686:
4321:
Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and
Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings, especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other. In 1969, Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that just over 60% in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity. However, in the West wing, the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam. He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.
4165:
of
Pakistan is to be based." It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust," that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed," and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna." The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.
175:
2126:
2070:
2719:
42:
2362:
2561:
6769:
6939:
3004:
630:
6779:
3018:
1856:
618:
2553:
6337:
5906:
2888:. These Muslims have beliefs that by and large overlap with those of the majority of Muslims and the difference in their prayers are usually non-existent or negligible. Nonetheless, in censuses asking for a clarification on which strand or rite of Muslim faith they most closely align, they usually answer "just a Muslim".
5748:
presidency of the tyrannical Zia-ul Haq when there were many attacks on the Shia population. In one of the most notorious incidents, during May 1988 Sunni assailants destroyed Shia villages, forcing thousands of people to flee to Gilgit for refuge. Shia mosques were razed and about 100 people were killed
2832:, refrain from such traditions and believe in paying visit to the shrines, making prayers or reciting manqabat. Moreover, contemporary Islamic fundamentalists also criticize the popular tradition of singing, dance and music, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of
4801:... Zia rewarded the only political party to offer him consistent support, Jamaat-e-Islami. Tens of thousands of Jamaat activists and sympathisers were given jobs in the judiciary, the civil service and other state institutions. These appointments meant Zia's Islamic agenda lived on long after he died.
5747:
Many Shias in the region feel that they have been discriminated against since 1948. They claim that the
Pakistani government continually gives preferences to Sunnis in business, in official positions, and in the administration of justice...The situation deteriorated sharply during the 1980s under the
5683:
Many Shias in the region feel that they have been discriminated against since 1948. They claim that the
Pakistani government continually gives preferences to Sunnis in business, in official positions, and in the administration of justice...The situation deteriorated sharply during the 1980s under the
5463:
By one estimate, in
Pakistan, the Shias are 18%, Ismailis 2%, Ahmediyas 2%, Barelvis 50%, Deobandis 20%, Ahle Hadith 4%, and other minorities 4%. By another estimate some 15% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi, and some 60% are in the Barelvi tradition based mostly in the
2504:
report, the majority of
Pakistani Muslims also support the death penalty for those who leave Islam (62%). In contrast, support for the death penalty for those who leave Islam was only 36% in fellow South Asian Muslim country Bangladesh (which shared heritage with Pakistan). A 2010 opinion poll by PEW
2219:
believed that
Pakistan was only a Muslim state and was not yet an Islamic state, but that it could certainly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit. Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed
4164:
The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the
Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution
2477:
institutions. In
Pakistan, actors who have been identified by the state as moderate Sufis—such as the Barelwis, a movement founded in the 19th century in response to conservative reformers such as the Deobandis—mobilized after the government's call from 2009 onwards to save the soul of Pakistan from
2229:
However, Pakistan's pan-Islamist sentiments were not shared by other Muslim governments at the time. Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity, language and culture. Although Muslim governments were unsympathetic with
Pakistan's pan-Islamic aspirations, Islamists from all
5716:
Pakistan`s first major Shiite-Sunni riots erupted in 1983 in Karachi during the Shiite holiday of Muharram; at least 60 people were killed. More Muharram disturbances followed over the next three years, spreading to Lahore and the Baluchistan region and leaving hundreds more dead. Last July, Sunnis
2492:
Until the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, "Islamic activists" were frustrated by the lack of "teeth" to enforce Islamic law in Pakistan's constitution. For example, in the 1956 constitution, the state did not enforce "Islamic moral standards" but "endeavor" to make them compulsory and to
3704:
The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be
4320:
The social scientist, Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion, politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan. His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East
2379:
law. Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts and court benches to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine. New criminal offences (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani law.
2929:) against any recognized religion, providing penalties ranging from a fine to death. Pakistan inherited blasphemy laws enacted by British colonial authorities and made them more severe between 1980 and 1986, when a number of clauses were added by the military government of General
2703:
A subset of Shia in Pakistan are the Hazara ethnic group -- which are distinct from other Shi’a due to their language and facial features. Most Hazaras live in Afghanistan, but Pakistan also hosts between 650,000 and 900,000 – and around 500,000 live in the city of Quetta.
2623:. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous", but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to 50% the Barelvi school, while 50% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence.
3685:
Dolatabad, Seyed Ali Hosseini, Hossein Naseri Moghadam, and Ali Reza Abedi Sar Asiya. "Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926 (2016):
2941:
minority. Parliament through the Second Amendment to the Constitution on 7 September 1974, under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, declared Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims. In 1986 it was supplemented by a new blasphemy provision also applied to Ahmadi Muslims (See
4112:
But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama, for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born, Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, in his funeral oration, described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor
5777:
This led to violent clashes between the two sects. In 1988, after a brief calm of nearly four days, the military regime allegedly used certain militants along with local Sunnis to 'teach a lesson' to Shias, which led to hundreds of Shias and Sunnis being
2741:
exist within Pakistan where the philosophy has a strong tradition. Historically, the Sufi missionaries had played a pivotal role in converting the native peoples of Punjab and Sindh to Islam. The most notable Muslim Sufi orders in Pakistan are the
2282:
and not a secular identity. Furthermore, the same figure in East Pakistan defined their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not Islam. It was the opposite in West Pakistan, where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity.
2224:
Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic, even enthusiastic. But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and
2190:
to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara, from Pakistan to Morocco. He wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their
2390:
charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material. Offices, schools, and factories were required to offer praying space. Zia bolstered the influence of the
4961:
In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940-7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in
5058:
Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly
2505:
Research Centre also found that 87% of Pakistanis considered themselves 'Muslims first' rather than a member of their nationality. This was the highest figure amongst all Muslim populations surveyed. In contrast only 67% in
2675:
are given preference in business, official positions and administration of justice. Attacks on Shias increased under the presidency of Zia-ul-Haq, with the first major sectarian riots in Pakistan breaking out in 1983 in
2536:(Islamist party), support the expansion of "Islamic law and Islamic practices". "Islamic Modernists" are lukewarm to this expansion and "some may even advocate development along the secularist lines of the West."
5250:
4992:
For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind ) was
4077:
As the book has demonstrated, local ML functionaries, (U.P.) ML leadership, Muslim modernists at Aligarh, the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state.
6734:
3746:
2261:
Social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed conducted a survey in 1969 in pre-divided Pakistan on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people. He found that over 60% of people in
1975:, the latter of whom are considered by the constitution of Pakistan to be non-Muslims; they jointly constitute around 1% of the Muslim population. Pakistan has the world's largest Muslim majority city (
2496:
According to Shajeel Zaidi a million people attended Zia ul Haq's funeral because he had given them what they wanted: more religion. A PEW opinion poll found that 84% of Pakistanis favoured making
4832:
General Zia became the patron of Islamization in Pakistan and for the first time in the country's history, opened the bureaucracy, the military, and various state institutions to Islamic parties
2294:
declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion. It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the
6196:
2358:
ruled the Muslims. In an effort to stem the tide of street Islamisation, Bhutto had also called for it and banned the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims, nightclubs and horse racing.
5225:
2664:, an Ismaili by faith. Other politicians that held prominent roles in the initial decades of the Muslim League include Raja Sahib, Syed Ameer Ali and Syed Wazir Hasan, among others.
6012:
2058:. The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid. By the end of the 10th century CE, the region was ruled by several
3307:
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority (85–90)% percent are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between (10–15)% are Shias, mostly Twelvers.
3599:
On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say Shias are not Muslim.
5816:
5981:
5072:
5625:
On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 2% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.
2026:. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and early partisans of Ali or proto-Shi'ites can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi who traveled across Sind to
3651:
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10–15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.
2230:
over the world were drawn to Pakistan. Figures such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Al-Haj Amin al-Husseini, and leaders of Islamist political movements, such as the
4060:
3695:
Sheikh, Samira. "Aurangzeb as seen from Gujarat: Shi ‘i and Millenarian Challenges to Mughal Sovereignty." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 28.3 (2018): 557–581.
5258:
4230:
4095:
6708:
5464:
province of Punjab. But some 64% of the total seminaries are run by Deobandis, 25% by the Barelvis, 6% by the Ahle Hadith and 3% by various Shiite organisations.
4611:
3712:"Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 – Nov. 2008)"
6293:
3439:
6179:
5794:
2544:
The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan. Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.
6224:
6201:
3625:
3404:
3281:
2947:
2489:" as a Muslim state, and/or the political need to legitimise what was seen by some Pakistanis as his "repressive, un-representative martial law regime".
3705:
somewhere between 2 million and 3 million Ahmadis. However, the 2 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 1% of the country. See:
4303:
3956:
2836:
and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, five in 2010 that killed 64 people. Presently, the known
3742:
4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. Ethnic and national groups around the world. Greenwood Press. Westport 2002, page 52
3348:
Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 85–90 percent are Sunni and 10–15 percent Shia.
3149:
2992:, who is a local political and religious leader in Sindh, has been accused of being responsible for forced conversions of girls within the province.
2824:
Although, popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance, certain
3165:
2637:
Shias are estimated to constitute about 10-15 percent of the country's population. Major traditions of Shia Islam found in Pakistan include the
2098:
played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. These developments set the stage for the
6815:
5637:
5524:
3570:
Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 10 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.
2195:
The first formal step taken to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was in March 1949 when the country's first Prime Minister,
5417:
2242:(an Islamist group calling for the establishment of a Caliphate) expanded its organisational network and activities in Pakistan. Its founder,
6249:
5717:
and Shiites, many of them armed with locally made automatic weapons, clashed in the northwestern town of Parachinar, where at least 200 died.
3532:
Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (97 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 90 percent are Sunni and 10 percent Shia.
764:
5450:
3123:
6020:
3850:
M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala – An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145–50, (April 1955).
5199:
3036:
2419:
were established in 1985 even though Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process.
1787:
661:
190:
4153:
2968:
There have been conversions to Islam from the religious minorities of Pakistan. Baba Deen Mohammad Shaikh, a former Hindu, is a Muslim
2099:
1884:
3109:
4418:
4391:
4361:
4334:
3785:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ...
3663:
1438:
174:
5041:
4975:
4944:
2397:(Islamic clergy) and the Islamic parties, whilst conservative scholars became fixtures on television. 10,000s of activists from the
5989:
2963:
2485:
personal piety (most accounts agree that he came from a religious family), desire to gain political allies, to "fulfill Pakistan's
5700:
6683:
6289:
6103:
5608:
5006:
3582:
2660:. The role as the first president of the Muslim League and its main financial backer during its earlier years was undertaken by
685:
926:
6969:
6371:
5852:
5730:
5666:
5584:
4556:
4257:
4203:
4126:
4043:
3835:
2656:
Many prominent Shia Muslim politicians were known to play a decisive role in the creation of Pakistan for decades during the
2493:"prevent" prostitution, gambling, consumption of alcoholic liquor, etc. Interest was to be eliminated "as soon as possible".
2323:
1807:
749:
4546:
6744:
6408:
4485:
3056:
2934:
1757:
603:
3552:
3514:
3330:
3213:
3091:
2981:
487:
3124:"Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census' | Pakistan Bureau of Statistics"
2821:(death anniversary) of Sufi saints accounts for the largest gathering upon their shrines held annually by the devotees.
6808:
769:
588:
6318:
3452:
6984:
6658:
6278:
6176:
5890:
5740:
5676:
5140:
5107:
5051:
5016:
4985:
4954:
4904:
4794:
4729:
4693:
4655:
4621:
4589:
4529:
4495:
4428:
4401:
4371:
4344:
4313:
4267:
4240:
4213:
4136:
4105:
4070:
3778:
3630:
3484:
3286:
2580:
1253:
3798:
6877:
2696:
taking place on multiple occasions. Since 2008 thousands of Shia have been killed by Sunni extremists according to
593:
17:
2401:
party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his passing. Conservative
6927:
6897:
6703:
6074:
3031:
2680:
and later spreading to other parts of the country. Shias have long been a target of Sunni radical groups such as
1508:
1353:
654:
5790:
3863:
3367:
5924:
5097:
4861:
4645:
4519:
4461:
3825:
3808:
3414:
2667:
A 2012 study found 50% of surveyed Pakistanis considered Shia as Muslims while 41% rejected (Shia as muslims).
1877:
1428:
210:
3639:
3405:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population"
3295:
6801:
6046:
2303:
2287:
1782:
6225:"100,000 conversions and counting, meet the ex-Hindu who herds souls to the Hereafter – The Express Tribune"
6156:
6133:
3441:
Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population
6974:
4814:
3933:
3146:
1905:
1448:
1288:
358:
3389:
Muslim (official) 96.5% (Sunni 85–90%, Shia 10–15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.5% (2020 est.)
3249:
2215:, announced that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity.
2186:
asked Pakistanis to remember Jinnah's message of Unity, Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream:
6346:
3377:
3226:
2814:
2573:
2408:
2348:("Rule of the prophet"). According to supporters of the movement, establishing an Islamic state based on
2311:
1705:
1523:
384:
4911:
The state sponsored process of Islamisation dramatically increased sectarian divisions not only between
2943:
6959:
6887:
6845:
6493:
5918:
4813:
Nasr, Vali (2004). "Islamization, the State and Development". In Hathaway, Robert; Lee, Wilson (eds.).
3726:
International Fact-Finding Mission. Freedoms of Expression, of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan.
1453:
1066:
784:
647:
400:
305:
3889:
6739:
6352:
5878:
4685:
2885:
2453:
during the 1946 elections, but ironically Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of
2073:
1870:
1817:
1762:
1752:
1715:
482:
428:
374:
6279:"Pakistan: Religious conversion, including treatment of converts and forced conversions (2009–2012)"
4183:
3957:"Why some in Pakistan want to replace Jinnah as the founder of the country with an 8th century Arab"
6964:
6862:
6698:
6603:
6425:
6401:
5181:
3046:
2766:
is still practiced today. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh (
2533:
2416:
2398:
2291:
1964:
1827:
1628:
1623:
1198:
423:
4232:
Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India
4097:
Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India
4062:
Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India
6922:
6840:
5442:
5421:
3635:
3291:
2802:
2151:
2125:
889:
415:
200:
6979:
6917:
4035:
3061:
2989:
2632:
2243:
2216:
2212:
2069:
1797:
1588:
1368:
824:
405:
5967:
5510:
5402:
5132:
4896:
4453:
1908:. Pakistan has over 236 Million adherents of Islam (including the administrative territory of
6912:
6907:
6872:
6653:
6618:
6573:
5842:
4853:
4786:
4721:
4581:
4551:. United States: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005). pp. 395 pages.
4159:
2902:
2204:
2200:
1281:
1248:
1208:
951:
941:
729:
597:
240:
5684:
presidency of the tyrannical Zia-ul Haq when there were many attacks on the Shia population.
4678:
4445:
4027:
3479:
3200:
Government of Gilgit-Baltistan Tourism, Sports, Culture, Archaelogy & Museums Department
2884:
Roughly twelve per cent of Pakistani Muslims self-describe or have beliefs overlapping with
6892:
6857:
6824:
6543:
6538:
6433:
5594:
5574:
3051:
2786:
2412:
2247:
2183:
2171:
1802:
1695:
1433:
1363:
1298:
1126:
1121:
1011:
956:
829:
759:
467:
410:
265:
8:
6902:
6867:
6723:
6663:
6638:
6553:
6533:
6483:
6453:
6443:
6394:
6153:
5985:
5882:
5226:"Majorities of Muslims in Egypt and Pakistan support the death penalty for leaving Islam"
4521:
State and Secularism: Perspectives from Asia§General Zia-ul-Haq and Patronage of Islamism
3558:
3520:
3448:
3409:
3336:
3041:
2908:
2840:
in Pakistan have maintained their organisations usually known as tehreeks and have their
2501:
2482:
2370:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2235:
2159:
1999:
1665:
1618:
1598:
1338:
1258:
1233:
1138:
1111:
1061:
1031:
1021:
936:
896:
869:
854:
809:
744:
477:
260:
6197:"Pak authorities should urgently reform 'draconian' blasphemy laws: European think tank"
3250:"Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census'"
916:
6850:
6749:
6628:
6623:
6503:
6359:
5590:
5498:
5446:
5390:
5340:
4171:
3911:
3372:
3221:
3066:
2713:
2697:
2638:
2576:
2525:
considered themselves as 'Muslim first' rather than a member of their own nationality.
2231:
2043:
2019:
1747:
1658:
1593:
1463:
1408:
1378:
1293:
1218:
1213:
1193:
1081:
1071:
874:
527:
512:
497:
433:
310:
227:
6882:
4538:
3711:
2718:
2568:
shrine of Sufi saint Ali Hujweiri in Lahore is known for devotees from over the world.
6778:
6693:
6643:
6578:
6568:
6468:
6367:
6111:
5955:
5896:
5886:
5848:
5736:
5672:
5580:
5550:"Pakistan - Islamic Assembly, Sunni & Shiʿi Sects, Wahhābī Movement | Britannica"
5549:
5332:
5136:
5125:
5103:
5047:
5023:
During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.
5012:
4981:
4950:
4900:
4889:
4857:
4846:
4790:
4779:
4725:
4714:
4689:
4651:
4617:
4585:
4574:
4552:
4525:
4491:
4457:
4446:
4424:
4397:
4367:
4340:
4309:
4263:
4236:
4209:
4132:
4101:
4066:
4039:
4028:
3831:
3804:
3774:
3544:
3506:
3322:
2985:
2681:
2657:
2620:
2466:
2450:
2422:
Zia's state sponsored Islamization increased sectarian divisions in Pakistan between
2134:
1993:
1933:
1792:
1777:
1720:
1680:
1675:
1643:
1513:
1443:
1418:
1393:
1348:
1333:
1303:
1238:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1046:
991:
966:
799:
794:
774:
739:
724:
522:
517:
195:
41:
6381:
5344:
2333:
6668:
6583:
6563:
6448:
6438:
5324:
3071:
2794:
2727:
2616:
2354:
law would mean a return to the justice and success of the early days of Islam when
2196:
2130:
2007:
1913:
1842:
1740:
1710:
1700:
1648:
1608:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1458:
1398:
1373:
1358:
1313:
1263:
1173:
1148:
1026:
1016:
976:
946:
931:
911:
901:
884:
879:
844:
839:
789:
734:
709:
677:
126:
114:
6364:
Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity
6254:"Refworld – USCIRF Annual Report 2013 – Countries of Particular Concern: Pakistan"
6160:
5328:
3866:. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan. Archived from
2762:) and they have a large amount of devotees in Pakistan. The tradition of visiting
6713:
6648:
6613:
6548:
6528:
6518:
6478:
6463:
6458:
6183:
4736:
zia giving him a free hand to ignore internationally accepted human rights norms.
3737:
Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom.
3668:
3153:
3009:
2759:
2461:) institutions. This was despite the fact that only a few (although influential)
2251:
2111:
2039:
2023:
1837:
1690:
1670:
1653:
1638:
1633:
1613:
1583:
1578:
1553:
1543:
1476:
1413:
1403:
1383:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1243:
1228:
1133:
1106:
1096:
1056:
1041:
1036:
986:
981:
921:
859:
819:
714:
702:
634:
507:
443:
378:
118:
47:
6253:
5073:"Positive branding and soft power: The promotion of Sufism in the war on terror"
4752:
2952:
Guilty until proven innocent: The sacrilegious nature of blasphemy laws Pakistan
2344:, had faced vigorous opposition which was united under the revivalist banner of
2030:
in the year 649 AD and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. During the
6754:
6673:
6633:
6608:
6588:
6523:
6498:
6488:
6473:
3195:
2973:
2829:
2239:
2077:
2055:
1948:
1901:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1725:
1685:
1603:
1573:
1388:
1328:
1268:
1223:
1203:
1178:
1153:
1116:
1101:
1076:
1051:
961:
906:
849:
834:
814:
804:
779:
719:
438:
255:
5359:
Potential for Violence in Pakistan in Madrasas in South Asia: Teaching Terror?
2258:
to continue his work in Pakistan for the establishment of a global caliphate.
61:
6953:
6772:
6593:
6558:
6513:
6508:
6417:
6341:
6248:
5910:
5477:
5372:
5336:
4548:
Pakistan:Between Mosque and Military; §From Islamic Republic to Islamic State
3747:"Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan"
2920:
2912:
2755:
2646:
2642:
2600:
2470:
2369:"Islamisation" was the "primary" policy, or "centerpiece" of his government.
2361:
2275:
2263:
2163:
2119:
2035:
1772:
1767:
1423:
1343:
1183:
1143:
1091:
1086:
1004:
971:
864:
754:
537:
448:
369:
205:
144:
93:
6090:
Pewforum Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved, retrieved 11 March 2015
5900:
2872:, followed by Bazm-e-Tolu-e-Islam. Another Quranist movement in Pakistan is
2671:
allege discrimination by the Pakistani government since 1948, claiming that
5492:
Sunni Barelvis are believed to constitute a thin majority of the population
3729:
3092:"TABLE 9 : POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS - 2023"
3023:
2775:
2747:
2661:
2208:
2115:
1909:
1860:
622:
298:
154:
97:
5844:
Global Jihad and America: The Hundred-Year War Beyond Iraq and Afghanistan
2560:
2556:
Growth in the number of religious madrassahs in Pakistan from 1988 to 2002
1967:. There are also two Mahdi'ist based creeds practised in Pakistan, namely
6782:
5309:
3867:
2954:, recommended wide-ranging changes to Pakistan's laws and legal systems.
2810:
2767:
2723:
2672:
2607:).) Estimates on the Sunni population in Pakistan range from 85% to 90%.
2592:
2565:
2255:
2059:
2047:
1956:
1940:
1917:
250:
245:
235:
6271:
2384:
payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss" payments.
6793:
4420:
Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity
3709:
3147:"The Future of Global Muslim Population: Projections from 2010 to 2013"
2988:
to Islam are increasing. According to victims' families and activists,
2930:
2869:
2864:, Quraniyoon, or Ahle Quran, are also present in Pakistan. The largest
2271:
2267:
2103:
2080:
2063:
1944:
1921:
5761:
4284:
3166:
WORLD’S MUSLIMS: UNITY AND DIVERSITY; Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation
5872:
5169:. Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation. pp. 84–5.
4977:
The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State
4517:
3110:"10 Countries With Largest Muslim Population; Indonesia Ranks Second"
2916:
2751:
2743:
2684:
in the country. Sectarian violence became a recurring feature of the
2518:
2431:
2175:
2087:
The Early Medieval period (642–1219 CE) witnessed the spread of
2051:
2031:
1972:
1960:
1952:
5939:
5155:
quoting article 25, 28, 29, 198 of the 1956 Constitution of Pakistan
4943:
Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (2015).
3611:
2552:
2302:
and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted. The
2038:
had come under influence of Islam and some even participated in the
6938:
5576:
In a Pure Muslim Land: Shi'ism between Pakistan and the Middle East
4924:
4363:
The Right to Development in International Law: The Case of Pakistan
4004:
3981:
2865:
2861:
2833:
2685:
2474:
2462:
2454:
2439:
2435:
2355:
2179:
2003:
1968:
338:
293:
5284:. Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation. p. 83.
2220:
in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world:
2054:
empire, to be made the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-
6340:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5909:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4928:
3982:"What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistan textbooks?"
2841:
2779:
2677:
2522:
2443:
2373:
committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing
2365:
Many diverse Islamic denominations are practised within Pakistan.
2279:
2174:
described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor
2166:. Muhammad Ali Jinnah had developed a close association with the
2015:
1976:
1929:
691:
557:
547:
348:
288:
6386:
4946:
State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security
4285:"Global connections: The crackdown on Hizbut Tahrir intensifies"
2976:
of Sindh province who claims that he has converted over 110,000
2938:
2857:
2837:
2825:
2798:
2790:
2771:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2689:
2596:
2514:
2506:
2497:
2458:
2423:
2375:
2350:
2307:
2299:
2107:
2027:
2011:
1925:
567:
562:
343:
328:
122:
5040:
Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas (2016).
2207:
declared that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to
5982:"Urs celebrations of Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai commence"
5418:"Reviving Pakistan's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism"
4912:
4822:. Woodrow Wilson International Center or Scholars. p. 95
3771:
Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics
3177:
2977:
2969:
2845:
2782:
2693:
2668:
2650:
2529:
2510:
2481:
Possible motivations for the Islamization programme included
2446:
2427:
2403:
2393:
2386:
2295:
2167:
2155:
2095:
2088:
2022:
conquered Makran after defeating the kingdom of Sindh in the
1897:
283:
3735:
3–4 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom:
2700:(HRW) and violent clashes between the two sects are common.
2278:(current day Pakistan) the same figure professed to have an
6044:
4916:
2806:
2604:
2381:
2092:
552:
333:
110:
5310:"An anthropological perspective on the mosque in Pakistan"
5282:
Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan
5167:
Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan
3858:
3856:
1959:. Smaller minority Muslim populations in Pakistan include
4596:... Zia made Islam the centrepiece of his administration.
2818:
6010:
5937:
5642:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
5529:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
5469:
5204:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
4880:
4785:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp.
4720:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp.
4580:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp.
3480:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008"
2583:, 96–97% of the total population of Pakistan is Muslim.
2314:
to channel the interpretation and application of Islam.
2162:
had articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an
5701:"Sectarian Strife Threatens Pakistan's Fragile Society"
5043:
Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan
3853:
2595:. Muslims belong to different schools which are called
2118:, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the
4452:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
3724:
3 million: International Federation for Human Rights:
3710:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (2008-12-04).
3664:"Pakistan must confront Wahhabism | Adrian Pabst"
2653:—known for their prominence in commerce and industry.
1939:
About 97% of Pakistanis are Muslims. The majority are
5482:. International Crisis Group. pp. Page 8–Page 14
5377:. International Crisis Group. pp. Page 8–Page 14
2610:
1928:
school of jurisprudence, which is represented by the
5821:
World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
5409:
4942:
2999:
2500:
the official law of the land. According to the 2013
6202:
European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)
5809:
5434:
4650:. Washington D.C.: United Book Press. p. 400.
3182:
Azad Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir
2948:
European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)
5817:"Pakistan. Main minorities and indigenous peoples"
5791:"Pakistan: Rampant Killings of Shia by Extremists"
5364:
5124:
5039:
4888:
4845:
4778:
4713:
4677:
4637:
4613:Double Jeopardy: Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan
4573:
4511:
4025:
2688:month every year, with sectarian violence between
2469:. Zia-ul-Haq forged a strong alliance between the
2286:After Pakistan's first ever general elections the
6319:"Forced conversions, marriages spike in Pakistan"
6045:Huma Imtiaz; Charlotte Buchen (January 6, 2011).
4389:
4332:
3108:Laila Afifa, Najla Nur Fauziah (6 January 2024).
2340:'s coup, his predecessor, leftist Prime Minister
2234:, became frequent visitors to the country. After
6951:
6161:Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1986 (III of 1986)
6147:
6098:
6096:
4875:separate electorates for minorities in pakistan.
4746:
4744:
4606:
4604:
2591:The majority of the Pakistani Muslims belong to
5630:
4565:
4490:(2006 ed.). I.B.Tauris. pp. 100–101.
5361:Edited by Jamal Malik. Routledge 2008. pp. 64.
5255:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project
4700:a brief history of pakistan zia bolster ulama.
4671:
4669:
4667:
4518:Michael Heng Siam-Heng, Ten Chin Liew (2010).
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
3257:Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk)
2615:The two major Sunni sects in Pakistan are the
2306:also created certain institutions such as the
6809:
6402:
6250:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
6093:
6038:
6004:
5638:"Chapter 5: Boundaries of Religious Identity"
5525:"Chapter 5: Boundaries of Religious Identity"
5415:
4741:
4601:
3979:
3618:
2848:of Allah, as per the old age Sufi tradition.
2603:(also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of Thought) in
2246:, would maintain regular correspondence with
1951:school has gained popularity recently due to
1878:
655:
5940:"Urs of Bahauddin Zakariya begins in Multan"
5938:Dawn Staff Correspondent (27 October 2017).
5762:"This Muharram, Gilgit gives peace a chance"
5416:Curtis, Lisa; Mullick, Haider (4 May 2009).
4524:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 360.
4448:Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism
2442:had supported the creation of Pakistan, and
2317:
1916:). As much as 90% of the population follows
393:Political organisations / movements
6134:"CONSTITUTION (SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974"
5479:A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan
5374:A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan
5116:
4980:. Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
4705:
4664:
4470:
4390:Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011).
4333:Diamantides, Marinos; Gearey, Adam (2011).
4235:. Cambridge University Press. p. 491.
4100:. Cambridge University Press. p. 489.
4065:. Cambridge University Press. p. 497.
4002:
3934:"Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?"
3140:
3107:
3037:History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
6816:
6802:
6409:
6395:
5840:
5834:
5609:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"
3796:
3583:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"
2925:
2290:was created by an elected Parliament. The
2140:
1885:
1871:
662:
648:
5070:
4770:
4675:
4228:
4093:
4058:
3800:India and Indonesia: General Perspectives
3433:
3431:
3276:
3274:
3242:
2449:had also issued fatwas in support of the
2100:rule of several successive Muslim empires
6823:
5783:
4806:
4616:. Human Rights Watch. 1992. p. 19.
4437:
4423:. Oxford University Press. p. 196.
4301:
3681:
3679:
3604:
3474:
3472:
2964:Coerced religious conversion in Pakistan
2717:
2559:
2551:
2528:"Islamic activists" such as much or the
2360:
2178:and also compared Jinnah's death to the
2124:
2068:
6290:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
5847:. SAGE Publishing India. pp. 45–.
5095:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5011:. Pearson Education India. p. 87.
4837:
4751:Paracha, Nadeem F. (3 September 2009).
4750:
4643:
4544:
4255:
4201:
4124:
4034:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3823:
3612:"Non-Fiction: Pakistan's Shia Dynamics"
3317:
3315:
14:
6952:
6189:
5759:
5698:
5660:
5658:
5579:. University of North Carolina Press.
5307:
5251:"What Do You Consider Yourself First?"
5122:
4973:
4886:
4816:ISLAMIZATION AND THE PAKISTANI ECONOMY
4385:
4383:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4089:
4087:
4085:
3890:"Figuring Qasim: How Pakistan was won"
3698:
3689:
3437:
3428:
3399:
3397:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3271:
2891:
2539:
2211:. The president of the Muslim League,
1987:
6797:
6390:
6104:"What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?"
5870:
5866:
5864:
5797:from the original on 29 November 2014
5728:
5699:Broder, Jonathan (10 November 1987).
5694:
5692:
5664:
5572:
5475:
5370:
5179:
5099:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
4843:
4776:
4711:
4647:Pakistan: between mosque and military
4571:
4483:
4416:
4359:
4259:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
4205:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
4128:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
3676:
3499:
3469:
2937:and deny the Muslim character of the
2599:(singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of
2407:(Islamic scholars) were added to the
5931:
5793:. Human Rights Watch. 30 June 2014.
5476:Group, International Crisis (2022).
5453:from the original on 8 December 2003
5440:
5371:Group, International Crisis (2022).
5296:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
5028:
5004:
4812:
4444:Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr (1996).
4443:
4282:
3768:
3575:
3537:
3312:
3214:"Religious Demographics of Pakistan"
3057:Religious discrimination in Pakistan
2879:
2856:Muslims who reject the authority of
2170:. When Jinnah died, Islamic scholar
604:Muslim chronicles for Indian history
77:Regions with significant populations
27:Role and impact of Islam in Pakistan
6288:. Government Research Directorate,
5655:
5601:
5102:. Carnegie Endowment. p. 132.
4487:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
4380:
4353:
4283:Khan, Sher Ali (12 February 2016).
4190:
4151:
4145:
4082:
3954:
3827:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature
3728:Ausgabe 408/2, Januar 2005, S. 61 (
3553:Library of Congress Country Studies
3515:Library of Congress Country Studies
3438:Miller, Tracy, ed. (October 2009).
3394:
3353:
3331:Library of Congress Country Studies
2924:
2641:(or Ithna Ashariyyah) and the
2091:in the region. During this period,
24:
6329:
5877:(6th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
5861:
5760:Taimur, Shamil (12 October 2016).
5689:
4262:. Carnegie Endowment. p. 19.
4208:. Carnegie Endowment. p. 18.
4131:. Carnegie Endowment. p. 16.
2611:Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims
2324:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
2145:
2062:kings who would be subdued by the
2042:. In 712 CE, a young Arab general
589:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia
25:
6996:
6416:
6286:Responses to Information Requests
6110:. 6 November 2014. Archived from
6047:"The Islam That Hard-Liners Hate"
6013:"Sufism Under attack in Pakistan"
5988:. 5 November 2017. Archived from
5298:. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
5200:"Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia"
5180:Zaidi, Shajeel (17 August 2016).
5131:. NY: St.Martin's Press. p.
4895:. NY: St.Martin's Press. p.
4852:. Yale University Press. p.
3631:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
3485:United States Department of State
3413:. October 7, 2009. Archived from
3287:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
2581:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
2203:in the Constituent Assembly. The
1947:make up between 10% and 15%. The
6937:
6777:
6768:
6767:
6335:
6311:
6299:from the original on May 4, 2017
6242:
6217:
6165:
6126:
6084:
6067:
5904:
4781:Pakistan : eye of the storm
4716:Pakistan : eye of the storm
4576:Pakistan : eye of the storm
4305:The Causes of the Bangladesh War
3864:"History in Chronological Order"
3830:. Psychology Press. p. 79.
3196:"Importance of Gilgit-Baltistan"
3016:
3002:
2982:Human Rights Council of Pakistan
2645:(or Seveners); most notably the
2547:
2133:c. 1889 of the marketplace near
1854:
1439:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
765:Democratic Republic of the Congo
684:
628:
616:
594:Muslim nationalism in South Asia
173:
40:
5974:
5753:
5722:
5566:
5542:
5517:
5351:
5308:Mughal, M. A. Z. (2015-05-04).
5301:
5288:
5273:
5257:. 31 March 2010. Archived from
5243:
5218:
5192:
5173:
5158:
5149:
5089:
5064:
4998:
4967:
4936:
4410:
4326:
4295:
4276:
4249:
4222:
4118:
4052:
4019:
3996:
3973:
3948:
3926:
3904:
3882:
3844:
3817:
3790:
3762:
3656:
3032:Freedom of religion in Pakistan
2274:national identity. However, in
2238:took power in a military coup,
6735:British Indian Ocean Territory
6011:Produced by Charlotte Buchen.
5573:Fuchs, Simon Wolfgang (2019).
5071:Philippon, Alix (2018-12-13).
4030:A history of Islamic societies
3206:
3188:
3170:
3159:
3116:
3101:
3084:
2957:
2730:'s most important Sufi shrines
13:
1:
6081:, Retrieved February 16, 2013
5871:Blood, Peter R., ed. (1995).
5329:10.1080/1683478X.2015.1055543
5008:Pakistan: The Struggle Within
3824:Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat (2006).
3077:
2102:in the region, including the
6970:History of Islam in Pakistan
6378:Islam in Pakistan: A History
6173:Khurshid Ahmad vs. The State
4923:Ordinance, but also between
4844:Jones, Owen Bennett (2002).
4777:Jones, Owen Bennett (2002).
4712:Jones, Owen Bennett (2002).
4572:Jones, Owen Bennett (2002).
3237:238,181,034 (July 2021 est.)
2896:
2868:organization in Pakistan is
2851:
2336:. In the year or two before
2172:Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
2014:who was one of the non-Arab
2006:. According to a tradition,
1924:Sunni Muslims belong to the
1906:Islamic Republic of Pakistan
7:
5841:Taj Hashmi (26 June 2014).
5595:10.5149/9781469649818_fuchs
4919:over the issue of the 1979
4680:A Brief History of Pakistan
4026:Ira Marvin Lapidus (2002).
3773:. Oxford University Press.
3545:"Country Profile: Pakistan"
3507:"Country Profile: Pakistan"
3378:Central Intelligence Agency
3323:"Country Profile: Pakistan"
3227:Central Intelligence Agency
2995:
2984:has reported that cases of
2815:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
2478:creeping “Talibanization.”
2411:. Separate electorates for
2409:Council of Islamic Ideology
2312:Council of Islamic Ideology
385:List of mosques in Pakistan
10:
7001:
6366:, 1857–1947, Oxford 2010,
5923:: CS1 maint: postscript (
5441:Pike, John (5 July 2011).
5279:
5164:
5127:Pakistan, a Modern History
4949:. Routledge. p. 167.
4891:Pakistan, a Modern History
4848:Pakistan: Eye of the Storm
4684:. Facts on File. pp.
4396:. Routledge. p. 198.
4366:. Routledge. p. 189.
4339:. Routledge. p. 196.
4229:Dhulipala, Venkat (2015).
4094:Dhulipala, Venkat (2015).
4059:Dhulipala, Venkat (2015).
3797:Heesterman, J. C. (1989).
2961:
2900:
2886:non-denominational Muslims
2711:
2630:
2465:clerics had supported the
2321:
1991:
1982:
401:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
6934:
6831:
6763:
6722:
6682:
6424:
6353:Federal Research Division
6075:A mosque for Qurani Namaz
5879:Federal Research Division
5874:Pakistan: a country study
5280:Kennedy, Charles (1996).
5182:"In defence of Ziaul Haq"
5165:Kennedy, Charles (1996).
5046:. Springer. p. 379.
4974:Cesari, Jocelyne (2014).
4676:Wynbrandt, James (2009).
2707:
2318:Zia ul Haq's Islamization
2114:(1206–1526 CE). The
2074:Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta
1965:nondenominational Muslims
109:
104:
91:
86:
81:
76:
60:
55:
39:
6985:Islam in Asia by country
6484:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
5729:Jones, Brian H. (2010).
5665:Jones, Brian H. (2010).
5096:Haqqani, Husain (2010).
4644:Haqqani, Husain (2005).
4545:Haqqani, Husain (2005).
4360:Iqbal, Khurshid (2009).
4256:Haqqani, Husain (2010).
4202:Haqqani, Husain (2010).
4125:Haqqani, Husain (2010).
3047:Islamization in Pakistan
2737:is a vast term and many
2586:
2457:(and later Ahl-e-Hadith/
2254:(JI), and he also urged
2106:(975–1187 CE), the
1808:Northern Mariana Islands
750:Central African Republic
6745:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6376:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim.
5422:The Heritage Foundation
4393:Islam, Law and Identity
4336:Islam, Law and Identity
4302:Cochrane, Iain (2009).
3636:Oxford University Press
3292:Oxford University Press
2803:Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
2801:(ca. 12th century) and
2626:
2141:In independent Pakistan
2002:during the lifetime of
1900:is the largest and the
1758:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
416:Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan
72:(98% of the population)
4484:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
4417:Grote, Rainer (2012).
4162:on November 21, 2008.
3980:Rubina Saigol (2014).
3912:"The first Pakistani?"
3769:Khan, Nichola (2016).
3178:"AJ&K at a Glance"
3062:Shia Islam in Pakistan
2950:in a report entitled,
2944:Persecution of Ahmadis
2915:of Pakistan, punishes
2731:
2633:Shia Islam in Pakistan
2569:
2557:
2532:(Islamic clerics) and
2438:. A solid majority of
2366:
2270:) professed to have a
2244:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
2227:
2213:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
2193:
2137:
2084:
2076:was patronized by the
2046:conquered most of the
2016:companions of Muhammad
1998:Islam had reached the
1509:Bosnia and Herzegovina
406:Pakistan Muslim League
6380:(Princeton UP, 2018)
5357:Rahman, T. Madrasas:
5005:John, Wilson (2009).
4005:"A case for Gandhara"
2935:"Islamicise" the laws
2903:Blasphemy in Pakistan
2721:
2563:
2555:
2364:
2222:
2205:Objectives Resolution
2201:Objectives Resolution
2188:
2158:(Islamic clergy) and
2128:
2122:(1526–1857 CE).
2072:
1429:Saint Kitts and Nevis
927:São Tomé and Príncipe
770:Republic of the Congo
6825:Religion in Pakistan
6659:United Arab Emirates
6292:. January 14, 2013.
5123:Talbot, Ian (1998).
4887:Talbot, Ian (1998).
4003:Shazia Rafi (2015).
3626:"Pakistan, Islam in"
3282:"Pakistan, Islam in"
3052:Religion in Pakistan
2787:Baha-ud-din Zakariya
2774:(ca. 11th century),
2036:many Hindus of Sindh
1254:United Arab Emirates
690:World percentage of
411:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam
266:Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
6975:Islam-related lists
6928:Freedom of religion
6686:limited recognition
6360:Raja, Masood Ashraf
6229:The Express Tribune
5986:The Express Tribune
5883:Library of Congress
5613:Pew Research Center
3955:Paracha, Nadeem F.
3614:. 10 November 2019.
3587:Pew Research Center
3559:Library of Congress
3521:Library of Congress
3488:. 19 September 2008
3449:Pew Research Center
3410:Pew Research Center
3337:Library of Congress
3156:Accessed July 2013.
3042:Islam in South Asia
2909:Pakistan Penal Code
2892:Contemporary issues
2830:Sarwari Qadri Order
2726:is one of southern
2540:Islamic way of life
2502:Pew Research Center
2342:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
2000:Indian subcontinent
1988:Before independence
1955:influence from the
1449:Trinidad and Tobago
1289:Antigua and Barbuda
635:Pakistan portal
261:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
82:Throughout Pakistan
46:Eid Prayers at the
36:
6182:2013-03-14 at the
6054:The New York Times
6017:The New York Times
5992:on 9 November 2020
5966:has generic name (
5942:. Dawn (newspaper)
5554:www.britannica.com
5509:has generic name (
5447:GlobalSecurity.org
5401:has generic name (
5317:Asian Anthropology
4993:counterproductive.
3936:. Dawn. 2014-04-08
3892:. Dawn. 2012-07-19
3373:The World Factbook
3222:The World Factbook
3152:2013-07-23 at the
3067:Sufism in Pakistan
2732:
2714:Sufism in Pakistan
2698:Human Rights Watch
2570:
2558:
2367:
2330:General Zia-ul-Haq
2236:General Zia-ul-Haq
2232:Muslim Brotherhood
2138:
2085:
2044:Muhammad bin Qasim
2020:Rashidun caliphate
2010:was a trader from
1354:Dominican Republic
434:Jamiat Ahle Hadith
275:Schools of thought
228:Muhammad ibn Qasim
137:Islam in Pakistan
33:Pakistani Muslims
32:
6960:Islam in Pakistan
6947:
6946:
6791:
6790:
6728:other territories
6372:978-0-19-547811-2
6252:(30 April 2013).
6177:PLD 1992 Lahore 1
6073:Ali Usman Qasmi,
5919:cite encyclopedia
5854:978-93-5150-426-9
5735:. Brian H Jones.
5671:. Brian H Jones.
5586:978-1-4696-4979-5
4558:978-0-87003-214-1
4152:Hussain, Rizwan.
4045:978-0-521-77933-3
3837:978-0-415-36686-1
3672:. 20 August 2009.
2986:forced conversion
2926:قانون توہین رسالت
2880:Nondenominational
2682:Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
2658:Pakistan Movement
2621:Deobandi movement
2572:According to the
2467:Pakistan Movement
2451:Pakistan Movement
2304:1973 Constitution
2288:1973 Constitution
2250:, the founder of
2248:Abul A’la Maududi
2199:, introduced the
2135:Wazir Khan Mosque
2110:Kingdom, and the
2018:. In 644 AD, the
1994:Pakistan Movement
1895:
1894:
785:Equatorial Guinea
672:
671:
576:
575:
375:Mosques in Lahore
167:Islam in Pakistan
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
6992:
6942:
6941:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6781:
6771:
6770:
6740:Christmas Island
6426:Sovereign states
6411:
6404:
6397:
6388:
6387:
6356:
6339:
6338:
6323:
6322:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6298:
6283:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6193:
6187:
6169:
6163:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6100:
6091:
6088:
6082:
6079:The Friday Times
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6025:
6019:. Archived from
6008:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5959:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5922:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5868:
5859:
5858:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5732:Around Rakaposhi
5726:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5696:
5687:
5686:
5668:Around Rakaposhi
5662:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5634:
5628:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5368:
5362:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5314:
5305:
5299:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5261:on 25 April 2019
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5130:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5037:
5026:
5025:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4894:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4784:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4719:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4683:
4673:
4662:
4661:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4579:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4481:
4468:
4467:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4199:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4167:
4158:. Archived from
4149:
4143:
4142:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4091:
4080:
4079:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3860:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3708:over 2 million:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3647:
3642:on June 18, 2013
3638:. Archived from
3622:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3451:. Archived from
3446:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3364:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3327:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3298:on June 18, 2013
3294:. Archived from
3278:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3072:Islam by country
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2946:). In 2020, the
2928:
2927:
2795:Shahbaz Qalander
2662:Sir Aga Khan III
2617:Barelvi movement
2328:On 5 July 1977,
2197:Liaquat Ali Khan
2131:Edwin Lord Weeks
2104:Ghaznavid Empire
2008:Baba Ratan Hindi
1914:Gilgit Baltistan
1887:
1880:
1873:
1861:Islam portal
1859:
1858:
1857:
1818:Papua New Guinea
1783:Marshall Islands
1753:Christmas Island
1716:Northern Ireland
688:
678:Islam by country
674:
673:
664:
657:
650:
633:
632:
631:
623:Islam portal
621:
620:
619:
464:
463:
429:Tehrik-e-Jafaria
361:
191:Islamic conquest
177:
163:
162:
152:
142:
96:, Minority: 10%
69:
56:Total population
44:
37:
31:
21:
18:Pakistani Muslim
7000:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6965:Law of Pakistan
6950:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6936:
6932:
6827:
6822:
6792:
6787:
6759:
6727:
6718:
6699:Northern Cyprus
6685:
6678:
6420:
6415:
6348:Country Studies
6345:
6336:
6332:
6330:Further reading
6327:
6326:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6247:
6243:
6234:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6184:Wayback Machine
6170:
6166:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6114:on 5 April 2019
6102:
6101:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6026:on May 28, 2012
6023:
6009:
6005:
5995:
5993:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5963:
5962:
5953:
5952:
5945:
5943:
5936:
5932:
5916:
5915:
5905:
5893:
5885:. p. 128.
5869:
5862:
5855:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5754:
5743:
5727:
5723:
5709:
5707:
5705:Chicago Tribune
5697:
5690:
5679:
5663:
5656:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5618:
5616:
5615:. 9 August 2012
5607:
5606:
5602:
5587:
5571:
5567:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5506:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5456:
5454:
5443:"Barelvi Islam"
5439:
5435:
5426:
5424:
5414:
5410:
5398:
5397:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5369:
5365:
5356:
5352:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5293:
5289:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5230:Washington Post
5224:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5206:. 30 April 2013
5198:
5197:
5193:
5186:Express Tribune
5178:
5174:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5094:
5090:
5081:
5079:
5069:
5065:
5054:
5038:
5029:
5019:
5003:
4999:
4988:
4972:
4968:
4957:
4941:
4937:
4907:
4885:
4881:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4842:
4838:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4753:"Pious follies"
4749:
4742:
4732:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4674:
4665:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4592:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4482:
4471:
4464:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4316:
4300:
4296:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4200:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4168:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4123:
4119:
4108:
4092:
4083:
4073:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3978:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3870:on 23 July 2010
3862:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3767:
3763:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3669:TheGuardian.com
3662:
3661:
3657:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3592:
3590:
3589:. 9 August 2012
3581:
3580:
3576:
3564:
3562:
3561:. February 2005
3547:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3526:
3524:
3523:. February 2005
3509:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3489:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3342:
3340:
3339:. February 2005
3325:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3301:
3299:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3259:. 5 August 2023
3252:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3231:
3229:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3160:
3154:Wayback Machine
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:Pakistan portal
3008:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2966:
2960:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2882:
2854:
2716:
2710:
2635:
2629:
2613:
2589:
2550:
2542:
2534:Jamaat-e-Islami
2399:Jamaat-e-Islami
2346:Nizam-e-Mustafa
2326:
2320:
2256:Dr. Israr Ahmed
2252:Jamaat-e-Islami
2148:
2146:Nature of state
2143:
2112:Delhi Sultanate
2050:region for the
2040:Battle of Camel
2024:battle of Rasil
1996:
1990:
1985:
1943:(85-90%) while
1891:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1828:Solomon Islands
1743:
1733:
1732:
1629:North Macedonia
1479:
1469:
1468:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1007:
997:
996:
705:
695:
668:
639:
629:
627:
617:
615:
572:
532:
492:
453:
444:Tablighi Jamaat
424:Jamaat-e-Islami
359:
353:
315:
270:
215:
196:Arab settlement
161:
160:
159:
158:
150:
148:
140:
100:
71:
64:
51:
48:Badshahi Mosque
35:پاکستانی مسلمان
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6998:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6945:
6944:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6888:Zoroastrianism
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6832:
6829:
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6821:
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6813:
6806:
6798:
6789:
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6764:
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6758:
6757:
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6706:
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6690:
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6666:
6661:
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6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6418:Islam in Asia
6414:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6374:
6357:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6324:
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6270:
6241:
6216:
6205:. 7 April 2020
6188:
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6159:, inserted by
6146:
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5629:
5600:
5585:
5565:
5541:
5516:
5468:
5433:
5408:
5363:
5350:
5323:(2): 166–181.
5300:
5294:Malik, Jamal.
5287:
5272:
5242:
5217:
5191:
5172:
5157:
5148:
5141:
5115:
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5088:
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3468:
3427:
3393:
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3205:
3187:
3169:
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3128:www.pbs.gov.pk
3115:
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3049:
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3039:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3013:
2997:
2994:
2990:Mian Abdul Haq
2980:to Islam. The
2974:Badin District
2972:from Matli in
2959:
2956:
2933:, in order to
2901:Main article:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2881:
2878:
2853:
2850:
2722:The shrine of
2712:Main article:
2709:
2706:
2651:Khoja Ismailis
2647:Dawoodi Bohras
2631:Main article:
2628:
2625:
2612:
2609:
2588:
2585:
2577:World Factbook
2549:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2322:Main article:
2319:
2316:
2240:Hizb ut-Tahrir
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2129:A painting by
2078:Mughal Emperor
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1902:state religion
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1864:
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1850:
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1739:
1738:
1735:
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1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1706:United Kingdom
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1646:
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1596:
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1471:
1470:
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1456:
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1366:
1361:
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1306:
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1296:
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1029:
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1019:
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1008:
1003:
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998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
893:
892:
890:Western Sahara
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
701:
700:
697:
696:
689:
681:
680:
670:
669:
667:
666:
659:
652:
644:
641:
640:
638:
637:
625:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
601:
591:
583:
582:
578:
577:
574:
573:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
531:
530:
528:Dari (Persian)
525:
520:
515:
510:
504:
501:
500:
494:
493:
491:
490:
488:Indo-Saracenic
485:
480:
474:
471:
470:
460:
459:
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
439:Dawat e Islami
436:
431:
426:
420:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
395:
394:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
372:
364:
363:
355:
354:
352:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
325:
322:
321:
320:Schools of law
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
258:
256:Muhammad Iqbal
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
231:
230:
222:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
179:
178:
170:
169:
149:
139:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
107:
106:
102:
101:
92:Majority: 90%
89:
88:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
67:240.76 million
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6997:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:Islam in Asia
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6940:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
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6909:
6906:
6904:
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6889:
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6861:
6859:
6856:
6852:
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6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
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6834:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6807:
6805:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:South Ossetia
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6383:
6382:online review
6379:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6343:
6342:public domain
6334:
6333:
6320:
6314:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6245:
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6109:
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6099:
6097:
6087:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6007:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5969:
5964:|author=
5957:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5920:
5912:
5911:public domain
5902:
5898:
5894:
5892:0-8444-0834-4
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
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5867:
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5818:
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5796:
5792:
5786:
5779:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5742:9780980810721
5738:
5734:
5733:
5725:
5718:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5680:
5678:9780980810721
5674:
5670:
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5661:
5659:
5643:
5639:
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5604:
5596:
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5404:
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5144:
5142:9780312216061
5138:
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5119:
5111:
5109:9780870032851
5105:
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5100:
5092:
5078:
5074:
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5060:
5055:
5053:9781349949663
5049:
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5024:
5020:
5018:9788131725047
5014:
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5009:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4987:9781107513297
4983:
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4956:9781317448204
4952:
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4906:9780312216061
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4796:9780300097603
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4731:9780300097603
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4623:9781564320636
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4527:
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4497:9781845112578
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4449:
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4430:9780199910168
4426:
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4405:
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4399:
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4315:9781445240435
4311:
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4269:9780870032851
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4242:9781316258385
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3508:
3502:
3487:
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3475:
3473:
3458:on 2009-10-10
3454:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3417:on 2010-03-27
3416:
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3258:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3104:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3014:
3011:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:criminal code
2910:
2904:
2889:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Muslim Orders
2757:
2756:Suhrawardiyya
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:Ismaili Shias
2640:
2639:Twelver Shias
2634:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2601:jurisprudence
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2548:Denominations
2545:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:raison d'être
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:Shariat Court
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:West Pakistan
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:East Pakistan
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:Islamic state
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:Muslim League
2136:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:Mughal Empire
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:New Caledonia
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:Liechtenstein
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:United States
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:French Guiana
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1001:
1000:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:Guinea-Bissau
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
704:
699:
698:
693:
687:
683:
682:
679:
676:
675:
665:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
645:
643:
642:
636:
626:
624:
614:
613:
611:
610:
605:
602:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
584:
580:
579:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
543:
542:
539:
536:
535:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
503:
502:
499:
496:
495:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
473:
472:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
450:
449:Sunni Tehreek
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
392:
391:
386:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
370:Faisal Mosque
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
357:
356:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
324:
323:
319:
318:
312:
309:
307:
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
274:
273:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
226:
225:
224:
223:
220:Major figures
219:
218:
212:
209:
207:
206:Mughal Empire
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
181:
180:
176:
172:
171:
168:
165:
164:
156:
146:
145:Sunni Muslims
138:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
94:Sunni Muslims
90:
85:
80:
75:
68:
63:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
30:
19:
6878:Bahá'í Faith
6863:Christianity
6835:
6724:Dependencies
6654:Turkmenistan
6619:Saudi Arabia
6598:
6377:
6363:
6347:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6285:
6273:
6261:. Retrieved
6257:
6244:
6233:. Retrieved
6231:. 2012-01-23
6228:
6219:
6207:. Retrieved
6200:
6191:
6172:
6167:
6149:
6137:. Retrieved
6128:
6116:. Retrieved
6112:the original
6107:
6086:
6078:
6069:
6057:. Retrieved
6053:
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6021:the original
6016:
6006:
5994:. Retrieved
5990:the original
5976:
5944:. Retrieved
5933:
5873:
5843:
5836:
5824:. Retrieved
5820:
5811:
5799:. Retrieved
5785:
5776:
5769:. Retrieved
5765:
5755:
5746:
5731:
5724:
5715:
5708:. Retrieved
5704:
5682:
5667:
5646:. Retrieved
5644:. 2012-08-09
5641:
5632:
5624:
5617:. Retrieved
5612:
5603:
5575:
5568:
5557:. Retrieved
5553:
5544:
5533:. Retrieved
5531:. 2012-08-09
5528:
5519:
5507:|last1=
5491:
5484:. Retrieved
5478:
5471:
5462:
5457:25 September
5455:. Retrieved
5436:
5425:. Retrieved
5411:
5399:|last1=
5379:. Retrieved
5373:
5366:
5358:
5353:
5320:
5316:
5303:
5295:
5290:
5281:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5259:the original
5254:
5245:
5233:. Retrieved
5229:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5203:
5194:
5185:
5175:
5166:
5160:
5151:
5126:
5118:
5098:
5091:
5080:. Retrieved
5076:
5066:
5059:influential.
5057:
5042:
5022:
5007:
5000:
4991:
4976:
4969:
4960:
4945:
4938:
4920:
4910:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4867:. Retrieved
4847:
4839:
4831:
4824:. Retrieved
4815:
4808:
4800:
4780:
4772:
4760:. Retrieved
4756:
4735:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4679:
4646:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4612:
4595:
4575:
4567:
4547:
4540:
4520:
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4486:
4447:
4439:
4419:
4412:
4392:
4362:
4355:
4335:
4328:
4319:
4308:. Lulu.com.
4304:
4297:
4288:
4278:
4258:
4251:
4231:
4224:
4204:
4163:
4160:the original
4154:
4147:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4096:
4076:
4061:
4054:
4029:
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3975:
3964:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3928:
3916:. Retrieved
3906:
3894:. Retrieved
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3846:
3826:
3819:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3770:
3764:
3750:. Retrieved
3739:2005, S. 130
3736:
3725:
3715:. Retrieved
3700:
3691:
3667:
3658:
3650:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:the original
3629:
3620:
3606:
3598:
3591:. Retrieved
3586:
3577:
3569:
3563:. Retrieved
3551:
3539:
3531:
3525:. Retrieved
3513:
3501:
3490:. Retrieved
3483:
3460:. Retrieved
3453:the original
3440:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:the original
3408:
3388:
3382:. Retrieved
3371:
3347:
3341:. Retrieved
3329:
3306:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3285:
3261:. Retrieved
3256:
3244:
3236:
3230:. Retrieved
3220:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3161:
3142:
3131:. Retrieved
3127:
3118:
3103:
3086:
3024:Islam portal
2967:
2951:
2906:
2883:
2873:
2855:
2823:
2809:, Sindh and
2776:Sultan Bahoo
2748:Naqshbandiya
2733:
2702:
2666:
2655:
2636:
2614:
2590:
2571:
2543:
2527:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2430:and between
2421:
2402:
2392:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2349:
2345:
2327:
2292:Constitution
2285:
2266:(modern day
2260:
2228:
2225:nationality.
2223:
2194:
2189:
2154:leadership,
2149:
2116:Lodi dynasty
2096:missionaries
2086:
1997:
1938:
1936:traditions.
1910:Azad Kashmir
1896:
1763:Cook Islands
1249:Turkmenistan
1209:Saudi Arabia
1188:
952:South Africa
942:Sierra Leone
730:Burkina Faso
581:Other topics
483:Indo-Islamic
468:Architecture
299:Ahl-i Hadith
211:Sectarianism
201:Islamic rule
166:
155:Shia Muslims
136:
98:Shia Muslims
66:
29:
6923:Scientology
6783:Asia portal
6684:States with
6604:Philippines
6544:South Korea
6539:North Korea
6434:Afghanistan
6303:January 17,
6118:21 November
5946:15 February
5801:16 November
5771:31 December
5710:31 December
5619:26 December
4762:20 December
4180:|work=
4011:19 February
3940:19 February
3918:19 February
3896:19 February
3593:26 December
3555:on Pakistan
3517:on Pakistan
3368:"Religions"
3333:on Pakistan
3112:. tempo.co.
2958:Conversions
2911:, the main
2860:, known as
2811:Rehman Baba
2768:Ali Hajweri
2739:Sufi orders
2724:Rukn-e-Alam
2593:Sunni Islam
2566:Data Durbar
2521:and 71% in
2334:coup d'état
2060:Hindu Shahi
1957:Middle East
1918:Sunni Islam
1803:New Zealand
1696:Switzerland
1624:Netherlands
1434:Saint Lucia
1364:El Salvador
1199:Philippines
1127:South Korea
1122:North Korea
1012:Afghanistan
957:South Sudan
830:Ivory Coast
251:Sultan Bahu
246:Bulleh Shah
241:Baba Fareed
6954:Categories
6918:Irreligion
6664:Uzbekistan
6639:Tajikistan
6554:Kyrgyzstan
6534:Kazakhstan
6454:Bangladesh
6444:Azerbaijan
6235:2018-04-03
6186:, para. 35
5648:2023-01-01
5559:2023-06-26
5535:2023-07-01
5427:2011-07-31
5265:4 December
5235:4 December
5210:4 December
5082:2021-03-30
4869:9 December
4863:0300101473
4826:30 January
4629:3 December
4503:5 December
4463:0195096959
4113:Aurangzeb.
3966:2018-01-09
3874:15 January
3810:9004083650
3717:2012-06-28
3686:2303–2319.
3646:2010-08-29
3565:2010-09-01
3527:2010-09-01
3492:2010-08-28
3462:2010-08-28
3421:2010-08-28
3384:2021-07-14
3343:2010-09-01
3302:2010-08-29
3232:2021-07-14
3133:2024-06-19
3078:References
2970:missionary
2962:See also:
2931:Zia-ul Haq
2870:Ahle Quran
2564:The famed
2417:Christians
2371:Zia-ul-Haq
2338:Zia-ul-Haq
2268:Bangladesh
2180:Muhammad's
2081:Shah Jahan
2064:Ghaznavids
1992:See also:
1788:Micronesia
1666:San Marino
1619:Montenegro
1599:Luxembourg
1339:Costa Rica
1259:Uzbekistan
1234:Tajikistan
1139:Kyrgyzstan
1112:Kazakhstan
1062:East Timor
1032:Bangladesh
1022:Azerbaijan
937:Seychelles
897:Mozambique
870:Mauritania
855:Madagascar
745:Cape Verde
694:by country
498:Literature
6908:Shamanism
6873:Ahmadiyya
6750:Hong Kong
6704:Palestine
6629:Sri Lanka
6624:Singapore
6504:Indonesia
6171:Cf. e.g.
5499:cite book
5391:cite book
5337:1683-478X
5077:Brookings
4925:Deobandis
4182:ignored (
4172:cite book
3988:14 August
3961:Scroll.in
3803:. BRILL.
3752:April 30,
3263:15 August
2917:blasphemy
2897:Blasphemy
2874:Ahlu Zikr
2852:Quranists
2752:Chishtiya
2744:Qadiriyya
2519:Indonesia
2517:, 36% in
2513:, 51% in
2509:, 59% in
2432:Deobandis
2182:passing.
2176:Aurangzeb
2032:Caliphate
1973:Ahmadiyya
1961:Quranists
1922:Pakistani
1748:Australia
1659:Tatarstan
1594:Lithuania
1464:Venezuela
1409:Nicaragua
1379:Guatemala
1294:Argentina
1219:Sri Lanka
1214:Singapore
1194:Palestine
1082:Indonesia
1072:Hong Kong
875:Mauritius
598:Pakistani
105:Languages
87:Religions
50:in Lahore
6893:Buddhism
6858:Hinduism
6773:Category
6694:Abkhazia
6644:Thailand
6599:Pakistan
6579:Mongolia
6574:Maldives
6569:Malaysia
6469:Cambodia
6294:Archived
6258:Refworld
6209:14 April
6180:Archived
6157:S. 295-C
6139:24 April
6108:BBC News
5956:cite web
5901:32394669
5826:9 August
5795:Archived
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4757:Dawn.com
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2649:and the
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2191:enemies.
2056:Mansurah
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2034:of Ali,
2004:Muhammad
1969:Mahdavia
1934:Deobandi
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1721:Scotland
1681:Slovenia
1676:Slovakia
1644:Portugal
1514:Bulgaria
1444:Suriname
1419:Paraguay
1394:Honduras
1349:Dominica
1334:Colombia
1304:Barbados
1282:Americas
1239:Thailand
1189:Pakistan
1169:Mongolia
1164:Maldives
1159:Malaysia
1047:Cambodia
992:Zimbabwe
967:Tanzania
800:Ethiopia
795:Eswatini
775:Djibouti
740:Cameroon
725:Botswana
379:Badshahi
294:Deobandi
6903:Jainism
6898:Judaism
6868:Sikhism
6669:Vietnam
6584:Myanmar
6564:Lebanon
6494:Georgia
6449:Bahrain
6439:Armenia
6059:May 21,
6030:May 21,
6024:(video)
5996:5 March
5778:killed.
5486:20 July
5381:20 July
2838:tariqas
2826:tariqas
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2444:Barelvi
2280:Islamic
2272:secular
1983:History
1977:Karachi
1953:Wahabbi
1949:Hanbali
1930:Barelvi
1920:. Most
1904:of the
1843:Vanuatu
1741:Oceania
1711:England
1701:Ukraine
1649:Romania
1609:Moldova
1569:Ireland
1564:Iceland
1559:Hungary
1549:Germany
1539:Finland
1534:Estonia
1529:Denmark
1524:Czechia
1519:Croatia
1504:Belgium
1499:Belarus
1494:Austria
1489:Andorra
1484:Albania
1459:Uruguay
1399:Jamaica
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1299:Bahamas
1264:Vietnam
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1149:Lebanon
1067:Georgia
1027:Bahrain
1017:Armenia
977:Tunisia
947:Somalia
932:Senegal
917:Réunion
912:Nigeria
902:Namibia
885:Morocco
880:Mayotte
845:Liberia
840:Lesotho
790:Eritrea
760:Comoros
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1579:Kosovo
1554:Greece
1544:France
1477:Europe
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1324:Canada
1319:Brazil
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1107:Jordan
1097:Israel
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860:Malawi
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2089:Islam
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1945:Shias
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907:Niger
850:Libya
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805:Gabon
780:Egypt
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538:Music
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