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of southeastern
Colorado's Chaquaqua Plateau as a Panhandle culture, which is disputed by other noted archaeologists. The Panhandle and other cultures of the Oklahoma and Texas panhandles are sometime grouped together in the Upper Canark variant within a broader range of cultures called the
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is the primary, and to some the only, cultural tradition of the
Panhandle culture. The Optima focus was defined for sites in west central Oklahoma, but after further study, these sites were defined as Antelope Creek focus. In 1975 Robert G. Campbell defined the
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Single or multi-roomed stone structures, often with altars at the back of the structures and posts at four corners of the structure for support. People also camped or used sites with limited purposes.
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The
Canadian River and the Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument. The Antelope Creek People lived mostly on terraces overlooking the river or in side canyons with springs.
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or its tributaries, primarily
Antelope Creek and also Cottonwood Creek, Dixon Creek, and Tarbox Creek. Panhandle culture sites were also found on the Archie King Ranch.
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of artifacts, variations in interpretation of dating information, spotty information, and a lack of published material about the
Panhandle culture.
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is a prehistoric culture of the southern High Plains during the Middle
Ceramic Period from AD 1200 to 1400. Panhandle sites are primarily in the
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While it has been difficult to define the time periods and foci of the
Panhandle culture, there are some distinguishing characteristics:
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Several contributing factors have made it difficult to define the
Panhandle culture, such as discrepancies in reporting
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The culture was likely an outgrowth of the
Woodland phase or a migration of people from north-central Kansas.
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A primary good for trade for the
Panhandle culture was Alibates agatized dolomite, such as that found at the
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of large and small mammals and wild plants, nuts and fruit. Some farmed.
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Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia
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Some, but much less, evidence of trading or influence of
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229:Denver: United States Forest Service. p. 87.
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180:Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument
279:Archaeological cultures of North America
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190:Most of the sites are centered on the
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126:Difficulty defining Panhandle culture
309:Post-Archaic period in North America
299:Native American history of Colorado
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247:Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M.
314:Prehistoric cultures in Colorado
294:Archaeology of the United States
284:Archaeological sites in Oklahoma
226:Archaeology of the High Plains.
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289:Archaeological sites in Texas
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88:and the northern half of the
223:Gunnerson, James H. (1987).
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186:Location of Panhandle sites
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164:from northwestern Kansas.
120:Southern Plains villagers
99:Panhandle focus divisions
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146:Great similarity to the
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304:Plains Village period
86:west central Oklahoma
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45:Middle Ceramic Period
28:Southern High Plains
196:North Canadian River
110:Antelope Creek focus
105:Antelope Creek Phase
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16:Prehistoric culture
138:Distinctive traits
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25:Geographical range
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162:Smoky Hill Jasper
78:Panhandle culture
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20:Panhandle culture
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172:hunter-gatherers
115:Apishapa culture
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90:Texas Panhandle
62:Woodland period
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192:Canadian River
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103:Main article:
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170:People were
155:Southwestern
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53:AD 1200–1400
58:Preceded by
273:Categories
202:References
30:primarily
150:complexes
82:panhandle
32:Oklahoma
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42:Period
50:Dates
36:Texas
256:ISBN
194:and
84:and
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34:,
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