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561:'s 161 year-old former nurse. Slavery was already outlawed in New York, but Barnum exploited a loophole that allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $ 1,000, borrowing $ 500 to complete the sale. Barnum forced her to work for 10 to 12 hours per day, and she died in February 1836 at no more than 80 years of age. Barnum hosted a live autopsy of Heth's body in a New York saloon to demonstrate her actual age before spectators paying 50 cents each.
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989:. The Barnum and Bailey Circus still contained acts similar to his Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, freak shows and General Tom Thumb. Barnum persisted in growing the circus in spite of more fires, train disasters and other setbacks, and he was aided by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He and Bailey parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth", later the
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787:. By early 1851, Lind had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the tour, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her ties with him. They parted amicably, and she continued the tour for nearly a year under her own management. Lind performed 93 concerts in the US for Barnum, earning her about $ 350,000, while Barnum netted at least $ 500,000, equivalent to $ 18,312,000 in 2023.
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1150:: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' is not to be trifled with. It may tenant the body of a Chinaman, a Turk, an Arab or a Hottentot—it is still an immortal spirit." He acknowledged that he had owned slaves when he lived in the South: "I whipped my slaves. I ought to have been whipped a thousand times for this myself. But then I was a Democrat—one of those
970:. It was a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that assumed various names: "P. T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Roman Hippodrome and Greatest Show on Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Show on Earth, and the Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and the Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger with
1161:. He was the legislative sponsor of an 1879 law that prohibited the use of "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory to the use of contraception. This law remained in effect in Connecticut until it was overturned in 1965 by the U.S. Supreme Court in its
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Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes about the theater, which was widely regarded as a salacious enterprise. He wanted theaters to become palaces of edification and delight as respectable middle-class entertainment. He built New York City's largest and most modern theater, naming it
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proclaimed, "She is enough to counterbalance, of herself, all the evil that the world is threatened with by the great convention of women. So God save Jenny Lind!" Tickets for some of her concerts were in such demand that Barnum sold them at auction, and public enthusiasm was so strong that the press
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proclaimed that Barnum's downfall showed "the gods visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's public dilemma. However, Tom Thumb offered his services, as he was touring on his own, and the two began another
European tour. Barnum also started a lecture tour, mostly as a temperance speaker.
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in 1878 and was its first president. The circus business, begun when he was 60 years old, was the source of much of his enduring fame. He established "P.T. Barnum's Grand
Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" in 1870, a traveling circus, menagerie and museum of "freaks" that adopted
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comic strip. An ongoing annual multi-week Barnum
Festival has been held since 1949 in Bridgeport. The Bethel Historical Society commissioned a life-sized sculpture to honor the 200th anniversary of his birth, created by local resident David Gesualdi and placed outside the public library. The statue
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to start a fire in 1864. Barnum's
American Museum burned to the ground on July 13, 1865 from a fire of unknown origin. Barnum reestablished it at another location in New York City, but this was also destroyed by fire in March 1868. The loss was too great the second time, and Barnum retired from the
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Barnum was among the first circus owners to move his circus by train, a suggestion by Bailey and other business partners, and probably the first to own his own train. He became known as the "Shakespeare of
Advertising" because of his innovative and impressive ideas. In this new business venture,
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Lind and her small company sailed to the US in
September 1850. She was a celebrity before she arrived, following Barnum's months of preparations. Nearly 40,000 people greeted her at the docks and another 20,000 at her hotel, and merchandise was sold. When Lind realized how much money she stood to
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Philadelphia minister that Lind would be a positive influence on
American morals, and the minister lent him the final $ 6,000. The contract also afforded Lind the option of withdrawing from the tour after 60 or 100 performances, paying Barnum $ 50,000 (~$ 1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.
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lamp that attracted attention up and down
Broadway and flags along the roof's edge that attracted attention in daytime, while giant paintings of animals between the upper windows drew attention from pedestrians. The roof was transformed to a strolling garden with a view of the city, where Barnum
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Barnum enjoyed what he publicly dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If by improving and beautifying our city
Bridgeport, Connecticut, and adding to the pleasure and prosperity of my neighbors, I can do so at a profit, the incentive to 'good works' will be twice as strong as if it were
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earn from the tour, she insisted upon a new agreement, which Barnum signed on
September 3, 1850. This paid Lind the original fee plus the remainder of each concert's profits after Barnum's $ 5,500 management fee. Lind was determined to accumulate as much money as possible for her charities.
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Lind demanded the fee in advance, and Barnum agreed. She used the fee to raise a fund for charities, principally endowing schools for poor children in Sweden. Barnum borrowed heavily on his mansion and his museum to raise the money to pay Lind. He was still short of funds, so he persuaded a
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Barnum was often called the Prince of Humbugs and felt that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional material were justified if the public received value in return. However, he was contemptuous of those who accrued money through fraud, especially the
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On the tour, Barnum's publicity always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, as he had as many as 26 journalists on his payroll. After New York, the company toured the East Coast with continued success and later traveled through the southern states and
446:, paying her an unprecedented $ 1,000, equivalent to $ 36,624 in 2023, per night for 150 nights. He suffered economic reversals in the 1850s from unwise investments, as well as years of litigation and public humiliation, but he embarked on a lecture tour as a
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of Boston who became his friend, confidant and collaborator. Barnum justified his hoaxes by calling them advertisements to draw attention to the museum. He said, "I don't believe in duping the public, but I believe in first attracting and then pleasing them."
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the Moral Lecture Room. Barnum hoped that this would avoid seedy connotations, attract a family crowd and win the approval of the city's moral crusaders. He started the nation's first theatrical matinées to encourage families and to lessen the fear of crime.
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On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett, and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Maria (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) and Pauline Taylor (1846–1877). His wife died on November 19, 1873. In 1874, he married
465:—it is still an immortal spirit." He was elected in 1875 as mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he worked to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. He was instrumental in the inception of
841:. He extended substantial loans to the Jerome Clock Company to lure it to move to his new industrial area, but the company went bankrupt by 1856, taking Barnum's wealth with it. This began four years of litigation and public humiliation.
415:, although he said of himself: "I am a showman by profession ... and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me." According to Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in his own coffers." The adage "
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makes reference to P.T. Barnum and his associate James Anthony Bailey, as well as the often misattributed quote: "there's a sucker born every minute you know" ("There's one born every minute, don't you
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prior to its founding. He extended several significant contributions to the school, including a gift of $ 50,000, equivalent to $ 1,635,000 in 2023, in 1883 to establish a museum, later known as
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coined the term "Lind mania". The blatant commercialism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind, and she persuaded him to reserve a substantial portion of tickets at reduced prices.
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Barnum ran several businesses, including a general store, a book-auctioning trade, real estate speculation and a statewide lottery network. He started a weekly newspaper in 1831 called
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have been filed by workmen, of Port Jefferson, against P.T. Barnum, the showman, for labor and materials on the new barn put up last Fall on the farm of P.T. Barnum at Port Jefferson.
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Forest and jungle, or, Thrilling adventures in all quarters of the globe : An illustrated history of the animal kingdom, written in easy and instructive form for boys and girls
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Bridgeport, Connecticut, April 7, 1891. At 6:22 o'clock to-night the long sickness of P. T. Barnum came to an end by his quietly passing away at Marina, his residence in this city.
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on July 8, 1907 for $ 400,000, equivalent to $ 13,080,000 in 2023. The Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately until they merged in 1919, forming the
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to print his obituary just prior to his death so that he might read it. On April 7, 1891, Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, and a few hours later, he died.
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lecture. Barnum had become a teetotaler after returning from Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces and historical plays performed by highly regarded actors. He edited
519:. His editorials against the elders of local churches led to libel suits and prosecution, and he was imprisoned for two months. While incarcerated, Barnum sought the help of
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Barnum organized flower shows, beauty contests, dog shows and poultry contests, but the most popular were baby contests. In 1853 he started the pictorial weekly newspaper
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in 1864, an actress who had served as a spy for the Union, to lecture about her "thrilling adventures" behind Confederate lines. Barnum's Unionist sympathies incited a
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in 1834. He embarked on an entertainment career, first with a variety troupe called "Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater", and soon after by purchasing
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Barnum was married to Charity Hallett from 1829 until her death in 1873, and they had four children. In 1874, a few months after his wife's death, he married
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thought it "trashy" and "offensive" and wrote that it inspired "nothing but sensations of disgust" and "sincere pity for the wretched man who compiled it."
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He began his career as a showman in 1835 at the age of 25 with the purchase and exhibition of a blind and almost completely paralyzed slave woman named
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of 1854, which supported slavery, and left the Democratic Party because it had endorsed slavery. Barnum joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party.
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Barnum did not enter the circus business until he was 60 years old. He established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan &
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to improve the water supply, bring gas lighting to streets and enforce liquor and prostitution laws. He was instrumental in the inception of
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876:. The collections expanded to four buildings, and he published a museum guidebook that claimed 850,000 "curiosities". Late in 1860,
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Barnum had a year of mixed success with his first variety troupe, Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater, followed by the
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At his death, critics praised Barnum for his philanthropy and called him an icon of American spirit and ingenuity. He asked the
826:. He completed his autobiography one year later, which sold more than one million copies over the course of numerous revisions.
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Barnum was significantly involved in politics. He mainly focused on race, slavery and sectionalism in the period preceding the
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In 1842, Barnum introduced his first major hoax: a creature with the body of a monkey and the tail of a fish known as the
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542:, Barnum passed control of the paper to his brother-in-law, John W. Amerman, who published the paper for another year in
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399:; July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, and politician remembered for promoting celebrated
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430:, which he renamed after himself. He used the museum as a platform to promote hoaxes and human curiosities such as the
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and James L. Hutchinson, soon shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's". This was the first circus to display three rings.
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By 1860, he emerged from debt and built a mansion that he called Lindencroft, and he resumed ownership of his museum.
698:, the first of many Natives that he would present. During 1844–45, he toured with General Tom Thumb in Europe and met
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rides daily. A changing series of live acts and curiosities were added to the exhibits of stuffed animals, including
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They dissolved their partnership a year later in October 1833. Barnum then moved the publication of the paper to
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Tribute to Ringling Bros.and Barnum & Bailey Circus by brothers Charles Elias Disney & Daniel H. Disney
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speaker to emerge from debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expanded its wax-figure department.
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He followed the mermaid act by exhibiting the four-year-old actor Charles Stratton, billed as the 11-year-old
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1886:. Vol. 2, no. 1. Bethel, CT. October 17, 1832. p. 1 – via Connecticut Digital Archive.
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Barnum became a small-business owner in his early twenties and founded a weekly newspaper before moving to
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1579:. Originally published New York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
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Schweitzer, Marlis. "Barnum's Last Laugh? General Tom Thumb's Wedding Cake in the Library of Congress."
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lines and exposed a secret that would raise fares by 20 percent. He said during the ratification of the
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3397:– A virtual reproduction of Barnum's American Museum; includes a collection of primary source materials
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emerged from retirement and appeared at Barnum's museum for six weeks. Also in 1860, Barnum introduced
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and What Is It? exhibits to other popular arts of the nineteenth century, including magic shows and
2597:"A One-Name Study for the Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes for Phineas Taylor Barnum / Charity Hallett"
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619:. Renaming it Barnum's American Museum, he improved it, upgrading the building and adding exhibits.
419:" has frequently been attributed to him, although no evidence exists that he had coined the phrase.
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in 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial celebration with Barnum's portrait for the obverse. Cartoonist
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2492:"P. T. Barnum, Justice Harlan, and Connecticut's Role in the Development of the Right to Privacy"
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black man who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum. In 1862, Barnum discovered giantess
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Bethel Historical Society, P. T. Barnum Monument, "P. T. Barnum – The Lost Legend" Documentary.
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1904:. Vol. 5, no. 39. Boston, MA. October 29, 1883. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
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Stones and Bones of New England: A guide to unusual, historic, and otherwise notable cemeteries
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2987:. Washington, DC: American Association of Museums for the Baltimore City Life Museums, 1992.
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and Bridgeport. The company owns and operates three vessels, one of which is named the M.V.
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Barnum was elected for the next four Connecticut legislature sessions and succeeded senator
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Mosier, Jennifer L (1999). "The Big Attraction: The Circus Elephant And American Culture".
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on September 11, 1850. It was a major success, recouping Barnum four times his investment.
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and other mechanical marvels. During this time, he bought other museums, including artist
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2209:"Reading Lind Mania: Print Culture and the Construction of Eighteenth-Century Audiences"
2171:"Review: P. T. Barnum Presents Jenny Lind: The American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale"
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in Bridgeport. Barnum had donated the land for the park in 1865. His circus was sold to
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Barnum claimed that "politics were always distasteful to me", but he was elected to the
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exhibits, lectures and dramas, and he demonstrated commitment to the cause. He hired
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Barnum served two terms in the Connecticut legislature in 1865 as a Republican for
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The Great and Only Barnum; the Tremendous, Stupendous Life of Showman P. T. Barnum
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2242:"P. T. Barnum Presents Jenny Lind – The American Tour of the Swedish Nightingale"
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Betts, John Rickards. "P. T. Barnum and the Popularization of Natural History",
2914:"'The Greatest Showman': 8 of the Film's Stars and Their Real-Life Inspirations"
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722:. By late 1846, Barnum's American Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors per year.
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A parody of Lind's first American tour for Barnum, New York City, October 1850
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Kunhardt, Philip B. Jr.; Kunhardt, Philip B. III; Kunhardt, Peter W. (1995).
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Unique Story of a Marvellous Career: Life of Hon. Phineas T. Barnum by Benton
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The Golden Age of Baltimore Theater: A History from Shakespeare to Vaudeville
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The Wild Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles of the World: The Story of Their Capture
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Barnum campaigned for the U.S. Congress in 1867 and lost to his third cousin
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mediums popular in his day. He testified against noted "spirit photographer"
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The Wonders: Lifting the Curtain on the Freak Show, Circus and Victorian Age
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E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture
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Forest and Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures in All Quarters of the Globe
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2653:"A One-Name Study for the Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes for Nancy Fish"
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1951:"P. T. Barnum Isn't the Hero the 'Greatest Showman' Wants You To Think"
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In 1893, a statue in Barnum's honor was erected by his former partners
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The Colossal P. T. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Like It in the Universe
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The Showman and the Slave: Race, Death, and Memory in Barnum's America
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Mermaids, Mummies, and Mastodons: The Emergence of the American Museum
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Struggles and Triumphs; Or, Forty Years' Recollections of P. T. Barnum
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Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
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Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1872). "Chapter IV Struggles for Livelihood".
1593:. Originally published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003.
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2942:"The Greatest Showman: The True Story of P. T. Barnum and Jenny Lind"
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Struggles and Triumphs, or Forty Years' Recollections of P. T. Barnum
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457:. He spoke before the legislature concerning the ratification of the
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1623:. Originally published 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999.
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from Hartford. Barnum and Andrews then published a joint paper, the
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class
2329:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., October 10, 2015, pp. 103–113,
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Struggles and Triumphs or Forty Years' Recollections of P.T. Barnum
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1487:(2017) – a pop musical loosely based around Barnum and his circus.
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Barnum leaned on the advice of Bailey and other business partners.
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Entry on P. T. Barnum in the Concise Encyclopedia of Tufts History
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30:"Barnum" redirects here. For other uses with the name Barnum, see
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section of his museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the
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1423:(1952) – centers on a fictionalized version of the contemporary
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706:, and enabled Barnum to acquire many new attractions, including
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P. T. Barnum at Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus
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The Arts of Deception: Playing with Fraud in the Age of Barnum
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The arts of deception: playing with fraud in the age of Barnum
1107:
in his trial for fraud, and he exposed the tricks employed by
943:
A book engraving of the winter quarters of Barnum's circus in
3668:
3479:
P. T. Barnum did not say "There's a sucker born every minute"
2760:
2067:"'We are not amused' – the meaning and origin of this phrase"
1499:(2022) – a disabled filmmaker from Barnum's hometown of
978:
2655:. Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). Archived from
2599:. Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). Archived from
2325:"The Shakespeare of Advertising's Rules for Jumbo Success",
382:
1374:
in Bridgeport houses many of his oddities and curiosities.
1154:
Democrats, who are Northern men with Southern principles."
784:
651:
400:
388:
3483:
1518:(1980) – Broadway musical based on Barnum's life starring
557:, whom an acquaintance was billing around Philadelphia as
501:, and lottery schemer who had a great influence upon him.
3496:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
3197:, including his obsession with P. T. Barnum and "Freaks."
1805:– via Ebook and Texts Archive – American Libraries.
1205:
otherwise." He was appointed to the board of trustees of
1194:
A caricature of an elderly Barnum in the London magazine
954:
A share of Barnum and Bailey Ltd, issued January 24, 1902
603:
and three years of difficult circumstances. He purchased
3093:
3065:
Elephant Story: Jumbo and P. T. Barnum Under the Big Top
2285:
2273:
2192:
2154:
2052:
1862:"Chapter V, Brief Editorial Career, Removal to New York"
1820:
1782:
1754:
1643:. Originally published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Pub Co.
683:. Stratton was taught to imitate famous figures such as
579:
Entertainers associated with Barnum: Charles Stratton ("
3475:– An article about Barnum's handwriting & signature
1621:
Art of Money Getting, or, Golden Rules for Making Money
1142:. He hired spies to acquire insider information on the
1354:
In 1883 Barnum cofounded, with Charles E. Tooker, the
1148:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
837:
In the early 1850s, Barnum began investing to develop
459:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
3119:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 76–78.
2861:
The Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company
1269:
with domes, spires and lacy fretwork inspired by the
899:, a new Tom Thumb with whom Barnum visited President
538:
In November 1834, after publishing 160 issues of the
385:
2972:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
2839:"Barnum's Ivy Island to be showcased at celebration"
1866:
Barnum's Own Story: The Autobiography of P.T. Barnum
819:
to render them more palatable for family audiences.
379:
319:
entrepreneur (entertainment as founder and promoter)
3925:
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
2713:
2620:
2618:
743:, New York, venue of Lind's first American concerts
391:
376:
2836:
2539:. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. 297.
2494:. Federal Bar Council Quarterly. December 13, 2014
1830:
1828:
1750:
1748:
1233:at home in 1891 at the age of 80. He is buried in
3276:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2626:"A One-Name Study for the BARNUM/BARNHAM Surname"
1503:meditates on the ableist legacy of the freak show
1356:Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company
694:In 1843, Barnum hired the Native American dancer
3871:
3169:Howdy, Sucker! What P. T. Barnum Did in Colorado
2615:
1637:. Pub. 1888, R. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.
1182:, founded in 1878, and was its first president.
148:Connecticut House of Representatives
3825:Bridgeport, Connecticut, Centennial half dollar
2380:
2378:
1825:
1745:
3905:Burials at Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport
3895:American entertainment industry businesspeople
3082:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.
1801:. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p.
3945:Members of the Universalist Church of America
3940:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
3584:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
3554:
3156:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
3137:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
3067:. Jefferson, NC.: McFarland & Co., 2000.
3042:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
2992:Barnum Genealogy: 650 Years of Family History
2800:"Barnum Festival Revels in Hoopla and Humbug"
2534:
2391:. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. 237.
2188:
2186:
2016:Stabile, Susan M. (2010). "Still(Ed) Lives".
1921:. New York: Burr Printing House. p. 197.
1425:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
1327:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
935:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
646:
409:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
3484:P. T. Barnum, the Shakespeare of Advertising
2743:"A Coin True to Barnum, Controversy and All"
2717:History of Bridgeport and vicinity, Volume 1
2375:
2248:, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 208–09
2150:
2148:
1577:The Life of P. T. Barnum: Written by Himself
3930:Businesspeople from Bridgeport, Connecticut
1976:American Studies Department. Archived from
1816:
1814:
1812:
718:(the nation's first major museum), and the
27:American showman and politician (1810–1891)
3561:
3547:
3468:P.T. Barnum – Ultrarunning Promoter (1874)
2940:Kellem, Betsy Golden (December 22, 2017).
2183:
1788:
1216:
1185:
622:It became a popular showplace. He added a
110:
66:. Please do not remove this message until
3312:Learn how and when to remove this message
2221:
2165:
2163:
2145:
2139:, Vol. 32, No. 3 (July 1946), pp. 437–48
2127:
2125:
2123:
1051:Learn how and when to remove this message
790:
747:Barnum became aware of the popularity of
720:Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts
564:
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
3097:P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman
2422:
2420:
2418:
2234:
2203:
2201:
2101:
1938:. Buffalo, NY: Warren, Johnson & Co.
1809:
1317:, James A. Hutchinson and W. W. Cole at
1294:
1279:
1189:
1062:
977:The show's first primary attraction was
949:
938:
848:
761:
735:
671:. He leased it from fellow museum owner
650:
574:
484:
411:. He was also an author, publisher, and
62:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3385:Phineas Taylor Barnum papers, 1818–1993
3171:. Denver: Pioneer Peddler Press, 2001.
2911:
2815:
2091:. Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.
2015:
1382:
1291:, Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut
985:that Barnum purchased in 1882 from the
271: 1829; died 1873)
14:
3872:
3218:
2939:
2912:Cachero, Paulina (December 20, 2017).
2740:
2549:
2384:
2297:
2286:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
2274:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
2193:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
2160:
2155:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
2120:
2064:
2053:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
1948:
1942:
1931:
1914:
1859:
1821:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
1794:
1783:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
1755:Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
1415:(1934) – played again by Wallace Beery
1075:Barnum wrote several books, including
1000:
591:and George Washington Morrison Nutt ("
550:ended. Barnum sold his store in 1834.
3542:
2707:
2415:
2198:
1961:
1868:. New York: Viking Press. p. 41.
1834:
1555:"Killer Clowns" – a song from the EP
1543:"U.S. Blues" – a song from the album
1377:
1138:in 1865 as a Republican representing
529:Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness.
3985:19th-century Connecticut politicians
3975:19th-century American businesspeople
3950:19th-century Christian universalists
3256:
3154:P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man
3145:. Focuses on Barnum's exhibition of
3114:
2994:. Boston: Higginson Book Co., 2006.
2837:FitzGerald, Eileen (July 15, 2010).
2455:
2327:There's a Customer Born Every Minute
2227:"Jenny Lind's Progress in America",
1949:Mansky, Jackie (December 22, 2017),
1884:Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness
1491:plays Barnum and coproduced the film
1358:, which continues to operate across
1033:adding citations to reliable sources
1004:
655:An 1866 newspaper advertisement for
504:
36:
3515:An 1890 recording of Barnum's voice
3331:Works by P. T. Barnum in eBook form
3203:. Ed. by James W. Cook. Champaign,
2818:"Town gets grant to promote Barnum"
2741:Slater, Chuck (November 18, 2001).
1918:History of Danbury, Conn. 1684–1896
1670:, Boston, Massachusetts (1862–1863)
1118:
479:Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport
226:Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport
24:
3935:People from Fairfield, Connecticut
3858:There's a sucker born every minute
2962:
2816:Homayon, Marietta (July 8, 2004).
2720:. S. J. Clarke. pp. 279–280.
2650:
2594:
2558:. Tufts University. Archived from
2514:"Connecticut and the Comstock Law"
2065:Martin, Gary (December 11, 2023).
1299:Obverse of the 1936 commemorative
874:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
417:there's a sucker born every minute
25:
3996:
3955:19th-century American legislators
3920:Mayors of Bridgeport, Connecticut
3252:
2550:Miller, Russell (July 16, 2008).
2312:10.1111/j.1542-734x.1999.2202_7.x
1967:
1915:Bailey, James Montgomery (1896).
1770:. New Haven: Yale UP, 2006. p. 44
1351:was dedicated in September 2010.
1301:Bridgeport Centennial half dollar
1174:. In 1875, he served as mayor of
770:The tour began with a concert at
3900:19th-century American memoirists
3568:
3365:
3261:
2882:"SHOWMAN BARNUM'S BARN ATTACHED"
2786:"History of the Barnum Festival"
2761:"Welcome to the Barnum Festival"
2556:The Archives at Tufts University
2004:Associates Programs Source Plus.
1432:Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon
1211:Barnum Museum of Natural History
1009:
372:
353:
41:
3241:(London: Michael O'Mara, 2019)
3080:Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum
3033:Journal of the History of Ideas
2933:
2905:
2894:: 9, col. 5. January 12, 1890.
2874:
2849:
2830:
2809:
2792:
2778:
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2644:
2588:
2574:
2543:
2528:
2506:
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2364:
2350:
2318:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2254:
2095:
2077:
2058:
2046:
2009:
1992:
1925:
1908:
1890:
1860:Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1927).
1738:North American Theatre Online:
1570:
1245:, a cemetery that he designed.
1144:New York and New Haven Railroad
1020:needs additional citations for
864:Barnum created America's first
290:
268:
3349:Works by or about P. T. Barnum
1872:
1853:
1760:
1731:
1558:Killer Clowns From Outer Space
1253:Barnum built four mansions in
813:plays and other works such as
13:
1:
3446:The Life of Phineas T. Barnum
3022:The Life of Phineas T. Barnum
2085:"Peale's Philadelphia Museum"
1725:
725:
481:, which he designed himself.
3489:P. T. Barnum and Henry Bergh
3205:University of Illinois Press
3185:. New York: Pantheon, 2006.
2714:George Curtis Waldo (1917).
2628:. Barnum.org. Archived from
2462:. Harvard University Press.
2215:, Vol. 1 (1998), pp. 94–106
2089:philadelphiaencyclopedia.org
1136:Connecticut General Assembly
839:East Bridgeport, Connecticut
732:Jenny Lind's tour of America
7:
3659:Annie Jones (bearded woman)
3463:Barnum's circus affiliation
3364:(public domain audiobooks)
2678:Barnum Museum Core Exhibits
2552:"Light on the Hill, Vol. 1"
2300:Journal of American Culture
1768:The Yale Book of Quotations
1655:
470:many names over the years.
438:. In 1850, he promoted the
68:conditions to do so are met
10:
4001:
3788:The Greatest Show on Earth
3704:Millie and Christine McKoy
3619:Captain George Costentenus
3534:Internet Broadway Database
3035:20, no. 3 (1959): 353–368.
2983:Alderson, William T., ed.
2102:Mitchell, Charles (2024).
1507:
1420:The Greatest Show on Earth
1111:to cheat the bereaved. In
993:, which toured the world.
991:Barnum & Bailey Circus
932:
859:Charles DeForest Fredricks
729:
647:Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb
568:
344:Barnum & Bailey Circus
29:
3815:Barnum's Aquarial Gardens
3797:
3757:
3576:
2335:10.1002/9781119201908.ch8
2177:, Spring 1983, pp. 78–80
2019:Early American Literature
2000:Performing Arts Resources
1668:Barnum's Aquarial Gardens
1265:architecture designed by
1248:
928:
605:Scudder's American Museum
497:, legislator, landowner,
428:Scudder's American Museum
361:
349:
338:
309:
301:
247:
231:
221:
204:
180:
175:
171:
160:
144:
133:
125:
121:
109:
102:
3810:Barnum's American Museum
3457:Scholarship and analysis
3408:P. T. Barnum's genealogy
3402:Biographical information
3390:Barnum's American Museum
3223:. Simon & Schuster.
3221:Barnum: An American Life
2990:Barnum, Patrick Warren.
2887:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
2697:"Barnum Statue Unveiled"
2428:"The Great Showman Dead"
2388:The life of P. T. Barnum
2385:Barnum, Phineas (1888).
2371:The Art of Money-Getting
2231:, October 6, 1850, p. 3.
1880:"Gospel Witness, A Card"
1798:The life of P. T. Barnum
1795:Barnum, Phineas (1888).
1537:
1525:
1364:Port Jefferson, New York
1113:The Humbugs of the World
1093:The Art of Money-Getting
1081:The Humbugs of the World
1067:"Hum-Bug", a cartoon by
830:loved the book, but the
799:The theater opened with
657:Barnum's American Museum
571:Barnum's American Museum
442:of Swedish opera singer
3915:Connecticut Republicans
3419:Barnum Family Genealogy
3219:Wilson, Robert (2019).
2806:, June 20, 1975, p. 35.
2456:Cook, James W. (2001).
2250:(subscription required)
2217:(subscription required)
2179:(subscription required)
2141:(subscription required)
1641:Why I Am a Universalist
1287:, an 1887 sculpture by
1255:Bridgeport, Connecticut
1235:Mountain Grove Cemetery
1217:Personal life and death
1186:Profitable philanthropy
1176:Bridgeport, Connecticut
1164:Griswold v. Connecticut
945:Bridgeport, Connecticut
920:Confederate sympathizer
587:, alongside her sister
215:Bridgeport, Connecticut
128:Bridgeport, Connecticut
32:Barnum (disambiguation)
3970:American abolitionists
3960:American circus owners
3614:Henry Alexander Cooper
2919:The Hollywood Reporter
2823:The Danbury News-Times
2683:June 30, 2007, at the
2535:Barnum, P. T. (1883).
2264:, June 28, 1851, p. 5.
2006:Web. December 8, 2012.
1974:University of Virginia
1496:I Didn't See You There
1478:Roger Ashton-Griffiths
1303:
1292:
1201:
1085:Struggles and Triumphs
1072:
955:
947:
861:
791:Diversified activities
767:
744:
664:
596:
565:Showman and promotions
455:Fairfield, Connecticut
3965:American slave owners
3910:Connecticut Democrats
3841:The Herald of Freedom
3629:John Diamond (dancer)
3449:by Joel Benton, from
3413:May 24, 2018, at the
3358:Works by P. T. Barnum
3340:Works by P. T. Barnum
2857:"A Look at the Fleet"
2516:. Connecticut History
2137:The Musical Quarterly
2106:. The History Press.
2032:10.1353/eal.2010.0020
1298:
1283:
1193:
1066:
953:
942:
852:
805:, a thinly disguised
765:
739:
654:
578:
512:The Herald of Freedom
485:Early life and family
368:Phineas Taylor Barnum
185:Phineas Taylor Barnum
3805:John "Grizzly" Adams
3781:The Greatest Showman
3758:Fictional portrayals
3674:William S. Hutchings
3639:Colonel Routh Goshen
3599:Chang and Eng Bunker
3374:Physical collections
3282:improve this article
3167:Uchill, Ida Libert.
2659:on December 11, 2017
2632:on February 20, 2020
2603:on December 11, 2017
2562:on September 4, 2014
2207:Linkon, Sherry Lee.
1835:Rogak, Lisa (2004).
1679:Colonel Routh Goshen
1484:The Greatest Showman
1383:Films and television
1172:William Henry Barnum
1077:Life of P. T. Barnum
1029:improve this article
968:William Cameron Coup
903:at the White House.
607:in 1841, located at
544:Norwalk, Connecticut
533:Danbury, Connecticut
499:justice of the peace
405:James Anthony Bailey
3609:Circassian beauties
3494:was founder of the
3325:Digital collections
3294:footnote references
3115:Lott, Eric (1993).
3100:. Alfred A. Knopf.
3050:. Relates Barnum's
2651:Barnum, Patrick W.
2595:Barnum, Patrick W.
2582:"Get to Know Tufts"
2240:Hambrick, Keith S.
1546:From the Mars Hotel
1476:(2002) – played by
1468:; made-for-TV movie
1464:(1999) – played by
1458:; made-for-TV movie
1454:(1986) – played by
1444:(1986) – played by
1435:(1967) – played by
1404:(1932) – played by
1393:(1930) – played by
1229:Barnum died from a
1180:Bridgeport Hospital
1129:Kansas–Nebraska Act
1001:Author and debunker
843:Ralph Waldo Emerson
716:Philadelphia Museum
523:, publisher of the
521:Rev. L.F.W. Andrews
517:Bethel, Connecticut
491:Bethel, Connecticut
489:Barnum was born in
467:Bridgeport Hospital
198:Bethel, Connecticut
55:of this article is
3744:Wild Men of Borneo
3699:Maximo and Bartola
3589:Anna Haining Bates
3473:House of Deception
3183:On Michael Jackson
3181:Jefferson, Margo.
2892:Brooklyn, New York
2843:Danbury News Times
2804:The New York Times
2765:barnumfestival.org
2747:The New York Times
2701:The New York Times
2432:The New York Times
2169:Miller, Philip L.
1955:smithsonianmag.com
1709:Wild Men of Borneo
1378:In popular culture
1338:commemorative coin
1334:United States Mint
1304:
1293:
1202:
1125:American Civil War
1073:
964:Delavan, Wisconsin
956:
948:
862:
768:
745:
665:
597:
403:and founding with
3867:
3866:
3774:The Mighty Barnum
3724:General Tom Thumb
3689:Count Primo Magri
3577:Acts and exhibits
3451:Project Gutenberg
3380:The Barnum Museum
3344:Project Gutenberg
3322:
3321:
3314:
3191:978-0-307-27765-7
3152:Saxon, Arthur H.
3133:Reiss, Benjamin.
3126:978-0-19-507832-9
3107:978-0-679-43574-7
2727:978-1-144-35927-8
2584:. April 22, 2010.
2469:978-0-674-00591-4
2344:978-1-119-20190-8
2131:Rogers, Francis.
1846:978-0-7627-3000-1
1766:Shapiro, Fred R.
1740:Phineas T. Barnum
1551:the Grateful Dead
1473:Gangs of New York
1412:The Mighty Barnum
1360:Long Island Sound
1323:Ringling Brothers
1127:. He opposed the
1105:William H. Mumler
1061:
1060:
1053:
923:museum business.
868:and expanded the
816:Uncle Tom's Cabin
776:Washington Irving
681:General Tom Thumb
583:") and his bride
581:General Tom Thumb
559:George Washington
548:Herald of Freedom
540:Herald of Freedom
505:Career beginnings
436:General Tom Thumb
365:
364:
96:
95:
88:
16:(Redirected from
3992:
3729:Charles B. Tripp
3719:Isaac W. Sprague
3664:Hannah Battersby
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3369:
3368:
3353:Internet Archive
3317:
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2968:Adams, Bluford.
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2898:mechanic's liens
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1839:. Globe Pequat.
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1704:Isaac W. Sprague
1615:Internet Archive
1446:Michael Crawford
1207:Tufts University
1119:Role in politics
1056:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1013:
1005:
983:African elephant
857:, photograph by
832:British Examiner
824:Illustrated News
669:"Feejee" mermaid
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71:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3980:Museum founders
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3830:William C. Coup
3793:
3753:
3749:Zip the Pinhead
3654:Fedor Jeftichew
3572:
3567:
3415:Wayback Machine
3395:The Lost Museum
3366:
3335:Standard Ebooks
3318:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3279:
3270:This article's
3266:
3262:
3255:
3231:
3195:Michael Jackson
3127:
3108:
3038:Cook, James W.
2965:
2963:Further reading
2960:
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2739:
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2728:
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2708:
2703:. July 4, 1893.
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2434:. April 8, 1891
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2014:
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1980:on May 18, 2002
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1746:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:Zip the Pinhead
1694:Fedor Jeftichew
1658:
1573:
1540:
1528:
1510:
1390:A Lady's Morals
1385:
1380:
1267:Leopold Eidlitz
1263:Moorish Revival
1251:
1219:
1200:, November 1888
1188:
1121:
1057:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1026:
1014:
1003:
937:
931:
916:Pauline Cushman
901:Abraham Lincoln
885:Zip the Pinhead
793:
734:
728:
712:Rembrandt Peale
649:
629:hot-air balloon
573:
567:
507:
487:
375:
371:
334:
297:
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293: 1874)
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3734:Lavinia Warren
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3714:Commodore Nutt
3711:
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3269:
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3254:
3253:External links
3251:
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3230:978-1501118623
3229:
3216:
3198:
3193:. Critique of
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3091:
3078:Harris, Neil.
3076:
3063:Harding, Les.
3061:
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3029:
3020:Benton, Joel.
3018:
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2961:
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2890:(1890/01/12).
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1968:Freed, Robin.
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855:Commodore Nutt
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730:Main article:
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704:tsar of Russia
700:Queen Victoria
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593:Commodore Nutt
585:Lavinia Warren
569:Main article:
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413:philanthropist
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3852:Moses Kimball
3850:
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3820:Barnum Museum
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3739:Minnie Warren
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3709:Edmund Newell
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3302:February 2019
3295:
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3290:inappropriate
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3237:Woolf, John.
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3213:0-252-07295-2
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3045:
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3019:
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3010:(softcover),
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3005:
3002:(hardcover),
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2026:(2): 371–95.
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1604:
1601:(Part 1) and
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966:in 1870 with
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889:microcephalic
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881:Chang and Eng
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811:Shakespearean
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673:Moses Kimball
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2136:
2133:"Jenny Lind"
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1978:the original
1970:"Joice Heth"
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3890:1891 deaths
3885:1810 births
3694:Master Juba
3634:Admiral Dot
3503:Other links
3016:2005-903696
2946:Vanity Fair
2405:|work=
2260:"America",
1902:Boston Post
1563:The Dickies
1462:P.T. Barnum
1308:Evening Sun
1289:Thomas Ball
1243:Connecticut
1197:Vanity Fair
1152:nondescript
906:During the
659:located on
18:P.T. Barnum
3874:Categories
3835:Nancy Fish
3684:Jenny Lind
3649:Joice Heth
3247:1782439935
3147:Joice Heth
3075:. (129 p.)
3060:paintings.
2636:January 6,
1898:"Bad News"
1726:References
1609:(Part 2).
1401:Jenny Lind
1342:Walt Kelly
1239:Bridgeport
1224:Nancy Fish
1167:decision.
987:London Zoo
960:Hippodrome
895:and dwarf
870:wax figure
828:Mark Twain
807:temperance
749:Jenny Lind
726:Jenny Lind
708:automatons
661:Ann Street
624:lighthouse
613:Ann Street
555:Joice Heth
475:Nancy Fish
448:temperance
444:Jenny Lind
322:politician
310:Occupation
282:Nancy Fish
241:Republican
236:Democratic
191:1810-07-05
53:neutrality
3847:Iranistan
3768:(musical)
3594:Eli Bowen
3286:excessive
2866:April 18,
2478:876342914
2407:ignored (
2397:cite book
2262:The Times
2040:201754107
1689:Human zoo
1437:Burl Ives
1368:PT Barnum
1336:issued a
1259:Iranistan
1140:Fairfield
908:Civil War
893:Anna Swan
696:Do-Hum-Me
627:launched
617:Manhattan
463:Hottentot
350:Signature
339:Known for
328:publisher
167:1866–1869
163:In office
154:Fairfield
152:from the
140:1875–1876
136:In office
126:Mayor of
64:talk page
3498:(ASPCA).
3411:Archived
3362:LibriVox
3207:, 2005.
3177:47773817
2681:Archived
2438:July 21,
2306:(2): 7.
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1656:See also
1566:know?").
1520:Jim Dale
1362:between
1275:Brighton
1095:(1880).
1087:(1869),
1083:(1865),
1079:(1855),
866:aquarium
689:Napoleon
685:Hercules
609:Broadway
302:Children
156:district
57:disputed
3798:Related
3532:at the
3421:website
3417:at the
3351:at the
3280:Please
3272:use of
1508:Theater
1442:Barnum!
1109:mediums
633:albinos
316:Showman
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1452:Barnum
1370:. The
1249:Legacy
1231:stroke
1071:(1851)
929:Circus
637:giants
589:Minnie
401:hoaxes
325:author
217:, U.S.
200:, U.S.
3669:Jumbo
3492:Bergh
2896:Four
2036:S2CID
1538:Music
1526:Books
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3012:LCCN
3004:ISBN
2996:ISBN
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2953:2018
2927:2018
2868:2021
2772:2024
2722:ISBN
2665:2017
2638:2020
2609:2017
2568:2014
2522:2018
2500:2018
2474:OCLC
2464:ISBN
2440:2007
2409:help
2339:ISBN
2108:ISBN
1986:2007
1841:ISBN
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1347:Pogo
1332:The
1091:and
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785:Cuba
687:and
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