519:. Frequently they appear to have been constructed for whānau (extended family) size groups. The topography was often flat, although a headland or spur location was favoured. The lake frontage was usually protected with a single row of palisades but the landward boundary was protected by a double row. Mangakaware swamp pā, Waikato, had an area of about 3,400 m. There were 137 palisade post holes identified. The likely total number of posts was about 500. It contained eight buildings within the palisades, six of which have been identified as whare, the largest of which was 2.4 m x 6 m. One building was possibly a cooking shelter and the last a large storehouse. There was one rectangular structure, 1.5 m x 3 m, just outside the swampside palisades which was most likely either a drying rack or storehouse. Swamps and lakes provided eels, ducks,
377:
678:
larger population when competition for resources meant that less well-provisioned neighbours might be tempted to raid your larder. This last factor more than any other gave impetus to the rise and spread, from north to south, of fortified hilltops which came to be known as pa. They probably originated from a need to protect kumara tubers; but they persisted and became more important when population growth, competition for all resources, the pursuit of mana or authority for one's own group, and a generally more martial culture meant that communities increasingly had to protect themselves from immediate neighbours or from marauding enemies from further afield.
180:
353:
550:
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171:(subtribe). Early European scholarly research on pā typically considered pā as isolated points settlements, analogous to European towns. Typically pā were a part of a greater area of seasonal occupation. The area in between pā were primarily common residential and horticultural sites. Over time, some pā may have become more important as places of display and as a symbol of status (tohu rangatira), rather than purely defensive locations.
40:
595:
Nukuhau pā, Waikato River near Stubbs Road. This is a triangular shape pā formed on a flat raised spur with the
Waikato River on one side 200m long, a gully with a stream on the long west axis 200 m long and two man made ditches on the narrower southern axis, 107m long. The average slope to the river
489:
padding in the later gunfighter pā, the two lines of palisade covering a firing trench with individual pits, while more defenders could use the second palisade to fire over the heads of the first below. Simple communication trenches or tunnels were also built to connect the various parts, as found at
324:
Most food was grown outside the pā, though in some higher ranked pā designs there were small terraces areas to grow food within the palisades. Guards were stationed on the summit during times of threat. The blowing of a polished shell trumpet or banging a large wooden gong signaled the alarm. In some
506:
at the same time. Normally, once the kūmara had been harvested in March–April and placed in storage the inhabitants could lead a more itinerant lifestyle, trading, or harvesting gathering other foodstuffs needed for winter but this did not stop war taking place outside this time frame if the desire
424:
Simpler gunfighter pā of the post contact period could be put in place in very limited time scales, sometimes two to fifteen days, but the more complex classic constructions took months of hard labour, and were often rebuilt and improved over many years. The normal methods of attacking a classic pā
497:
A limiting factor of the Māori fortifications that were not built as set pieces, however, was the need for the people inhabiting them to leave frequently to cultivate areas for food, or to gather it from the wilderness. Consequently, pā would often be seasonally abandoned for 4 to 6 months of each
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leaves. The Rou was slipped over the palisade and then pulled by a team of toa until the wall fell. Gunfighter pā could resist bombardment for days with limited casualties although the psychological impact of shelling usually drove out defenders if attackers were patient and had enough ammunition.
677:
The period of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been termed transitional . the practice that developed of preserving kumara tubers in storage pits (a process that had been unnecessary in a tropical climate) meant that communities had to remain with those pits, particularly in an era of
204:, palisades, fighting stages, outpost stages, underground dug-posts, mountain or hill summit areas called "tihi", defended by more multiple wall palisades with underground communication passages, escape passages, elaborate traditionally carved entrance ways, and artistically carved main posts.
195:
around the village stronghold, and several elevated stage levels from which to defend and attack. A pā maioro, general construction used multiple ramparts, earthen ditches used as hiding posts for ambush, and multiple rows of palisades. The most sophisticated pā was called a pā whakino, which
320:
These storage whare had internal drains to drain water. In many pā studies, kūmara were stored in rua (kūmara pits). Common or lower rank Māori whare were on the lower or outer land, sometimes partly sunk into the ground by 30–40 cm. On the lower terraces, the ngutu (entrance gate) is
434:
Some historians have wrongly credited Māori with inventing trench warfare with its associated variety of earth works for protection. Serious military earth works were first recorded in use by French military engineers in the 1700s and were used extensively at
442:. Māori's undoubted skill at constructing earthworks evolved from their skill at building traditional pā which, by the late 18th century, involved considerable earthworks to create rua (food storage pits), ditches, earth ramparts and multiple terraces.
230:
would be slung on a frame that when struck would alarm the residents of an attack. The pahu was a large oblong piece of wood with a groove in the middle. A heavy piece of wood was struck from side to side of the groove to sound the alarm. The
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for utu or payback was great. To Māori, summer was the normal fighting season and this put them at a huge disadvantage in conflicts with the
British Army with its well-organized logistics train which could fight efficiently year round.
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were firstly the surprise attack at night when defences were not routinely manned. The second was the siege which involved less fighting and results depended on who had the better food resources. The third was to use a device called a
392:
Their main defence was the use of earth ramparts (or terraced hillsides), topped with stakes or wicker barriers. The historically later versions were constructed by people who were fighting with muskets and melee weapons (such as
344:. They are also known from earlier periods of Māori history from around 500 years ago, suggesting that Māori iwi ranking and the acquiring of resources and territory began to bring about warfare and led to an era of pā evolution.
143:
Almost all pā were constructed on prominent raised ground, especially on volcanic hills. The natural slope of the hill is then terraced. Dormant volcanoes were commonly used for pā in the area of present-day
494:
or
Ruapekapeka. The forts could even include underground bunkers, protected by a deep layer of earth over wooden beams, which sheltered the inhabitants during periods of heavy shelling by artillery.
454:
realised that these properties were a good counter to the greater firepower of the
British. With that in mind, they sometimes built pā purposefully as a defensive fortification, like at
289:
for pā construction, and for the making process of other industrial tools like
Polynesian fish hooks. Another find in Northland pā studies was the use of what Māori call "kokowai", or
321:
situated. It had a low fence to force attackers to slow and take an awkward high step. The entrance was usually overlooked by a raised stage so attackers were very vulnerable.
301:
or a plant resin. Māori used the chemical compound to keep insects away in pā built in more hazardous platforms in war. The compound is still widely used on whare and
458:, a new pā constructed specifically to draw the British away, instead of protecting a specific site or place of habitation like more traditional classic pā. At the
167:
Recent studies have shown that in most cases, few people lived long-term in a single pā, and that iwi maintained several pā at once, often under the control of a
92:. Over 5,000 sites have been located, photographed and examined, although few have been subject to detailed analysis. No pā have been yet located from the early
372:
Some 19th-century (gunfighter) pā built specifically for defense against gunpowder weapons sometimes even provided overlapping fields of fire for the defenders.
226:
Standard features included a community well for long-term supply of water, designated waste areas, an outpost or an elevated stage on a summit on which a
1012:
531:. This was a built on a much larger scale. Large numbers of carved wooden artefacts were found preserved in the peat. These are on display at the nearby
1036:
1726:
317:. These houses or storage houses were equipped with wide racks to hold hand-woven kūmara baskets at an angle of about 20 degrees, to shed water.
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with swampy margins. At the high point was a substantial earth works with trenches and parapets. The pā was bombarded from ships and land using
502:(witch doctor/shaman) had attributed to an evil spirit (atua). In the 1860s, Māori, though nominally Christian, still followed aspects of their
1731:
585:
1685:
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the
British suffered 45 casualties against only 30 amongst the Māori. The British learned from earlier mistakes and listened to their Māori
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was the most common weapon. The chief's stronghold on the summit could be bigger than a normal whare, some measuring 4.5 meters x 4 meters.
1625:
208:
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while Kawiti lived. Afterwards, British engineers twice surveyed the fortifications, produced a scale model and tabled the plans in the
285:, was the most commonly used stone, with thousands of pieces being found in some Northland digs. Chips or flakes of chert were used as
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1655:
1632:
759:
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Rangiriri (Waikato), a gunfighter pā built in 1863 by
Kingites. This pā resembles a very long trench running east–west between the
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in
Britain and that New Zealand had twice that number but further work since then has raised the number of known pā to over 5,000.
1270:
566:, represent one of the largest known sites as well as one of the largest prehistoric earthworks fortifications known worldwide.
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Pā excavated in
Northland have provided numerous clues to Māori tool and weapon manufacturing, including the manufacturing of
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year. In Māori tradition a pā would also be abandoned if a chief was killed or if some calamity took place that a
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did not construct pā during early periods, but used forest locations for defence, attack and refuge – called
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Traditional pā took a variety of designs. The simplest pā, the tuwatawata, generally consisted of a single wood
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Pā studies showed that on lower pā terraces were semi-underground whare (huts) about 2.4 m x 2 m for housing
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1529:
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This view of
Huriawa Peninsula shows how Māori often chose nearly impregnable natural landforms as pā sites.
17:
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733:
Murdoch, Graeme (1992). "Wai Karekare - 'The Bay of the Boisterous Seas'". In Northcote-Bade, James (ed.).
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
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The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64)
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in Otago, occupied a narrow, jagged, and easily defended peninsula built in the mid 18th century by
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won the battle and "he carried his point", with the Crown never tried to resurrect the flagstaff at
243:(chiefs) were often built on the summit with a weapons storage. In the 17th and 18th centuries the
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weapons, and an abundance of various hammer tools which had accumulated over hundreds of years.
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333:. Leading British archaeologist, Lady Aileen Fox (1976) has stated that there were about 2,000
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The Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand in Relation to Environmental and Biotic Changes
429: – a half-metre length of strong wood attached to a stout length of rope made from
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Chert, a fine-grained, easily worked stone, familiar to Māori from its extensive use in
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466:. The pā was subjected to two weeks of bombardment before being successfully attacked.
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148:. Pā are multipurpose in function. Pā that have been extensively studied after the
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trunks sunk about 1.5m in the ground and split timber, with bundles of protective
131:(chieftain). Māori built pā in various defensible locations around the territory (
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Murihiku Pa: An Investigation of Pa Sites in the Southern Areas of New Zealand
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794:"Matakawau Stingray Point Pa Excavation, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island 1955–56"
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215:; some pā were built exclusively to safely store food. Pā locations include
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and more recently were found to safeguard food- and water-storage sites or
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is a well-known example of a pā using swamp as a key part of its defence.
527:, Waikato, the ancient settlement of the Ngāti Apakura, very close to the
523:(swamp hen) and in some cases fish. The largest of this type was found at
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368:
81:
1207:
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The fortifications of such a purpose-built pā included palisades of hard
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Riri - traditional Māori warfare - Preparations and entering into battle
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generally included all the other features plus more food storage areas,
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Fox noted that lake pā were quite common inland in places such as the
1485:
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413:, who were equipped with swords, rifles, and heavy artillery such as
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pā in rocky terrain, boulders were used as weapons. Some iwi such as
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101:
1319:
1227:
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219:, spurs, headlands, ridges, peninsulas and small islands, including
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577:, established around 1650 and still occupied by Māori in the 1840s.
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135:) of an iwi to protect fertile plantation-sites and food supplies.
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http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/riri-traditional-maori-warfare/page-5
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297:, which is finely ground, then mixed with an oily substance like
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New Zealand History online: First Taranaki war erupts at Waitara
168:
1282:
418:
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164:), and small integrated plantations, maintained inside the pā.
84:– and also to fortified villages. Pā sites occur mainly in the
658:(reprint ed.). Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited.
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1111:(Report). Wellington: New Zealand Department of Conservation.
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Shifting Grounds: Deep Histories of Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland
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period when early Polynesian-Māori colonizers lived in
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village or defensive settlement, but often refers to
851:. Davidson, Johnson; Longman, Paul. Auckland, 1987 (
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An important feature of pā that set them apart from
100:. Variations similar to pā occur throughout central
127:(tribe or tribal confederacy), as personified by a
758:
1698:
966:Early Māori Military Engineering Skills Honoured
737:. West Auckland Historical Society. p. 22.
123:(prestige or power) and strategic ability of an
27:Village or fortified settlement in Māori culture
760:"The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1851"
1148:
998:', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand,
782:
384:and settlers in a pā whakairo (carved pā) in
293:, a red dye made from red iron or aluminium
119:In Māori culture, a great pā represented the
792:; Emmitt, Joshua; Wallace, Roderick (2017).
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360:, showing the stepped nature and the wood
1373:Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements
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235:(a Māori dwelling place or hut) of the
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1727:Former populated places in New Zealand
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1106:Fortifications of the New Zealand Wars
1099:(Master of Arts). University of Otago.
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621:New Zealand Wars: Strategy and tactics
211:forts was their incorporation of food
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1732:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
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340:Pā played a significant role in the
944:. R.E. Owen, Wellington. p. 87
917:. R.E. Owen, Wellington. p. 74
899:Chris Pugsley.NZ Defence Quarterly.
24:
1172:Indigenous people of New Zealand (
1083:
655:The Penguin History of New Zealand
25:
1748:
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735:West Auckland Remembers, Volume 2
596:is 12m at an angle of 70 degrees.
1656:Influence on New Zealand English
1063:"The Maoris of the South Island"
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1343:Minister for Māori Development
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876:New Zealand Journal of Ecology
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799:Records of the Auckland Museum
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652:(2003). "First Colonisation".
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1:
1034:One Tree Hill - Use and value
976:, Issue 70, May 2008, Page 09
938:"The Capture of Rua-pekapeka"
911:"The Capture of Rua-pekapeka"
849:The prehistory of New Zealand
636:
76:– fortified settlements with
68:in English) can refer to any
1213:United Tribes of New Zealand
1123:Archaeological Remains of Pā
985:(Sutton, Furey and Marshall)
558:The old pā remains found on
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7:
1013:"History of the Kaiapoi Pa"
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1002:(accessed 19 January 2021)
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1090:Potts, Kirsty N. (2014).
1049:Auckland Regional Council
562:, close to the center of
88:of New Zealand, north of
1104:Prickett, Nigel (2016).
380:An 1863 meeting between
1722:Māori words and phrases
1045:Auckland volcanic field
879:, 12(s): 115–129, 1989.
45:Maungawhau / Mount Eden
1676:Te Wiki o te Reo Māori
1671:Māori language revival
1240:Māori protest movement
1191:Māori migration canoes
812:10.32912/RAM.2018.52.3
702:Bridget Williams Books
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98:the lower South Island
48:
1607:Representative teams
1015:. Waimakariri Library
970:engineering dimension
936:Cowan, James (1955).
909:Cowan, James (1955).
710:10.7810/9781988587332
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460:Battle of Ruapekapeka
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1707:Forts in New Zealand
1127:Heritage New Zealand
769:Adam Matthew Digital
450:Warrior chiefs like
386:Hawke's Bay Province
104:, in the islands of
57:Māori pronunciation:
32:For other uses, see
1378:Tino rangatiratanga
1358:Māori King movement
1061:Pybus, T A (1954).
529:battle of Hingakaka
356:Model of a pā on a
175:Traditional designs
1433:Polynesian culture
1421:Ghosts and spirits
1235:Land confiscations
1218:Treaty of Waitangi
1039:2008-05-21 at the
873:. McGlone, M. S..
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259:(volcanic glass),
221:artificial islands
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1353:Māori electorates
719:978-1-988587-33-2
200:, more terraces,
183:Pūtiki pā on the
158:food-storage pits
114:Marquesas Islands
16:(Redirected from
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86:North Island
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43:Terraces on
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1621:Rugby union
1508:Instruments
1208:Musket Wars
1019:25 February
948:11 November
921:11 November
492:Ohaeawai Pā
456:Ruapekapeka
438:and in the
421:artillery.
198:water wells
139:Description
1701:Categories
1570:Navigation
1453:Taha Māori
1073:2009-06-10
1043:(from the
836:Q104815050
774:18 October
637:References
533:Te Awamutu
472:Kororareka
411:constables
409:and armed
331:pā runanga
327:Ngāi Tūhoe
267:, flakes,
90:Lake Taupō
18:Pa (Māori)
1603:Mau rākau
1593:Kī-o-rahi
1525:Tattooing
1486:Kapa haka
1468:Whakapapa
1411:Mythology
1266:Australia
1262:Diaspora
820:1174-9202
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631:Nan Madol
468:Hōne Heke
415:howitzers
362:palisades
335:hillforts
291:red ochre
283:Polynesia
251:Artifacts
237:rangatira
217:volcanoes
129:rangatira
102:Polynesia
78:palisades
74:hillforts
51:The word
1737:Pā sites
1648:Language
1638:Waka ama
1558:Kaitiaki
1530:Textiles
1438:Religion
1401:Funerals
1330:Politics
1310:Religion
1174:Aotearoa
1129:website)
1037:Archived
832:Wikidata
828:90016661
696:(2021).
615:See also
608:Kai Tahu
604:Karitane
564:Auckland
545:Examples
535:museum.
511:Swamp pā
358:headland
299:fish oil
257:obsidian
202:ramparts
193:palisade
146:Auckland
112:and the
82:terraces
1611:Cricket
1598:Tapu ae
1545:Science
1520:Pounamu
1416:Deities
1396:Cuisine
1388:Culture
1250:Society
1203:Moriori
1183:History
602:, near
600:Huriawa
539:Kaiapoi
517:Waikato
504:tikanga
500:tohunga
309:Storage
272:chisels
269:pounamu
209:British
187:in 1850
1515:Poetry
1320:Whānau
1283:Hauora
1228:Kūpapa
1125:(from
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483:pūriri
464:allies
436:Crimea
419:rocket
399:taiaha
395:spears
315:kūmara
295:oxides
287:drills
265:basalt
245:taiaha
162:kūmara
1580:Sport
1563:Rāhui
1503:Music
1298:Marae
1164:Māori
1109:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
974:IPENZ
824:JSTOR
626:Ijang
575:Otago
431:raupō
382:Māori
276:ivory
261:chert
241:ariki
233:whare
154:wells
110:Tonga
70:Māori
1491:Haka
1478:Arts
1463:Taua
1448:Tapu
1406:Mana
1288:Hapū
1196:waka
1021:2020
950:2010
923:2010
853:ISBN
816:ISSN
776:2015
739:ISBN
714:ISBN
673:2020
660:ISBN
584:and
521:weka
487:flax
417:and
403:mere
401:and
303:waka
239:and
228:pahu
169:hapū
133:rohe
121:mana
106:Fiji
1496:Poi
1293:Iwi
808:doi
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427:Rou
125:iwi
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