504:, the set of conditions at which an experiment can be conducted that causes the excluded volume effect to be neutralized. At the theta point, the chain reverts to ideal chain characteristics – the long-range interactions arising from excluded volume are eliminated, allowing the experimenter to more easily measure short-range features such as structural geometry, bond rotation potentials, and steric interactions between near-neighboring groups. Flory correctly identified that the chain dimension in polymer melts would have the size computed for a chain in ideal solution if excluded volume interactions were neutralized by experimenting at the theta point.
1239:
33:
1542:
499:
in 1934, to polymers. Excluded volume refers to the idea that one part of a long chain molecule can not occupy space that is already occupied by another part of the same molecule. Excluded volume causes the ends of a polymer chain in a solution to be further apart (on average) than they would be were
500:
there no excluded volume. The recognition that excluded volume was an important factor in analyzing long-chain molecules in solutions provided an important conceptual breakthrough, and led to the explanation of several puzzling experimental results of the day. It also led to the concept of the
422:, he challenged the assumption that the reactivity of the end group decreased as the macromolecule grew, and by arguing that the reactivity was independent of the size, he was able to derive the result that the number of chains present decreased with size exponentially. In
362:
in 1934. He completed a years of master's study in organic chemistry under the supervision of Prof. Cecil E Boord, before moving into physical chemistry. Flory's doctoral thesis was on the photochemistry of nitric oxide, supervised by Prof. Herrick L. Johnston.
379:. After Carothers' death in 1937, Flory worked for two years at the Basic Research Laboratory located in the University of Cincinnati. During World War II, there was a need for research to develop synthetic rubber, so Flory joined the Esso Laboratories of the
542:. The Flory convention for defining the variables involved is usually employed. For an example, a peptide bond can be described by the x,y,z positions of every atom in this bond or the Flory convention can be used. Here one must know the
394:. In 1961, he took up a professorship at Stanford University in the department of chemistry. After retirement, Flory remained active in the world of chemistry, running research labs both in Stanford, and IBM.
311:
Flory was born in
Sterling, Illinois, on June 19, 1910 to Ezra Flory and Martha Brumbaugh. His father worked as a clergyman-educator, and his mother was a school teacher. His ancestors were
390:, and subsequently joined the university as a professor. In 1957, Flory and his family moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where Flory was executive director of research at the
632:. Applying a vector conversion from the Cartesian coordinates to the generalized coordinates will describe the same three-dimensional structure using the Flory convention.
476:, invited Flory to give the annual Baker Lectures. He then was offered a position with the faculty in the Fall of the same year. He was initiated into the Tau chapter of
664:
in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules." Additionally in 1974 Flory was awarded the
600:
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326:. In 1936, he married Emily Catherine Tabor. They had three children together: Susan Springer, Melinda Groom and Paul John Flory, Jr. His first position was at
2994:
437:. There he developed a mathematical theory for the polymerization of compounds with more than two functional groups and the theory of polymer networks or
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1309:
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Development
Company where he developed a statistical mechanical theory for polymer mixtures. In 1943 he left to join the research laboratories of
206:
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I was born on 19 June, 1910, in
Sterling, Illinois, of Huguenot-German parentage, mine being the sixth generation native to America.
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in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules".
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in 1974. He received the Carl-Dietrich-Harries-Medal for commendable scientific achievements in 1977. Flory received the
1282:
1008:
488:. This quickly became a standard text for all workers in the field of polymers, and is still widely used to this day.
338:
Hall of Fame in 2002. Flory died on
September 9, 1985, following a heart attack. His wife Emily died in 2006 aged 94.
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Among his accomplishments are an original method for computing the probable size of a polymer in good solution, the
465:
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672:. This award was given to him because of his research on the "formation and structure of polymeric substances".
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to improve the kinetic equations and remove difficulties in understanding the polymer size distribution.
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143:
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The Flory family traces its roots back to Alsace, then
England, later to Pennsylvania, and then to Ohio.
383:. From 1943 to 1948 Flory worked in the polymer research team of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.
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511:, the extension of polymer physics concepts to the field of liquid crystals, and the derivation of the
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In modeling the position vectors of atoms in macromolecules it is often necessary to convert from
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at
Cornell in 1949. At Cornell he elaborated and refined his Baker Lectures into his magnum opus,
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In 1938, after
Carothers' death, Flory moved to the Basic Science Research Laboratory at the
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322:. He first gained an interest in science from Carl W Holl, who was a chemistry professor at
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Polymer
Pioneers: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules
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Paul J. Flory – Facts. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2019. Wed. 19 Jun 2019. <
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Somsen, Geert. Paul J Flory. Encyclopædia
Britannica. June 15, 2019.
1127:"Carl-Dietrich-Harries-Medal for commendable scientific achievements"
315:
91:
1253:"Finding Aid to the Paul J. Flory papers, 1931–1985 bulk 1950–1978"
1029:"Paul J. Flory | Nobel Prize-Winning American Chemist | Britannica"
917:"Finding Aid to the Paul J. Flory papers, 1931–1985 bulk 1950–1978"
468:
as head of a group on polymer fundamentals. In the Spring of 1948
283:
668:
in
Physical Sciences. The medal was presented to him by President
32:
1268:
Click on 'Paul J. Flory papers finding aid' for full finding aid.
1210:
Paul J. Flory | Nobel Prize-Winning American Chemist | Britannica
932:
Click on 'Paul J. Flory papers finding aid' for full finding aid.
882:
Johnson, William S.; Stockmayer, Walter H.; Taube, Henry (2002).
515:, which helps characterize the movement of polymers in solution.
312:
291:
229:
278:(June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist and
372:
327:
319:
239:
1179:"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details"
1105:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1317:
407:
Flory's earliest work in polymer science was in the area of
438:
969:. Alpha Chi Sigma (May 23, 2018). Retrieved on 2018-07-17.
947:
Center for History of Chemistry, Philadelphia. pp. 70–73.
453:
and represents the first paper in the percolation field.
358:(now Manchester University) in 1931 and a Ph.D. from the
891:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
386:
In 1948, Flory gave the George Fisher Baker lectures at
881:
611:
581:
551:
290:. He was a pioneer in understanding the behavior of
624:
594:
564:
354:in 1927, Flory received a bachelor's degree from
2956:
1283:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
962:
960:
741:
472:, then chairman of the chemistry department at
371:In 1934 Flory joined the Central Department of
2717:
786:
2995:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2703:
1303:
957:
402:
282:who was known for his work in the field of
2710:
2696:
1310:
1296:
1250:
1237:
914:
31:
908:
812:
426:, he introduced the important concept of
2990:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1009:"Paul John Flory: A Biographical Memoir"
1003:
1001:
698:Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules
334:. He was posthumously inducted into the
1084:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1023:
1021:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
640:Flory was elected to the United States
518:
392:Mellon Institute of Industrial Research
2957:
2691:
1291:
1214:Paul John Flory. Stanford Chemistry.
998:
978:
646:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
445:of gelation, which was equivalent to
1018:
769:
635:
3005:National Medal of Science laureates
1242:A short autobiography of Paul Flory
1153:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974"
829:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974"
13:
967:Fraternity – Awards – Hall of Fame
656:and the Golden Plate Award of the
648:in 1957. In 1968, he received the
14:
3041:
2980:American people of German descent
1221:
1203:The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974
318:, who traced their roots back to
3025:Polymer scientists and engineers
1540:
787:Pecora, Robert (November 1986).
491:Flory introduced the concept of
381:Standard Oil Development Company
306:
1171:
1145:
1119:
1113:American Academy of Achievement
1097:
1072:
1047:
721:Selected Works of Paul J. Flory
683:Principles of Polymer Chemistry
675:
658:American Academy of Achievement
484:which was published in 1953 by
482:Principles of Polymer Chemistry
102:Manchester University (Indiana)
3030:20th-century American chemists
3020:People from Sterling, Illinois
972:
937:
875:
854:"Paul J. Flory – Biographical"
846:
821:
1:
1185:. National Science Foundation
735:
509:Flory-Huggins Solution Theory
132:Flory–Huggins solution theory
3010:Ohio State University alumni
3000:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
685:. Cornell University Press.
642:National Academy of Sciences
356:Manchester College (Indiana)
341:
301:
148:Random sequential adsorption
16:American chemist (1910–1985)
7:
3015:People from Elgin, Illinois
1278:Hoover Institution Archives
1251:Mangravite, Andrew (2001).
1246:Nobel lecture by Paul Flory
981:"Paul J. Flory (1910-1985)"
943:Morris, Peter J. T. (1986)
915:Mangravite, Andrew (2001).
884:"Paul John Flory 1910–1985"
789:"Obituary: Paul John Flory"
595:{\displaystyle \theta _{i}}
420:condensation polymerization
416:DuPont Experimental Station
397:
324:Manchester College, Indiana
10:
3046:
2985:American physical chemists
403:Career and polymer science
248:Carnegie Mellon University
2882:
2857:
2826:
2801:
2776:
2746:
2727:
2346:
2047:
1788:
1549:
1538:
1329:
1257:Science History Institute
1183:National Medal of Science
921:Science History Institute
754:Science History Institute
666:National Medal of Science
625:{\displaystyle \phi _{i}}
294:in solution, and won the
269:
257:
235:
221:
214:
172:National Medal of Science
167:Nobel Prize for Chemistry
161:
140:Flory–Schulz distribution
111:
97:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
2975:American Nobel laureates
2464:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
1743:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1323:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
662:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
486:Cornell University Press
435:University of Cincinnati
296:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
202:William H. Nichols Medal
723:. Stanford Univ Press.
652:. He also received the
540:generalized coordinates
443:Flory-Stockmayer theory
424:addition polymerization
366:
144:Flory–Stockmayer theory
2888:Nobel Prize recipients
2828:Physiology or Medicine
2628:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2616:M. Stanley Whittingham
1587:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
650:Charles Goodyear Medal
626:
596:
566:
456:In 1940 he joined the
346:After graduating from
197:Charles Goodyear Medal
1998:Christian B. Anfinsen
1638:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1229:Paul J. Flory Details
627:
597:
567:
565:{\displaystyle l_{i}}
536:Cartesian coordinates
360:Ohio State University
187:Elliott Cresson Medal
136:Flory–Rehner equation
106:Ohio State University
2660:Karl Barry Sharpless
2157:Dudley R. Herschbach
1982:Luis Federico Leloir
1274:Paul J. Flory papers
719:Flory, Paul. (1985)
696:Flory, Paul. (1969)
681:Flory, Paul. (1953)
609:
579:
549:
519:The Flory convention
377:Wallace H. Carothers
2652:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2564:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2301:Jens Christian Skou
2269:F. Sherwood Rowland
2181:Charles J. Pedersen
2145:Herbert A. Hauptman
1838:Vincent du Vigneaud
1455:Richard Willstätter
1339:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1109:www.achievement.org
979:Eisenberg, Henryk.
805:1986PhT....39k.116P
441:. This led to the
264:Herrick L. Johnston
244:Stanford University
152:Star-shaped polymer
80:Big Sur, California
2848:George Emil Palade
2612:John B. Goodenough
2540:William E. Moerner
2420:Richard R. Schrock
2392:Roderick MacKinnon
2364:K. Barry Sharpless
2189:Johann Deisenhofer
2018:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2014:Ernst Otto Fischer
1938:Robert S. Mulliken
1874:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
1822:Hermann Staudinger
1642:Irène Joliot-Curie
1236:on Nobelprize.org
1033:www.britannica.com
749:"SCI Perkin Medal"
622:
592:
562:
474:Cornell University
460:laboratory of the
388:Cornell University
373:Dupont and Company
252:Cornell University
226:Physical chemistry
156:Self-avoiding walk
128:Flory–Fox equation
61:Sterling, Illinois
2952:
2951:
2859:Economic Sciences
2842:Christian de Duve
2685:
2684:
2668:Moungi G. Bawendi
2588:Richard Henderson
2432:Roger D. Kornberg
2400:Aaron Ciechanover
2233:Rudolph A. Marcus
2137:Robert Merrifield
2073:Peter D. Mitchell
1846:Cyril Hinshelwood
1607:Friedrich Bergius
1531:Richard Zsigmondy
1447:Theodore Richards
1395:Ernest Rutherford
1080:"Paul John Flory"
1059:www.nasonline.org
814:10.1063/1.2815221
708:. Reissued 1989.
636:Awards and honors
348:Elgin High School
332:Wallace Carothers
273:
272:
216:Scientific career
192:Peter Debye Award
116:Polymer chemistry
72:September 9, 1985
3037:
2890:
2819:(United Kingdom)
2813:(United Kingdom)
2712:
2705:
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2678:
2676:Alexei I. Ekimov
2662:
2656:Morten P. Meldal
2646:
2634:
2622:
2606:
2590:
2580:Jacques Dubochet
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2510:
2504:Robert Lefkowitz
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2490:
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2468:Thomas A. Steitz
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2442:
2434:
2426:
2416:Robert H. Grubbs
2410:
2394:
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2366:
2339:
2337:Hideki Shirakawa
2323:
2315:
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2287:
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2255:
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2235:
2227:
2225:Richard R. Ernst
2219:
2211:
2199:
2183:
2167:
2151:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2103:
2101:Frederick Sanger
2087:
2081:Herbert C. Brown
2075:
2067:
2059:
2057:William Lipscomb
2040:
2028:
2020:
2008:
1992:
1990:Gerhard Herzberg
1984:
1976:
1964:
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1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1904:
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1866:Frederick Sanger
1860:
1852:
1850:Nikolay Semyonov
1840:
1832:
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1816:
1804:
1802:Glenn T. Seaborg
1781:
1769:
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1727:Artturi Virtanen
1721:
1713:
1711:George de Hevesy
1705:
1704:
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1567:Heinrich Wieland
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1559:Theodor Svedberg
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1371:Adolf von Baeyer
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1355:Svante Arrhenius
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1227:Chemistry Tree:
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700:. Interscience.
644:in 1953 and the
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527:Flory convention
259:Doctoral advisor
210:
124:Flory convention
75:
56:
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35:
21:
20:
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2873:Friedrich Hayek
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2850:(United States)
2822:
2797:
2772:
2767:Harry Martinson
2742:
2739:(United States)
2723:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2665:
2649:
2640:David MacMillan
2637:
2632:Jennifer Doudna
2625:
2609:
2593:
2577:
2568:Fraser Stoddart
2561:
2552:Paul L. Modrich
2545:
2529:
2513:
2501:
2493:
2488:Ei-ichi Negishi
2480:Richard F. Heck
2477:
2461:
2448:Osamu Shimomura
2445:
2437:
2429:
2413:
2397:
2385:
2369:
2356:William Knowles
2353:
2342:
2333:Alan MacDiarmid
2326:
2318:
2306:
2290:
2285:Richard Smalley
2274:
2261:Paul J. Crutzen
2258:
2250:
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2186:
2177:Jean-Marie Lehn
2170:
2154:
2142:
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2126:
2118:
2106:
2090:
2078:
2070:
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2054:
2043:
2038:Vladimir Prelog
2031:
2023:
2011:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1967:
1959:
1943:
1935:
1930:Robert Woodward
1927:
1922:Dorothy Hodgkin
1919:
1907:
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1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1843:
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1827:
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37:Flory in 1973
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2604:George Smith
2484:Akira Suzuki
2440:Gerhard Ertl
2424:Yves Chauvin
2372:John B. Fenn
2360:Ryoji Noyori
2347:2001–present
2321:Ahmed Zewail
2281:Harold Kroto
2265:Mario Molina
2193:Robert Huber
2165:John Polanyi
2149:Jerome Karle
2085:Georg Wittig
2025:
1970:Derek Barton
1962:Lars Onsager
1914:Giulio Natta
1910:Karl Ziegler
1902:John Kendrew
1670:Richard Kuhn
1595:Hans Fischer
1411:Otto Wallach
1347:Emil Fischer
1267:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1187:. Retrieved
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676:Bibliography
639:
544:bond lengths
533:
529:for details.
524:
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495:, coined by
490:
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462:Standard Oil
455:
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406:
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370:
345:
310:
275:
274:
236:Institutions
215:
207:Colwyn medal
182:Perkin Medal
74:(1985-09-09)
18:
2970:1985 deaths
2965:1910 births
2811:Martin Ryle
2792:Eisaku SatĹŤ
2720:Nobel Prize
2572:Ben Feringa
2556:Aziz Sancar
2536:Stefan Hell
2532:Eric Betzig
2309:Walter Kohn
2277:Robert Curl
2253:George Olah
2241:Kary Mullis
2217:Elias Corey
2209:Thomas Cech
2161:Yuan T. Lee
2129:Henry Taube
1662:Paul Karrer
1650:Peter Debye
1630:Harold Urey
1516:Fritz Pregl
1477:Fritz Haber
1419:Marie Curie
897:January 28,
864:January 28,
670:Gerald Ford
574:bond angles
538:(x,y,z) to
502:theta point
497:Werner Kuhn
470:Peter Debye
447:percolation
88:Nationality
2959:Categories
2748:Literature
2737:Paul Flory
2408:Irwin Rose
2388:Peter Agre
2313:John Pople
2121:Aaron Klug
2026:Paul Flory
1974:Odd Hassel
1898:Max Perutz
1779:Kurt Alder
1775:Otto Diels
1603:Carl Bosch
1234:Paul Flory
1089:August 15,
1064:August 15,
953:0941901033
736:References
602:, and the
458:Linden, NJ
53:1910-06-19
25:Paul Flory
2875:(Austria)
2844:(Belgium)
2838:(Belgium)
2788:(Ireland)
2729:Chemistry
2722:laureates
2093:Paul Berg
2048:1976–2000
1789:1951–1975
1719:Otto Hahn
1550:1926–1950
1330:1901–1925
1319:Laureates
1262:March 27,
926:March 27,
761:March 24,
614:ϕ
584:θ
342:Schooling
316:Huguenots
302:Biography
2869:(Sweden)
2769:(Sweden)
2763:(Sweden)
1189:July 24,
1163:July 24,
1039:July 11,
838:July 11,
466:Goodyear
412:kinetics
398:Research
292:polymers
284:polymers
230:polymers
2803:Physics
2794:(Japan)
1321:of the
1276:at the
1137:July 2,
801:Bibcode
449:on the
414:at the
92:America
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994:: 474.
988:Nature
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860:. 1974
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418:. In
328:DuPont
320:Alsace
313:German
240:DuPont
222:Fields
209:(1954)
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162:Awards
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
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1133:. DKG
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330:with
286:, or
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439:gels
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104:and
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