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353:, spoke out against Padilla's incarceration, and the resulting controversy came to be known as "the Padilla affair." The affair stirred a schism among political critics across the world, bringing many who had previously supported the Fidel Castro government to reconsider their position. The international criticism led to increased cultural polarization within Cuba as the government viewed the reaction as a foreign conspiracy.
294:, a Chilean diplomat critical of the Castro government, would also support Otero's views that Padilla sought international recognition, noting that Padilla's interactions with foreigners attracted the attention of Cuba's intelligence service. Padilla's contact with foreign individuals reportedly included those working with the CIA, though this has been disputed.
204:, where leaders of the PSP accused them of being divisive and not truly socialist. The heated nature of these debates demanded the intervention of Fidel Castro, himself, who then, in this speech, outlined the government's cultural policy: there will be tolerance towards all forms of artistic expression, as long as there was a basic support for the Revolution.
277:
Congress of
Writers and Artists in 1968 that further defined the role of the writer in Cuba, stating that the writer has to not only support the Revolution, but contribute to it through utilizing literature as a "weapon against weakness and problems which, directly or indirectly, could hinder this advance."
325:
Padilla was released thirty-seven days after being imprisoned, but not before delivering a statement of self-criticism to a UNEAC meeting. In this statement he had confessed to the charges brought against him, describing himself to be what his adversaries accused him of being: a counterrevolutionary,
276:
the magazine of the armed forces, under the name
Leopaldo Avila, prompting a stricter outline of the government's cultural policy. The conditional tolerance of Cuban literature required more than just a basic support for the Revolution. Thus a declaration of principles was created and approved at the
169:
Padilla's criticism of the Castro government was prompted by the changing role of the writer in the new revolutionary society of Cuba, and the brewing hostilities between Cuban cultural bureaucrats and the Cuban writers. During the 1960s, writers in Cuba had shown strength and vigor in the production
307:
With the strengthening of the overall cultural policy of the Cuban government in an attempt to avoid the weakening of the
Revolutionary ideology, vigilance towards Cuban writers had increased, punishing them for even slightly deviating from Castro's communist praxis. Thus on March 20, 1971, Heberto
316:
was
Padilla's conception of history, where he described time as a circle. This was seen as counterrevolutionary. In UNEAC's official point of view, they stated, "He has expressed his anti-historical attitude by means of exalting individualism in opposition to collective demands of a country in the
235:
calling it one of the most brilliant, ingenious and profoundly Cuban novels ever written. Therefore, Padilla not only attacked Otero, a high-ranking cultural official, but also praised
Cabrera Infante, who had publicly condemned the Revolution and the conditions of writers within Cuba, dangerously
267:
where he outlines the difference between a good revolutionary and a bad revolutionary. Although the poem, as well as the book, presents a critical stance on the
Revolution, it does so to prevent the Revolution from "supra-bureaucracy or militarization". The decision, however, was upheld, and
262:
was published, the UNEAC had heavily criticized the decision, and underwent a series of discussions about the counterrevolutionary nature of the book. The series of poems contained blatant revolutionary skepticism, especially in the poem titled
285:
According to Cuban accounts, Padilla stirred controversy in an attempt to attract foreign attention towards his work. Writer José Lorenzo
Fuentes had already been removed from the UNEAC in 1967 for his critical work and alleged contact with
423:
with whom he had his younger son
Ernesto Padilla. His marriage to Belkis Cuza Male ended in divorced. Survivors include; three children from his first marriage and a son from his second marriage.
207:
Padilla grew frustrated with the government's interference in cultural affairs. In 1968, this underlying tension manifested in a debate published in the cultural magazine,
326:
subtle, insidious, and malignant. He had also accused other writers, including his own wife, and urged them to follow his lead of conforming to the
Revolutionary society.
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After his first marriage to Bertha
Hernandez with whom he had three children, Giselle Padilla, Maria Padilla and Carlos Padilla, he married poet
975:
251:
337:. After Padilla's statement of self-criticism, a number of prominent Latin American, North American, and European intellectuals, including
317:
midst of historical development and by also stating his idea of time as a reoccurring a repeating circle instead of an ascending line."
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was published with a political disclaimer, but the criticisms of Padilla's work did not halt here. A series of articles were posted in
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branding Padilla as an ally to a traitor of the Revolution. Following this scandal, the editorial board of
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290:(CIA) and according to Otero, Padilla saw this scandal as an opportunity to receive foreign attention.
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The confession raised concerns that the Cuban government had begun to stage events reminiscent to the
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Though Padilla was released from prison, he was still not allowed to leave the country until 1980.
312:. To illustrate the trivial nature of revolutionary vigilance, one of the charges brought against
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as well as Otero, who was the Vice President of the Cultural Council. Padilla proceeded to praise
838:(Ed. conmemorativa, 1968-1998; 1. ed. conmemorativa ed.). Miami, Fla.: Ediciones Universal.
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868:""Cuba, ¡qué linda es Cuba!": Carlos Monsiváis, las izquierdas mexicanas y la Revolución cubana"
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723:. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo, 1934-, University of Pittsburgh. : University of Pittsburgh Press. 1971.
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when he was imprisoned for criticizing the Cuban government. He was born in Puerta de Golpe,
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Quesada, Luis M. (1975). ""Fuera del juego": A Poet's Appraisal of the Cuban Revolution".
254:(UNEAC), awarded the "Julián de Casal" to Heberto Padilla's collection of critical poems,
8:
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a novel that was considered for the Spanish Biblioteca Breve award, but was beat out by
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a film about night life in Cuba. This perpetuated already existing distrust between the
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CULTURE AND THE CUBAN STATE participation, recognition, and dissonance under communism
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in 1968, which would allow it to be published and distributed to the public. Before
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380:. Farrar Straus & Giroux published several editions of his poetry, a novel,
470:, bilingual anthology, Playor, Madrid, Georgetown University Cuban series, 1974
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which published this debate, was fired and Padilla lost his job working at the
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among other Cuban writers, were invited to a series of discussions at the
452:, Cuadernos de Poesía 10 (Sets of Poems 10), La Tertulia, La Habana, 1964
403:, Columbus GA, 1999–2000. He died on 25 September 2000 while teaching at
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He was the Elena Amos Distinguished Scholar in Latin American Studies at
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488:, anthology created by Belkis Cuza Malé, Linden Lane Press, 2013
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of cultural institutions and creative material, including the
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one of the government sanctioned news outlets in Cuba.
927:"The Arrest of Heberto Padilla and Belkis Cuza Malé"
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Padilla's frustration was only exacerbated when the
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was shown on. Following this crisis, the writers of
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129:(20 January 1932 – 25 September 2000) was a
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378:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
192:who had sponsored the television platform that
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308:Padilla was arrested and jailed for his work,
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252:National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba
211:where Padilla wrote a scathing critique of
577:"Heberto Padilla, 68, Cuban Poet, Is Dead"
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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612:"The Miseducation of Mario Vargas Llosa"
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468:Poesía y política - Poetry and Politics
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511:En mi jardín pastan los héroes
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382:En mi jardín pastan los héroes
376:. Padilla was a Fellow at the
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894:"The Case of Heberto Padilla"
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682:Wilkinson, Stephen (2006).
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388:), and a book of memoirs,
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225:Guillermo Cabrera Infante
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769:YVON., GRENIER (2017).
651:Encyclopædia Britannica
186:Popular Socialist Party
176:and the publication of
122:Heberto Padilla (1981).
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474:El hombre junto al mar
444:El justo tiempo humano
364:He lived in New York,
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931:Words without borders
925:Male, Belkis (2008).
773:. : LEXINGTON BOOKS.
492:Una época para hablar
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281:Foreign interactions
233:Tres Tristes Tigres,
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178:Lunes de Revolución
150:The Audacious Roses
686:. pp. 72–76.
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339:Mario Vargas Llosa
238:El Caimán Barbudo,
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