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2779:
1488:
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195:
58:
1516:
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1066:
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The drum was synchronised with the transmission drum by means of the "Start of Page", and "Start of Line" information inherent in the
Muirhead system. Printing was effected by a hardened steel blade driven by, initially, a loudspeaker-type moving coil, then by a printed-circuit coil, and finally by a
998:
The idea was later taken up again, this time in digital and on-screen form, under the new name of CEEFAX, meaning "see facts". The new system was announced in
October 1972, and following test transmissions in 1972β74, the Ceefax system went live on 23 September 1974 with thirty pages of information.
1402:
continued to be broadcast until less than two days before the Ceefax service was closed down, the final transmission being in the early hours of Monday 22 October 2012 which featured special continuity announcements and a specially created end caption featuring various Ceefax graphics from over the
1370:
was increasingly marginalised by the BBC's move towards a near-continuous service, although BBC2 only gradually expanded its broadcasting hours when schools programming was not being shown. By the start of the 1990s, Ceefax broadcasts were shown once a day, and for periods of around 15β30 minutes.
1213:
In
September 2019, the BBC announced that the Red Button service would be discontinued in 2020, which would've ended 45 years of text content delivery via TV broadcast in Britain. However, on 29 January 2020, one day before the scheduled date of shutdown, the BBC suspended its decision, pending a
1313:
Initially the in-vision broadcasts featured a variety of different topics β news, sport, weather and BBC TV listings. Other topics would be included from time to time, such as financial news, travel news, a recipe and information about the BBC. In late 1989 the Ceefax service was relaunched as a
1115:
service was seen as an alternative to Ceefax and since 2007 the number of regions with a Ceefax-supported analogue signal had declined as digital switchover progressed across the UK. As of the end of 2011, three-quarters of the UK TV regions had completed or were in the process of being switched
1209:
or the text button on any BBC channel. As well as being able to display plain text, BBC Red Button offers richer graphics than Ceefax and a number of interactive video streams. Pages can be navigated to by scrolling with the remote or entering the correct page number; most of the page numbers
954:
During the late 1960s, engineers Geoff Larkby and Barry Pyatt at the
Designs Department (Television Group) of the BBC worked on an experimental analogue text transmission system. Its object was to transmit a printable page of text during the nocturnal "close-down" period of normal television
870:
To receive a desired page of text on a teletext-capable receiver, the user entered a three-digit page number on the device. The selected page was displayed on the user's screen as it was transmitted, requiring a wait of several seconds. There were many pages to choose from, and they could be
1461:
computer introduced in August 2016 by Peter Kwan. To view Teefax, enthusiasts connect a
Raspberry Pi running appropriate software to the signal input of a Teletext-capable TV. Kwan said: "It's like the modern-day equivalent of restoring steam engines. It's completely useless but it keeps us
999:
Created in the United
Kingdom in the early 1970s by the Philips Lead Designer for VDUs John Adams, his design was given to the BBC so they could start transmission. The BBC were working on ways of providing televisual subtitles for deaf people, it was the first teletext system in the world.
1056:
The basic technology of Ceefax remained compatible with the 1976 unified rollout; system elaborations in later years were made such that earlier receivers were still able to do a basic decode of pages, but would simply ignore enhanced information rather than showing corrupted data.
1358:
From May 1983, BBC1 began to transmit Ceefax pages during their daytime downtime periods. This continued until Friday 24 October 1986, three days before BBC1 launched a full daytime schedule, resulting in the only Ceefax transmission on BBC1 being the weekday 6.00am
1296:
was a selection of content from the Ceefax service and normally only shown in the absence of any other programming. It consisted of selected Ceefax pages transmitted as an ordinary TV picture, viewable on any receiver. Audio accompaniment consisted of
1210:
previously used on Ceefax are the same on BBC Red Button, such as sports being on page number 301 with football on 302 and football results on 316. The new BBC Red Button
Service is used as much as Ceefax and is especially popular among football fans.
625:
1081:
Until 2012, the BBC's Ceefax service was still providing information on topics covering News, Sport, Weather, TV Listings and
Businesses. The pages were kept up to date until the UK digital switchover was completed on Tuesday 23 October 2012.
1053:(a home computer available in the United Kingdom). The telesoftware broadcasts stopped in 1989. A similar idea was the French C Plus Direct satellite channel which used different, higher speed technology to broadcast PC software.
959:, then Director General of the BBC, was interested in making farming and stock-market prices available as hard copy via the dormant TV transmitters. The remit received by BBC Designs Department was "the equivalent of one page of
1135:'s "Five Text" ancillary service closed in 2011. A limited analogue teletext service through ITV and Channel 4 was still available through terrestrial until the digital switchover was completed on 23 October 2012.
871:
displayed either on a black background or superimposed over the broadcast programme picture. This latter feature made it technically possible for the first time for
British broadcasters to transmit
987:
1322:
In-vision Ceefax was first shown in March 1980, originally in 30-minute slots and by mid-1983 it was a common filler during daytime downtime. Transmissions were originally billed on-air as
1214:
review into it, after there were protests concerning certain demographics of people β for example, the elderly β with regards to what impact the removal of the service would have on them.
1042:, he said that viewers got instant results for the recent snooker championships through its computers, rather than Oracle which had its reporter reading the scores through the telephone.
1146:
turned off the last analogue TV signal in
Northern Ireland. A series of graphics on Ceefax's front page marked its 38 years on the BBC. BBC News' website also has memories of Ceefax.
970:, and Larkby & Pyatt's own, unique, design of hard-copy printer. This printer used pressure-sensitive "till-roll" paper passing over a drum with a raised helix of steel wire.
1305:
had been accessible at any time of day on teletext-equipped televisions on page 198 (BBC1) and 298 (BBC2), moving to page 196 in November 1992 and to page 152 in November 1996.
1314:
news-focused service and the in-vision sequence became a news-only service plus a weather forecast. A headline page for business, sport and travel reappeared in 1992.
978:. The combination of rotating helix and oscillating moving blade, with the till-roll paper moving linearly between them, enabled a raster to be drawn on the paper.
2828:
2660:
1018:
After technical negotiations, the two broadcasters settled in 1974 on a single standard, different from both Ceefax and ORACLE, which ultimately developed into
3008:
1788:
1462:
occupied." The service has 12 pages of up-to-date news and Kwan hopes to create an online archive of old teletext pages from Britain, Germany and France.
1534:
1022:(1976), and which remained in use for analogue broadcasts until 2012. The display format of 24 rows by 40 columns of characters was also adopted for the
2998:
2053:
2048:
219:
214:
1621:
1944:
1186:
1411:
and for other continuity. Since then, overnight downtime has been filled with a rolling loop of previews of forthcoming BBC Two programmes.
1574:
991:
2655:
2604:
1189:
in the UK saw the closure of Ceefax in October 2012. Its replacement, BBC Red Button, is available on most digital services including
1003:, the BBC's Director of Engineering at the time, was a particular enthusiast. Other broadcasters soon took up the idea, including the
733:
1138:
At 23:32:19 BST on 23 October 2012, Ceefax was switched off after 38 years of providing news, weather and sport information when the
1978:
2254:
434:
2588:
1249:
Pages were retrieved using a three-digit number. From the 1996 relaunch onwards, the main sections were organised as follows:
717:
1662:
1345:
799:
1154:
3003:
1894:
1850:
1241:
systems, text and simple graphics are transmitted in-band with the picture signal, and decoded by controller circuitry.
2835:
1004:
859:
in 1974 and ended, after 38 years of broadcasting, at 23:32:19 BST (11:32 PM BST) on 23 October 2012, in line with the
2733:
2186:
1266:
941:
349:
17:
923:
2708:
2384:
1878:
1111:
It was announced that Ceefax would not be replaced when the analogue signal was switched off in October 2012. The
2688:
1206:
2391:
2319:
1529:
919:
499:
2443:
2020:
1086:
571:
1914:
1339:
On 28 February 1983, BBC1 started to air a selection of Ceefax pages every weekday morning at 6.00am called
2448:
576:
1701:
1687:
2620:
2593:
2468:
2197:
2127:
1643:
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broadcast on BBC1 was on 9 November 1997. However, occasional Ceefax broadcasts continued to be shown on
756:
751:
722:
596:
360:
295:
1029:
The technology became the standard European teletext system and replaced other standards, including the
2279:
2065:
459:
231:
2977:
2539:
1375:
in 1995, Ceefax was shown during overnight downtime on BBC Two for the first time, although latterly
792:
664:
1988:
1613:
2764:
2528:
1395:
1015:
became popular, Ceefax pages were often the first location to report a breaking story or headline.
904:
653:
1832:
3013:
2759:
2453:
2379:
1890:
1571:
1119:
Ceefax was the last remaining text service available via analogue TV transmissions in the UK, as
1036:
Graham Clayton was its news executive and began working for Ceefax in 1978. In an interview with
915:
908:
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2335:
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785:
591:
413:
1432:
from 1983 until 1997, and in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some ITV companies broadcast
1398:
as a filler between the end of an opt-out and rejoining the national network. On BBC Two,
875:
that could be turned on or off by the viewer, rather than as part of the broadcast image.
8:
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283:
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2013:
1423:
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1038:
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688:
586:
559:
489:
444:
345:
169:
116:
2635:
2545:
2149:
2115:
1387:
1298:
1217:
The BBC Red Button service is currently seen on all BBC TV and BBC Radio channels.
1120:
864:
818:
771:
670:
2473:
2403:
2352:
2070:
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1441:
1439:
which consisted of Teletext pages showing job vacancies and related information.
1164:
1150:
966:
Their system employed a modified rotating-drum facsimile transmitter designed by
601:
529:
403:
236:
2345:
1993:
2299:
2294:
2284:
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2249:
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2192:
2082:
2043:
1591:
1449:
showed in-vision pages from the Skytext service during its overnight downtime.
1180:
1132:
1112:
1105:
1089:
service, but later brought back a limited service, including a TV schedule for
1012:
852:
479:
474:
464:
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429:
365:
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248:
209:
38:
1962:
1900:
986:
2992:
2408:
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1428:
1391:
1371:
They were shown before the first programme of the day. When the BBC launched
1301:
or sometimes a discontinuous tone. The limited set of rolling pages shown on
1190:
1139:
1128:
1101:
1100:
The BBC has tried to reuse the old Ceefax page numbers where possible on the
534:
494:
174:
1073:
2931:
2782:
2698:
2426:
2340:
2172:
2006:
1556:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1458:
1445:
also used Teletext pages in its first few years on air. In its early days,
1194:
1159:
1046:
554:
408:
335:
2921:
2630:
2479:
2374:
2222:
2167:
2144:
2094:
1983:
1789:"The 2017 election awards: from best eating of a Pringle to biggest dolt"
1750:
1351:
1328:
956:
766:
607:
517:
385:
330:
312:
260:
2958:
2792:
2599:
2269:
2120:
2099:
2077:
1773:
1479:
728:
449:
288:
265:
243:
1085:
In 2002, the BBC stopped broadcasting Ceefax on the digital satellite
1011:
teletext system, at around the same time. Before the Internet and the
2950:
2738:
2683:
2438:
2289:
2217:
2212:
2139:
2132:
2060:
1434:
1419:
1270:
1168:
1124:
1050:
566:
469:
380:
375:
307:
300:
226:
1487:
893:
2844:
2304:
2259:
2207:
2177:
1379:
filled many of the late-night/early morning gaps in the schedules.
1238:
848:
484:
439:
370:
340:
57:
2916:
2743:
2723:
2703:
2693:
1922:
1446:
1262:
400s β Weather and Travel (including 480 β Golf and 490 β Tennis)
1225:
The Ceefax/ORACLE standard was internationalised in the 1980s as
1202:
1094:
1090:
1077:
The final seconds before the switch off, seen on 23 October 2012.
1045:
In 1983, Ceefax started to broadcast computer programs, known as
1023:
975:
128:
122:
31:
194:
2718:
1901:"The final Pages From Ceefax in full, 22 October 2012, BBC Two"
1501:
827:
2873:
1727:
1234:
1230:
2880:
2813:
2728:
1276:
600s β TV and Radio Listings (including 660 β Horse Racing)
2029:
1237:
BT.653) of 1986 as CCIR Teletext System B. As with other
1065:
856:
833:
186:
113:
95:
1989:
BBC News article celebrating 30th anniversary of Ceefax
1567:
1565:
1998:
1414:
839:
836:
830:
824:
1945:"Teefax: a nostalgic return to the days of teletext"
1562:
1469:
1229:, which was adopted into the international standard
851:
information service and a forerunner to the current
1535:
Timeline of in vision teletext broadcasts in the UK
821:
1403:years. The music chosen for the final minutes was
883:
1326:but daytime transmissions were not listed in the
2990:
1868:BBC Genome Project β BBC1 listings 21 March 1983
27:Teletext information service operated by the BBC
1833:"BBC Two England β 7 January 1984 β BBC Genome"
1457:Teefax is a revamped version of Ceefax for the
963:newspaper to be transmitted during shut-down".
974:special ceramic piezo element manufactured by
2829:
2014:
1898:
1851:"The History of Pages from Ceefax (part 2/3)"
1751:"Ceefax service to end after 38 years on BBC"
1205:. BBC Red Button is accessed by pressing the
793:
3009:2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1552:
1550:
1807:"BBC to switch off red button text in 2020"
981:
922:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2836:
2822:
2021:
2007:
1007:(IBA), who had developed the incompatible
800:
786:
56:
2999:1973 establishments in the United Kingdom
1702:"Whitehaven analogue TV switch-off nears"
1657:
1655:
1547:
1332:until 7 January 1984, under the title of
1174:
990:Early test data being received in 1972 β
942:Learn how and when to remove this message
1786:
1725:
1349:at 6.30am. It is first mentioned in the
1072:
1064:
985:
1699:
1167:a "Best Policy" award for the latter's
14:
2991:
1663:"Putting the final touches to SBCTEXT"
1652:
1648:. Microform Review. 1984. p. 380.
1265:500s β Entertainment (including 555 β
2817:
2002:
1961:A few pages of Teefax can be seen on
1407:, which had been frequently used for
2973:
2798:
1771:
1748:
1317:
1286:
1244:
1069:Ceefax page, seen on 5 October 2008.
920:adding citations to reliable sources
887:
1700:Tryhorn, Chris (13 November 2007).
1343:which would lead into the start of
855:service. Ceefax was started by the
24:
1899:JX866 Mashups (28 November 2012).
1624:from the original on 3 August 2001
1415:Similar services on other channels
1005:Independent Broadcasting Authority
25:
3030:
2734:Local Democracy Reporting Service
1972:
1131:service closed in December 2009.
2972:
2890:
2797:
2787:
2778:
2777:
1787:Heritage, Stuart (8 June 2017).
1514:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1033:system formerly used in France.
892:
817:
193:
2689:BBC UK regional TV on satellite
2589:New Broadcasting House, Cardiff
1955:
1937:
1907:
1883:
1879:BBC Genome Blog 27 October 2016
1872:
1861:
1843:
1825:
1799:
1780:
1772:Shah, Priya (23 October 2012).
1765:
1742:
884:Early electro-mechanical system
718:New Broadcasting House, Cardiff
2546:White City & Media Village
1749:Hand, John (23 October 2012).
1719:
1693:
1688:How we assign our page numbers
1681:
1636:
1606:
1584:
1559:Points of View 9 November 2008
1530:Timeline of teletext in the UK
671:White City & Media Village
13:
1:
1540:
1366:From the late 1980s onwards,
1220:
1171:pledge to bring back Ceefax.
1108:Ceefax-replacement services.
37:For the album by Fridge, see
2843:
2449:British Broadcasting Company
2320:Yorkshire & Lincolnshire
577:British Broadcasting Company
500:Yorkshire & Lincolnshire
7:
2621:Broadcasting House, Belfast
1465:
757:Broadcasting House, Bristol
752:Broadcasting House, Belfast
10:
3035:
3004:1974 in British television
2600:Drama Village (Roath Lock)
1726:Meridian (31 March 2011).
1308:
1178:
1060:
878:
729:Drama Village (Roath Lock)
36:
29:
2970:
2943:
2899:
2888:
2851:
2773:
2752:
2671:
2648:
2613:
2581:
2554:
2516:
2501:
2417:
2365:
2328:
2240:
2231:
2160:
2108:
2036:
1452:
1426:from 1983 until 1989 and
168:
163:
138:
106:
101:
91:
86:
78:
70:
55:
48:
2280:North East & Cumbria
2198:Design & Engineering
1979:BBC Ceefax at BBC Online
1396:BBC One Northern Ireland
1163:gave political satirist
982:Fully electronic version
957:Sir Hugh Carleton Greene
847:) was the world's first
460:North East & Cumbria
361:Design & Engineering
30:Not to be confused with
2028:
1774:"Ceefax: your memories"
1592:"Ceefax: A love letter"
523:BBC Studios Productions
512:Commercial subsidiaries
1577:23 August 2018 at the
1175:BBC Red Button service
1104:and digital satellite
1078:
1070:
995:
2867:World System Teletext
2636:Pacific Quay, Glasgow
1614:"The Teletext Museum"
1572:Test Cards and Ceefax
1227:World System Teletext
1155:2017 general election
1076:
1068:
1020:World System Teletext
989:
772:Pacific Quay, Glasgow
2765:Programme Identifier
2631:MediaCityUK, Salford
2385:Natural History Unit
1963:this ITV news report
1903:– via YouTube.
1594:. BBC. 18 April 2012
1382:The last nationwide
1256:200s β Business News
916:improve this section
767:MediaCityUK, Salford
414:BBC Northern Ireland
2760:Programme Catalogue
2572:Pebble Mill Studios
1915:"Teletext Projects"
1837:genome.ch.bbc.co.uk
1813:. 16 September 2019
1618:teletext.mb21.co.uk
1187:analogue switch-off
699:Pebble Mill Studios
422:BBC English Regions
398:Nations and regions
119:(via "Text" button)
2944:Other developments
2656:Television licence
2626:BBC Elstree Centre
2605:BBC Hoddinott Hall
2594:Broadcasting House
2567:Mailbox Birmingham
2535:Maida Vale Studios
2524:Broadcasting House
2444:Board of Governors
2392:Home Entertainment
1984:Last day of Ceefax
1645:Videodisc/teletext
1422:showed pages from
1269:results and 570 β
1079:
1071:
996:
968:Alexander Muirhead
861:digital switchover
762:BBC Elstree Centre
734:BBC Hoddinott Hall
723:Broadcasting House
694:Mailbox Birmingham
660:Maida Vale Studios
649:Broadcasting House
572:Board of Governors
92:Production company
2986:
2985:
2811:
2810:
2644:
2643:
2540:Television Centre
2397:Demon Music Group
2361:
2360:
2183:BBC World Service
1951:. 10 August 2016.
1667:The Straits Times
1409:Pages from Ceefax
1400:Pages from Ceefax
1384:Pages from Ceefax
1373:The Learning Zone
1368:Pages from Ceefax
1334:Pages from Ceefax
1318:In-vision history
1303:Pages from Ceefax
1294:Pages from Ceefax
1288:Pages from Ceefax
1245:Pages and content
1097:; and subtitles.
1039:The Straits Times
952:
951:
944:
810:
809:
665:Television Centre
346:BBC World Service
181:
180:
142:23 September 1974
79:Original language
71:Country of origin
63:Pages from Ceefax
18:Pages from Ceefax
16:(Redirected from
3026:
2979:Commons category
2976:
2975:
2894:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2514:
2513:
2336:Northern Ireland
2238:
2237:
2150:BBC independence
2128:Director-General
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1994:Ceefax simulator
1966:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1921:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1904:
1887:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1859:
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1841:
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1518:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1388:BBC One Scotland
1324:Ceefax in Vision
1267:National Lottery
1144:Dame Mary Peters
947:
940:
936:
933:
927:
896:
888:
865:Northern Ireland
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
802:
795:
788:
296:Director-General
197:
183:
182:
159:
157:
149:
147:
102:Original release
60:
46:
45:
21:
3034:
3033:
3029:
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2989:
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2939:
2895:
2886:
2847:
2842:
2812:
2807:
2769:
2748:
2667:
2640:
2614:Other locations
2609:
2577:
2550:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2469:First day of TV
2413:
2404:BBC Studioworks
2367:
2357:
2324:
2233:
2227:
2156:
2104:
2032:
2027:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1925:on 13 June 2017
1913:
1912:
1908:
1895:Wayback Machine
1888:
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1669:. 23 May 1983
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1355:on 21 March.
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932:December 2014
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587:Controversies
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560:Sound Archive
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2454:Coat of arms
2368:subsidiaries
2087:
1957:
1949:The Guardian
1948:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1918:
1909:
1891:Ghostarchive
1889:Archived at
1885:
1874:
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1836:
1827:
1817:16 September
1815:. Retrieved
1810:
1801:
1793:The Guardian
1792:
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1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1730:. Digital UK
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1706:The Guardian
1705:
1695:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1666:
1644:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1586:
1557:Pete Clifton
1522:2000s portal
1508:1990s portal
1494:1980s portal
1459:Raspberry Pi
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1184:
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1047:telesoftware
1044:
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914:Please help
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606:
582:Coat of arms
409:BBC Scotland
253:
62:
49:
43:
2936:TRT TelegΓΌn
2922:ExtraVision
2480:Radio Times
2380:Productions
2375:BBC Studios
2232:Nations and
2168:BBC Academy
2161:Departments
2145:BBC Charter
1855:The TV Room
1673:13 December
1628:24 December
1581:BBC Archive
1363:broadcast.
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1329:Radio Times
1299:stock music
1253:100s β News
1087:Sky Digital
994:and numbers
626:HD timeline
608:Radio Times
518:BBC Studios
331:BBC Academy
325:Departments
313:BBC Charter
177:(1993β2010)
172:(1978β1992)
131:(1980β2012)
125:(1980β1997)
2993:Categories
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2959:Guide Plus
2555:Birmingham
2529:Lime Grove
2504:properties
2366:Commercial
2329:Rest of UK
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2203:Monitoring
2193:Television
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1757:23 October
1541:References
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2133:Tim Davie
1690:BBC Blogs
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