436:
420:
720:; Esslinger, T.L.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Millanes, A.M.; Molina, M.C.; Wedin, M.; Ahti, T.; Aptroot, A.; Barreno, E.; Bungartz, F.; Calvelo, S.; Candan, M.; Cole, M. J.; Ertz, D.; Goffinet, B.; Lindblom, L.; LĂĽcking, R.; Lutzoni, F.; Mattsson, J.-E.; Messuti, M.I.; Miadlikowska, J.; Piercey-Normore, M.D.; Rico, V.J.; Sipman, H.; Schmitt, I.; Spribille, T.; Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Upreti, D.K.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence".
55:
33:
506:
LĂĽcking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera".
716:
Crespo, A.; Kauff, F.; Divakar, P.K.; Prado, R. del; Pérez-Ortega, S.; Paz, G.A. de; Ferencova, Z.; Blanco, O.; Roca-Valiente, B.; Núñez-Zapata, J.; Cubas, P.; Argüello, A.;
291:
thallus with broad lobes that are usually more than 5 mm wide. There is a broad, naked zone around the margin of the lower surface, an epicortex with pores and an upper
408:. When mixed with pine sap or with water, or when first burnt to ash, lichens can provide a variety of colors such as yellow, brown, green, orange, purple, and red.
41:
442:
1028:
910:
949:
819:
985:
884:
595:
266:
480:
954:
419:
1033:
435:
655:
s.l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized
Ascomycota) from Serra Geral slopes in central Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil"
936:
323:
1018:
806:
548:; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of parmotremoid lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)".
456:
54:
746:
690:
964:
876:
990:
157:
608:
1023:
759:
373:
915:
328:
150:
977:
845:
797:
426:
254:. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in
8:
1038:
1013:
863:
573:
523:
166:
49:
824:
972:
832:
591:
577:
565:
492:
364:
671:
650:
527:
729:
666:
561:
557:
515:
356:
837:
811:
590:
Field Guide to
California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014,
782:
292:
259:
96:
941:
519:
871:
717:
545:
288:
179:
1007:
337:
32:
491:. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from
569:
333:
296:
251:
142:
116:
897:
791:
255:
106:
630:
Massalongo AB. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni".
355:
was largely ignored as a genus, and its species were usually grouped in
287:
is characterized by its typically large, moderately to loosely-attached
889:
733:
686:
183:
86:
902:
858:
348:
308:
304:
198:
194:
133:
66:
753:
928:
923:
776:
247:
225:
76:
850:
300:
243:
642:
649:
Spielmann, Adriano Afonso; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto (2009).
478:
715:
543:
505:
600:
539:
537:
499:
709:
648:
534:
322:was proposed as a genus by Italian lichenologist
1005:
609:"Parmelioid lichen genera and species in Taiwan"
544:Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, A.; Divakar, Pradeep K.;
629:
623:
368:. Several genera previously segregated from
1029:Taxa named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo
606:
479:Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007).
31:
670:
679:
404:can be used as a vegetable dye, such as
372:have since been folded back in owing to
347:(perforation), refers to the perforate
1006:
691:"New combinations in the lichen genus
758:
757:
607:Kurokawa, Syo; Lai, Ming-Jou (2001).
584:
965:e0d6cddf-3cab-44e7-84d6-44f7b2e76842
685:
481:"Outline of Ascomycota – 2007"
13:
336:. The genus name, composed of the
14:
1050:
632:Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze
258:regions of South America and the
434:
418:
53:
740:
672:10.1590/S2236-89062009000400002
562:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832848
472:
279:
1:
466:
324:Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo
217:Hale & A.Fletcher (1990)
7:
747:Lichens - US Forest Service
520:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361
450:
314:
10:
1055:
411:
766:
265:Members of the genus are
250:belonging to the family
172:
165:
148:
141:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
395:
1034:Taxa described in 1860
374:molecular phylogenetic
329:Parmotrema perforatum
307:are thick-walled and
151:Parmotrema perforatum
42:Parmotrema hypotropum
427:Parmotrema tinctorum
376:evidence, including
443:Parmotrema chinense
362:of the large genus
274:scatter-rag lichens
1019:Lecanorales genera
734:10.1002/tax.596008
634:. 3 (in Italian).
495:on March 18, 2009.
209:D.D.Awasthi (1987)
160:) A.Massal. (1860)
1001:
1000:
973:Open Tree of Life
760:Taxon identifiers
596:978-0-300-19500-2
235:
234:
229:
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210:
202:
187:
137:
1046:
994:
993:
981:
980:
968:
967:
958:
957:
945:
944:
942:NHMSYS0001491910
932:
931:
919:
918:
906:
905:
893:
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880:
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867:
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854:
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828:
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815:
814:
802:
801:
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787:
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785:
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749:
744:
738:
737:
728:(6): 1735–1753.
713:
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640:
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627:
621:
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604:
598:
588:
582:
581:
541:
532:
531:
503:
497:
496:
476:
438:
422:
400:Some species of
297:plectenchymatous
295:with a palisade-
224:
216:
208:
193:
178:
132:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
1054:
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477:
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469:
453:
446:
439:
430:
423:
414:
398:
317:
299:arrangement of
282:
267:commonly called
260:Pacific Islands
161:
154:
131:
97:Lecanoromycetes
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
999:
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764:
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750:
739:
708:
687:Hale, Mason E.
678:
665:(4): 551–595.
641:
622:
599:
583:
556:(1): 150–159.
533:
514:(4): 361–416.
508:The Bryologist
498:
470:
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463:
452:
449:
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431:
424:
417:
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397:
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326:in 1860, with
316:
313:
281:
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270:ruffle lichens
233:
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46:
45:
37:
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28:
27:
16:Genus of fungi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Lichen genera
1022:
1020:
1017:
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1009:
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983:
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839:
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826:
821:
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771:
769:
765:
761:
756:
748:
743:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
705:(4): 334–339.
704:
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688:
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673:
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664:
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547:
546:Elix, John A.
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47:
44:
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
767:
742:
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721:
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702:
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681:
662:
658:
652:
644:
635:
631:
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612:
602:
586:
553:
549:
511:
507:
501:
493:the original
488:
484:
474:
458:
441:
425:
405:
401:
399:
389:
385:
382:Concamerella
381:
378:Canomaculina
377:
369:
363:
359:
352:
344:
340:
334:type species
327:
319:
318:
284:
283:
273:
269:
264:
252:Parmeliaceae
238:
237:
236:
221:
213:
205:
191:Concamerella
190:
176:Canomaculina
175:
149:
143:Type species
127:
126:
117:Parmeliaceae
40:
24:
18:
898:iNaturalist
792:Wikispecies
695:Massalongo"
406:P. crinitum
360:Amphigymnia
280:Description
256:subtropical
107:Lecanorales
1039:Plant dyes
1014:Parmotrema
1008:Categories
798:Parmotrema
768:Parmotrema
718:Elix, J.A.
699:Phytologia
693:Parmotrema
653:Parmotrema
638:: 247–276.
619:: 225–284.
467:References
459:Parmotrema
402:Parmotrema
386:Parmelaria
370:Parmotrema
353:Parmotrema
343:(cup) and
320:Parmotrema
305:Ascospores
285:Parmotrema
239:Parmotrema
222:Rimeliella
206:Parmelaria
128:Parmotrema
87:Ascomycota
83:Division:
25:Parmotrema
859:FloraBase
820:AusLichen
783:Q10620680
613:Mycotaxon
578:218589317
550:Mycologia
349:apothecia
309:ellipsoid
199:C.F.Culb.
195:W.L.Culb.
134:A.Massal.
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
924:MycoBank
872:Fungorum
825:30018798
777:Wikidata
689:(1974).
570:16389966
528:90258634
457:List of
451:See also
365:Parmelia
315:Taxonomy
167:Synonyms
113:Family:
63:Domain:
916:1330794
890:2565599
659:Hoehnea
485:Myconet
461:species
412:Gallery
390:Rimelia
357:section
332:as the
289:foliose
214:Rimelia
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
986:PLANTS
978:682351
962:NZOR:
955:172634
903:117867
812:120430
594:
576:
568:
526:
388:, and
341:parmos
301:hyphae
293:cortex
248:lichen
228:(1991)
226:Kurok.
201:(1981)
197:&
186:(1987)
182:&
158:Wulfen
136:(1860)
991:PARMO
911:IRMNG
864:27516
851:22390
722:Taxon
574:S2CID
524:S2CID
345:trema
338:Greek
244:genus
242:is a
77:Fungi
950:NCBI
929:3742
885:GBIF
877:3742
838:6HY5
807:APNI
592:ISBN
566:PMID
396:Uses
184:Hale
180:Elix
937:NBN
846:EoL
833:CoL
730:doi
667:doi
558:doi
516:doi
512:119
272:or
246:of
1010::
988::
975::
952::
939::
926::
913::
900::
887::
874::
861::
848::
835::
822::
809::
794::
779::
726:59
724:.
703:28
701:.
697:.
663:36
661:.
657:.
617:77
615:.
611:.
572:.
564:.
554:97
552:.
536:^
522:.
510:.
489:13
487:.
483:.
392:.
384:,
380:,
351:.
311:.
303:.
276:.
262:.
736:.
732::
675:.
669::
651:"
636:5
580:.
560::
530:.
518::
156:(
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