688:) and in the opera houses of London, Paris and Berlin and most other capitals. Hector Berlioz began to use it in symphonic music, but he found performances frustrating in countries such as Germany, which had few harps or sufficiently proficient harpists. Franz Liszt was seminal using the harp in his orchestral music. The French and Russian Romantic composers particularly expanded its symphonic use. In opera, the Italian composers used it regularly, and Puccini was a particular master of its expressive and coloristic use. Debussy can be said to have put the harp on the map in his many works that use one or more harps. Tchaikovsky also was of great influence, followed by Rimsky-Korsakov, Richard Strauss and Wagner. The greatest influence on use of the harp has always been the availability of fine harps and skilled players, and the great increase of them in the US of the 20th century resulted in its spread into popular music.
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358:. The pedals, from left to right, are D, C, B on the left side and E, F, G, A on the right. Each pedal attaches to a rod or cable in the column of the harp, which connects to a mechanism in the neck. When the player presses a pedal, small discs at the top of the harp rotate. The discs are studded with two pegs that pinch the string as they turn, shortening its vibrating length. In each position the pedal can be secured in a notch so the foot does not have to continuously hold it in position (unlike piano pedals).
617:
334:
25:
613:(loudness and softness). Different types of plucking can also create different tones and sounds. Depending on finger position, different tones can be produced: a full sound in the middle of the string and a nasal, guitar-like sound at the very bottom. Tone is also affected by the skin of the harpist, how much oil and moisture it contains, and the amount of thickening by callus formation and its surface texture.
669:
174:
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1079:, and other manufacturers also make electroacoustic pedal harps. The electroacoustic pedal harp is a modified concert harp, with piezoelectric pickups at the base of each string and an amplifier. Electroacoustic harps are a blend of electric and acoustic, with the option of using an amplifier or playing the harp just like a normal pedal harp. The
638:
The differences between the French schools lie in the posture of the arms, shape of the hand, and musical aesthetics. The traditional French schooling lets the player lightly rest the right arm against the harp, using the wrist to sometimes bring the hand only away from the string. The left arm moves
585:
The pedal harp is played with the fingertips of the first four fingers (thumb, index, middle and ring fingers). The little fingers are not used because they are too short and cannot reach the correct position without distorting the position of the other fingers (although on some folk harps with light
396:
in 1801 (patent number 2502) and 1802 (patent number 2595). In 1807 Charles Groll was the first to register a patent (patent number 3059) where the harp mechanism was doubled with two lines of fourchettes (forks). Earlier pedal harps had a single-action mechanism that provided only sharped notes, the
361:
Pedal harps are essentially diatonic instruments with the double-action pedal mechanism providing chromatic alterations and key changes. No matter how the pedals are set, the pedal harp still has only seven strings per octave and therefore can play seven notes per octave. Smaller harps, often called
634:
There are differing schools of technique for playing the pedal harp. The largest are the various French schools. There are specific
Russian, Viennese, and other schools across Europe. One is the Attl technique, after Kajetan Attl, in which apparently only the uppermost parts of the fingers move and
659:
at the Paris
Conservatoire. Salzedo's technique generally calls for the arms to be held horizontally and emphasizes the role of aesthetic hand and arm gestures after the string has been plucked: "Each of the thirty-seven tone colors and effects of the harp calls for a gesture corresponding to its
312:
The body of the harp consists of a straight upright pillar, sometimes adorned with a crown at the top; a soundboard, which in most harps is pear-shaped with additional width at the bottom, although some older instruments have soundboards that are straight-sided but widening toward the bottom; a
606:. The fingertips are drawn in to meet the palm, thus releasing the string from whatever pressure was placed upon it by the fingers. The fingers are naturally curved or rounded as they touch it, and the thumb is gently curved as the tip rises to it as an arc from its base.
231:
366:, also have only seven strings per octave, and use a mechanical lever on each string that the player must move manually for chromatic alterations. The only completely chromatic harps are the double (arpa doppia) and
345:
The action of the wheels in the pedal system to change the pitch of a string. The tip of a string is shown in blue, points in contact with the string are shown in red, and points not in contact with the string are in
316:
The D, E, G, A, and B strings are normally colored white, while the C strings are colored red and the F strings either black or blue. The lowest strings are made of copper or steel-wound nylon, the middle-lower of
639:
more freely. Finger technique and control are the emphasis of the technical approach, with extensive use of exercises and etudes to develop this. Two very influential 20th-century teachers of this approach were
602:, might occasionally have used all five fingers when playing the harp. In more modern music, the little finger is used very rarely, for example in simultaneous cluster chords, such as in Daniel Kessner's
229:
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respectively. However, they can also be tuned sharp or flat prior to performance. This can be indicated by verbal statements at the beginning of a composition, for example, "Tune low C to C
635:
the hand is largely still. There is a St. Petersburg school (more than one) in Russia in which the player moves the thumbs in a circular fashion rather than in and out toward the hand.
510:
Other scales, diatonic and synthetic, can be obtained by combining the pedals. It is also possible to play many chords in traditional harmony by adjusting pedals so that some notes are
230:
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Each pedal has three positions. In the top position, the strings are free and all notes are flat. In the middle position, the top disc's pins press against the string, resulting in
903:, and Jessa Callen of The Callen Sisters have separately established images as harp-playing singer-songwriters with signature harp and vocal sounds. Canadian singer-songwriter
798:
912:
321:, and the middle to highest of nylon, although more or all of the strings may be gut. The total tension of the strings on the soundboard is roughly a ton (10
676:
The harp found its early orchestral use as a solo instrument in concerti by many baroque and classical composers (Händel, Mozart, Boieldieu, Albrechtsberger,
581:
plays with both hands approaching the strings from either side of the harp; foot pedals (not shown) can change the pitch of specific strings by a half step.
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tension and closely spaced strings they may occasionally be used). The fifth finger may also have been used on earlier, more lightly strung modern harps.
594:, published in Paris in the early 19th century, promotes the use of all fingers, while Roslyn Rensch suggests that Mlle de Guînes, the harpist for whom
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if all pedals are used. In the bottom position, the second, lower disc operates, shortening the string again to create a sharp and giving the scale of
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included music written for harp to accompany the ballerina's numerous variations and enhance the atmosphere of the ballet's many fantastical scenes.
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rather than seven flats. However, for convenience in adjusting and playing the harp (by avoiding renaming the strings), harp parts are notated in C
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was the first known rock band featuring a pedal harp to appear on a major record label, released in 1983. The pedal harp was also present in the
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834:, which was used on stage as a prop. French ballet composers such as Delibes, Gounod, and Massenet made use of the harp in their music.
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is different from the electroacoustic harp, as it is entirely electric, lacking a soundbox and being nearly mute without an amplifier.
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Many passages for solo harp can be found in 19th-century ballet music, particularly in scores for the ballets staged for the
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In this type of harp the pedals alter the pitch of the strings, so that the pedal harp can easily play works written in any
477:
Three strings have no pedal tuning mechanism: the lowest C and D and the highest G. These strings are normally tuned to C
89:
61:
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to B major, and for most instruments it is far more common to notate this scale as B major, as it has five
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harmonically curved neck containing the mechanical action made up of over 1,400 parts; and a base with seven pedals.
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A pedal harp typically stands about 1.8 m (6 ft) high, is 1.2 m (4 ft) deep, and 55 cm (
46:
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from UK use different size harps in almost all their material during live performances. Sierra Casady, of the
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played in the orchestra. In ballet, the harp was utilised to a great extent to embellish the dancing of the
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271:. It typically has 47 strings with seven strings per octave, giving a range of six and a half octaves.
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Pedals for harp tuning were first introduced in 1697. The mechanical action of the pedals changes the
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Inglefield and Neill (1985), 3. A few modern harps have a pedal mechanism for the high G string.
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309: in) wide at the bass end of the soundboard. It weighs about 36 kg (80 lb).
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856:. In the 1970s, harp parts were common in popular music, and can be heard in such hits as
8:
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has used the Celtic harp throughout his career, often playing it himself while singing.
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of the strings. The seven pedals each affect the tuning of all strings of one
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sometimes features acoustic and electric harp in her work, often played by
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278:. This is particularly important in the harmonically complex music of the
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In the normal state (pedals not operated) the strings are tuned to all
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featured the harp heavily in their music during the 1970s and 1980s.
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911:. In Hong Kong, a notable example of harp in pop music is the song "
651:. The other major French school is the Salzedo school, developed by
24:
1321:"Style 2000 Electroacoustic - Electric & Electroacoustic Harps"
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plays harp on several of their songs. Another musician from the UK
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uses a pedal harp as the foundation for their cinematic live sets.
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267:. It may be played solo, as part of a chamber ensemble, or in an
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824:(1878), and numerous passages found in his score for the ballet
193:
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595:
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1366:
1346:"Camac Harps | Pedal Harps, Lever Harps, Electric Harps"
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rather than B, even when other instruments are written in B.
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In current pop music, the harp appears relatively rarely.
876:. Most often it was played by Los Angeles studio harpist
880:, who has played on hundreds of recordings. Irish band
806:
was celebrated for his harp cadenzas, most notably the
930:
The harp is also used as a central instrument by many
537:
to three and a half octaves above, usually ending on G
1016:
Some Celtic-pop crossover bands and artists such as
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
830:, which in some passages were used to represent a
796:wrote extensively for the harp as well—his ballet
704:(whose work is often sampled by hip hop artists),
626:, depicts a Regency-era single-action pedal harp (
1213:Inglefield and Neill (1985), 'Scordatura', p. 49.
1613:
772:contained many pieces for harp in such works as
609:Plucking with varying degrees of force creates
282:period and later 20th-century classical music.
223:Tudor Tulok – Glissando Imprecision for 2 Harps
986:'s "This Woman's Work". On his 7th solo album
1382:
1044:, notably on "Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)".
938:, is a member of the "symphonic pop" band,
1389:
1375:
907:plays the harp in her 2006 holiday album,
820:composed for Albert Zabel from his ballet
514:, a central part of pedal harp technique.
1002:on the introductory track, followed by a
700:, a pioneer in the world of "hot" music.
696:The first harpist known to play jazz was
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1063:
667:
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259:) is a large and technologically modern
1614:
1174:
1172:
736:. Elaborate cadenzas were composed by
1370:
853:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
501:", or "If necessary, tune high G to G
160:(Frame harp with pedal tuning action)
950:. Philadelphia based Indie Pop Band
934:popular musicians. A pedal harpist,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1169:
923:with harp played by Korean harpist
842:There is a prominent harp part in "
290:
13:
663:
211:
172:
14:
1643:
1178:
1095:– a harp combined with a keyboard
1036:uses the harp frequently in both
1269:"The Guardian on Alice Coltrane"
1258:Lawrence and Salzedo (1929), 17.
392:was first patented in London by
263:, designed primarily for use in
242:Problems playing this file? See
227:
127:
23:
1338:
1313:
1288:
1261:
1252:
1249:Lawrence and Salzedo (1929), 6.
1240:Inglewood and Neill (1985), 77.
768:. In particular, the scores of
154:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
34:needs additional citations for
1396:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1147:
1121:
1024:include folk harps, following
916:
454:notes and giving the scale of
1:
1114:
1104:List of compositions for harp
866:Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves
808:Variation de la Reine du jour
762:for his score for the ballet
16:String instrument with pedals
1222:Rensch (2007/1989), 164–165.
1011:By the Time I Get to Phoenix
1009:from her 1969 recording of "
837:
568:
7:
1086:
600:Concerto for Flute and Harp
397:first of which was made in
10:
1648:
974:orchestra. R&B singer
390:double-action pedal system
1563:
1527:
1489:
1482:
1454:
1415:
1408:
1231:Rensch (2007./1989), 170.
715:
712:are other jazz harpists.
527:of the harp is from the C
408:
328:
189:
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1034:Florence and the Machine
982:in 1997 on his cover of
655:, who also studied with
474:if all pedals are used.
285:
787:Les Millions d'Arlequin
691:
1632:Orchestral instruments
1028:'s work. Additionally
972:San Francisco Symphony
814:(1881), the elaborate
673:
631:
590:, for example, in her
582:
417:pitches, the scale of
385:
347:
338:
216:
177:
1181:"Celtic Harp History"
1064:Electroacoustic harps
913:Tian Shui Walled City
671:
619:
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380:
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215:
176:
940:The Polyphonic Spree
850:in their 1967 album
799:Éoline, ou La Dryade
728:, where the harpist
533:three octaves below
368:triple (Welsh) harps
43:improve this article
966:concert and album,
755:The Sleeping Beauty
660:sonorous meaning."
657:Alphonse Hasselmans
649:Alphonse Hasselmans
647:, who studied with
545:octave designations
255:(also known as the
184:Related instruments
123:
1506:322.212 Chromatic
1490:322.21: w/o tuning
1157:. 15 December 2019
844:She's Leaving Home
812:La Nuit et le Jour
781:Le RĂ©veil de Flore
760:Alexander Glazunov
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672:Harpist performing
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1528:322.22: w/ tuning
1496:322.211 Diatonic
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1155:"Betterharps.com"
1022:Loreena McKennitt
998:features harpist
978:featured harpist
970:, as part of the
722:Mariinsky Theatre
403:Jacob Hochbrucker
372:cross-strung harp
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142:String instrument
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1298:. Archived from
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1131:. Archived from
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1046:The Webb Sisters
918:
901:Habiba Doorenbos
810:from his ballet
740:for his ballets
645:Marcel Grandjany
621:Lady with Harp:
588:Madame de Genlis
561:
560:
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547:, the range is C
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1350:Camac-harps.com
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1000:Brandee Younger
988:Finding Forever
980:Gloria Agostini
919:) performed by
905:Sarah McLachlan
868:", as well as "
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706:Brandee Younger
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664:Orchestral role
641:Henriette Renié
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382:Sébastien Érard
362:folk, lever or
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1135:on May 2, 2020
1129:"Philharmonia"
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1069:Lyon and Healy
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956:Art in America
897:Darian Scatton
893:Dee Carstensen
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770:Riccardo Drigo
743:The Nutcracker
726:St. Petersburg
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710:Alice Coltrane
698:Casper Reardon
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1325:Lyonhealy.com
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1302:on 2011-11-21
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1187:on 2007-07-17
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1081:electric harp
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1004:Dorothy Ashby
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960:Michael Kamen
957:
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948:Zeena Parkins
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927:(Harpist K).
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889:Joanna Newsom
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870:Boogie Nights
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804:Ludwig Minkus
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1586:Multi-course
1550:
1517:Cross-strung
1483:322.2: Frame
1457:Angular harp
1353:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1296:"Salvi Echo"
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:The Guardian
1272:
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1200:
1189:. Retrieved
1185:the original
1159:. Retrieved
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1123:
1067:
1058:Patrick Wolf
1026:Alan Stivell
1015:
936:Ricky Rasura
929:
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878:Gayle Levant
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794:Cesare Pugni
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730:Albert Zabel
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628:Thomas Sully
620:
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591:
584:
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476:
449:
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405:in Bavaria.
389:
387:
364:Celtic harps
360:
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294:
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257:concert harp
256:
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241:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:"Pedal harp"
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1622:Frame harps
1543:Celtic harp
1418:Arched Harp
1409:322.1: Open
1077:Salvi Harps
1073:Camac Harps
1042:Ceremonials
932:alternative
848:The Beatles
827:La Bayadère
784:(1894) and
775:Le Talisman
738:Tchaikovsky
523:major, the
472: major
462: major
425: major
356:pitch-class
323:kilonewtons
1616:Categories
1515:322.212.2
1509:322.212.1
1500:Paraguayan
1306:2011-12-18
1191:2007-07-17
1115:References
1050:freak-folk
921:Hacken Lee
909:Wintersong
598:wrote his
517:Tuned in C
512:enharmonic
435:equivalent
253:pedal harp
244:media help
99:April 2020
69:newspapers
1280:April 28,
1161:April 28,
1139:April 28,
1099:Epigonion
1093:Claviharp
1054:CocoRosie
984:Kate Bush
964:Metallica
925:Jung Kwak
862:Dark Lady
838:Pop music
817:entr'acte
749:Swan Lake
734:ballerina
569:Technique
269:orchestra
265:art music
1549:322.222
1455:322.12:
1416:322.11:
1355:19 April
1330:19 April
1087:See also
942:. Also,
874:Heatwave
790:(1900).
778:(1889),
765:Raymonda
611:dynamics
604:Sonatina
577:Harpist
559:♭
550:♭
543:. Using
540:♭
535:middle C
530:♭
520:♭
504:♯
498:♭
492:♮
486:♮
480:♮
469:♯
459:♮
444:♭
430:♭
422:♭
280:Romantic
1571:African
1436:African
1018:Clannad
994:artist
992:hip-hop
976:Maxwell
968:S&M
882:Clannad
864:" and "
630:, 1818)
592:MĂ©thode
489:, and G
452:natural
352:pitches
304:⁄
199:Konghou
158:322.222
146:plucked
83:scholar
1627:Pedals
1601:Triple
1596:Europe
1591:Nordic
1511:Inline
1426:Adungu
1052:group
1007:sample
996:Common
822:Roxana
752:, and
716:Ballet
682:Dussek
678:Schenk
596:Mozart
439:sharps
409:Tuning
346:green.
329:Pedals
319:catgut
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1581:Kafir
1576:Greek
1564:Other
1551:Pedal
1470:Chang
1446:Saung
1431:Janzi
1402:Harps
1038:Lungs
952:Br'er
944:Björk
872:" by
846:" by
832:veena
686:Spohr
525:range
286:Parts
90:JSTOR
76:books
1465:Çeng
1357:2021
1332:2021
1282:2020
1163:2020
1141:2020
1109:Lyre
1040:and
1020:and
962:and
917:天水圍城
860:'s "
858:Cher
708:and
692:Jazz
643:and
556:to G
415:flat
399:1720
388:The
370:and
261:harp
251:The
194:Çeng
122:Harp
62:news
1441:Pin
1398:322
1032:of
1013:".
915:" (
724:of
507:".
483:, D
427:. C
401:by
325:).
276:key
45:by
1618::
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1323:.
1271:.
1171:^
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1071:,
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565:.
374:.
297:21
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
1359:.
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1309:.
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1194:.
1165:.
1143:.
563:7
554:1
466:C
456:C
419:C
306:2
302:1
299:+
246:.
148:)
144:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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