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Governor commanded that a very tall cross be made of two, pines, and told him to return the next day, when he would give him the sign from heaven for which he asked; but that the Chief must believe nothing could be needed if he had a true faith in the cross. He returned the next day, complaining much because we so long delayed giving him the sign he asked, and he had good- will to serve and follow us. Thereupon he set up a loud wailing because the compliance was not immediate, which caused us all to weep, witnessing such devotion and earnestness in his entreaties. The
Governor told him to bring all his people back in the evening, and that we would go with them to his town and take thither the sign he had asked. He came in the afternoon with them, and we went in procession to the town, while they followed us. Arriving there, as it is the custom of the Caciques to have near their houses a high hill, made by hand, some having the houses placed thereon, we set up the cross on the summit of a mount, and we all went on bended knees, with great humility, to kiss the foot of that cross. The Indians did the same as they saw us do, nor more nor less; then directly they brought a great quantity of cane, making a fence about it; and we returned that night to our camp.
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772:. The largest mound was 21.3 feet (6.5 m) tall, with a projecting terrace level that was 5 feet (1.5 m) tall. It is located beside the St. Francis River, with the plaza on its other side. The Spanish chroniclers describe the main mound as having a large structure at its summit, which was the residence of the chief, Casqui. The terrace level held the homes and other structures used by his wives and attendants.
122:
97:
783:. Surrounding the plaza were numerous well-laid out houses, aligned to the axis of the mound and plaza, demonstrating the planned nature of the site. The villages of this area were described as having few if any trees, probably because wood was the primary source of fuel and building materials. The Spanish camped within a nearby grove of trees to avoid the sweltering heat on the floodplain. Homes were built from
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563:
730:
761:, but not the Parkin site. The soil is not adequate to support the population level that is thought to have resided at the site. It is believed that the large village was located at the confluence of the two rivers because this allowed the residents to control transportation and trade on the waterways.
528:
had forced the populations to consolidate into the palisaded villages. They would leave their villages during the day to farm their fields, collect wood, and hunt, but at night return to the safety of their well-defended villages. The people of the Parkin phase were relatively isolated and protected
934:
said that inasmuch as he knew the
Governor to be a man from the sky, who must necessarily have to go away, he besought him to leave a sign, of which he might ask support in his wars, and his people call upon for rain, of which their fields had great need, as their children were dying of hunger. The
702:
This town was a very good one, thoroughly well stockaded; and the walls were furnished with towers and a ditch round about, for the most part full of water which flows in by a canal from the river; and this ditch was full of excellent fish of divers kinds. The chief of Casqui came to the
891:
The Parkin phase people put a bowl and a bottle into a grave with the bodies, as did the people of the Nodena, Walls, and Kent phases. Pottery made by the Parkin people was built up from strips of clay, and then smoothed out by the potter. This technique was much like that of other
973:. In 1977, a large charred posthole was found at the summit of the large substructure mound at the Parkin site. In 2016, a portion of a cypress log, believed to be part of the cross that De Soto erected on the site in 1541, was unearthed. It was still under study in April 2016.
395:
towns surrounding it. The Parkin phase is a series of twenty-one villages of varying sizes along the St. Francis and
Tyronza rivers, most of them roughly 2.5 miles (4 km) apart from each other. These sites include the Rose Mound, Glover, Neeleys Ferry, and Barton Ranch.
597:. Women managed most of the cultivation and processing, including developing varieties of maize and vegetables. After the harvest, maize was stored in large above ground cribs for consumption during the remainder of the year. The women also gathered wild foodstuffs such as
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969:". The bell was associated with a child's burial, which also contained four pottery items, all known types of Parkin phase pottery. This is one of only a handful of sites in the Southeast where items from the de Soto expedition have been found in a datable
806:
and palisade was 3.2 feet (1 m) higher than the surrounding land. Although the level of the site may have been raised by the inhabitants, it is more likely that dirt and refuse built up in the confined space and raised its level gradually, similar to a
541:
practices. The cultural changes show that the peoples of the Parkin phase were becoming isolated from their neighbors not only culturally but also physically. Motifs on artifacts found at the Parkin phase sites show that the people were part of the
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As time went on, the people of the Parkin phase developed a material culture that increasingly diverged from that of the surrounding phases. Among other indicators, this distinction was characterized by changes in pottery designs and
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for black were used to paint the pottery. The effigy head pots give an idea of what the people of the Parkin site may have looked like, as shown by this bust on display at the Parkin site museum.
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and stripped bottles. The inclusion of less specifically mortuary wares found in graves seems to be a cultural difference between the Parkin peoples and the peoples of the surrounding phases.
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612:. They said there were groves of wild fruit and nut-bearing trees, implying that the Parkin phase peoples must have chosen to retain them while clearing other trees for the cultivation of
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described pottery from St. Francis River sites with adjectives such as "lopsided", "insufficiently fired", "rude and scanty", of "inferior surface" and "great monotony". But elaborate
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656:. The two rivers and the moat must have been a very productive source of fish, as the De Soto chroniclers often mentioned receiving "gifts of fish" from the residents of Casqui.
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The other six mounds ranged from 3.2 to 5 feet (1.0–1.5 m) in height. The plaza would have been used for religious rituals and the playing of games such as
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711:, and Casqui, and Pacaha, they saw the best villages seen up to that time, better stockaded and fortified, and the people were of finer quality, excepting those of
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Hoffman, Michael P. (1990). "The
Terminal Mississippian Period in the Arkansas River Valley and Quapaw Ethnogenesis". In David H. Dye and Cheryl Ann Cox (ed.).
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speakers to their west and south. By the time of later
European contact in the 1670s and the beginning of the historic period, the area was occupied by the
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1905:
533:, which the Spanish chroniclers described as some of the worst they had crossed. The swamps acted as buffer zones between the competing, hostile phases.
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The distribution of Parkin phase sites along the St. Francis and
Tyronza rivers, the area the Spanish called the province of Casqui.
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802:, which surrounded the site on three sides and connected to the St. Francis River, which was its fourth side. The area inside the
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language. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to connect pottery styles and words from the de Soto narratives with the Quapaw.
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in 1964 for its significance as a type site of the Parkin phase. In 1966, the Parkin Indian Mound was listed in the
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The De Soto chroniclers described the area as being intensely cultivated, and as the most populous they had seen in
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indicate that political provinces were the major political institutions of this area; they were characterized by a
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During the preceding periods, homesteads and small villages had developed throughout the area, but by this time
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is believed to have visited several sites in the Parkin phase, which is usually identified as the
Province of
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1882:
1837:
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677:
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Morse, Phyllis A. (1990). "The Parkin Site and the Parkin Phase". In David H. Dye; Sheryl Ann Cox (eds.).
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Nodena-An account of 90 years of archaeological investigation in southeast
Mississippi County, Arkansas
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The palisade which surrounded the site on three sides was designed for defensive purposes. It had
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phases. It has been determined that the site was continuously occupied for at least 500 years.
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carried by the expedition, was found at the Parkin site, as well as a brass bell known as a "
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8:
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1935:
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Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's
Ancient Chiefdoms
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slots to defend against plundering enemies. Immediately outside the palisade was a large
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1528:
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808:
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192:
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3495:
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2983:
2973:
2879:
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2501:
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2401:
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2115:
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1600:
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and
Tyronza rivers. All other sites of the Parkin phase are located on very fertile
754:
617:
332:
255:
864:(formerly called Parkin Punctated). Pottery found at Parkin phase sites are usually
5180:
4725:
University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
4194:
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3933:
3873:
3788:
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3703:
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3480:
3430:
3411:
3401:
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3015:
3010:
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2942:
2932:
2759:
2563:
2481:
2416:
2125:
1972:
1945:
1915:
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1708:
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pottery has also been found at these sites, including five human head effigy pots,
689:
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547:
362:
289:
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142:
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speaking. It is known that the Tunica were in the area at the time of the de Soto
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3728:
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3297:
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3122:
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3003:
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2719:
2451:
2215:
2180:
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2130:
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1759:
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1435:
1113:
784:
765:
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525:
438:
388:
72:
1276:
827:
5089:
4169:
4154:
4144:
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3613:
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681:
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359:
285:
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1420:
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2055:
1992:
1925:
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1625:
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1181:
897:
637:
629:
327:
cultural component, the Parkin phase, which dates from about 1400–1700
229:
169:
156:
5530:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
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4124:
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2915:
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2684:
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2496:
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2002:
1987:
1977:
1965:
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962:
872:
types found at the Nodena, Kent or Walls phase burials. The archaeologist
712:
352:
344:
1317:"Relation of the Conquest of Florida presented by Luys Hernandez de Biema"
1273:"A narrative of de Soto's Expedition based on the diary of Rodrigo Ranjel"
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3808:
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3658:
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2009:
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when they were entering the village and they entertained him bravely. In
673:
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365:
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262:
from this site are on display at the site museum. The Parkin site is the
5545:
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
4119:
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3628:
2802:
2754:
2724:
2664:
2471:
2230:
2040:
1982:
1940:
1930:
1784:
1663:
1008:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cross County, Arkansas
750:
704:
645:
384:
328:
241:
3718:
676:. The related group of phases present in the region may have all been
4720:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
3893:
3723:
2874:
2864:
2844:
2739:
2548:
2436:
2328:
2105:
1789:
1703:
884:
effigies, elaborate fish and dog effigies, and red and white spiral,
856:
found at the Parkin site is of the kind known as Mississippian Plain
602:
594:
380:
320:
263:
993:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
4800:
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Casqui, who ruled the tribe from its primary village. The De Soto
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1421:
Animation: Towns and Temples of the Mississippian Culture-5 Sites
1030:
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Animation of what the Parkin site may have looked like circa 1540
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National Register of Historic Places in Cross County, Arkansas
1475:
1396:"Arkansas Archaeologists Find the Remains of de Soto's Cross?"
4291:
4189:
2859:
2605:
2135:
1997:
769:
613:
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551:
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1343:"The Parkin site:Hernando De Soto in Cross County, Arkansas"
372:, with the Nodena phase being identified as the province of
4149:
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758:
578:
566:
Maize was the main foodstuff grown by the peoples of Parkin
562:
529:
from people of other phases to their east and southeast by
447:
1375:"Parkin Archeological State Park-Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
554:
shells, and other exotic goods to the Parkin phase sites.
335:
and Tyronza rivers. This culture is contemporary with the
331:. The Parkin phase was a collection of villages along the
953:
Main mound and its interpretative sign at the Parkin site
379:
The province was named by the De Soto Expedition for the
1426:
Parkin Archeological State Park, at Arkansas State Parks
546:, an extensive religious and trade network that brought
121:
96:
296:
of the Parkin people are dated to 1400–1650 CE.
4854:
President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home
4322:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
924:
Glass chevron beads of the type used by the Spanish
616:and their other crops. The men hunted such game as
307:. Parkin Archeological State Park is located at 60
1297:
1188:. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series.
1151:. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series.
1112:
1107:
274:. Many archeologists believe it to be part of the
4353:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1213:
5471:
1398:. The Archaeological Conservancy. April 21, 2016
570:The people of Parkin were intensely involved in
4795:
4745:National Register of Historic Places portal
3208:
1103:
1101:
1003:List of National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas
768:and six smaller ones arranged around a central
1074:
314:
254:existed at the site, at the confluence of the
77:Artist's conception of the archaeological site
4781:
4277:
3194:
1461:
1436:Parkin Archeological State Park web page UArk
1180:
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1209:
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1064:. National Park Service. September 26, 2007.
842:Bust showing how inhabitants may have looked
695:
391:living in a paramount town, with satellite
292:in 1542. Archeological artifacts from the
266:for the Parkin phase, an expression of the
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1062:National Historic Landmark summary listing
71:
5550:Populated places established in the 1350s
5525:Protected areas of Cross County, Arkansas
4293:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
3709:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1431:Map and brochure, at Arkansas State Parks
1200:
1143:
51:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
5560:1650s disestablishments in North America
1052:
1050:
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837:
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728:
561:
502:0.7 to 2.0 acres (0.3–0.8 ha)
486:3.7 to 5.9 acres (1.5–2.4 ha)
475:6.7 to 9.1 acres (2.7–3.7 ha)
403:
5535:National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas
1245:Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi
1242:
1216:Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi
896:in the Eastern America area, where the
834:motif mortuary pot from the Parkin site
557:
14:
5472:
1031:"National Register Information System"
1025:
1023:
5555:1350s establishments in North America
4769:
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1449:
1084:National Historic Landmark Nomination
1068:
1047:
581:originating in the Americas, such as
437:
399:
1075:Mark R. Barnes (November 25, 1997).
1036:National Register of Historic Places
961:, which matches descriptions of the
915:
742:The site was a 17 acres (7 ha)
577:, as well as cultivating other food
305:National Register of Historic Places
5565:Former populated places in Arkansas
5520:Native American history of Arkansas
4180:Norse colonization of North America
1020:
664:The people of Parkin were probably
24:
5510:Archaeological museums in Arkansas
4708:National Historic Preservation Act
1484:Mississippian and related cultures
25:
5576:
5515:Museums in Cross County, Arkansas
1414:
5453:
4750:
4749:
4738:
1477:
868:wares rather than the elaborate
120:
113:
95:
88:
18:Parkin Archaeological State Park
5077:National Wild and Scenic Rivers
4849:Little Rock Central High School
4200:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3118:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1388:
1367:
1335:
1309:
1291:
998:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
930:On the day of our arrival, the
544:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
299:The Parkin site was declared a
222:Parkin Archeological State Park
60:U.S. National Historic Landmark
4661:Federated States of Micronesia
4307:Architectural style categories
1500:Timeline of Mississippi valley
1265:
1236:
813:
696:Parkin site 1350–1650 CE
187:
13:
1:
5351:Plantation Agriculture Museum
2700:Grand Village of the Illinois
1013:
943:LUYS HERNANDEZ De BIEMA, 1544
848:Mississippian culture pottery
513:< 0.7 acres (0.3 ha)
129:Show map of the United States
5206:Hampson Archeological Museum
4165:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4115:Eastern Agricultural Complex
2477:Grand Village of the Natchez
723:RODRIGO RANJEL 1547–49
32:United States historic place
7:
5419:Poison Springs State Forest
5361:Poison Springs Battleground
5326:Museum of Natural Resources
5231:Jenkins' Ferry Battleground
3549:Bandelier National Monument
3423:List of Mississippian sites
3210:Pre-Columbian North America
1495:List of Mississippian sites
1249:University of Alabama Press
1220:University of Alabama Press
1121:University of Georgia Press
988:List of Mississippian sites
976:
794:at regular intervals, with
659:
315:Culture of the Parkin phase
284:, documented as visited by
10:
5581:
5500:Late Mississippian culture
4713:Historic Preservation Fund
4692:American Legation, Morocco
3969:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
3574:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
3283:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
900:was unknown. Slips using
845:
822:
301:National Historic Landmark
240:. Around 1350–1650
5490:Archaeological type sites
5449:
5429:Wildlife Management Areas
5427:
5409:
5371:Prairie Grove Battlefield
5296:Marks' Mills Battleground
5136:
5127:
5075:
5002:
4941:National Wildlife Refuges
4939:
4921:
4903:
4885:
4862:
4834:
4816:
4807:
4733:
4700:
4679:
4654:Lists by associated state
4653:
4612:
4345:
4299:
4238:
4210:Three Sisters agriculture
4065:
3997:
3529:
3258:
3216:
3145:
3034:
2966:
2898:
2837:
2830:
2783:
2655:
2644:
2574:
2425:
2382:
2314:
2022:
1896:
1808:
1727:
1654:
1517:
1508:
1490:
874:Clarence Bloomfield Moore
636:, as well as fishing for
488:
434:
431:
428:
311:North, Parkin, Arkansas.
272:Late Mississippian period
211:
203:
198:
186:NRHP reference
185:
170:35.2771389°N 90.5574056°W
148:
138:
82:
70:
66:
57:
48:
41:
37:
5381:South Arkansas Arboretum
5286:Lower White River Museum
4635:Northern Mariana Islands
3749:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
3308:Buttermilk Creek complex
2412:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1303:The Southeastern Indians
358:In the early 1540s, the
5480:State parks of Arkansas
5151:Bull Shoals-White River
4836:National Historic Sites
3949:Town Creek Indian Mound
3919:Sierra de San Francisco
3774:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
3042:Ballgame (Southeastern)
2938:Long-nosed god maskette
2818:SunWatch Indian Village
2765:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
2626:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
1086:. National Park Service
963:seven-layer glass beads
908:for red, and sometimes
787:, with thatched roofs.
764:The site had one large
435:17 acres (6.9 ha)
319:The Parkin site is the
232:site and state park in
175:35.2771389; -90.5574056
5022:Buffalo National River
4905:National Military Park
4630:Minor Outlying Islands
4613:Lists by insular areas
4327:Keeper of the Register
3604:Coso Rock Art District
3491:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
3394:List of Hopewell sites
2793:Alligator Effigy Mound
2407:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
2359:Leon-Jefferson culture
1755:Caborn-Welborn culture
971:archaeological context
954:
947:
925:
843:
835:
739:
727:
567:
480:Intermediate villages
409:
337:Caborn-Welborn culture
238:Cross County, Arkansas
4332:National Park Service
4312:Contributing property
4012:Arlington Springs Man
3854:Portsmouth Earthworks
1522:and Upper Mississippi
1077:"Parkin Indian Mound"
1058:"Parkin Indian Mound"
1041:National Park Service
983:Mississippian culture
952:
927:
923:
841:
830:
737:
699:
565:
407:
268:Mississippian culture
5505:Archaeological parks
5196:Delta Heritage Trail
5146:Arkansas Post Museum
5110:North Sylamore Creek
4687:District of Columbia
4220:Transoceanic contact
4110:Container Revolution
3684:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3649:Etowah Indian Mounds
3081:Earth/fertility cult
2785:Fort Ancient culture
1669:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
1655:Lower Ohio River and
1641:Steed-Kisker culture
811:in the Middle East.
558:Agriculture and food
507:Very small villages
309:Arkansas Highway 184
258:and Tyronza rivers.
104:Show map of Arkansas
5460:Arkansas portal
5216:Historic Washington
5017:Black Fork Mountain
4140:Green Corn Ceremony
3954:Turkey River Mounds
3744:Lake Jackson Mounds
3564:Blue Spring Shelter
3086:Green Corn Ceremony
2646:Upper Mississippian
2596:Blue Spring Shelter
2316:Fort Walton culture
1770:Hovey Lake District
1323:on October 15, 2008
1043:. January 23, 2007.
957:In 1966, a Spanish
860:and Barton Incised
518:no mounds, no moat
454:Important villages
439:Substructure mounds
226:Parkin Indian Mound
212:Designated NHL
166: /
43:Parkin Indian Mound
27:Archaeological site
5485:Mounds in Arkansas
5281:Louisiana Purchase
5171:Crater of Diamonds
4225:Underwater panther
3899:Rosenstock Village
3769:Marmes Rockshelter
3754:L'Anse aux Meadows
3168:de Soto Expedition
3133:Underwater panther
2979:Central Algonquian
2690:Fisher Mound Group
2334:Apalachee Province
2301:Waddells Mill Pond
1355:on October 3, 2008
1299:Hudson, Charles M.
1109:Hudson, Charles M.
955:
926:
882:underwater panther
858:var. Neeleys Ferry
844:
836:
766:substructure mound
740:
568:
489:Palisade and moat,
429:Paramount village
410:
400:Settlement pattern
325:Late Mississippian
5467:
5466:
5445:
5444:
5356:Plum Bayou Mounds
5346:Pinnacle Mountain
5331:Ozark Folk Center
5306:Mississippi River
5123:
5122:
4887:National Memorial
4877:Ozark–St. Francis
4763:
4762:
4317:Historic district
4259:
4258:
4251:Pre-Columbian era
4052:Spirit Cave mummy
3849:Plum Bayou Mounds
3759:Lynch Quarry Site
3278:Ancient Beringian
3176:
3175:
3141:
3140:
2826:
2825:
2442:Atchafalaya Basin
2384:Pensacola culture
2349:Fort Walton Mound
2241:Punk Rock Shelter
2201:Mouse Creek phase
2024:South Appalachian
2018:
2017:
1897:Central and Lower
1838:Castalian Springs
1828:Brentwood Library
1728:Middle Ohio River
1581:Emerald Acropolis
1279:on March 17, 2009
916:Spanish artifacts
820:
819:
735:
522:
521:
496:Smaller villages
323:for an important
219:
218:
199:Significant dates
16:(Redirected from
5572:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5376:Queen Wilhelmina
5134:
5133:
5004:Wilderness Areas
4864:National Forests
4814:
4813:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4666:Marshall Islands
4286:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4195:Projectile point
4032:Leanderthal Lady
3959:Upward Sun River
3934:Stallings Island
3924:Shell ring sites
3874:Recapture Canyon
3789:Moorehead Circle
3634:El Fin del Mundo
3619:Cueva de la Olla
3425:
3412:Maritime Archaic
3396:
3226:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3179:
2943:Mill Creek chert
2933:Duck River cache
2835:
2834:
2653:
2652:
2417:Pensacola people
2211:Muscogee (Creek)
2051:Bell Field Mound
1765:Hovey Lake-Klein
1719:Wickliffe Mounds
1694:Rowlandton Mound
1611:Lunsford-Pulcher
1515:
1514:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1348:. Archived from
1347:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1319:. Archived from
1313:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1275:. Archived from
1269:
1263:
1262:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1027:
945:
814:
736:
725:
548:Mill Creek chert
412:
411:
363:Hernando de Soto
290:Hernando de Soto
224:, also known as
207:October 15, 1966
189:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
143:Parkin, Arkansas
130:
124:
123:
117:
105:
99:
98:
92:
75:
35:
34:
21:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5495:Crowley's Ridge
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5454:
5452:
5441:
5423:
5405:
5396:Withrow Springs
5256:Lake Fort Smith
5251:Lake Dardanelle
5176:Crowley's Ridge
5161:Conway Cemetery
5119:
5100:Little Missouri
5095:Hurricane Creek
5085:Big Piney Creek
5071:
5057:Poteau Mountain
5047:Hurricane Creek
4998:
4935:
4917:
4899:
4881:
4858:
4830:
4803:
4797:Protected areas
4794:
4764:
4759:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4696:
4675:
4649:
4608:
4341:
4295:
4290:
4260:
4255:
4246:Genetic history
4234:
4088:Ceremonial pipe
4061:
4042:Minnesota Woman
3999:
3993:
3814:Ocmulgee Mounds
3794:Morrison Mounds
3739:Kolomoki Mounds
3729:Kimball Village
3589:Candelaria Cave
3531:
3525:
3506:Suwannee Valley
3441:Old Cordilleran
3421:
3392:
3260:
3254:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3177:
3172:
3158:Clarksdale bell
3137:
3123:Stone box grave
3064:Ceremonial pipe
3030:
2989:Mobilian Jargon
2962:
2894:
2822:
2779:
2647:
2640:
2577:
2570:
2428:
2421:
2378:
2310:
2256:Rucker's Bottom
2046:Beaverdam Creek
2026:
2014:
1898:
1892:
1853:Hiwassee Island
1810:
1804:
1795:Welborn Village
1723:
1684:Millstone Bluff
1657:Confluence area
1656:
1650:
1646:Sugarloaf Mound
1586:Emmons Cemetery
1521:
1519:American Bottom
1510:
1504:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1212:
1201:
1179:
1166:
1159:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1106:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1016:
979:
967:Clarksdale bell
946:
940:
918:
850:
825:
785:wattle and daub
729:
726:
720:
698:
662:
560:
526:endemic warfare
517:
490:
468:
463:
461:
442:
402:
389:paramount chief
317:
174:
172:
168:
165:
160:
157:
155:
153:
152:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
78:
62:
53:
44:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5578:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5465:
5464:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:White Oak Lake
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Mount Magazine
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Mammoth Spring
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5236:Lake Catherine
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5166:Cossatot River
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5115:Richland Creek
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5062:Richland Creek
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4923:National River
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4645:Virgin Islands
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:American Samoa
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:South Carolina
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4519:North Carolina
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4346:Lists by state
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4337:Property types
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Mound Builders
4167:
4162:
4157:
4155:Medicine wheel
4152:
4147:
4145:Horned Serpent
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Roberts Island
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3819:Old Stone Fort
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Moaning Cavern
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Kincaid Mounds
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Cuarenta Casas
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Bluefish Caves
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3530:Archaeological
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:Caloosahatchee
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Caborn-Welborn
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3259:Archaeological
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3163:Mound Builders
3160:
3155:
3150:
3149:Related topics
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3103:
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2695:Gentleman Farm
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2611:Caddoan Mounds
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2071:Bussell Island
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1823:Beasley Mounds
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1674:Kincaid Mounds
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1591:Horseshoe Lake
1588:
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1576:Dickson Mounds
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1415:External links
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846:Main article:
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690:Dhegiha Siouan
688:, who spoke a
678:Tunica peoples
661:
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618:whitetail deer
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499:5 sites known
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483:9 sites known
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465:Neeley's Ferry
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5401:Woolly Hollow
5399:
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5386:Village Creek
5384:
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5336:Parkin Mounds
5334:
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5271:Lake Poinsett
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5264:
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5186:Davidsonville
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4459:Massachusetts
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4130:Falcon dancer
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4066:Miscellaneous
4064:
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4040:
4038:
4037:Melbourne Man
4035:
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4027:La Brea Woman
4025:
4023:
4022:Kennewick Man
4020:
4018:
4015:
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4008:
4005:
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3990:
3987:
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3914:Serpent Mound
3912:
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3907:
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3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
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3864:Pueblo Bonito
3862:
3860:
3859:Poverty Point
3857:
3855:
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3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Pinson Mounds
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Painted Bluff
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3714:Horr's Island
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3647:
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3644:Effigy Mounds
3642:
3640:
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3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
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3609:Crystal River
3607:
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3528:
3522:
3521:Weeden Island
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Safety Harbor
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Poverty Point
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Paleo-Indians
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:Mississippian
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
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3106:Sacred bundle
3104:
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2927:
2926:Wulfing cache
2924:
2922:
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2912:
2911:Copper plates
2909:
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2904:
2903:
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2885:Three Sisters
2883:
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2856:
2855:Little barley
2853:
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2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Serpent Mound
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
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2775:Summer Island
2773:
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2579:
2578:Mississippian
2573:
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2432:
2430:
2429:Mississippian
2424:
2418:
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2410:
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2405:
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2400:
2398:
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2344:Corbin–Tucker
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2251:Roods Landing
2249:
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2209:
2207:
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2199:
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2191:Moccasin Bend
2189:
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2179:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2162:
2159:
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2139:
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2122:
2121:Hoojah Branch
2119:
2117:
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2034:
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2029:
2028:Mississippian
2025:
2021:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1971:
1967:
1964:
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1954:
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1951:Menard-Hodges
1949:
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1924:
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1895:
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1888:Swallow Bluff
1886:
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1809:Tennessee and
1807:
1801:
1798:
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1697:
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1680:
1679:Marshall Site
1677:
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1511:Mississippian
1507:
1501:
1498:
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1471:
1466:
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1397:
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1380:September 19,
1376:
1370:
1359:September 19,
1351:
1344:
1338:
1327:September 30,
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1283:September 30,
1278:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1258:0-8173-0455-X
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1229:0-8173-0455-X
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:Phyllis Morse
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1158:1-56349-057-9
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1130:0-8203-1888-4
1126:
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899:
898:potters wheel
895:
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675:
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643:
639:
638:alligator gar
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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592:
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584:
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510:Ritter, Togo
509:
506:
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485:
482:
479:
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466:
459:
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265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:archeological
227:
223:
215:July 19, 1964
214:
210:
206:
204:Added to NRHP
202:
197:
194:
191:
184:
179:
161:90°33′26.66″W
158:35°16′37.70″N
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
116:
91:
81:
74:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
30:
19:
5451:
5411:State Forest
5335:
5241:Lake Charles
5211:Herman Davis
4559:South Dakota
4549:Rhode Island
4544:Pennsylvania
4524:North Dakota
4230:Water glyphs
4185:Oasisamerica
4175:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4135:Folsom point
4125:Effigy mound
4105:Clovis point
4073:Aridoamerica
3974:Wickiup Hill
3929:Spiro Mounds
3909:Salmon Ruins
3904:Russell Cave
3838:
3699:Helen Blazes
3694:Grimes Point
3674:Fort Juelson
3664:Fort Ancient
3639:El Vallecito
3599:Chaco Canyon
3539:Angel Mounds
3501:Steed-Kisker
3451:Paleo-Arctic
3373:Glacial Kame
3358:Fort Ancient
3250:Post-Classic
3221:
3153:Chevron bead
3059:Burial mound
2953:Shell gorget
2921:Spiro plates
2916:Rogan plates
2735:Knoll Spring
2710:Hartley Fort
2670:Beattie Park
2554:Transylvania
2392:Bottle Creek
2354:Lake Jackson
2236:Pisgah phase
2166:Little Egypt
2116:Garden Creek
2101:Dallas phase
1988:Tipton phase
1966:Nodena phase
1863:Mound Bottom
1848:Fewkes Group
1833:Brick Church
1735:Angel Mounds
1601:Kuhn Station
1596:John Chapman
1400:. Retrieved
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1311:
1302:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1267:
1244:
1238:
1215:
1185:
1148:
1139:
1114:
1090:February 22,
1088:. Retrieved
1083:
1070:
1061:
1034:
956:
942:
929:
928:
890:
861:
857:
851:
789:
774:
763:
741:
722:
713:Cofitachequi
701:
700:
663:
609:
607:
569:
535:
523:
491:some mounds
458:Barton Ranch
432:Parkin site
415:Village type
378:
357:
318:
298:
279:
225:
221:
220:
139:Nearest city
29:
5246:Lake Chicot
5226:Jacksonport
5201:Devil's Den
5191:DeGray Lake
5138:State Parks
5052:Leatherwood
5027:Caney Creek
4994:White River
4959:Cache River
4826:Hot Springs
4680:Other areas
4640:Puerto Rico
4474:Mississippi
4389:Connecticut
4215:Thunderbird
4083:Black drink
4047:Peñon woman
3984:Winterville
3964:Velda Mound
3944:Taos Pueblo
3839:Parkin Park
3824:Orwell site
3809:Nodena site
3704:Holly Bluff
3679:Four Mounds
3669:Fort Center
3594:Casa Grande
3544:Anzick site
3436:Monongahela
3363:Fort Walton
3338:Coles Creek
3303:Belle Glade
3288:Anishinaabe
3128:Thunderbird
3054:Black drink
2906:Emmons mask
2850:Chenopodium
2838:Agriculture
2760:Plum Island
2715:Hotel Plaza
2564:Winterville
2544:Scott Place
2482:Holly Bluff
2402:Fort Walton
2156:Lamar phase
2010:Walls phase
1906:Belle Meade
1899:Mississippi
1843:Dunbar Cave
1745:Annis Mound
1740:Angel phase
1714:Ware Mounds
1709:Twin Mounds
1559:Ramey state
1544:Monks Mound
904:for white,
866:utilitarian
755:St. Francis
575:agriculture
418:Known sites
385:chroniclers
333:St. Francis
256:St. Francis
173: /
149:Coordinates
5474:Categories
5341:Petit Jean
5321:Mount Nebo
5156:Cane Creek
4984:Pond Creek
4974:Logan Cave
4969:Holla Bend
4964:Felsenthal
4844:Fort Smith
4589:Washington
4509:New Mexico
4504:New Jersey
4379:California
4160:Metallurgy
4120:Eden point
4017:Buhl Woman
3889:Rock Eagle
3879:River Styx
3804:Mummy Cave
3799:Moundville
3779:Mesa Verde
3764:Marksville
3511:Tchefuncte
3471:Plaquemine
3407:Las Palmas
3323:Calf Creek
3318:Cades Pond
2865:Marshelder
2750:Oak Forest
2720:Hoxie Farm
2534:Pocahontas
2427:Plaquemine
2364:Letchworth
2296:Town Creek
2231:Park Mound
2196:Moundville
2181:Mandeville
2171:Long Swamp
2131:Jere Shine
1983:Quigualtam
1931:Chucalissa
1818:Backusburg
1811:Cumberland
1800:Yankeetown
1785:Slack Farm
1760:Ellerbusch
1664:Adams site
1571:Cloverdale
1014:References
959:trade bead
751:confluence
705:Christians
610:La Florida
603:persimmons
595:sunflowers
470:Rose Mound
366:expedition
246:aboriginal
5037:East Fork
5032:Dry Creek
4989:Wapanocca
4949:Bald Knob
4913:Pea Ridge
4599:Wisconsin
4564:Tennessee
4469:Minnesota
4444:Louisiana
4205:Stickball
3894:Rock Hawk
3724:Key Marco
3516:Troyville
3496:St. Johns
3481:Red Ocher
3240:Formative
2994:Muskogean
2967:Languages
2880:Sunflower
2740:Mero site
2675:Blood Run
2329:Apalachee
2276:Summerour
2216:Nacoochee
1973:Owl Creek
1868:Riverview
1858:Link Farm
1750:Bone Bank
1704:Turk Site
1699:Towosahgy
1564:Woodhenge
1145:Dan Morse
862:var. Togo
744:palisaded
516:Palisade,
424:Features
421:Site size
381:chieftain
321:type site
288:explorer
270:from the
264:type site
260:Artifacts
249:palisaded
5366:Powhatan
5311:Moro Bay
5301:Millwood
5105:Mulberry
5090:Cossatot
5042:Flatside
5012:Big Lake
4979:Overflow
4954:Big Lake
4872:Ouachita
4801:Arkansas
4755:Category
4584:Virginia
4534:Oklahoma
4514:New York
4489:Nebraska
4479:Missouri
4464:Michigan
4454:Maryland
4439:Kentucky
4419:Illinois
4394:Delaware
4384:Colorado
4374:Arkansas
4093:Chanunpa
4078:Ballgame
4057:Vero man
4007:Anzick-1
3979:Windover
3939:SunWatch
3869:Rassawek
3689:Glenwood
3579:Brewster
3431:Mogollon
3402:La Jolla
3388:Hopewell
3348:Deptford
3261:cultures
3101:Red Horn
3069:Chanunpa
3047:Northern
3035:Religion
3016:Timucuan
2984:Cherokee
2770:Schwerdt
2730:Juntunen
2705:Griesmer
2648:cultures
2601:Bluffton
2487:Jaketown
2452:Fitzhugh
2306:Wilbanks
2286:Tomotley
2261:Savannah
2226:Ocmulgee
2206:Mulberry
2141:Joe Bell
2061:Biltmore
2056:Bessemer
1921:Campbell
1883:Old Town
1689:Orr-Herl
1626:Orendorf
1621:Mitchell
1554:Mound 72
1549:Mound 34
1534:Big Eddy
1301:(1976).
1184:(1981).
1147:(1973).
1111:(1997).
977:See also
939:—
910:graphite
906:hematite
886:swastika
870:mortuary
832:S.E.C.C.
792:bastions
781:ballgame
779:and the
719:—
660:Language
622:squirrel
539:mortuary
472:(3CS27)
444:palisade
351:and the
276:province
228:, is an
193:66000200
4931:Buffalo
4809:Federal
4701:Related
4604:Wyoming
4579:Vermont
4484:Montana
4424:Indiana
4404:Georgia
4399:Florida
4369:Arizona
4359:Alabama
4242:Related
4100:Chunkey
4000:remains
3989:Wupatki
3829:Paquime
3719:Huápoca
3584:Cahokia
3554:Bastian
3461:Patayan
3383:Hohokam
3368:Fremont
3343:Comondú
3298:Baytown
3293:Avonlea
3273:Alachua
3245:Classic
3235:Archaic
3223:Periods
3076:Chunkey
3021:Tunican
2999:Natchez
2974:Caddoan
2948:Pottery
2899:Artwork
2890:Tobacco
2870:Pumpkin
2831:Culture
2685:Fifield
2616:Gahagan
2591:Belcher
2576:Caddoan
2559:Venable
2522:Natchez
2507:Mazique
2462:Fosters
2457:Flowery
2447:Emerald
2324:Anhaica
2281:Taskigi
2246:Rembert
2221:Nikwasi
2186:McMahan
2161:Liddell
2036:Adamson
1946:Janet's
1936:Denmark
1911:Boone's
1873:Sellars
1780:Prather
1539:Cahokia
1529:Aztalan
1441:website
1402:May 13,
1194:7540091
932:Cacique
894:pottery
854:pottery
823:Pottery
796:archers
777:chunkey
753:of the
749:at the
747:village
682:Caddoan
680:, with
674:Entrada
666:Tunican
654:mussels
650:turtles
642:catfish
634:mallard
467:(3CS24)
460:(3CT18)
360:Spanish
294:village
286:Spanish
252:village
5276:Logoly
4539:Oregon
4494:Nevada
4434:Kansas
4409:Hawaii
4364:Alaska
4300:Topics
3659:Folsom
3624:Cutler
3559:Benson
3446:Oneota
3378:Glades
3353:Folsom
3333:Clovis
3230:Lithic
3011:Siouan
3004:Taensa
2875:Squash
2798:Clover
2657:Oneota
2631:Keller
2621:Hughes
2586:Battle
2527:Taensa
2512:Medora
2502:Mangum
2497:Julice
2492:Jordan
2339:Cayson
2271:Sixtoe
2266:Shiloh
2176:Mabila
2111:Etowah
2091:Citico
2081:Chiaha
2076:Chauga
1993:Tunica
1978:Parkin
1961:Nodena
1956:Murphy
1926:Carson
1775:Murphy
1631:Sleeth
1616:McCune
1606:Larson
1509:Middle
1255:
1226:
1192:
1186:Parkin
1155:
1127:
902:galena
878:effigy
709:Aquixo
686:Quapaw
670:Siouan
632:, and
630:turkey
626:rabbit
599:pecans
593:, and
591:squash
587:gourds
531:swamps
462:Glover
393:vassal
374:Pacaha
370:Casqui
353:Nodena
345:Tipton
341:Menard
281:Casqui
234:Parkin
5221:Hobbs
5181:Daisy
5129:State
4671:Palau
4569:Texas
4449:Maine
4414:Idaho
4190:Piasa
3998:Human
3629:Eaker
3532:sites
3466:Plano
3268:Adena
3026:Yuchi
2860:Maize
2845:Beans
2803:Dodge
2755:Palos
2725:Huber
2665:Anker
2636:Spiro
2606:Caddo
2539:Routh
2472:Glass
2467:Ghost
2369:Velda
2291:Toqua
2151:Lamar
2136:Joara
2126:Irene
2096:Coosa
2086:Chota
2066:Blair
2041:Avery
2003:Yazoo
1998:Koroa
1941:Eaker
1878:Obion
1636:Starr
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1346:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
852:Most
804:ditch
770:plaza
614:maize
583:beans
579:crops
572:maize
552:whelk
349:Walls
5437:List
4625:Guam
4574:Utah
4529:Ohio
4429:Iowa
4150:Kiva
2549:Sims
2517:Mott
2437:Anna
2146:King
2106:Dyar
1916:Boyd
1790:Tolu
1404:2016
1382:2008
1361:2008
1329:2008
1285:2008
1253:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1190:OCLC
1153:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1092:2009
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800:moat
759:soil
652:and
646:drum
601:and
448:moat
446:and
339:and
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2374:Yon
668:or
278:of
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