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Exploiting bypass air is the usual way of increasing thrust, but when air flow drops so does pressure, which increases engine speed at the risk of failure. This apparent flaw suddenly turned to a benefit when it dawned upon him that the extra engine power could be put to good use by turning a lift
480:
One of the key factors in handing the $ 200B JSF contract to LM is said to be when the X-35B took off from 150 feet of runway, went supersonic, and landed vertically in one flight on July 20, 2001 - a performance that only the X-35B had done, and only because of the LiftFan concept.
225:
Hans von Ohain inspired
Bevilaqua to think like an engineer rather than a mathematician - "in school I learned how to move the pieces, and Hans taught me how to play chess", although he said that about Purdue as well. Ohain also showed Bevilaqua "what those
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The solution involved transforming some of the jet blast to vertical air flow by extracting energy from the hot jet blast with a turbine that turns a shaft driving a fan pointing down, thereby increasing
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engineer, and got help from various
Lockheed experts in propulsion, materials, and other specialized fields to verify the theories of the concept, which were then patented in 1990-93.
409:. The transition between horizontal and vertical lift needs to be precisely controlled, and the two lift columns need to be carefully balanced, to maintain control of the aircraft.
375:
tandem-fan, an appropriate system seemed to be a dual thrust system with a lift vector at the front and a swivel nozzle at the back for the jet engine, counterbalancing each other.
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also came on board, the road was paved for the JSF concept of similar aircraft with different applications, in accordance with JAST Concept
Exploration findings.
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Both DARPA and the Marine Corps approved of the concept, and from there, it developed through various defense programs such as CALF and JAST into the
428:) and others (although methods are different), achieving a lift/thrust-ratio of 1.5:1 where previous successful aircraft were limited to 1:1 at best.
506:
Paul M. Bevilaqua, "Analytic
Description of Hypermixing and Test of an Improved Nozzle," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 1976, pp. 43–48
1427:
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Many options were investigated, but with one month left and no results, Bevilagua took another look at the situation. Three elements were clear:
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While at WP, Ohain, Bevilaqua and others investigated and patented various flow related concepts, some of them being flow multipliers related to
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Paul M. Bevilaqua, "Evaluation of
Hypermixing for Thrust Augmenting Ejectors," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1974, pp. 348–354
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for his theoretical contributions, practical innovations, and increased operational utility in vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.
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Paul M. Bevilaqua, "Lifting
Surface Theory for Thrust-Augmenting Ejectors," AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, No. 5, May 1978, pp. 475–581).
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fan. "It took eight months of brainstorming to program the computer in my head, and ten seconds to come up with the idea."
416:, with an extra bypass fan moved and tilted 90 degrees to move cool unburned air vertically instead of horizontally, or a
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and F-35B. Bevilaqua was a key figure in persuading the Air Force in 1992 that the concept aircraft could be useful as a
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and the similar
British agency launched a program called ASTOVL and issued a 9-month contract to develop concepts for a
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is shrunk and encased. This effect is similar to the previous flow multiplier concepts investigated by
Bevilaqua (see
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202:(WP-AFB), where he began professional work in 1971. He became Deputy Director of the Energy Conversion Lab at
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The challenge in combining supersonic flight and STOVL is that an engine powerful enough to
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in 2001 for the working system, and
Bevilaqua received the Paul E. Haueter Memorial Award (
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218:'s Navy Aircraft Plant. In 1985, he was appointed Chief Aeronautical Scientist at
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534:"Development of a Nozzle to Improve the Turning of Supersonic Coanda Jets" (1980)
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751:, Marine Corps University Command and Staff College . Retrieved January 2010.
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Propulsion System in
Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter wins Collier Trophy
845:
136:
101:
689:
516:, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 89, Issue 03, December 1978, pp 589–606
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1043:
Lockheed Martin press release, February 28th, 2003. Retrieved: January 2010
520:
365:. A smaller engine with higher air flow was needed, but seemed impossible.
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280:, roll posts, and rear vectoring nozzle, as designed for the F-35B, at the
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The shaft driven Lift Fan propulsion system for the Joint Strike Fighter
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Propulsion system for a vertical and short takeoff and landing aircraft
227:
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132:
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Going vertical – developing a short take-off, vertical landing system.
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542:, Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2005, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 778–783
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an aircraft would be too wide to be supersonic, as shown by the
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Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics alumni
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Lift Fan nozzle for JSF tested in NASA Lewis' Powered Lift Rig
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wishes, but without the usual strict technical requirements.
347:
337:
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Bevilaqua was working for Lockheed Skunk Works in 1986, when
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Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
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Ingenia Online (PDF) August 2004. Retrieved: December 2009.
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National Journal, 22 January 2002. Retrieved January 2010. .
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a fan is the best way of converting power to thrust or lift
351:
292:
273:
234:
389:
a shaft is the best way of transferring that power forward
632:, Design News, 22 February 2004. Retrieved January 2010.
898:, Vertiflite, March/April 1997. Retrieved January 2010.
596:, Purdue University website, retrieved December 2009.
1083:
Presented May 1, 1997. DTIC.MIL Word document, 5.5 MB
540:"Joint Strike Fighter Dual-Cycle Propulsion System"
749:AV-8B Super Harrier: Separating myth from reality
154:In 2005, Bevilaqua was elected as a member of the
222:, trying to come up with a new line of business.
1531:
945:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
928:. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012
653:, Gizmodo, 22 Apr 2008. Retrieved January 2010.
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198:in 1973. He was also an Air Force Lieutenant at
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865:, 29 March 1995. Retrieved: 19 September 2010.
970:, 15 April 1998. Retrieved: 18 September 2010.
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719:, United States Patent 3525474, 25 August 1970
673:
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521:"A Comparison Test of the Hypermixing Nozzle."
386:is the best way of extracting power from a jet
1107:
1054:"VFS - Vertical Flight Society Award Winners"
923:, 21 May 1997. Retrieved: 19 September 2010.
803:A history of the Joint Strike Fighter Program
554:
461:The practical development and testing of the
1002:From Supersonic to Hover: How the F-35 Flies
514:"Turbulence memory in self-preserving wakes"
315:Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOVL)
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1229:LM Transportation & Security Solutions
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59:Learn how and when to remove this message
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214:to be a Manager of Advanced Programs at
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926:"-as Allison begins JSF lift-fan tests"
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512:Paul M. Bevilaqua and Paul S. Lykoudis
240:
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812:, Martin-Baker. Retrieved January 2010
643:
1095:
917:-as Allison begins JSF lift-fan tests
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651:From napkin to first supersonic plane
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519:Paul M. Bevilaqua, Howard L. Toms Jr
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729:List of patents by Paul M. Bevilaqua
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405:and thus lift, without increasing
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31:tone or style may not reflect the
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1294:LM Space Applications Laboratory
1246:
1214:LM Global Training and Logistics
1022:Collier Trophy; list of winners.
574:, United States Patent 5209428.
532:Paul M. Bevilaqua, John D. Lee,
412:The system works similarly to a
41:guide to writing better articles
20:
1046:
249:Diagram of turbojet energy for
200:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
156:National Academy of Engineering
1289:Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
1224:LM Systems Integration – Owego
1219:LM Mission Systems and Sensors
1004:, Space.com 21 December 2007.
896:V/STOL: The First Half-Century
777:GovExec: The engine that could
1:
1173:LM Rotary and Mission Systems
883:Rolls-Royce Tandem fan engine
548:
484:The JSF team was awarded the
302:For the physical system, see
235:vertical take-off and landing
1545:American aerospace engineers
1304:Sandia National Laboratories
1168:LM Missiles and Fire Control
717:Jet pump or Thrust augmentor
465:and system was performed by
440:Joint Strike Fighter Program
7:
860:Short take-off, low funding
490:American Helicopter Society
139:. In 1990, he invented the
10:
1581:
983:, retrieved January 2010.
981:Nova transcript "X-planes"
902:December 11, 2011, at the
477:, Rolls-Royce and others.
350:plane, in accordance with
311:United States Marine Corps
301:
206:, managed by jet inventor
145:Joint Strike Fighter F-35B
123:(born May 11, 1945) is an
1555:Collier Trophy recipients
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1299:Michoud Assembly Facility
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1163:LM Information Technology
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1008:October 31, 2010, at the
987:November 3, 2013, at the
755:October 19, 2013, at the
738:, retrieved December 2009
371:-23 aft-turbofan and the
210:. In 1975, Paul left the
151:engineer, Paul Shumpert.
108:
80:
73:
1087:F-35B on Global Security
688:, retrieved from Danish
679:Interview with Bevilaqua
657:October 8, 2012, at the
636:October 8, 2010, at the
894:Hirschberg, Michael J.
628:Field, Karen Auguston.
600:March 20, 2012, at the
178:Bevilaqua obtained his
1363:Compact Fusion Reactor
1263:United Launch Alliance
1079:Paul Bevilaqua :
1024:Retrieved January 2010
869:July 10, 2010, at the
471:Allison Engine Company
369:General Electric CJ805
304:Rolls-Royce LiftSystem
299:
285:
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216:Rockwell International
175:
174:components and airflow
121:Paul Michael Bevilaqua
85:Paul Michael Bevilaqua
1268:United Space Alliance
885:United Kingdom Patent
747:Durtcne, Major F. S.
690:Engineering newspaper
576:PDF of original, 1990
448:conventional aircraft
291:
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921:Flight International
863:Flight International
630:The man with the fan
241:Invention of LiftFan
125:aeronautics engineer
113:Aeronautics engineer
538:Paul M. Bevilaqua,
467:Pratt & Whitney
442:and through to the
431:Bevilaqua is not a
317:aircraft with more
1039:2011-05-25 at the
1000:Kjelgaard, Chris.
833:2015-07-20 at the
826:Hutchinson, John.
808:2009-09-14 at the
782:2013-10-19 at the
775:Wilson, George C.
734:2011-06-12 at the
684:2009-12-28 at the
570:2012-02-25 at the
526:2012-03-12 at the
418:turbine helicopter
309:In the 1980s, the
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147:along with fellow
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1193:Sikorsky Aircraft
715:Ohain, Hans von.
563:Bevilaqua et al.
196:Purdue University
118:
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69:
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35:used on Knowledge
33:encyclopedic tone
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426:#List of Papers
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162:Life and career
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1132:Divisions,
1063:2023-01-09
932:2012-11-02
549:References
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345:supersonic
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212:Air Force
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1333:AeroText
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1058:vtol.org
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264:aircraft
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143:for the
141:lift fan
1517:Commons
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1418:Longbow
1398:Javelin
1141:Current
456:US Navy
452:LiftFan
403:impulse
384:turbine
363:Harrier
327:Harrier
323:payload
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1353:C-130J
1343:ATACMS
1314:Active
1207:Former
420:whose
284:, 2007
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338:DARPA
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319:speed
1468:T-50
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1378:F-22
1373:F-16
967:NASA
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475:NASA
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321:and
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1483:U-2
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