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls" 5786: 5528: 5464: 5339: 5270: 5142: 5007: 4824: 4749: 4687: 4629: 4054: 4034: 4017: 3874: 3723: 3694: 3371: 3321: 3291: 3203: 2767:

Prisoners can face difficulty re-integrating back into society upon their release. They often

2299:, or who are on suicide watch, and those whose behavior presents a threat to other prisoners. 10454: 10424: 10388: 10323: 10025: 9976: 9827: 9597: 8900: 8276: 8048: 7819:

Recapturing Freedom: Issues Relating to the Release of Long-term Prisoners Into the Community

7654: 7495: 6628: 6302:"History of significant head injury in women prisoners linked with disability and past abuse" 5970: 5865: 5431: 5370: 5303: 4886: 4855: 4791: 4718: 4363: 4332: 4301: 4179: 4146: 3956: 3628: 3433: 3260: 3033: 3028: 3008: 2985: 2977: 2085: 704: 654: 551: 504: 426: 387: 361: 308: 140: 85: 80: 35: 10538: 8210: 7817: 7784: 7751: 6692: 6659: 5497: 3910: 2835:

release. All of these things can result in a higher likelihood of reoffending upon release.

2116:

ordered California to reduce its prison population (the second largest in the nation, after

10466: 10317: 10234: 9942: 9701: 9590: 9262: 7429:

Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research reexamined. The Prison Journal, 74, (3). 329–363.

3089: 2947: 2585: 2496: 2457: 2292: 2057: 1716: 1645:

labor, watchfulness, solitude, and silence ... joined with cleanliness and a simple diet".

1587: 1412: 1382: 1347: 1339: 929: 889: 674: 669: 659: 611: 571: 566: 529: 473: 382: 276: 110: 10532: 8643:

Education's Prisoners: Schooling, the Political Economy, and the Prison Industrial Complex

5716: 5416: 1363:. While sentencing to transportation continued, the act instituted a punishment policy of 8: 10490: 10394: 10353: 9878: 9618: 8572: 8461: 8139:"Why America Has a Mass Incarceration Problem, and Why Germany and the Netherlands Don't" 7152:"If We Build It They Will Come: Human Rights Violation and the Prison Industrial Complex" 5691: 4506: 3196:

For a more detailed look at the English "transportation" system, and the transition from

3168: 2956: 2889: 2863: 2736: 2599:. The United States government refers to psychiatric prisons housing federal inmates as " 2576:

is a classification of prisons or detention centers where people are held without trial.

2522: 2465: 2344: 2141: 2045: 1695: 1671: 1405: 1311: 719: 596: 519: 509: 313: 90: 7311: 4918: 4481:

The reformers: an historical survey of pioneer experiments in the treatment of criminals

3834: 3786:

David Garland, "Review: Foucault's "Discipline and Punish"--An Exposition and Critique"

2619: 2201: 932:. At any time, states may imprison civilians – sometimes large groups of civilians – in 10496: 10347: 10287: 10257: 10228: 10090: 9990: 9983: 9885: 9648: 9197: 9190: 9128: 8945: 8499: 7958: 7849: 7694: 7688: 7622: 7595: 7497:

Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse

6609: 6491: 6358: 5248: 5099: 4395: 3488: 3003: 2914: 2720: 2554: 2538: 2515: 2507: 2320: 2296: 2072: 1954: 1724: 1609: 1296: 1266: 1253: 1248:

became more widespread both in Europe and in the United States. Particularly under the

970: 897: 874: 714: 689: 346: 296: 252: 160: 7291:

Morgan, William J. Jr. (December 2009). "The Major Causes of Institutional Violence".

7123:

Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010). "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers".

2440: 10570: 10520: 10083: 10060: 9849: 9834: 9806: 9792: 9505: 9368: 9066: 8952: 8929: 8908: 8885: 8864: 8843: 8822: 8784: 8761: 8740: 8719: 8698: 8677: 8647: 8626: 8605: 8584: 8577: 8558: 8527: 8506: 8483: 8465: 8441: 8414: 8379: 8284: 8251: 8218: 8185: 8087: 8054: 7889: 7860: 7823: 7792: 7759: 7698: 7660: 7633: 7599: 7560: 7535: 7501: 7474:

Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality

7393: 7273: 7207: 7088: 6765: 6706: 6667: 6634: 6613: 6578:

Michael B. Chesson, "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed.

6483: 6350: 6342: 6283: 6275: 6175: 5976: 5949: 5871: 5834: 5824: 5792: 5767: 5648: 5565: 5534: 5503: 5472: 5439: 5376: 5345: 5311: 5278: 5240: 5195: 5148: 5091: 5003: 4894: 4861: 4830: 4799: 4757: 4724: 4693: 4666: 4635: 4449: 4406: 4369: 4338: 4307: 4268: 4215:

The State of the Prisons in England and Wales with an account of some foreign prisons

4185: 4154: 4112: 3964: 3916: 3882: 3879:

Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic

3853: 3802:

Karl von Schriltz, "Foucault on the prison: Torturing history to punish capitalism."

3731: 3702: 3634: 3492: 3441: 3407: 3379: 3357: 3329: 3299: 3296:

Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic

3268: 3237: 3209: 3038: 2731: 2336: 2153: 2049: 1988: 1977: 1921: 1806: 1457: 1445: 1062: 909: 606: 524: 377: 247: 8080:

Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment

7110:

National Institute of Justice: Criminal Justice Research, Development and Evaluation

7029: 6495: 5252: 5174:"What do prisoners eat? Nutrient intakes and food practices in a high-secure prison" 5103: 5029:

U.S. Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs; Bureau of Justice Statistics

188: 10565: 10400: 10305: 10269: 10263: 10004: 9969: 9715: 9694: 9583: 9542: 9232: 7587: 7579: 7389: 7385: 7166: 7132: 6601: 6511:"'He stalks me and rapes me and I've had to do the time': The victims in our jails" 6473: 6463: 6362: 6334: 6267: 5968: 5842: 5759: 5728: 5640: 5412: 5232: 5185: 5083: 4439: 3480: 3094: 3073: 2938: 2628: 2316: 2196: 1665: 1591: 1532: 1465: 1307: 1241: 1153: 1094: 1058: 1026: 961:

have separate definitions, though this is not always adhered to in casual speech.

950: 933: 925: 917: 901: 893: 870: 793: 372: 318: 8715:

Benevolent Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory-Prison Movement

8244:"Transformative Justice: Anti-Subordination Process in Cases of Domestic Violence" 7272:

SpearIt (2014-01-01). "Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment".

6829: 4592: 3659: 10275: 9935: 9722: 9671: 9361: 9329: 9248: 9142: 8923: 8879: 8858: 8837: 8816: 8755: 8734: 8713: 8692: 8671: 8641: 8620: 8599: 8552: 8521: 8477: 8455: 8435: 8408: 8179: 7984: 7201: 6759: 6755: 5559: 5372:

Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex: Crime and Incarceration in the 21st Century

5021: 4660: 4564: 4213: 4061: 4041: 3471:

Weitekamp, Elmar (1993). "Reparative justice: Towards a victim oriented system".

3401: 3351: 3231: 3048: 3043: 2866:, they argue that better policing is a more effective way to reduce crime rates. 2756: 2740: 2680: 2596: 2511: 2492: 2179: 2080: 1996: 1927: 1732: 1661: 1583: 1351: 1216: 1054: 1046: 709: 351: 291: 286: 271: 203: 198: 120: 100: 8579:

Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California

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is someone who is tasked with monitoring inmates outside of the prison during a

1788:

positive and negative aspects in each case situation, and develop release plans.

10251: 9785: 9764: 9632: 9560: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9269: 7690:

The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society

6452:"Violence in the Lives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Mothers in Western Australia" 4265:

The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society

3961:

The Oxford History of the Prison: the Practice of Punishment in Western Society

3942:

Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit

3197: 3084: 3063: 2899: 2641:

Some jurisdictions refer to the prison population (total or per-prison) as the

2477: 2218: 2033: 2024: 1946:

and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security.

1939: 1931: 1879: 1711: 1614: 1603: 1567: 1563: 1551: 1497: 1492: 1480: 1292: 1257: 1204: 1180: 1122: 1045:. Officially, the term "correctional centre" is used for almost all prisons in 989: 882: 858: 468: 95: 8008: 7591: 7346:"Exclusive: shock figures reveal crisis state of prisons in England and Wales" 6605: 6534: 5190: 5173: 4365:

From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848

3912:

From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848

3187:

In Britain a 'detention centre' is a military detention facility, not a prison

2715: 2464:" (January 2002). The prisoners are forced to wear goggles and headphones for 1240:

From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to

10559: 10176: 9708: 9428: 9417: 9218: 8622:

The New Abolitionists: (Neo)slave Narratives And Contemporary Prison Writings

7170: 6487: 6468: 6451: 6346: 6338: 6279: 5915:"Reframing the purpose, practice and place of juvenile detention in Victoria" 5838: 5771: 5763: 5652: 5236: 5095: 4453: 3176: 3079: 2973: 2885: 2461: 2421: 2241: 2171: 2076: 1887: 1768: 1691: 1641: 1622: 1562:

The theory of the modern prison system was born in London, influenced by the

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Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals And the U.S. Prison Regime

8307:

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (US). "

6005:"Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders" 5823:(Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 5644: 3146:

is a place where individuals given long sentences are incarcerated, while a

2472: 1906: 1901: 9910: 9871: 9535: 9519: 9301: 9255: 9037: 7350: 6354: 6287: 5244: 5199: 3427: 2924: 2624: 2481: 2417:

to protect them from physical and sexual abuse that would otherwise occur.

2307: 2167: 2019: 1992: 1965: 1935: 1883: 1823: 1656: 1648: 1516: 1488: 1416: 1368: 1315: 1288: 1230: 1103: 1066: 850: 798: 619: 193: 7785:"The People Prisons Make: Effects of Incarceration on Criminal Psychology" 7580:"The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets" 4133:

Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905

3993:

Crime and Justice - Punishments at the Old Bailey - Central Criminal Court

10207: 9687: 9655: 9528: 9489: 9482: 9375: 9354: 9315: 9276: 9204: 9052: 8925:

Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions

8881:

A Protestant Purgatory: Theological Origins of the Penitentiary Act, 1779

7136: 3068: 3058: 3053: 2791: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2676: 2653: 2375: 2257:

fight against exclusionary institutions. Taking an alternative approach,

2134: 1875: 1836: 1626: 1595: 1426: 1421: 1379: 1364: 1261: 1249: 1191: 1165: 1014: 905: 878: 664: 451: 356: 303: 170: 125: 48: 27:

Institution in which people are legally physically put in crime detention

8905:

The Culture of Urban Control: Jail Overcrowding in the Crime Control Era

8839:

Interrupted Life: Experiences of Incarcerated Women in the United States

8799:

The Puzzle of Prison Order: Why Life Behind Bars Varies Around the World

8009:"Professor Lawrence Sherman: 'Less Prison + More Policing = Less Crime'" 7959:"We've tried expecting prisons to rehabilitate and it just doesn't work" 6535:"Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Post at Alcatraz Island" 1374: 9475: 9403: 9239: 9225: 9211: 9176: 9073: 8860:

Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics

8346: 7851:

The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment

6478: 6002: 3775: 3484: 3318:

For a broad overview of the technologies used in prison security, see:

3265:

Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700–1850: A Study in Local Administration

3120: 2840: 2591: 2445: 2387: 1943: 1871: 1738:

Another prominent prison reformer who made important contributions was

1571: 1484: 1331: 1284: 1234: 1050: 862: 684: 679: 485: 7656:

A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America

6698:

Human Rights, Suffering, and Aesthetics in Political Prison Literature

6377:"Nearly 65% of prisoners at women's jail 'show signs of brain injury'" 5341:

A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America

4565:"Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Medical Staffing Challenges" 4494:

The Prison Problem of America: (with admiration for those who face it)

4233: 4151:

Understanding Social Control: Crime and Social Order in Late Modernity

3791: 1664:, and forced them to be completely silent to reflect on their wrongs. 1425:, were the most readily available and expandable choice to be used as 9336: 7749: 6327:

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

6003:

Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (September 2005).

5732: 5561:

Reading Is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women's Prisons

4444: 4427: 2981: 2909: 2405: 2360: 2340: 2312: 2249: 2175: 1699: 1618: 1437: 1400: 1200: 1173: 1038: 921: 323: 259: 8215:

Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice

7789:

Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom

7756:

Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom

7250: 5867:

Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison

5668:"All our Community's Voices: Unteaching the Prison Literacy Complex" 4826:

Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison

4181:

Radical Spaces: Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790 – C. 1845

2063: 973:

and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county

9091: 9059: 8046: 7062: 6861: 2931:: Sometimes a condition of a strict suspended/conditional sentence. 2253: 2108:

in California, in January 2006. As a result of overcrowding in the

2041: 1496:

prisoners were unable to see the guards. (Architectural drawing by

1389: 1226: 1161: 1145: 846: 463: 410: 60: 52: 8901:"Conditions of Confinement: The Social Reality of the Jail Inmate" 8437:

Building Power: Architecture and Surveillance in Victorian America

7624:

Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration

6664:

Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War

2870:

the prison and that this harm has impacts on the society outside.

2514:. Alcatraz was formerly a military prison for soldiers during the 1960: 1321: 1106:. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of 9149: 9121: 9100: 8985: 8774: 8457:

Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management

8013: 7531:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

7203:

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

6884:"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons" 5530:

The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century

5499:

The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century

5308:

Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health

4334:

Voices from Prison: An Ethnographic Study of Black Male Prisoners

3369: 3142:

usually refer to separate things in formal speech. In general, a

2743:

by prisoners against other prisoners or staff, staff misconduct,

2548: 2485: 2100: 2056:

affiliation. These inmates have individual cells and are kept in

1914: 1543: 1461: 1456:

prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in

1453: 1436:

France also sent criminals to overseas penal colonies, including

1343: 1245: 1169: 974: 854: 494: 9006: 8369: 8167:. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–220. 6086:

Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System

6067:

Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System

6036:"Toronto woman was jailed for living with her boyfriend in 1939" 5591:

Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.

2231:

Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.

1203:

over others. Another common punishment was sentencing people to

916:. In times of war, belligerents or neutral countries may detain 8973: 8281:

The End of Prisons: Reflections from the Decarceration Movement

5896:"Teen-Ager Caned in Singapore Tells of the Blood and the Scars" 4611:"What Prison Chaplains do … and What They Think They Should do" 2928: 2848: 2844: 1651:

soon put this theory into practice, and turned its old jail at

1300: 1078: 866: 75: 9757:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

9001: 8947:

Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration

3431: 1590:

to Australia and the use of hulks was on the decline, and the

1346:

criminals (and others generally young and poor) for a term of

10074: 9107: 8323:"Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex" 6165: 4747: 3660:"There's Got to Be a Better Way: Retribution vs. Restoration" 3460:

Also frequently referred to as "reformation" or "corrections"

2730:

Prisons can be difficult places to live and work in, even in

2435: 2258: 2206: 2158:

Incarceration of women in the United States § Healthcare

2117: 1810: 1637: 1633: 1476: 1184: 1133: 436: 217: 30:"Jail" and "Penitentiary" redirect here. For other uses, see 8181:

The Politics of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction

7879: 7686: 6957: 5969:

Human Rights Watch / American Civil Liberties Union (2012).

5815:

Kevin I. Minor and Stephen Parson, "Protective Custody", in

5368: 4262: 2468:

and to prevent them from communicating with other prisoners.

8753: 7378:<SCP>C</SCP> lear, <SCP>T</SCP> odd 6728:"Better than prison: life inside the UK's secure hospitals" 6153:

Resistance Behind Bars: The Struggles of Incarcerated Women

5403:

Byron, Robert (2014). "Criminals Need Mental Health Care".

4720:

Prison, Inc: A Convict Exposes Life Inside a Private Prison

2972:

seeks to eliminate prisons altogether. It is distinct from

2053: 1910: 1866: 8116:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets" 8050:

Revolution in Penology: Rethinking the Society of Captives

7108:"Cost, Performance Studies Look at Prison Privatization". 6928:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets" 6764:. Routledge Library Editions: Women and Crime. Routledge. 5998: 5996: 5436:

Prison(Er) Education: Stories of Change and Transformation

4572:

U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General

3348:

For a history of the development of prison libraries, see

2944:

Mental health treatment for offenders with mental illness.

2660:

numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.

1813:

who are tasked with providing the inmates with healthcare.

8663:

Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration

8208: 4496:. Printed at H.M. Prison, for private circulation. p. 12 2778: 2735:

of federal prisoners. The environment may be worsened by

2452:, a United States military prison where people are being 1121:

The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the

8433: 7055:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry" 6854:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry" 6449: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5429: 3944:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 16-19, 31-32. 1397:

of the seventeenth century was the establishment of the

8673:

Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and community

8601:

Private Prisons in America: A Critical Race Perspective

7721:"Prisons no longer place for punishment, ministers say" 5993: 5912: 4857:

Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement

4689:

Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement

3228:

For an in-depth treatment of Bentham's panopticon, see

8996: 8279:. In Negel, Mechthild; Nocella II, Anthony J. (eds.). 6324: 5465:"Correctional Academic, Career, and Reentry Education" 2699:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1511:. After having visited several hundred prisons across 7682: 7680: 7523: 7521: 6828:

Wagner, Peter; Rabuy, Bernadette (January 25, 2017).

5932: 4299: 3324:. In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.). 3100:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners

2190: 8856: 8818:

Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State

8711: 8571: 8165:

Crime in Canadian Context- Debates and Controversies

5748:"Writing to Listen: Why I Write Across Prison Walls" 5333: 5331: 4428:"Women's Prisons in Italy: A Problem of Citizenship" 4055:

Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914

3726:. In Classen, Albrecht; Scarborough, Connie (eds.). 8779:. In Zaitzow, Barbara H. & Thomas, Jim (eds.). 8597: 7527: 7199: 7149: 6197: 6195: 5944:Welch, Michael (2004). "Juveniles in Corrections". 5820:

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

5469:

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

5212: 5118:"In Prison, Discipline Comes Down Hardest On Women" 4829:. University of California Press. pp. 134–39. 4796:

Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory

4330: 3517: 3399: 2670: 1557: 1310:in London, which resulted in the building of other 8944: 8576: 8540:Fisher, George. "The birth of the prison retold." 8498: 8027: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7848: 7846: 7719: 7677: 7621: 7518: 7437: 7435: 6633:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xi, xii, 11. 6402:"Head injuries suffered by 80% of women prisoners" 6119: 6105:Lecture at University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 5870:. University of California Press. pp. 28–35. 4394: 3954: 3754:George Fisher, "The birth of the prison retold." 3370:Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994). 3319: 3205:A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales 1983: 8775:Sharp, Susan F. & Eriksen, M. Elaine (2003). 8554:Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences 7619: 7471: 6657: 6560:Sweetman Jack (2005). "A Floating Prison Break". 6168:"Naked Power: Strip Searching in Women's Prisons" 5784: 5462: 5328: 5171: 5140: 4979:"Differences Between Men's & Women's Prisons" 4884: 4789: 4658: 4627: 4177: 3721: 3630:Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia 869:. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a 10557: 10097:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 8921: 8877: 8835: 8732: 8479:Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China 8376:Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists 8246:. In Strang, Heather; Braithwaite, John (eds.). 8177: 7961:. The Howard League for Penal Reform. 2016-10-24 7750:Bushway, Shawn D.; Paternoster, Raymond (2009). 7085:Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy 6909:"Incarceration rates in selected countries 2023" 6192: 5863: 5665: 4822: 3850:Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison 3847: 3626: 3564:"Operation Division – PNG Correctional Services" 3473:European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 3353:Libraries in Prisons: A Blending of Institutions 3258: 3201: 969:holds people for shorter periods of time or for 8523:Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security 8501:American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons 8475: 8274: 8113: 7972: 7652: 7472:Wakefield, Sara; Wildeman, Christopher (2013). 7432: 7376:Frost, Natasha A. (2017-08-01), "Clear, Todd", 5337: 4887:"The Invention of the American Supermax Prison" 4361: 3959:. In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.). 3908: 3610:Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies 3169:English pronunciation rules for hard and soft G 2568:people and fabricating evidence against them). 1515:and Europe, in his capacity as high sheriff of 1440:, in the early 18th century. Penal colonies in 1392:served as a convict hulk between 1818 and 1834. 1322:Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies 10437:Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot 10206: 8898: 8669: 8550: 8519: 8047:Arrigo, Bruce A.; Milovanovic, Dragan (2009). 7787:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.). 7782: 7754:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.). 7493: 7344:Savage, Michael; Townsend, Mark (2018-02-17). 7343: 6925: 6753: 5943: 5557: 5301: 5264: 5262: 5001: 4853: 4716: 4685: 4466:Knepper, Paul, and Per Jørgen Ystehede, eds., 4392: 4306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–36. 3603: 3403:Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany 3349: 2549:Political prisons and administrative detention 1487:" prison introduced many of the principles of 1222:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 10192: 9022: 8942: 7914:"Why Norway's prison system is so successful" 7880:Jewkes, Yvonne; Bennett, Jamie, eds. (2013). 7815: 7687:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995). 7489: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7384:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–3, 7229: 7227: 6802:"World Prison Population List (13th Edition)" 6591: 6559: 5526: 5495: 5398: 5396: 5273:. In Jewkes, Yvonne; Johnston, Helen (eds.). 4748:Jewkes, Yvonne & Johnston, Helen (2012). 4263:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995). 4144: 4044:, p.124-127, Cornell University Press (1998), 3957:"The Body and The State: Early Modern Europe" 3904: 3902: 3872: 3289: 3229: 2719:Memorial to the prison staff who died in the 2355: 1835:are people who pay the prison for the use of 774: 8690: 8241: 8217:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3. 6799: 6170:. In Scraton, Phil; McCulloch, Jude (eds.). 5268: 4943: 2144:is nutritionally adequate for most inmates. 1550:documented the conditions that prevailed at 1160:. The Mamertine Prison was located within a 8639: 8162: 8136: 7052: 6830:"Following the Money of Mass Incarceration" 6827: 6800:Fair, Helen; Walmsley, Roy (October 2021). 6257: 5259: 5073: 4425: 4337:. University Press of America. p. 64. 4211: 4016:. Great Britain: J. Bentham. Archived from 3692: 3469:Sometimes called "reparative justice" (See 2240:Under the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the 1934:, secured and defensible main gates, armed 1528:, was established in 1866 by his admirers. 10199: 10185: 9779:International Network of Prison Ministries 9029: 9015: 8804:Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei (2024). Our 8781:Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control 8618: 8277:"The Tension Between Abolition and Reform" 8158: 8156: 7480: 7224: 6695:. In Livescu, Simona; et al. (eds.). 6626: 6272:10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.9.pfor2-1309 5393: 5172:Hannan-Jones, Mary; Capra, Sandra (2016). 3899: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3579:"Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct?" 3076:, including homosexuality and sexual abuse 2895:Alternatives to prison sentences include: 2436:Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps 1905:The main gate of the Kylmäkoski Prison in 1582:The first state prison in England was the 908:; this use is illegal under most forms of 873:system: people charged with crimes may be 781: 767: 8496: 8370:Prison Research Education Action (2005). 7476:. New York City: Oxford University Press. 7322:(9). American Psychological Association. 6690: 6477: 6467: 5714: 5430:Wilson, David; Reuss, Anne, eds. (2000). 5226: 5189: 4443: 4009: 3939: 3701:. Black Classic Press. pp. 199–200. 3470: 3432:Simon, Rita; de Waal, Christiaan (2009). 2579: 2265: 2040:to escape. Furthermore, in recent times, 1727:was never as popular as it became in the 1471: 1444:operated until 1952, such as the notable 9605:Mentally ill people in the United States 8814: 8053:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39. 7791:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120. 7758:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120. 7248: 7122: 7082: 6906: 6166:McCulloch, Jude; George, Amanda (2008). 4973: 4971: 4368:. Cornell University Press. p. 30. 4035:"Asylum for Mankind": America, 1607–1800 3788:American Bar Foundation Research Journal 2714: 2665:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2618: 2610: 2471: 2439: 2404: 2359: 2306: 2200: 2099: 2062: 2018: 2006: 1987: 1959: 1900: 1865: 1670: 1608: 1475: 1373: 1325: 1295:, and non-physical punishments, such as 1093: 792: 8777:"Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children" 8248:Restorative Justice and Family Violence 8153: 7558: 7453:from the original on September 10, 2015 7309: 7271: 6508: 5816: 5745: 5626: 5369:Wehr, Kevin; Aseltine, Elyshia (2013). 5306:. In Møller, Lars; et al. (eds.). 4946:"Why Scandinavian Prisons Are Superior" 4267:. Oxford University Press. p. 97. 4075:Marshalsea#First Marshalsea (1373–1811) 3963:. Oxford University Press. p. 44. 3915:. Cornell University Press. p. 6. 3818: 3693:Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). 2934:Mandatory treatment for drug offenders. 2637:List of countries by incarceration rate 2615:A map of incarceration rates by country 2166:Some prison medical facilities include 1995:is presently the only facility housing 1089: 888:Prisons can also be used as a tool for 885:to a specified period of imprisonment. 14: 10558: 9858:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 8754:Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul (2010). 8410:The English Prison and Borstal Systems 8211:"Towards a Critical Theory of Justice" 8126:from the original on 15 November 2013. 7855:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7577: 7290: 6725: 5564:. University of North Carolina Press. 4956:from the original on 25 September 2013 4750:"The evolution of prison architecture" 4100: 3633:. Greenwood Publishing. p. xxvi. 2779:Theories of punishment and criminality 1621:Penitentiary, which also followed the 10180: 9010: 8372:"Demythologizing Our Views of Prison" 8320: 8149:from the original on 6 February 2014. 7375: 7233: 6938:from the original on 15 November 2013 6541:from the original on February 6, 2011 6117: 6102: 6083: 6064: 6033: 6015:from the original on 23 February 2010 5920:. UTS University of Technology Sydney 5471:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 108. 5417:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0314-20 5402: 4968: 4891:The Globalization of Supermax Prisons 4483:. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. p. 147 3657: 3585:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3530:from the original on 9 September 2013 2128: 2067:A minimum security prison in the U.S. 1839:and supplied the prisoners with work. 10160: 9322: 8114:Orange, Richard (11 November 2013). 8028:John D. Lofton Jr. (14 April 1975). 7938:"Why is Sweden closing its prisons?" 7886:Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment 7717: 7150:Smith, Earl; Angela Hattery (2006). 7006:"Persons held by status | dataUNODC" 6982:"Persons held in prison | dataUNODC" 6860:. NBCUniversal. 2013. Archived from 6734:from the original on 22 October 2017 6226: 4147:"The Architecture of Social Control" 4085: 3664:Osprey Journal of Ideals and Inquiry 3576: 2606: 2235: 2095: 1460:, in remote underpopulated areas of 1411:With the widely used alternative of 1371:in Australia between 1788 and 1868. 877:; those who have pled or been found 853:against their will and denied their 8406: 8309:A National Strategy to Reduce Crime 7693:. Oxford University Press. p. 7534:. The New Press. pp. 180–181. 6926:Richard Orange (11 November 2013). 6726:Swains, Howard (23 December 2016). 6150: 6088:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp. 6069:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp. 5715:Cavallaro, Alexandra (2019-03-14). 5438:. Waterside Press. pp. 12–15. 5344:. The New Press. pp. 115–116. 5215:Journal of Correctional Health Care 4287: 3430:of the U.S. prison population, see 2739:, poor sanitation and maintenance, 2302: 1886:in order to prevent prisoners from 1020: 24: 10300:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot 8842:. University of California Press. 8810:DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2024.2312081 8583:. University of California Press. 8505:. University of California Press. 8427: 8209:Hames-Garcia, Michael Roy (2004). 7249:Guilbaud, Fabrice (January 2012). 5502:. Scarecrow Press. pp. v–vi. 4944:Doran Larson (24 September 2013). 4238:The Howard League for Penal Reform 3730:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 285. 3674:from the original on 8 August 2017 3134:In American and Canadian English, 3019:Incarceration in the United States 2999:Decarceration in the United States 2394: 2191:Library and educational facilities 1531:Following Howard's agitation, the 1507:was one of the most notable early 1125:as a form of social organization. 25: 10587: 9036: 8966: 8739:. University of Minnesota Press. 8440:. University of Tennessee Press. 8434:Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer (2008). 6046:from the original on 27 July 2017 4925:from the original on 10 June 2016 4198:from the original on 2016-05-22. 4090:. Eagle Book Printing Department. 3833:. 16 October 2014. Archived from 2937:Rehabilitation programs, such as 2705: 2205:Inmate teaching other inmates in 1853:In addition to the prison staff, 1350:within the general population of 1156:, established around 640 B.C. by 10503:February Ecuadorian prison riots 10159: 10148: 10147: 8984: 8972: 8604:. University of Illinois Press. 8392:from the original on 2013-08-27. 8363: 8339: 8314: 8301: 8297:from the original on 2016-06-04. 8268: 8264:from the original on 2016-04-29. 8235: 8231:from the original on 2016-04-28. 8202: 8198:from the original on 2016-05-18. 8171: 8137:Riggs, Mike (12 November 2013). 8130: 8107: 8103:from the original on 2013-03-19. 8071: 8067:from the original on 2016-04-25. 8040: 8021: 8001: 7951: 7930: 7906: 7902:from the original on 2016-06-03. 7873: 7840: 7836:from the original on 2016-05-29. 7809: 7805:from the original on 2016-06-10. 7776: 7772:from the original on 2016-06-10. 7743: 7718:Hope, Christopher (2017-04-13). 7711: 7673:from the original on 2016-04-25. 7646: 7613: 7571: 7552: 7548:from the original on 2016-06-17. 7514:from the original on 2016-04-29. 7465: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7369: 7337: 7303: 7284: 7265: 7261:from the original on 2017-03-19. 7242: 7220:from the original on 2016-06-10. 7193: 7184: 7180:from the original on 2010-06-11. 7143: 7116: 7101: 7076: 7046: 7022: 6998: 6974: 6950: 6919: 6900: 6876: 6846: 6821: 6793: 6746: 6719: 6684: 6680:from the original on 2016-06-04. 6651: 6647:from the original on 2016-04-30. 6620: 6585: 6572: 6553: 6527: 6502: 6443: 6419: 6394: 6369: 6318: 6294: 6251: 6220: 6188:from the original on 2016-05-22. 6159: 6155:. 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United Nations. April 2007. 7985:"Five Things About Deterrence" 7390:10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc186 5310:. WHO Regional Office Europe. 4397:The U.S. Federal Prison System 4300:McClennan, Rebecca M. (2008). 3831:"History of the prison system" 3606:"Punishment in Ancient Athens" 3597: 3570: 3556: 3542: 3511: 3356:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 3181: 3153: 3128: 3113: 2853:Howard League for Penal Reform 2110:California state prison system 1526:Howard League for Penal Reform 1008: 997:Outside of the United States, 797:A 19th-century jail room at a 13: 1: 10223:Castle Hill convict rebellion 8857:Thompson, Anthony C. (2008). 8712:Pisciotta, Alexander (2012). 8482:. Columbia University Press. 8030:"The case for jailing crooks" 7659:. The New Press. p. 47. 7447:National Institute of Justice 7125:Revue Française de Sociologie 6509:Fazzari, Rocco (2018-12-20). 6172:The Violence of Incarceration 5746:Hinshaw, Wendy (2018-10-01). 4889:. In Jeffrey Ian Ross (ed.). 4153:. McGraw-Hill International. 3504: 3261:"The Eighteenth Century Gaol" 2860:National Institute of Justice 2825: 2601:Federal Medical Centers (FMC) 2324: 2147: 2013:Clinton Correctional Facility 1680: 1210: 1111: 1005:often have the same meaning. 40:Penitentiary (disambiguation) 9821:Prison Advice and Care Trust 8760:. Rowman & Littlefield. 8666:Routledge ISBN 9781138308466 8598:Hallett, Michael A. (2006). 8413:, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 8321:Davis, Angela (1998-09-10). 7822:. Hawkins Press. p. 8. 7528:Alexander, Michelle (2010). 7200:Alexander, Michelle (2010). 6701:. Lexington Books. pp. 5627:Plemons, Anna (2013-04-01). 5178:British Journal of Nutrition 4893:. Rutgers University Press. 4468:The Cesare Lombroso Handbook 4331:Murty, Komanduri S. (2004). 3577:Webb, Tiger (22 June 2016). 3518:Douglas Harper (2001–2013). 3440:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3400:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2004). 2880:Alternatives to imprisonment 2769:have difficulty finding work 2725:Attica Correctional Facility 2227:American Library Association 1098:A very common punishment in 1032: 875:imprisoned until their trial 7: 8783:. Lynne Reiner Publishers. 7847:Roberts, Julian V. (2004). 7500:. Oxford University Press. 6594:Immigrants & Minorities 5788:Introduction to Corrections 5144:Introduction to Corrections 5088:10.1177/0011128701047004002 4752:. In Jewkes, Yvonne (ed.). 4631:Introduction to Corrections 4479:Eriksson, Torsten (1976). 4432:Crime, Histoire et Sociétés 3955:Spierenburg, Peter (1998). 3550:"Jail vs prison difference" 3524:Online Etymology Dictionary 3426:For a detailed look at the 3320:Latessa, Edward J. (1996). 3236:. Oxford University Press. 2991: 2794:" services for this reason. 2775:other government agencies. 2762: 2710: 2114:United States Supreme Court 2081:Suomenlinna Island facility 1953:monitoring, alarms, cages, 1949:Remotely controlled doors, 1896: 1675:Prisoners picking oakum at 857:under the authority of the 10: 10592: 10208:Prison riots and uprisings 10153:Imprisonment and detention 9081:Stanford prison experiment 8801:. Oxford University Press. 8400: 7620:Jacobson, Michael (2005). 7053:Cohn, Scott (2011-10-18). 7030:"Overcrowding | dataUNODC" 6658:Voglis, Polymeris (2002). 5817:Carlson, Peter M. (2015). 5785:Hanser, Robert D. (2012). 5752:Community Literacy Journal 5633:Community Literacy Journal 5141:Hanser, Robert D. (2012). 4885:Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2012). 4692:. Routledge. p. 101. 4634:. SAGE. pp. 193–195. 4628:Hanser, Robert D. (2012). 4551:Office of Justice Programs 4178:Parolin, Cristina (2010). 3881:. NYU Press. p. 216. 3722:Turning, Patricia (2012). 3177:standard English diphthong 3167:does not follow the usual 2877: 2674: 2634: 2583: 2552: 2490: 2398: 2367: 2364:Juvenile prison in Germany 2356:Youth detention facilities 2194: 2151: 2132: 1919: 1720:as a result of his visit. 1148:. One of the most notable 1140:or "the place of chains". 1108:Louis XIV (Louis the 14th) 1100:Early Modern European Land 1084: 944: 898:detain perceived opponents 881:of crimes at trial may be 116:Expressive function of law 29: 10368: 10336:Leopoldov prison uprising 10312:Peruvian prison massacres 10282:Pulau Senang prison riots 10243: 10214: 10142: 9952: 9920: 9895: 9814:Prison abolition movement 9772:Florida Justice Institute 9748: 9552: 9467: 9427: 9346: 9293: 9168: 9159: 9090: 9044: 8997:Federal Bureau of Prisons 8922:Wortley, Richard (2002). 8878:Throness, Laurie (2008). 8836:Solinger, Rickie (2010). 8733:Rodriguez, Dylan (2006). 8544:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324. 8178:Woolford, Andrew (2009). 8163:O'grady, William (2011). 7592:10.1177/21533687221101209 6754:Mukherjee, Satyanshu K.; 6606:10.1080/02619280802442589 6118:Vidal, Ava (2014-02-26). 5864:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004). 5375:. Routledge. p. 28. 5191:10.1017/S000711451600026X 4860:. Routledge. p. 88. 4823:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004). 4723:. NYU Press. p. 11. 4184:. ANU Press. p. 58. 4107:. Penguin Books. p. 4086:West, Charles E. (1895). 3940:Bernstein, Robin (2024). 3848:Foucault, Michel (1995). 3790:11#4 (1986), pp. 847–880 3758:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324. 3627:Roth, Michael P. (2006). 3406:. Yale University Press. 3259:DeLacy, Margaret (1986). 3202:Hostettler, John (2009). 2970:prison abolition movement 2695:prison-industrial complex 2685:Prison-industrial complex 2480:, known as the notorious 2347:(carried out by caning). 2015:, in Dannemorra, New York 2001:Federal Bureau of Prisons 1861: 1844:Prisons may also provide 1072: 992:person is sent to prison. 939: 914:administration of justice 10545:Makala jailbreak attempt 9865:The Prison Phoenix Trust 9309:Administrative detention 8660:Moran, Dominique (2015) 8619:James, Joy, ed. (2005). 8476:Dikötter, Frank (2002). 8275:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2013). 7653:Drucker, Ernest (2011). 7171:10.1163/187219107X203603 7083:Goldberg, Evans (2009). 6907:Statista (Jan 3, 2023). 6627:James, Joy, ed. (2003). 6469:10.1177/2158244016686814 6339:10.1177/0306624X17726519 6174:. Taylor & Francis. 5764:10.25148/CLJ.13.1.009090 5405:Scientific American Mind 5338:Drucker, Ernest (2011). 5237:10.1177/1078345815600160 4798:. Jones & Bartlett. 4665:. Taylor & Francis. 4362:Lewis, W. David (2009). 3909:Lewis, W. David (2009). 3328:. Taylor & Francis. 3106: 3014:Incarceration and health 2656:now having the highest. 2573:Administrative detention 2559:Administrative detention 2106:San Quentin State Prison 1745: 1521:The State of the Prisons 106:Differential association 10342:Strangeways Prison riot 10294:Huntsville Prison siege 9943:Films featuring prisons 9800:Mount Tamalpais College 9454:Prisoner-of-war escapes 9184:Corrective labor colony 8899:Walsh, John P. (2013). 8670:Nashif, Esmail (2008). 8551:Garland, David (2001). 8520:Drake, Deborah (2012). 8407:Fox, Lionel W. (1952), 8378:. Critical Resistance. 8184:. Fernwood Publishing. 7783:Lerman, Amy E. (2009). 7494:Clear, Todd R. (2007). 7255:Sociétés Contemporaines 7159:Society Without Borders 6205:. The Rebecca Project. 5975:. HRW/ACLU. p. 2. 5645:10.25148/CLJ.7.2.009348 5558:Sweeney, Megan (2010). 5302:Fraser, Andrew (2007). 5076:Crime & Delinquency 4854:Shalev, Sharon (2013). 4792:"Inmate Classification" 4717:Carceral, K.C. (2006). 4686:Shalev, Sharon (2013). 4393:Bosworth, Mary (2002). 3875:"Concealing Punishment" 3806:13.3–4 (1999): 391–411. 3350:Coyle, William (1987). 3292:"Concealing Punishment" 3024:Inmate telephone system 2757:violence within prisons 1999:units operating in the 1820:work release supervisor 1356:Transportation Act 1717 1215:The French philosopher 166:Symbolic interactionism 32:Prison (disambiguation) 10431:Topo Chico prison riot 10377:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi 9577:Contemplative programs 9284:Youth detention center 9136:Prisoner of conscience 8989:Quotations related to 8943:Yousman, Bill (2009). 8884:. Ashgate Publishing. 8797:Skarbek, David. 2020. 8526:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8283:. Rodopi. p. 86. 7816:Goulding, Dot (2007). 7312:"Incarceration nation" 6580:The American Civil War 6537:. Militarymuseum.org. 6462:(1): 215824401668681. 6431:classic.austlii.edu.au 6151:Law, Victoria (2009). 5527:Vogel, Brenda (2009). 5496:Vogel, Brenda (2009). 4145:Innes, Martin (2003). 3873:Kann, Mark E. (2005). 3774:29.1 (2000): 125–146. 3438:Prisons the World Over 3290:Kann, Mark E. (2005). 3230:Semple, Janet (1993). 2727: 2632: 2616: 2580:Psychiatric facilities 2488: 2469: 2413: 2401:Incarceration of women 2370:Youth detention center 2365: 2339:. Some prisons have a 2331: 2266:Recreation and fitness 2209: 2121: 2068: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1968: 1917: 1891: 1729:English-speaking world 1723:The use of prisons in 1706:. The aim of this was 1686: 1677:Coldbath Fields Prison 1629: 1501: 1472:Prison reform movement 1393: 1335: 1219:, especially his book 1132:philosophers, such as 1118: 845:, is a facility where 802: 146:Social disorganization 10485:Cameroon prison riots 10473:Amazonas prison riots 10425:Kaohsiung Prison riot 10419:Palmasola prison riot 10389:Altamira prison brawl 10324:Fremantle Prison riot 9828:Prison-Ashram Project 8691:Neild, James (2011). 8242:Coker, Donna (2002). 7628:. NYU Press. p. 7316:Monitor on Psychology 7087:. Oakland: РM Prеss. 6809:www.prisonstudies.org 6260:AMA Journal of Ethics 6229:"Mothers in Shackles" 6084:Talvi, Silja (2007). 6065:Talvi, Silja (2007). 5791:. SAGE. p. 200. 5269:Senior, Jane (2012). 5147:. SAGE. p. 199. 4101:Taylor, Alan (2001). 3658:Lopes, Jenna (2002). 3034:LGBT people in prison 3029:Kids for Cash Scandal 3009:Immigration detention 2986:anti-authoritarianism 2978:libertarian socialism 2948:Conditional discharge 2718: 2622: 2614: 2475: 2454:indefinitely detained 2443: 2408: 2363: 2310: 2204: 2152:Further information: 2103: 2086:electronic monitoring 2066: 2022: 2010: 1991: 1963: 1938:, security lighting, 1904: 1869: 1674: 1612: 1479: 1377: 1329: 1097: 930:prisoner-of-war camps 831:correctional facility 796: 655:Biosocial criminology 362:Uniform Crime Reports 81:Biosocial criminology 36:Jail (disambiguation) 10527:Battle of al-Hasakah 10479:Altamira prison riot 10467:Acarigua prison riot 10443:Kidapawan jail siege 10407:Welikada prison riot 10318:Atlanta prison riots 10235:Cooking Pot Uprising 10012:Ireland, Republic of 9702:Solitary confinement 9263:Prisoner-of-war camp 8981:at Wikimedia Commons 8640:McGrew, Ken (2008). 8573:Gilmore, Ruth Wilson 8462:Simon & Schuster 8034:The Telegraph-Herald 7137:10.3917/rfs.515.0041 4919:"White Collar Crime" 4426:Gibson Mary (2009). 4212:John Howard (1777), 4033:Marilyn C. Baseler, 2919:conditional sentence 2586:Psychiatric hospital 2497:Prisoner-of-war camp 2478:Patarei Sea Fortress 2458:solitary confinement 2450:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba 2293:solitary confinement 1964:Design of a cell at 1831:In private prisons, 1824:work release program 1717:Democracy in America 1594:of convict prisons, 1588:penal transportation 1413:penal transportation 1348:indentured servitude 1340:penal transportation 1312:houses of correction 1090:Ancient and medieval 890:political repression 530:Solitary confinement 10491:Guanare prison riot 10449:Brazil prison riots 10413:Uribana prison riot 10395:Apodaca prison riot 10354:Khujand prison riot 10330:Polish prison riots 9879:Prison Reform Trust 8143:The Atlantic Cities 7578:Thomas, C. (2022). 6756:Scutt, Jocelynne A. 6227:Moynihan, Carolyn. 5275:Handbook on Prisons 4754:Handbook on Prisons 4615:Pew Research Center 3604:Allen, Danielle S. 2957:Restorative justice 2864:Lawrence W. Sherman 2732:developed countries 2523:American Revolution 2508:unlawful combatants 2466:sensory deprivation 2345:corporal punishment 2142:developed countries 2048:deemed a threat to 2046:political prisoners 1932:electrified fencing 1696:Auburn State Prison 1406:house of correction 971:pre-trial detention 720:Radical criminology 91:Collective efficacy 10576:Total institutions 10539:Támara prison riot 10497:Mahara prison riot 10383:Mexico prison riot 10348:Carandiru massacre 10288:Attica Prison riot 10258:Battle of Alcatraz 10229:Bathurst Rebellion 9886:WriteAPrisoner.com 9649:Protective custody 9198:Extermination camp 9129:Political prisoner 8497:Dow, Mark (2005). 8454:Diiulio, John J., 6691:Wu, Yenna (2011). 6666:. Berghahn Books. 5900:The New York Times 4131:Jonathan W. Daly, 4060:2018-03-29 at the 4040:2018-03-29 at the 3772:Theory and society 3583:ABC Radio National 3526:. Douglas Harper. 3485:10.1007/BF02249525 3372:"Prison libraries" 3004:For-profit prisons 2915:Suspended sentence 2728: 2633: 2617: 2555:Political prisoner 2539:American Civil War 2516:American Civil War 2489: 2470: 2414: 2410:Mercer Reformatory 2366: 2332: 2321:San Quentin Prison 2297:protective custody 2210: 2129:Kitchen and dining 2122: 2073:white-collar crime 2069: 2029: 2023:Inmate in striped 2017: 2005: 1969: 1918: 1892: 1740:Alexander Paterson 1725:Continental Europe 1687: 1630: 1600:Pentonville prison 1502: 1394: 1361:American Rebellion 1336: 1299:rituals (like the 1254:mass incarceration 1119: 809:, also known as a 803: 10553: 10552: 10533:Tuluá prison riot 10521:Tula prison break 10174: 10173: 10110:England and Wales 9850:Prison Legal News 9835:Prison Fellowship 9793:Justice Defenders 9463: 9462: 9067:Prison healthcare 8977:Media related to 8958:978-1-4331-0477-0 8935:978-0-521-00940-9 8914:978-0-7391-7465-4 8891:978-0-7546-6392-8 8870:978-0-8147-8316-0 8849:978-0-520-25249-3 8828:978-0-85702-953-9 8815:Sim, Joe (2009). 8790:978-1-58826-228-8 8767:978-1-4422-0173-6 8746:978-1-4529-0733-8 8725:978-0-8147-6797-9 8704:978-1-108-03699-3 8683:978-0-203-89561-0 8653:978-1-4331-0175-5 8632:978-0-7914-8310-7 8611:978-0-252-07308-3 8590:978-0-520-22256-4 8564:978-1-84920-823-9 8533:978-1-137-00484-0 8512:978-0-520-93927-1 8489:978-0-231-12508-6 8447:978-1-57233-631-5 8420:978-0-415-17738-2 8385:978-0-9767070-1-1 8290:978-94-012-0923-6 8257:978-0-521-52165-9 8224:978-0-8166-4314-1 8191:978-1-55266-316-5 8093:978-92-1-148220-1 8060:978-0-7425-6362-9 7895:978-1-134-01190-2 7866:978-0-521-53644-8 7829:978-1-876067-18-2 7798:978-1-61044-465-1 7765:978-1-61044-465-1 7704:978-0-19-506153-6 7666:978-1-59558-605-6 7639:978-0-8147-4274-7 7541:978-1-59558-103-7 7507:978-0-19-988555-8 7399:978-1-118-84538-7 7213:978-1-59558-103-7 7206:. The New Press. 7094:978-1-60486-043-6 6771:978-1-317-28701-8 6712:978-0-7391-6742-7 6673:978-1-57181-308-4 6640:978-0-7425-2027-1 6582:(1996), pp 466–78 6333:(10): 3135–3150. 6181:978-0-203-89291-6 5982:978-1-56432-949-3 5955:978-0-07-281723-2 5877:978-0-520-24076-6 5830:978-1-4496-5305-7 5798:978-1-4129-7566-7 5696:enculturation.net 5571:978-0-8078-9835-2 5540:978-0-8108-6743-7 5509:978-0-8108-6743-7 5478:978-1-4496-5306-4 5445:978-1-906534-59-2 5382:978-1-135-09312-9 5351:978-1-59558-605-6 5317:978-92-890-7280-9 5284:978-1-136-30830-7 5154:978-1-4129-7566-7 4900:978-0-8135-5742-7 4867:978-1-134-02667-8 4836:978-0-520-24076-6 4805:978-1-4496-5306-4 4763:978-1-136-30830-7 4730:978-0-8147-9955-0 4699:978-1-134-02667-8 4672:978-0-8153-1350-2 4641:978-1-4129-7566-7 4412:978-0-7619-2304-6 4375:978-0-8014-7548-1 4344:978-0-7618-2966-9 4313:978-1-139-46748-3 4274:978-0-19-506153-6 4191:978-1-921862-00-7 4160:978-0-335-20940-8 4118:978-0-670-87282-4 4104:American Colonies 3970:978-0-19-511814-8 3922:978-0-8014-7548-1 3888:978-0-8147-4783-4 3859:978-0-679-75255-4 3852:. Vintage Books. 3837:on 31 March 2012. 3737:978-3-11-029458-3 3640:978-0-313-32856-5 3447:978-0-7391-4024-6 3413:978-0-300-10250-5 3385:978-0-8240-5787-9 3363:978-0-313-24769-9 3335:978-1-135-58270-8 3305:978-0-8147-4783-4 3274:978-0-7190-1341-6 3243:978-0-19-159081-8 3215:978-1-906534-79-0 3090:Prisoners' rights 3039:Life imprisonment 2905:Community service 2607:Prison population 2337:prison commissary 2236:Literacy programs 2154:Prison healthcare 2096:Common facilities 2050:national security 1922:Physical security 1846:religious workers 1794:Prison counselors 1102:was to be made a 1063:Western Australia 910:international law 827:correction center 791: 790: 537: 536: 474:Prisoners' rights 378:Positivist school 16:(Redirected from 10583: 10455:Makala jailbreak 10401:Yare prison riot 10306:Badaber Uprising 10270:Vorkuta uprising 10264:Norilsk uprising 10201: 10194: 10187: 10178: 10177: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10135: 10126: 10119: 10117:Northern Ireland 10112: 10105: 10098: 10093: 10086: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9913: 9906: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9681: 9674: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9570: 9563: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9456: 9447: 9440: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9323:Maximum security 9318: 9311: 9304: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9166: 9165: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9008: 9007: 8988: 8976: 8962: 8950: 8939: 8918: 8895: 8874: 8853: 8832: 8794: 8771: 8750: 8729: 8708: 8687: 8657: 8636: 8615: 8594: 8582: 8568: 8542:Yale Law Journal 8537: 8516: 8504: 8493: 8451: 8423: 8394: 8393: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8318: 8312: 8311:". 1973. p. 358. 8305: 8299: 8298: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8160: 8151: 8150: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8085: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7918:Business Insider 7910: 7904: 7903: 7882:"Rehabilitation" 7877: 7871: 7870: 7854: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7723: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7684: 7675: 7674: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7627: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7584:Race and Justice 7575: 7569: 7568: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7525: 7516: 7515: 7491: 7478: 7477: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7439: 7430: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7156: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7061:. Archived from 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7034:dataunodc.un.org 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7010:dataunodc.un.org 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6986:dataunodc.un.org 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6962:dataunodc.un.org 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6730:. The Guardian. 6723: 6717: 6716: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6589: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6481: 6471: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6235:. Archived from 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6199: 6190: 6189: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6123: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6040:The Toronto Star 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5941: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5841:. Archived from 5813: 5807: 5806: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5733:10.21623/1.7.1.2 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5604:"BOP: Education" 5600: 5594: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5230: 5228:10.1.1.1030.8157 5210: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5184:(8): 1387–1396. 5169: 5163: 5162: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5011: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4975: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4617:. 22 March 2012. 4607: 4601: 4600: 4597:the NYC Criminal 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4531:. Archived from 4521: 4515: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4445:10.4000/chs.1106 4423: 4417: 4416: 4401:. SAGE. p. 4400: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4051: 4045: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3995:. Archived from 3989:"Transportation" 3985: 3979: 3978: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3827: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3784: 3778: 3768: 3762: 3756:Yale Law Journal 3752: 3746: 3745: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3515: 3498: 3496: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3367: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3200:to prisons, see 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3157: 3151: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3095:Silent treatment 3074:Prison sexuality 2939:anger management 2843:rate, including 2629:drug prohibition 2597:mental disorders 2486:Tallinn, Estonia 2460:as part of the " 2329: 2326: 2317:lethal injection 2303:Other facilities 2288:segregation unit 2219:prison libraries 2197:Prison education 1767:, also known as 1685: 1682: 1592:Surveyor-General 1538:wars with France 1533:Penitentiary Act 1509:prison reformers 1466:Russian Far East 1308:Bridewell Palace 1242:public execution 1154:Mamertine Prison 1116: 1113: 1027:Papua New Guinea 1021:Papua New Guinea 951:American English 934:internment camps 926:military prisons 918:prisoners of war 902:political crimes 871:criminal-justice 823:detention center 783: 776: 769: 416: 415: 373:Crime statistics 299: 63: 45: 44: 21: 10591: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10580: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10364: 10276:Kengir uprising 10239: 10210: 10205: 10175: 10170: 10158: 10146: 10138: 10131: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9755: 9744: 9735: 9730:Women in prison 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9670: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9638: 9633:Private prisons 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9566: 9559: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9459: 9452: 9443: 9436: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9294:Security levels 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9155: 9148: 9143:Prisoner of war 9141: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9106: 9099: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9040: 9035: 8969: 8959: 8936: 8915: 8892: 8871: 8850: 8829: 8791: 8768: 8747: 8726: 8705: 8684: 8654: 8633: 8612: 8591: 8565: 8534: 8513: 8490: 8448: 8430: 8428:Further reading 8421: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8386: 8368: 8364: 8355: 8353: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8331: 8329: 8319: 8315: 8306: 8302: 8291: 8273: 8269: 8258: 8240: 8236: 8225: 8207: 8203: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8161: 8154: 8135: 8131: 8112: 8108: 8100: 8094: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8061: 8045: 8041: 8026: 8022: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7973: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7943: 7941: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7922: 7920: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7896: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7845: 7841: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7799: 7781: 7777: 7766: 7748: 7744: 7735: 7733: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7685: 7678: 7667: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7576: 7572: 7557: 7553: 7542: 7526: 7519: 7508: 7492: 7481: 7470: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7374: 7370: 7361: 7359: 7342: 7338: 7329: 7327: 7308: 7304: 7299:(5): 63, 65–68. 7289: 7285: 7270: 7266: 7247: 7243: 7236:New Labor Forum 7232: 7225: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7121: 7117: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7081: 7077: 7068: 7066: 7051: 7047: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7014: 7012: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6966: 6964: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6924: 6920: 6905: 6901: 6892: 6890: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6838: 6836: 6826: 6822: 6813: 6811: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6761:Women and Crime 6758:, eds. (2015). 6751: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6689: 6685: 6674: 6656: 6652: 6641: 6625: 6621: 6590: 6586: 6577: 6573: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6517: 6507: 6503: 6448: 6444: 6435: 6433: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6411: 6409: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6323: 6319: 6310: 6308: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6239:on 20 July 2014 6225: 6221: 6212: 6210: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6182: 6164: 6160: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6116: 6112: 6101: 6097: 6082: 6078: 6063: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5994: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948:. McGraw-Hill. 5942: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5902:. 27 June 1994. 5894: 5893: 5889: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5831: 5814: 5810: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5744: 5740: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5674: 5664: 5660: 5625: 5621: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5556: 5552: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5479: 5461: 5457: 5446: 5428: 5424: 5401: 5394: 5383: 5367: 5363: 5352: 5336: 5329: 5318: 5300: 5296: 5285: 5267: 5260: 5211: 5207: 5170: 5166: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4985: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4901: 4883: 4879: 4868: 4852: 4848: 4837: 4821: 4817: 4806: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4764: 4746: 4742: 4731: 4715: 4711: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4461: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4391: 4387: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4210: 4206: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4161: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4062:Wayback Machine 4052: 4048: 4042:Wayback Machine 4032: 4028: 4020:on 2018-03-29. 4008: 4004: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3971: 3953: 3949: 3938: 3934: 3923: 3907: 3900: 3889: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3846: 3842: 3829: 3828: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3804:Critical Review 3801: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3769: 3765: 3753: 3749: 3738: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3656: 3652: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3434:"United States" 3425: 3421: 3414: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3364: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3158: 3154: 3133: 3129: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3049:Military prison 3044:List of prisons 2994: 2882: 2876: 2828: 2819: 2809: 2781: 2765: 2713: 2708: 2687: 2681:Private prisons 2675:Main articles: 2673: 2639: 2609: 2588: 2582: 2561: 2553:Main articles: 2551: 2512:Alcatraz Island 2503: 2493:Military prison 2491:Main articles: 2438: 2403: 2397: 2395:Women's prisons 2372: 2358: 2353: 2327: 2305: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2238: 2199: 2193: 2180:substance abuse 2160: 2150: 2137: 2131: 2098: 1986: 1928:concertina wire 1924: 1899: 1864: 1803:Medical workers 1748: 1733:Cesare Lombroso 1683: 1662:prison uniforms 1584:Millbank Prison 1560: 1519:, he published 1474: 1417:sailing vessels 1352:British America 1324: 1217:Michel Foucault 1213: 1183:, results of a 1114: 1092: 1087: 1075: 1055:South Australia 1047:New South Wales 1035: 1023: 1011: 996: 947: 942: 912:governing fair 861:, generally as 787: 758: 757: 733: 725: 724: 650:Anthropological 640: 632: 631: 547: 539: 538: 413: 403: 402: 352:Critical theory 337: 329: 328: 309:State-corporate 297: 220: 209: 208: 204:Archibald Reiss 199:Cesare Lombroso 184: 183:Major theorists 176: 175: 151:Social learning 131:Rational choice 121:Labeling theory 101:Criminalization 71: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10589: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10370: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10252:Cowra breakout 10247: 10245: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10218: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10204: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10181: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10156: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 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Peter Lang. 8940: 8934: 8919: 8913: 8896: 8890: 8875: 8869: 8854: 8848: 8833: 8827: 8812: 8802: 8795: 8789: 8772: 8766: 8751: 8745: 8730: 8724: 8709: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8667: 8658: 8652: 8646:. Peter Lang. 8637: 8631: 8625:. SUNY Press. 8616: 8610: 8595: 8589: 8569: 8563: 8548: 8538: 8532: 8517: 8511: 8494: 8488: 8473: 8452: 8446: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8384: 8362: 8338: 8313: 8300: 8289: 8267: 8256: 8234: 8223: 8201: 8190: 8170: 8152: 8129: 8106: 8092: 8070: 8059: 8039: 8020: 8000: 7971: 7950: 7929: 7905: 7894: 7872: 7865: 7839: 7828: 7808: 7797: 7775: 7764: 7742: 7710: 7703: 7676: 7665: 7645: 7638: 7612: 7570: 7551: 7540: 7517: 7506: 7479: 7464: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7404: 7398: 7368: 7336: 7302: 7293:American Jails 7283: 7264: 7241: 7223: 7212: 7192: 7183: 7165:(2): 273–288. 7142: 7115: 7100: 7093: 7075: 7045: 7021: 6997: 6973: 6949: 6918: 6899: 6875: 6864:on 27 May 2013 6845: 6820: 6792: 6770: 6745: 6718: 6711: 6693:"Introduction" 6683: 6672: 6660:"Introduction" 6650: 6639: 6619: 6584: 6571: 6552: 6526: 6501: 6442: 6418: 6393: 6368: 6317: 6293: 6266:(9): 779–785. 6250: 6219: 6191: 6180: 6158: 6143: 6110: 6095: 6076: 6057: 6026: 5992: 5981: 5961: 5954: 5931: 5905: 5887: 5876: 5856: 5829: 5808: 5797: 5777: 5738: 5707: 5683: 5658: 5619: 5595: 5581: 5570: 5550: 5539: 5519: 5508: 5488: 5477: 5455: 5444: 5432:"Introduction" 5422: 5392: 5381: 5361: 5350: 5327: 5316: 5294: 5283: 5258: 5221:(4): 390–399. 5205: 5164: 5153: 5133: 5109: 5082:(4): 513–536. 5066: 5042: 5013: 4994: 4967: 4936: 4910: 4899: 4877: 4866: 4846: 4835: 4815: 4804: 4782: 4773: 4762: 4740: 4729: 4709: 4698: 4678: 4671: 4651: 4640: 4620: 4602: 4584: 4556: 4538: 4535:on 2017-05-13. 4525:"Case Manager" 4516: 4498: 4485: 4472: 4459: 4418: 4411: 4385: 4374: 4354: 4343: 4323: 4312: 4292: 4280: 4273: 4255: 4225: 4204: 4190: 4170: 4159: 4137: 4124: 4117: 4093: 4078: 4066: 4053:Drew D. Gray, 4046: 4026: 4002: 3999:on 2016-06-07. 3980: 3969: 3947: 3932: 3921: 3898: 3887: 3865: 3858: 3840: 3817: 3808: 3795: 3779: 3763: 3747: 3736: 3714: 3707: 3685: 3650: 3639: 3619: 3596: 3569: 3555: 3541: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3462: 3453: 3446: 3419: 3412: 3391: 3384: 3362: 3341: 3334: 3311: 3304: 3280: 3273: 3249: 3242: 3221: 3214: 3198:penal colonies 3189: 3180: 3152: 3127: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3085:Prisoner abuse 3082: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3064:Prison officer 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2932: 2922: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2878:Main article: 2875: 2872: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2816:: Theories of 2811: 2808:incapacitation 2807: 2806:: Theories of 2804:Incapacitation 2801: 2795: 2788:Rehabilitation 2780: 2777: 2764: 2761: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2706:Social effects 2704: 2672: 2669: 2608: 2605: 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2550: 2547: 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786: 785: 778: 771: 763: 760: 759: 756: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 705:Organizational 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 628: 627: 622: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 534: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 515:Transformative 512: 507: 499: 498: 491: 490: 489: 488: 483: 481:Rehabilitation 478: 477: 476: 471: 469:Prisoner abuse 461: 460: 459: 454: 449: 439: 434: 432:Incapacitation 429: 424: 414: 409: 408: 405: 404: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 268: 267: 257: 256: 255: 250: 242: 241: 240: 235: 230: 221: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 189:Émile Durkheim 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 141:Social control 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 96:Crime analysis 93: 88: 86:Broken windows 83: 78: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10588: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10546: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10522: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10462: 10461:Valencia fire 10458: 10456: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10361: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10289: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10271: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10259: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10197: 10195: 10190: 10188: 10183: 10182: 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NYU Press. 8862: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8759: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8718:. NYU Press. 8717: 8716: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8676:. 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Routledge. 7887: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7852: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7731: 7727: 7726:The Telegraph 7722: 7714: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7683: 7681: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7649: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7616: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7522: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7475: 7468: 7457:September 15, 7452: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7426: 7417: 7408: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7340: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7230: 7228: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7196: 7187: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7065:on 2013-05-27 7064: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6963: 6959: 6958:"dataUNODC |" 6953: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6889: 6888:The Economist 6885: 6879: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752:For example: 6749: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6562:Naval History 6556: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6307: 6306:www.gla.ac.uk 6303: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6114: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5860: 5845:on 2017-08-04 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5397: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277:. 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Retrieved 8350: 8347:"About PARC" 8341: 8330:. Retrieved 8326: 8316: 8303: 8280: 8270: 8247: 8237: 8214: 8204: 8180: 8173: 8164: 8142: 8132: 8120:The Guardian 8119: 8109: 8079: 8073: 8049: 8042: 8036:. p. 4. 8033: 8023: 8012: 8003: 7992:. Retrieved 7963:. Retrieved 7953: 7942:. Retrieved 7940:. 2013-12-01 7932: 7921:. Retrieved 7917: 7908: 7885: 7875: 7850: 7842: 7818: 7811: 7788: 7778: 7755: 7745: 7734:. Retrieved 7725: 7713: 7689: 7655: 7648: 7623: 7615: 7603:. Retrieved 7583: 7573: 7554: 7530: 7496: 7473: 7467: 7455:. Retrieved 7446: 7443:"Recidivism" 7425: 7416: 7407: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7360:. Retrieved 7351:The Observer 7349: 7339: 7328:. Retrieved 7319: 7315: 7305: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7267: 7254: 7244: 7235: 7202: 7195: 7186: 7162: 7158: 7145: 7131:(5): 41–68. 7128: 7124: 7118: 7109: 7103: 7084: 7078: 7067:. Retrieved 7063:the original 7058: 7048: 7037:. Retrieved 7033: 7024: 7013:. Retrieved 7009: 7000: 6989:. Retrieved 6985: 6976: 6965:. Retrieved 6961: 6952: 6940:. 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