1464:. Paraneoplastic syndromes of this nature tend to occur in the setting of late stage and aggressive tumors with poor overall outcomes (endocrine manifestations, neurological entities, dermatological conditions, and other syndromes). A vast majority of prostate cancer cases (over 70%) document paraneoplastic syndrome as a major clinical manifestation of prostate cancer; and (under 20%), the syndrome as an initial sign of disease progression to the castrate-resistant state. Urologist researchers identify
1487:) may provide important clinical manifestations. This is especially important for patients who experience inflammatory neuropathies since solid tumors are often associated with peripheral nerve disorders. CV2 autoantibodies, which target dihydropyriminase-related protein 5 (DRP5, or CRMP5) are also associated with a variety of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including sensorimotor polyneuropathies. Patients undergoing immune therapies or tumor removal respond very well to antibodies that target
1475:(ICIs), one of the underlying causes in inflammatory central nervous system diseases (CNS). The central idea around such research pinpoints treatment strategies to combat cancer related outcomes in the clinical arena, specifically ICIs. Research suggests that patients who are treated with ICIs are more susceptible to CNS disease (since the mechanism of ICIs induces adverse effects on the CNS due to augmented immune responses and
2888:
131:, which has been hypothesized to relate to the disease pathogenesis. In this paradigm, tumor cells express tissue-restricted antigens (e.g., neuronal proteins), triggering an anti-tumor immune response which may be partially or, rarely, completely effective in suppressing tumor growth and symptoms. Patients then come to clinical attention when this tumor immune response breaks
1409:
Therapies to reduce or slow neurological degeneration. In this scenario, rapid diagnosis and treatment are critical for the patient to have the best chance of recovery. Since these disorders are relatively rare, few doctors have seen or treated paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs). Therefore,
457:
The mechanism for a paraneoplastic syndrome varies from case to case. However, pathophysiological outcomes usually arise when a tumor does. Paraneoplastic syndrome often occurs alongside associated cancers as a result of an activated immune system. In this scenario, the body may produce
1366:
The root cause is extremely difficult to identify for paraneoplastic syndrome, as there are so many ways the disease can manifest (which may eventually lead to cancer). Ideas may relate to age-related diseases (unable to handle environmental or physical stress in combination with
473:
Diagnosis may be difficult in patients in whom paraneoplastic antibodies cannot be detected. In the absence of these antibodies, other tests that may be helpful include MRI, PET, lumbar puncture and electrophysiology.
1515:
2738:
Hannawi Y, Goldsmith CE, Kass JS, Olar A, Ubogu EE, Kalkonde YV (September 2013). "A case of severe chronic progressive axonal polyradiculoneuropathy temporally associated with anti-CV2/CRMP5 antibodies".
2244:
Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, Pukkala E, Mellemkjaer L, Airio A, et al. (January 2001). "Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study".
2125:
Buckanovich RJ, Posner JB, Darnell RB (October 1993). "Nova, the paraneoplastic Ri antigen, is homologous to an RNA-binding protein and is specifically expressed in the developing motor system".
462:
to fight off the tumor by directly binding and destroying the tumor cell. Paraneoplastic disorders may arise in that antibodies would cross-react with normal tissues and destroy them.
1382:
efforts include routine checks with physicians (particularly those that specialize in neurology and oncology) especially when a patient notices subtle changes in his or her own body.
1418:
for those with paraneoplastic syndromes links to each unique case presented. Thus, prognosis for paraneoplastic syndromes may vary greatly. For example, paraneoplastic
449:(production of molecules that affect the motility and secretory activity of the digestive tract) dysfunctions, for example, may relate to paraneoplastic syndromes.
3430:
844:
178:
or tissue pyrogens), but the overall picture will often include several clinical cases observed which may specifically simulate more common benign conditions.
2652:
Querol L, Devaux J, Rojas-Garcia R, Illa I (September 2017). "Autoantibodies in chronic inflammatory neuropathies: diagnostic and therapeutic implications".
1363:
The most common cancers associated with PNDs are breast, ovarian, and lung cancers, but many other cancers can produce paraneoplastic symptoms, as well.
3400:
1286:
1483:
in the early stages of treatment. In other research, scientists have found that paraneoplastic peripheral nerve disorders (autoantibodies linked to
1610:
542:
195:
2609:
Yshii LM, Hohlfeld R, Liblau RS (December 2017). "Inflammatory CNS disease caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors: status and perspectives".
2566:
Hong MK, Kong J, Namdarian B, Longano A, Grummet J, Hovens CM, et al. (December 2010). "Paraneoplastic syndromes in prostate cancer".
1297:
422:
1371:
pre-dispositions), accumulation of damaged biomolecules (damages signaling pathways in various regions of the body), increased oxygen
1784:
Pittock SJ, Kryzer TJ, Lennon VA (November 2004). "Paraneoplastic antibodies coexist and predict cancer, not neurological syndrome".
890:
17:
3600:
3481:
3393:
1829:
1410:
PND patients should consult with a specialist with experience in diagnosing and treating paraneoplastic neurological disorders.
783:
231:
3511:
1964:
1422:
often included infection as a major cause of death. Paraneoplastic pemphigus is one of the three major subtypes that affects
1329:
1106:
766:
227:
3463:
1325:
1169:
366:
1085:
859:
Antineuronal antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Ri, and anti-Ma2). Some forms are amenable to immunotherapy while others are not.
621:
302:
111:
Paraneoplastic syndromes are typical among middle-aged to older people, and they most commonly occur with cancers of the
3458:
470:
Diagnostic testing in a possible paraneoplastic syndrome depends on the symptoms and the suspected underlying cancer.
3676:
3386:
1479:). The purpose of this exploration was to shed light on immunotherapies and distinguishing between neurotoxicity and
1468:
markers that are associated with the syndrome in order to specific what type of therapies may work most effectively.
3681:
3001:
2065:
138:
The abbreviation PNS is sometimes used for paraneoplastic syndrome, although it is used more often to refer to the
1328:(PNDs). These PNDs affect the central or peripheral nervous system; some are degenerative, though others (such as
3641:
3610:
3605:
3516:
1324:
A specifically devastating form of (neurological) paraneoplastic syndromes is a group of disorders classified as
1063:
897:
294:
254:
389:
is common in regions of the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, lung, thymus, and central nervous system (as well as
3435:
1250:
603:
2831:
van
Sonderen A, Ariño H, Petit-Pedrol M, Leypoldt F, Körtvélyessy P, Wandinger KP, et al. (August 2016).
1854:
3572:
3316:
1210:
1038:
406:
286:
250:
1711:
Albert ML, Darnell RB (January 2004). "Paraneoplastic neurological degenerations: keys to tumour immunity".
3526:
1676:
Roberts WK, Darnell RB (October 2004). "Neuroimmunology of the paraneoplastic neurological degenerations".
1144:
678:
674:
362:
1484:
1472:
1259:
864:
2314:
Zadik Y, Nitzan DW (February 2012). "Tumor induced osteomalacia: a forgotten paraneoplastic syndrome?".
3347:
2878:
2782:
Lancaster E, Huijbers MG, Bar V, Boronat A, Wong A, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. (February 2011).
1607:
1238:
410:
3141:
2517:
Kasperkiewicz M, Ellebrecht CT, Takahashi H, Yamagami J, Zillikens D, Payne AS, Amagai M (May 2017).
1460:
is the second most common urological malignancy to be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes after
1314:
741:
139:
405:
The following diseases manifest by means of physiological dysfunction besides the categories above:
3651:
3176:
3134:
2916:
2695:
Graus F, Saiz A, Dalmau J (April 2010). "Antibodies and neuronal autoimmune disorders of the CNS".
2476:
Leger S, Picard D, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Arnault JP, Aubin F, Carsuzaa F, et al. (October 2012).
2069:
1858:
1130:
663:
3615:
3582:
3567:
3539:
3269:
3171:
2170:"Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma"
975:
613:
3274:
3228:
1154:
991:
446:
314:
105:
3440:
3326:
3307:
1629:"Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies"
1379:
1125:
805:
629:
330:
2441:
Darnell RB, Posner JB (June 2006). "Paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system".
2349:
Zell JA, Chang JC (November 2005). "Neoplastic fever: a neglected paraneoplastic syndrome".
1766:
3646:
3595:
3590:
3450:
3279:
3124:
3114:
2994:
1461:
1341:
1275:
1074:
947:
927:
702:
577:
559:
549:
516:
511:
298:
274:
2979:
282:
8:
3506:
3491:
3166:
3098:
1372:
1332:) may improve with treatment of the condition or the tumor. Symptoms of PNDs may include
1052:
828:
653:
326:
290:
239:
2168:
Dalmau J, TĂĽzĂĽn E, Wu HY, Masjuan J, Rossi JE, Voloschin A, et al. (January 2007).
373:. Hematological dysfunction of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen from an increase of
88:
one). It is specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as
3620:
3549:
3259:
2857:
2832:
2808:
2783:
2764:
2720:
2677:
2634:
2591:
2543:
2518:
2418:
2393:
2374:
2327:
2269:
2194:
2169:
2150:
2107:
1809:
1736:
1658:
1579:
1349:
1245:
1181:
736:
725:
685:
211:
207:
2257:
127:). Sometimes, the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show before the diagnosis of a
3486:
3362:
3352:
3264:
3078:
2927:
2862:
2813:
2756:
2712:
2669:
2626:
2583:
2548:
2499:
2458:
2454:
2423:
2366:
2331:
2296:
2261:
2226:
2199:
2142:
2138:
2099:
2048:
2007:
1960:
1801:
1728:
1693:
1662:
1650:
1645:
1628:
1583:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1268:
1027:
1012:
1002:
962:
954:
816:
746:
707:
692:
608:
414:
378:
310:
235:
43:
2768:
2724:
2681:
2638:
2595:
2378:
2273:
2154:
2111:
1813:
1765:
Santacroce L, Diomede L, Balducci L (3 February 2019). Talavera F, Movsas B (eds.).
1540:
Sardiña González, Cristina; MartĂnez Vivero, Clara; LĂłpez Castro, JosĂ© (June 2022).
3417:
3251:
3129:
2967:
2852:
2844:
2803:
2795:
2748:
2704:
2661:
2618:
2575:
2538:
2530:
2494:
2489:
2477:
2450:
2413:
2405:
2358:
2323:
2253:
2189:
2181:
2134:
2091:
2038:
1997:
1793:
1740:
1720:
1685:
1640:
1555:
1480:
1423:
1229:
800:
597:
583:
504:
191:
132:
341:(cannot be eliminated via urine and results in grey to black-blueish skin tones).
3534:
3367:
3342:
2987:
2921:
2892:
2848:
2752:
1614:
1596:
1457:
1195:
1120:
984:
732:
318:
305:. Mucocutaneous dysfunctions of paraneoplastic syndromes can be seen in cases of
278:
135:
and begins to attack the normal tissue expressing that (e.g., neuronal) protein.
101:
2043:
2026:
1375:
in the body (alters metabolic processes in various regions of the body), etc. .
3425:
3289:
3247:
1446:
1137:
1099:
1007:
795:
592:
386:
374:
354:
120:
2932:
2708:
2622:
2394:"Paraneoplastic syndromes: when to suspect, how to confirm, and how to manage"
2362:
2095:
1689:
3670:
3093:
2665:
2409:
1567:
1492:
1476:
1465:
1442:
1224:
912:
881:
633:
588:
566:
521:
390:
350:
334:
270:
199:
163:
159:
116:
2784:"Investigations of caspr2, an autoantigen of encephalitis and neuromyotonia"
2579:
2217:
Cohen PR, Kurzrock R (June 1997). "Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes".
2002:
1985:
1542:
3501:
3378:
3034:
2866:
2817:
2760:
2716:
2673:
2630:
2587:
2552:
2503:
2462:
2427:
2370:
2335:
2265:
2203:
2103:
2052:
2011:
1805:
1732:
1697:
1575:
1539:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1395:
1113:
920:
647:
640:
426:
358:
258:
246:
223:
203:
155:
73:
2300:
2230:
2146:
2027:"Paraneoplastic hyperaldosteronism associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"
1654:
3625:
3357:
3297:
3156:
3119:
3042:
2534:
1345:
1043:
790:
756:
573:
438:
430:
112:
2516:
150:
Symptomatic features of paraneoplastic syndrome cultivate in four ways:
3496:
3302:
3151:
3088:
3052:
718:
658:
418:
394:
382:
175:
2908:
2799:
2185:
1797:
3473:
3321:
3207:
3192:
3073:
3057:
2962:
2938:
2830:
1438:
1419:
1415:
1399:
1337:
714:
696:
625:
338:
243:
187:
151:
128:
2287:
Staszewski H (June 1997). "Hematological paraneoplastic syndromes".
1724:
1352:, slurred speech, memory loss, vision problems, sleep disturbances,
3559:
3311:
3202:
3161:
3146:
3019:
3011:
1368:
1353:
904:
459:
442:
322:
171:
124:
93:
69:
48:
3212:
3197:
2943:
2475:
1403:
1357:
1304:
670:
526:
306:
89:
77:
2082:
Blaes F (April 2013). "Paraneoplastic brain stem encephalitis".
1441:). Underlying cancer or irreversible system impairment, seen in
3083:
3015:
1333:
1188:
1161:
370:
85:
2833:"The clinical spectrum of Caspr2 antibody-associated disease"
2243:
1488:
434:
167:
97:
81:
2651:
1830:"Overview of paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system"
3047:
3009:
2781:
1543:"Paraneoplastic syndromes review: The great forgotten ones"
534:
1764:
2737:
2565:
2124:
1954:
1617:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1520:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
108:, it is not due to the local presence of cancer cells.
1394:
Therapies to eliminate the underlying cancer, such as
2876:
1471:
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes may be related
2898:
2167:
2024:
1597:
Paraneoplastic
Syndromes, 2011, Darnell & Posner
889:
Autoimmune reaction against the RNA-binding protein
2608:
1783:
2398:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1828:
1541:
1955:Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007).
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1437:(which are cell-cell adhesion molecules found in
321:), pancreatic tumors (leading to adipose nodular
3668:
2478:"Prognostic factors of paraneoplastic pemphigus"
2237:
1826:
1626:
2694:
1608:NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndromes Information Page
1747:
1675:
543:Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
196:syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
3394:
2995:
2440:
2216:
1710:
600:(may occur independent of osteolytic lesions)
27:Medical effects of tumors besides mass effect
3408:
2469:
2161:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
441:and sedimentation of the immunocomplexes in
349:The following diseases manifest by means of
269:The following diseases manifest by means of
222:The following diseases manifest by means of
186:The following diseases manifest by means of
2313:
2280:
2210:
2025:Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Veglio F (May 2001).
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1827:Dalmau J, Rosenfield MR (6 December 2016).
1429:that are characteristically raised against
3401:
3387:
3002:
2988:
2286:
1979:
1977:
1298:Thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity
823:Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord
423:thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity
2856:
2807:
2741:Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease
2542:
2493:
2417:
2348:
2193:
2068:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2042:
2001:
1857:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1644:
1627:Darnell RB, DeAngelis LM (January 1993).
1864:
1767:"Background of Paraneoplastic Syndromes"
1491:2 (to treat nerve hyperexcitability and
2066:Nervous+system+paraneoplastic+syndromes
1983:
1974:
1548:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
1533:
624:(Parathyroid hormone-related protein),
14:
3669:
3601:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
3482:Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
2084:Current Treatment Options in Neurology
1452:
784:Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
377:(EPO), which may occur in response to
232:paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
3382:
2983:
2081:
1510:
1508:
1326:paraneoplastic neurological disorders
145:
3464:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2391:
1170:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
616:(e.g., lung, head, neck, esophageus)
367:nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
313:), immune system depression (latent
251:opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome
166:. The most common presentation is a
2307:
2031:The New England Journal of Medicine
1334:difficulty with walking and balance
1086:Acquired generalized hypertrichosis
303:acquired generalized hypertrichosis
24:
3459:Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
2328:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.09.011
1855:Paraneoplastic+endocrine+syndromes
1505:
381:or ectopic EPO production/altered
25:
3693:
3512:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
1360:, and sensory loss in the limbs.
1344:, difficulty swallowing, loss of
767:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
228:Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome
2886:
2455:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2006.03.008
1560:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103676
1342:rapid uncontrolled eye movements
344:
264:
3642:Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
3611:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
3517:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
2824:
2775:
2731:
2688:
2645:
2602:
2559:
2523:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
2510:
2434:
2385:
2342:
2118:
2075:
2059:
2018:
1848:
1820:
1449:, may result in death as well.
1313:A mechanism similar to that of
1164:that activate clotting, others
1064:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
898:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
295:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
255:anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
217:
80:) that is the consequence of a
2495:10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1830
1986:"Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia"
1777:
1704:
1669:
1620:
1601:
1590:
1251:Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor
604:Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
13:
1:
3573:Necrolytic migratory erythema
3317:Clonally transmissible cancer
2258:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03540-6
1678:Current Opinion in Immunology
1498:
1211:Membranous glomerulonephritis
1039:Necrolytic migratory erythema
407:membranous glomerulonephritis
337:secretions), and even dermic
287:necrolytic migratory erythema
3606:Extramammary Paget's disease
2849:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002917
2753:10.1097/cnd.0b013e3182a04538
2139:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90077-5
1990:Journal of Oncology Practice
1646:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92485-c
1473:immune checkpoint inhibitors
1385:
911:Autoimmune reaction against
465:
452:
181:
104:against the tumor. Unlike a
7:
2044:10.1056/NEJM200105173442017
1485:multifocal motor neuropathy
1390:Treatment options include:
1260:Fibroblast growth factor 23
865:Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia
10:
3698:
3436:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3348:Index of oncology articles
1959:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
1516:"Paraneoplastic Syndromes"
1239:Tumor-induced osteomalacia
411:tumor-induced osteomalacia
3634:
3581:
3557:
3548:
3525:
3472:
3449:
3416:
3335:
3288:
3246:
3221:
3185:
3107:
3066:
3033:
3026:
2953:
2902:
2709:10.1007/s00415-009-5431-9
2654:Nature Reviews. Neurology
2623:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.144
2611:Nature Reviews. Neurology
2363:10.1007/s00520-005-0825-4
2351:Supportive Care in Cancer
2096:10.1007/s11940-013-0221-1
1690:10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.009
1315:Graft-versus-host disease
1206:
1095:
943:
878:Small-cell lung carcinoma
835:Small-cell lung carcinoma
762:
498:
140:peripheral nervous system
54:
42:
37:
3677:Paraneoplastic syndromes
3652:Paraneoplastic pemphigus
3410:Paraneoplastic syndromes
2666:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.84
2410:10.1136/jnnp.2004.040378
2070:Medical Subject Headings
1859:Medical Subject Headings
1131:Hepatocellular carcinoma
664:Hepatocellular carcinoma
537:and ACTH-like substance
477:
400:
18:Paraneoplastic syndromes
3682:Immune system disorders
3568:Erythema gyratum repens
3540:Hypertrophic osteopathy
3270:Prostate cancer staging
3234:Paraneoplastic syndrome
2580:10.1038/nrurol.2010.186
2568:Nature Reviews. Urology
2482:Archives of Dermatology
2003:10.1200/JOP.2016.011155
1957:Robbins Basic Pathology
976:epidermal growth factor
614:Squamous cell carcinoma
170:(release of endogenous
123:or lymphatic system (a
84:in the body (usually a
66:paraneoplastic syndrome
38:Paraneoplastic syndrome
3308:Tumor suppressor genes
3275:Gleason grading system
3229:Precancerous condition
2404:(Suppl 2): ii43–ii50.
1984:Goldner W (May 2016).
1713:Nature Reviews. Cancer
1155:Bronchogenic carcinoma
992:Bronchogenic carcinoma
845:Brainstem encephalitis
773:Small-cell lung cancer
742:Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
675:insulin-like substance
550:Small-cell lung cancer
512:small-cell lung cancer
3327:Carcinogenic bacteria
3067:Malignant progression
2392:Rees JH (June 2004).
1126:Cerebellar hemangioma
1017:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
3647:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3596:Ichthyosis acquisita
3591:Acanthosis nigricans
3280:Dukes classification
2697:Journal of Neurology
2535:10.1038/nrdp.2017.26
2443:Seminars in Oncology
2289:Seminars in Oncology
2219:Seminars in Oncology
1462:renal cell carcinoma
1276:Renal cell carcinoma
1151:Pancreatic carcinoma
1075:Pyoderma gangrenosum
948:Acanthosis nigricans
928:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
703:Pancreatic carcinoma
654:mesenchymal sarcomas
560:Antidiuretic hormone
517:Pancreatic carcinoma
491:Main causal cancers
327:subcutaneous tissues
299:pyoderma gangrenosum
275:acanthosis nigricans
3507:Transverse myelitis
3492:Limbic encephalitis
3099:Sentinel lymph node
2788:Annals of Neurology
2174:Annals of Neurology
1786:Annals of Neurology
1453:Research directions
1443:acute heart failure
829:Limbic encephalitis
433:osteoarthropathy),
240:limbic encephalitis
3621:Pityriasis rotunda
3441:Cushing's syndrome
3147:Respiratory system
2954:External resources
1613:2015-01-04 at the
1350:motor coordination
1246:Hemangiopericytoma
1182:Hypercoagulability
806:Hodgkin's lymphoma
726:Hyperaldosteronism
686:Carcinoid syndrome
437:(secondary kidney
212:hyperaldosteronism
208:carcinoid syndrome
146:Signs and symptoms
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3616:Leser-Trélat sign
3487:Encephalomyelitis
3376:
3375:
3363:Cancer and nausea
3242:
3241:
3079:Carcinoma in situ
2977:
2976:
2800:10.1002/ana.22297
2488:(10): 1165–1172.
2186:10.1002/ana.21050
2037:(20): 1558–1559.
1966:978-1-4160-2973-1
1798:10.1002/ana.20269
1322:
1321:
1269:Stauffer syndrome
1028:Leser-Trélat sign
1013:Colorectal cancer
1003:Pancreatic cancer
963:Uterine carcinoma
955:Gastric carcinoma
875:Ovarian carcinoma
854:Testicular cancer
817:Encephalomyelitis
747:Ovarian carcinoma
708:Gastric carcinoma
693:Bronchial adenoma
609:Ovarian carcinoma
593:bladder carcinoma
494:Causal mechanism
415:Stauffer syndrome
311:hypereosinophilia
283:Leser-Trélat sign
236:encephalomyelitis
174:often related to
62:
61:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3689:
3555:
3554:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3177:Endocrine system
3142:Digestive system
3031:
3030:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2252:(9250): 96–100.
2241:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2079:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1951:
1862:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1762:
1745:
1744:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1512:
1481:brain metastasis
1287:Neoplastic fever
1230:Immune complexes
1196:Thymic neoplasms
1176:Advanced cancers
1053:Sweet's syndrome
996:Breast carcinoma
872:Breast carcinoma
801:Breast carcinoma
598:Multiple myeloma
584:Breast carcinoma
554:CNS malignancies
505:Cushing syndrome
482:
481:
447:gastrointestinal
315:varicella-zoster
291:Sweet's syndrome
192:Cushing syndrome
133:immune tolerance
35:
34:
21:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3630:
3577:
3544:
3535:Dermatomyositis
3527:Musculoskeletal
3521:
3468:
3445:
3412:
3407:
3377:
3372:
3331:
3284:
3238:
3217:
3181:
3103:
3062:
3022:
3008:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2949:
2948:
2911:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2829:
2825:
2780:
2776:
2736:
2732:
2693:
2689:
2650:
2646:
2617:(12): 755–763.
2607:
2603:
2574:(12): 681–692.
2564:
2560:
2515:
2511:
2474:
2470:
2439:
2435:
2390:
2386:
2357:(11): 870–877.
2347:
2343:
2312:
2308:
2285:
2281:
2242:
2238:
2215:
2211:
2166:
2162:
2123:
2119:
2080:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2023:
2019:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1952:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1825:
1821:
1782:
1778:
1763:
1748:
1725:10.1038/nrc1255
1709:
1705:
1674:
1670:
1639:(8836): 21–22.
1625:
1621:
1615:Wayback Machine
1606:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1458:Prostate cancer
1455:
1388:
1348:, loss of fine
1121:Renal carcinoma
985:Dermatomyositis
737:Conn's syndrome
733:Adrenal adenoma
485:Syndrome class
480:
468:
455:
403:
347:
319:sensory ganglia
279:dermatomyositis
267:
220:
184:
148:
102:immune response
100:cells or by an
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3583:Papulosquamous
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Hypercalcaemia
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3290:Carcinogenesis
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3172:Nervous system
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:nasopharyngeal
3132:
3127:
3122:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2924:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:Classification
2896:
2895:
2873:
2872:
2843:(5): 521–528.
2823:
2794:(2): 303–311.
2774:
2730:
2703:(4): 509–517.
2687:
2660:(9): 533–547.
2644:
2601:
2558:
2509:
2468:
2449:(3): 270–298.
2433:
2384:
2341:
2306:
2295:(3): 329–333.
2279:
2236:
2225:(3): 334–359.
2209:
2160:
2133:(4): 657–672.
2117:
2090:(2): 201–209.
2074:
2058:
2017:
1996:(5): 426–432.
1973:
1965:
1953:Table 6-5 in:
1863:
1847:
1819:
1792:(5): 715–719.
1776:
1746:
1703:
1684:(5): 616–622.
1668:
1619:
1600:
1589:
1532:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1454:
1451:
1447:kidney failure
1427:autoantibodies
1412:
1411:
1407:
1387:
1384:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1225:Tumor antigens
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Trousseau sign
1141:
1140:
1138:Erythropoietin
1135:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1100:Granulocytosis
1097:
1096:Hematological
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:Stomach cancer
1005:
1000:
999:Ovarian cancer
997:
994:
987:
981:
980:
979:
978:
972:
967:
966:
965:
960:
959:Lung carcinoma
957:
950:
945:
944:Mucocutaneous
941:
940:
938:
937:
936:
935:Bladder cancer
933:
930:
923:
917:
916:
909:
908:
907:
900:
894:
893:
887:
886:
885:
879:
876:
873:
868:
861:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
847:
841:
840:
838:
837:
836:
831:
825:
824:
821:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
808:
803:
798:
796:Ovarian cancer
793:
786:
780:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
760:
759:
754:
753:
752:
749:
744:
739:
728:
722:
721:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
688:
682:
681:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
650:
643:
637:
636:
619:
618:
617:
611:
606:
601:
595:
586:
581:
569:
563:
562:
557:
556:
555:
552:
545:
539:
538:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
507:
501:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
479:
476:
467:
464:
454:
451:
402:
399:
387:Erythrocytosis
375:erythropoietin
363:Trousseau sign
355:granulocytosis
346:
343:
266:
263:
219:
216:
183:
180:
147:
144:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3694:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Mucocutaneous
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3451:Hematological
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:oropharyngeal
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:Head and neck
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Primary tumor
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3035:Benign tumors
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:Oral Oncology
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1493:neuromyotonia
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:neurotoxicity
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1373:free radicals
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
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913:NMDA-receptor
910:
906:
903:
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901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
888:
884:(in children)
883:
882:Neuroblastoma
880:
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763:Neurological
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582:
579:
578:squamous cell
575:
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567:Hypercalcemia
565:
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558:
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541:
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522:Neural tumors
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398:
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391:gynecological
388:
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372:
368:
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353:dysfunction:
352:
351:hematological
345:Hematological
342:
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335:prostaglandin
332:
328:
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316:
312:
308:
304:
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296:
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276:
273:dysfunction:
272:
271:mucocutaneous
265:Mucocutaneous
262:
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256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:dysfunction:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:hypercalcemia
197:
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190:dysfunction:
189:
179:
177:
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164:hematological
161:
160:mucocutaneous
157:
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67:
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53:
50:
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45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3502:Polymyositis
3474:Neurological
3409:
3233:
3010:Overview of
2961:
2937:
2926:
2915:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2747:(1): 13–18.
2744:
2740:
2733:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2526:
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2485:
2481:
2471:
2446:
2442:
2436:
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2387:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2322:(2): e9-10.
2319:
2315:
2309:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2180:(1): 25–36.
2177:
2173:
2163:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2061:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1993:
1989:
1971:8th edition.
1956:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1822:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1773:. WebMD LLC.
1770:
1719:(1): 36–44.
1716:
1712:
1706:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1603:
1592:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1470:
1456:
1435:desmoglein 3
1431:desmoglein 1
1413:
1396:chemotherapy
1389:
1380:prophylactic
1377:
1365:
1362:
1323:
1114:Polycythemia
1022:Immunologic
921:Polymyositis
778:Immunologic
679:"big" IGF-II
648:Fibrosarcoma
641:Hypoglycemia
472:
469:
456:
431:hypertrophic
404:
359:polycythemia
348:
268:
259:polymyositis
247:encephalitis
224:neurological
221:
218:Neurological
204:hypoglycemia
185:
156:neurological
149:
137:
110:
65:
63:
29:
3626:Tripe palms
3358:Cancer pain
3298:Cancer cell
3043:Hyperplasia
2519:"Pemphigus"
1840:23 December
1525:5 September
1414:A specific
1346:muscle tone
1044:Glucagonoma
971:Immunologic
932:Lung cancer
851:Lung cancer
791:Lung cancer
757:Aldosterone
576:(typically
574:Lung cancer
439:amyloidosis
421:fever, and
395:myosarcomas
393:tumors and
176:lymphokines
106:mass effect
3671:Categories
3497:Opsoclonus
3303:Carcinogen
3167:Urogenital
3108:Topography
3089:Metastasis
3053:Pseudocyst
3027:Conditions
2928:DiseasesDB
1554:: 103676.
1499:References
1439:desmosomes
719:bradykinin
659:Insulinoma
499:Endocrine
460:antibodies
419:Neoplastic
383:catabolism
129:malignancy
72:(a set of
3558:Reactive
3418:Endocrine
3322:Oncovirus
3312:oncogenes
3265:Ann Arbor
3208:Papilloma
3193:Carcinoma
3186:Histology
3130:laryngeal
3074:Dysplasia
3058:Hamartoma
2963:eMedicine
2939:SNOMED CT
2837:Neurology
2529:: 17026.
1663:205040647
1584:247934655
1568:1879-0461
1420:pemphigus
1416:prognosis
1400:radiation
1386:Treatment
1378:However,
1338:dizziness
915:subunits
867:syndrome
751:Pulmonary
715:Serotonin
697:carcinoid
488:Syndrome
466:Diagnosis
453:Mechanism
339:melanosis
317:virus in
244:brainstem
188:endocrine
182:Endocrine
152:endocrine
94:cytokines
86:cancerous
55:Frequency
44:Specialty
3560:erythema
3343:Research
3203:Blastoma
3020:oncology
2968:med/1747
2944:49783001
2893:Medicine
2867:27371488
2818:21387375
2769:37917515
2761:23965404
2725:19651940
2717:20035430
2682:24396478
2674:28708133
2639:41673022
2631:29104289
2596:25387789
2588:21139643
2553:28492232
2504:22801794
2463:16769417
2428:15146039
2379:23992076
2371:15864658
2336:21985764
2274:35258253
2266:11197446
2204:17262855
2155:22554933
2112:21581917
2104:23378230
2053:11368052
2012:27170690
1835:UpToDate
1814:31651589
1806:15468074
1771:Medscape
1733:14708025
1698:15342008
1611:Archived
1576:35378267
1358:seizures
1354:dementia
1202:Unknown
905:Teratoma
533:Ectopic
443:nephrons
323:necrosis
172:pyrogens
125:lymphoma
90:hormones
78:symptoms
70:syndrome
49:Oncology
3353:History
3252:grading
3248:Staging
3213:Adenoma
3198:Sarcoma
2922:D010257
2858:4970662
2809:3059252
2544:5901732
2419:1765657
2301:9208888
2231:9208889
2195:2430743
2147:8398153
1741:7319871
1655:8093269
1404:surgery
1369:genetic
1305:Thymoma
1217:Various
1207:Others
671:Insulin
527:Thymoma
445:), and
379:hypoxia
331:flushes
307:itching
121:ovaries
3084:Cancer
3016:cancer
3012:tumors
2879:Portal
2865:
2855:
2816:
2806:
2767:
2759:
2723:
2715:
2680:
2672:
2637:
2629:
2594:
2586:
2551:
2541:
2502:
2461:
2426:
2416:
2377:
2369:
2334:
2299:
2272:
2264:
2246:Lancet
2229:
2202:
2192:
2153:
2145:
2127:Neuron
2110:
2102:
2072:(MeSH)
2051:
2010:
1963:
1861:(MeSH)
1812:
1804:
1739:
1731:
1696:
1661:
1653:
1633:Lancet
1582:
1574:
1566:
1189:Anemia
1162:Mucins
891:Nova-1
652:Other
371:anemia
369:, and
301:, and
257:, and
210:, and
162:, and
117:breast
3635:Other
3431:SIADH
3336:Misc.
3222:Other
3162:Blood
2765:S2CID
2721:S2CID
2678:S2CID
2635:S2CID
2592:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2270:S2CID
2151:S2CID
2108:S2CID
1810:S2CID
1737:S2CID
1659:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1489:CASPR
1466:serum
1107:G-CSF
699:type)
626:TGF-α
622:PTHrP
589:Renal
478:Types
435:renal
401:Other
168:fever
98:tumor
96:) by
82:tumor
74:signs
68:is a
3368:Diet
3157:Skin
3152:Bone
3120:oral
3048:Cyst
3018:and
2933:2064
2917:MeSH
2863:PMID
2814:PMID
2757:PMID
2713:PMID
2670:PMID
2627:PMID
2584:PMID
2549:PMID
2500:PMID
2459:PMID
2424:PMID
2367:PMID
2332:PMID
2297:PMID
2262:PMID
2227:PMID
2200:PMID
2143:PMID
2100:PMID
2049:PMID
2008:PMID
1961:ISBN
1842:2017
1802:PMID
1729:PMID
1694:PMID
1651:PMID
1572:PMID
1564:ISSN
1527:2023
1433:and
1402:and
1330:LEMS
634:IL-1
591:and
535:ACTH
113:lung
76:and
58:Rare
3260:TNM
2853:PMC
2845:doi
2804:PMC
2796:doi
2749:doi
2705:doi
2701:257
2662:doi
2619:doi
2576:doi
2539:PMC
2531:doi
2490:doi
2486:148
2451:doi
2414:PMC
2406:doi
2359:doi
2324:doi
2254:doi
2250:357
2190:PMC
2182:doi
2135:doi
2092:doi
2039:doi
2035:344
1998:doi
1794:doi
1721:doi
1686:doi
1641:doi
1637:341
1556:doi
1552:174
1495:).
1445:or
1424:IgG
677:or
673:or
630:TNF
397:).
329:),
325:of
281:,
92:or
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