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133:
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1626:
1003:
693:
517:
231:
1400:
362:, the first train to arrive must stop or move very slowly, while the second to arrive may pass at speed. If one train is too long for the loop it must wait for the opposing train to enter the loop before proceeding, taking a few minutes. Ideally, the shorter train should arrive first and leave second. If both trains are too long for the loop, time-consuming "see-sawing" (or "double saw-by") operations are required for the trains to cross (see
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Refuge sidings are used at locations with gradients too steep for heavy freight trains or steam haulage to depart from conventional passing loops, or confined spaces where a passing loop cannot be built. An extra parallel siding is often built at stations on refuge sidings so that two stopping trains
1722:
was killed in an accident involving trains too long to cross at a passing loop. The trains trying to cross were occupying both the main and loop tracks, and in addition, the train doing the see-saw was standing outside station limits. Jones was traveling fast in order to make up lost time, and could
1609:
Countries generally have a principle on which side trains shall meet, either on the left or on the right, generally the same for the whole country. But this is generally valid only on double track. On passing loops this principle is not necessarily used. Often the train that shall not stop uses the
1503:
If a crossing loop is several times the length of the trains using it, and is suitably signalled, then trains proceeding in opposite directions can pass (cross) each other without having to stop or even slow down. This greatly reduces the time lost by the first train to arrive at the crossing loop
1283:
Crossing loops using up-and-down working are very common in
British practice. For one thing, fewer signals are required if the tracks in the station are signaled for one direction only; also, there is less likelihood of a collision caused by signalling a train onto the track reserved for trains in
1474:
1059:
A possible advantage of this layout is that trains scheduled to pass straight through the station can do so uninterrupted; they do not have to reduce their speed to pass through the curve. This layout is mostly used at local stations where many passenger trains do not stop.
1539:
with home signals cleared by the approaching train. Some loops have the points in and out of the loop operated manually, albeit more recent examples have so-called self-restoring switches that allow trains to exit a loop without needing to change the points.
1644:
1727:. He was able to slow his train from an estimated 75 mph (121 km/h) to an estimated 35 mph (56 km/h) at the time of collision; none of the passengers on Jones's train was seriously injured, and Jones was the only fatality.
1486:
1577:
Since central operation of the points and signals from a single signal box is convenient, and since there are practical limits for the distance to these points and signals, crossing loops can have a system-wide effect on train sizes.
1287:
The speed restriction in one direction can be eliminated with higher-speed turnouts, but this may require power operation, as the longer and heavier high-speed turnouts may be beyond the capability of manual lever operation.
1271:
In the example layout shown, trains take the left-hand track in their direction of running. Low-speed turnouts restrict the speed in one direction. Two platform faces are needed, and they can be provided either at a single
1555:
The design of crossing loops may have to be modified where there are severe gradients that make it difficult for a train to restart from a stationary position, or where the terrain is unsuitable for a normal loop.
1909:
A passenger train was wrongly switched to a passing loop and hit a parked freight train at full speed; and the derailed coaches were then struck by another passenger train moving in the opposite direction.
1480:
Double platform road and through road: Passing loop configuration allowing local trains to serve the station and wait for an express service to pass straight through the station to overtake uninterrupted.
1461:
Overtaking loops can also be provided on dual track lines, typically at stations, for the purpose of providing a location for express trains to overtake local trains. This layout has extensive use in
1523:
Since the available space for crossing loops is usually limited, they do not normally have an overlap (safety margin) between the starting signals and the end of the double line. In
Australia, the
1547:, in which a train controller changes points and signals from a remote office; and driver-operated points, which enable train crews to use a radio system to set the points from a distance.
1590:-integer intervals along the track by travel time. The longest section between successive crossing loops will, like the weakest link in a chain, determine the overall line capacity.
373:, especially high-level platforms, for passengers to board and disembark from trains, the platforms may be provided on both the main and loop tracks or possibly on only one of them.
1066:
This type of passing loop is common in Russia and post-Soviet states. A disadvantage of the platform and through arrangement is the speed limits through the turnouts at each end.
807:
If the passenger train from one direction always arrives first, the platform on the loop line may also be omitted by extending the platform past the loop in that direction.
1601:
It is best if all crossing loops are longer than the longest train. Two long trains can cross at a short loop using a slow so-called see-saw process, which wastes time.
1660:
1625:
804:
If passenger trains are relatively few in number, and the likelihood of two passenger trains crossing each other low, the platform on the loop line may be omitted.
1492:
Double main and loop: Passing loop configuration allowing express and local trains to serve the station before the express service overtakes the local service.
2147:
2002:
2105:
331:
arrangement allows it. A passing loop is double-ended and connected to the main track at both ends, though a dead end siding known as a
1747:
358:
Ideally, the loop should be longer than all trains needing to cross at that point. Unless the loop is of sufficient length to be
1520:
at the ends of crossing loops so that if a train overruns the loop, it is derailed rather than collide with an opposing train.
1280:(as shown). Overtaking is not normally possible at this kind of up-and-down loop as some of the necessary signals are absent.
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2066:
100:
1284:
the opposing direction. In France, they often use spring switches and the speed is equally restricted in both directions.
2140:
1586:
Line capacity is partly determined by the distance between individual crossing loops. Ideally these should be located at
1527:(ARTC) policy provides for overlaps of about 500 m and 200 m respectively in an effort to avoid derailment or collision.
1453:
can pass, and an extended catch point opposite the refuge siding may be added so as not to interfere with passing trains.
72:
2050:
1524:
119:
79:
2941:
2133:
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1735:
57:
17:
86:
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Since there is only one passenger platform, it is not convenient to cross two passenger trains if both stop.
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577:
394:
153:
53:
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systems. In this layout a local train enters the siding allowing a scheduled express train to overtake it.
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68:
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Long and short trains can cross at a short loop if the long train arrives second but leaves first.
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Many crossing loops are designed to operate automatically in an unattended mode. Such loops may be
1056:
The through road has straight track, while the platform road has low-speed turnouts at either end.
132:
801:
at either end. If the station has only one platform, then it is usually located on the main line.
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2649:
2490:
2188:
2007:
1856:
1824:
1799:
1740:
46:
1504:
for the opposing train to go by. This system is referred to as a dynamic loop. For example, the
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93:
8:
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1975:
1781:
370:
335:, which is much less convenient, can be used. A similar arrangement is used on the
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1969:
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798:
316:
2070:
1972:
enables a locomotive to change ends when a train has reached a terminus station.
319:, where trains or trams travelling in opposite directions can pass each other.
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810:
336:
1654: – the track on the right – measures some 3.5 km (2.2 mi).
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2017:
2012:
1921:
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348:
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332:
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2753:
2713:
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2349:
2322:
2221:
2211:
1985:
1962:
1671:
1560:
1517:
2748:
2708:
2620:
2415:
2274:
1719:
1703:
2125:
2905:
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2022:
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2231:
2216:
1667:
344:
797:
The main line has straight track, while the loop line has low-speed
35:
2681:
2499:
1916:
327:
going in the same direction can also overtake, provided that the
1750:
in fog: one train too long for loop; line duplicated soon after
2763:
1899:
1763:
1650:
Passing sidings in North
America can be very long. This one in
1903:
1848:
driver appears to have misjudged distance to starting signal
320:
1805:
train in loop standing foul of main line, causing collision
811:
Platform road and through road (main track without platform)
381:
324:
312:
2106:"Windermere passing loop heads South Cumbria rail plans"
1563:
on the downhill end to reduce the impact of runaways.
1508:
will be getting one to permit a 2tph service pattern.
2045:(4th ed.). Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 80.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Place on a railway where trains can pass each other
2958:
1301:
1073:
814:
568:
385:
139:
1604:
136:An example of a passing loop with two platforms
2003:Glossary of North American railway terminology
1678:
2462:
2141:
1511:
1866:co-driver operated loop points prematurely
1559:A crossing loop on steep gradient may have
2469:
2455:
2148:
2134:
2155:
1543:Other forms of remote operation included
1002:
994:
359:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1931:
1915:
382:Main and loop (main track with platform)
131:
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14:
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2129:
376:
1920:Casey Jones as depicted on a 3 cent
1457:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
958:
950:
914:
906:
24:
1714:The legendary train driver (U.S.:
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25:
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1525:Australian Rail Track Corporation
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34:
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412:
291:(North America) (also called a
249:
171:
45:needs additional citations for
2098:
2084:
2059:
2034:
1795:Geurie crossing loop collision
1736:Exeter crossing loop collision
1593:
1418:
1328:
985:
897:
860:
13:
1:
2028:
1844:Hines Hill, Western Australia
1237:
1192:
1145:
1100:
1022:
941:
841:
315:, often located at or near a
2092:"Loop | Safety Central"
1926:United States Postal Service
1631:Trains in a passing loop at
1612:Right- and left-hand traffic
1605:Right- and left-hand traffic
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1366:
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1199:
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659:
640:
633:
497:
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483:
464:
457:
450:
369:On railway systems that use
210:
7:
1996:
1890:2023 Odisha train collision
1875:Ngungumbane train collision
1679:Accidents at crossing loops
1666:A short passing track on a
1545:centralized traffic control
10:
2983:
2677:Transfer table (traverser)
2360:Cross-platform interchange
1862:Zanthus, Western Australia
1839:Hines Hill train collision
1723:not stop in time to avoid
1617:
1570:
1295:
2914:
2832:
2727:
2665:ground-level power supply
2573:
2485:
2406:
2378:
2308:
2290:Switch / turnout / points
2280:Grand circle / roundabout
2245:
2202:
2164:
2041:Jackson, Alan A. (2006).
1720:John Luther "Casey" Jones
1610:straight track. See also
1512:Overlaps and catch points
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2650:Railway electrification
2008:Lists of rail accidents
1857:Zanthus train collision
1827:after driver dies from
1825:Signal passed at danger
1800:Geurie, New South Wales
1741:Exeter, New South Wales
2043:The Railway Dictionary
1928:
1748:Exeter railway station
1633:Penryn railway station
1506:Windermere branch line
137:
2789:Platform screen doors
1988:are sometimes called
1978:are sometimes called
1932:Other names and types
1919:
1819:Violet Town, Victoria
1571:Further information:
135:
2739:Anti-trespass panels
2426:Minimum curve radius
2393:Zig Zag / Switchback
2110:www.railmagazine.com
1777:Dugald rail accident
1759:Ciurea rail disaster
1709:Vaughan, Mississippi
1499:Dynamic passing loop
364:Tawa railway station
303:or, colloquially, a
54:improve this article
2586:Classification yard
2365:Interchange station
2270:Facing and trailing
2237:Classification yard
1531:Automatic operation
1070:Up and down working
309:single line railway
2845:Motive power depot
2799:Signalling control
2295:Swingnose crossing
1929:
1516:Some railways fit
377:Systems of working
353:single-track roads
307:) is a place on a
138:
2954:
2953:
2672:Railway turntable
2493:
2444:
2443:
2067:""double saw-by""
1914:
1913:
1458:Overtaking siding
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1445:
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1268:
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562:
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130:
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104:
16:(Redirected from
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2849:Railway workshop
2565:Transition curve
2535:Fastening system
2489:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2355:Spanish solution
2345:Terminal station
2318:Railway platform
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2069:. Archived from
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2038:
1782:Dugald, Manitoba
1766:station, Romania
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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2967:Railway sidings
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2956:
2955:
2950:
2910:
2828:
2804:Structure gauge
2759:Defect detector
2731:
2723:
2569:
2525:Clip and scotch
2515:Breather switch
2481:
2475:
2445:
2440:
2436:Cant deficiency
2421:Ruling gradient
2402:
2388:Horseshoe curve
2374:
2304:
2265:Double junction
2255:Flying junction
2241:
2198:
2189:Quadruple track
2160:
2154:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
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2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
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2053:
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2035:
2031:
1999:
1970:run-around loop
1955:(Canada and US)
1934:
1681:
1674:
1664:
1655:
1652:Bolton, Ontario
1648:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1607:
1596:
1584:
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1569:
1553:
1537:track-circuited
1533:
1514:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1465:and East Asian
1463:high-speed rail
1460:
1422:
1403:
1396:
1377:
1370:
1351:
1332:
1313:
1300:
1294:
1292:Dead-end siding
1274:island platform
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1222:
1203:
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1189:
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28:
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15:
12:
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5:
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2779:Level crossing
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2704:Track geometry
2701:
2696:
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2679:
2674:
2669:
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2662:
2657:
2655:overhead lines
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2613:
2608:
2606:Gauntlet track
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Minimum radius
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2479:infrastructure
2474:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
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2408:Track geometry
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2370:Infill station
2367:
2362:
2357:
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2335:
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2314:
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2300:Level crossing
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2260:Level junction
2257:
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2249:
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2240:
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2208:
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2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2162:
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2153:
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2145:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2097:
2083:
2058:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1947:passing siding
1944:
1942:crossing place
1933:
1930:
1924:issued by the
1912:
1911:
1907:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1877:
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1649:
1642:
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1637:United Kingdom
1630:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1606:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1573:Longest trains
1568:
1565:
1552:
1549:
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1497:
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1326:
1324:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1278:side platforms
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
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664:
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638:
631:
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593:
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582:
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560:
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531:
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512:
510:
507:
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455:
448:
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441:
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429:
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422:
421:
419:
417:
410:
408:
406:
399:
398:
393:
390:
389:
383:
380:
378:
375:
349:passing places
341:cable railways
337:gauntlet track
297:crossing place
289:passing siding
287:(UK usage) or
279:
278:
275:
274:
272:
270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
259:
258:
256:
254:
247:
245:
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228:
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217:
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208:
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188:
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178:
176:
169:
167:
165:
158:
157:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
128:
127:
69:"Passing loop"
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Passing siding
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2979:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Coaling tower
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Signal bridge
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Loading gauge
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:refuge siding
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2638:tramway track
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
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2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
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2579:
2578:
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2572:
2566:
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2556:
2553:
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2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
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2472:
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2460:
2458:
2453:
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2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
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2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
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2343:
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2334:
2331:
2329:
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2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
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2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Refuge siding
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2166:Railway track
2163:
2159:track layouts
2158:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2093:
2087:
2073:on 2020-02-20
2072:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2052:0-7509-4218-5
2048:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Refuge siding
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1986:Balloon loops
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:passing track
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:crossing loop
1936:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1922:postage stamp
1918:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
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1855:
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1847:
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1837:
1834:
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1830:
1826:
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1817:
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1804:
1801:
1798:
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1772:
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1768:
1765:
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1737:
1734:
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1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1582:Line capacity
1579:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:rapid transit
1464:
1454:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:Refuge siding
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1009:
982:
980:
977:
972:
938:
936:
933:
928:
894:
892:
889:
884:
857:
855:
852:
847:
838:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
821:
820:
817:
816:
808:
805:
802:
800:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
774:
769:
760:
758:
755:
750:
734:
732:
729:
724:
708:
706:
703:
698:
682:
680:
677:
672:
656:
654:
651:
646:
630:
628:
625:
620:
611:
609:
606:
601:
592:
590:
587:
584:
583:
579:
575:
574:
571:
570:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
546:
541:
532:
530:
527:
522:
513:
511:
508:
503:
480:
478:
475:
470:
447:
445:
442:
437:
428:
426:
423:
418:
409:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
392:
391:
388:
387:
374:
372:
367:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:refuge siding
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:crossing loop
290:
286:
273:
271:
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
260:
255:
246:
244:
241:
236:
227:
225:
222:
219:Passing loop
216:
207:
205:
201:
196:
187:
185:
182:
177:
168:
166:
163:
160:
159:
155:
151:
150:
142:
141:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2824:Wayside horn
2774:Interlocking
2754:Catch points
2714:Water trough
2616:Passing loop
2615:
2596:Pocket track
2581:Balloon loop
2545:Ladder track
2380:Hillclimbing
2350:Balloon loop
2222:Pocket track
2212:Balloon loop
2204:Rail sidings
2184:Double track
2179:Passing loop
2178:
2174:Single track
2114:. Retrieved
2112:. 2022-06-30
2109:
2100:
2086:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:the original
2061:
2042:
2036:
1989:
1979:
1963:double track
1958:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1898:
1829:heart attack
1746:occurred at
1715:
1672:Pennsylvania
1608:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1576:
1567:Train length
1561:catch points
1558:
1554:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1518:catch points
1515:
1502:
1451:
1286:
1282:
1270:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
806:
803:
796:
368:
357:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:passing loop
284:
282:
145:Passing loop
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2749:Buffer stop
2709:Water crane
2621:Track gauge
2560:Tie/Sleeper
2416:Track gauge
2275:Grand union
1959:refuge loop
1821:, Australia
1814:Violet Town
1802:, Australia
1743:, Australia
1725:a collision
1704:Casey Jones
1594:Short loops
301:refuge loop
2922:Industrial
2906:Water stop
2867:for trains
2859:Roundhouse
2833:Structures
2819:Train stop
2769:Guard rail
2744:Block post
2732:and safety
2729:Signalling
2660:third rail
2633:Rail track
2626:dual gauge
2510:Baulk road
2116:2023-04-26
2077:2010-11-29
2029:References
2023:Train meet
1961:- used on
345:funiculars
329:signalling
203:Main line
110:April 2011
80:newspapers
2872:for goods
2814:Tell-tale
2645:Rail yard
2611:Guide bar
2591:Headshunt
2574:Trackwork
2540:Fishplate
2530:Date nail
2491:(history)
2247:Junctions
2232:Rail yard
2217:Headshunt
2194:Crossover
1668:funicular
1551:Gradients
371:platforms
347:, and in
2961:Category
2927:Military
2884:building
2854:Platform
2764:Derailer
2682:Roll way
2601:Junction
2500:Axe ties
2310:Stations
1997:See also
1895:Balasore
1879:Zimbabwe
1784:, Canada
1716:engineer
1695:Details
1692:Location
1689:Incident
799:turnouts
2937:station
2932:Private
2879:Station
2555:Profile
2505:Ballast
2157:Railway
1976:Spirals
1635:in the
1618:Gallery
1588:inverse
1276:or two
360:dynamic
317:station
313:tramway
94:scholar
2699:Switch
2687:Siding
2487:Tracks
2398:Spiral
2328:Island
2049:
2018:Siding
1900:Odisha
1764:Ciurea
1311:Legend
1083:Legend
824:Legend
578:Legend
395:Legend
321:Trains
154:Legend
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2915:Types
2894:ghost
2889:clock
2863:Shed
2477:Rail
2338:Split
1990:loops
1980:loops
1965:lines
1904:India
1886:2023
1711:, USA
325:trams
101:JSTOR
87:books
2942:list
2899:list
2520:Cant
2431:Cant
2333:Side
2047:ISBN
1949:(US)
1871:2006
1853:1999
1835:1996
1810:1969
1791:1963
1773:1947
1755:1917
1732:1914
1700:1900
1686:Date
343:and
305:hole
73:news
2719:Wye
2323:Bay
2285:Wye
1940:or
1670:in
366:).
351:on
339:of
311:or
56:by
2963::
2108:.
1968:A
1902:,
1897:,
1718:)
1614:.
355:.
299:,
295:,
283:A
2847:/
2470:e
2463:t
2456:v
2149:e
2142:t
2135:v
2119:.
2094:.
2080:.
2055:.
1992:.
1982:.
323:/
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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