342:
22:
333:. Fishery officers can issue infringement notices of between $ 250 and $ 500 for minor offences, such as having one or two more pāua than permitted. More serious offences have resulted in hefty court convictions, including seizure of diving gear, boats, and motor vehicles as well as large fines and in rare cases, imprisonment. The Ministry of Fisheries expects in the year 2004/05, nearly 1,000 tons of pāua will be poached, with 75% of that being undersized.
513:, the pāua are harvested from the wild stocks (at the legal size of 12.5 cm; 5"), and shell or plastic implants are either poked through the shell or fixed in place under the shell with glue. The shape of the insert dictates the shape of the final pearl. After the pāua are “nucleated,” they are kept in tanks for 2 to 3 years and fed on either seaweed or meal, during which time they coat the insert with
502:
520:
The quality and size of pearls changes depending on the size of the pāua. The pearls tend to be smaller when hatchery-reared pāua are used, which is why pāua from the wild are preferred. High stress levels within the farm can prevent the pāua from coating the insert to produce the pearl, so control
445:
programs to produce faster-growing species. The pāua are grown to market size (depending on conditions, this usually takes 2–3 years) in either long trays with inflow of seawater at one end and outflow at the other, or smaller tanks with tipper buckets that regularly dump seawater into the tanks to
421:
to
Stewart Island. The first farms consisted of small-scale backyard and shed farms in which techniques and processes that grew good-quality pāua were developed; these are now being used on a commercial scale in large pāua farms. These farms produce pāua for their meat and shells, and some include
328:
is a major industry in New
Zealand with many thousands being taken illegally, often undersized. The right to harvest pāua can be granted legally under Māori customary rights, but since permits to harvest are abused, it is difficult to police. The limit is strictly enforced by roving MPI fishery
393:, and were highly sought after by 19th Century British jewellers. Eventually pāua became a part of the European New Zealander diet, first often appearing in soups and chowders. An international market for pāua meat began in the 1970s, after which pāua numbers dropped in the wild.
359:(seafood) and as a valued resource for traditional and contemporary arts and crafts. Pāua were often harvested by diving. Two traditional methods for collecting pāua included using a specialised flat tool called a māripi to pry pāua off the sea floor, or by placing an
453:
larvae and feed on plankton present in seawater pumped into the holding tanks. When the larvae are ready to settle (usually 7 days at 16 °C; 61°F), they are moved to settlement tanks that consist of many glass plates with small films of
243:
Pāua are gathered recreationally and commercially, with strict catch limits are set for both. For recreational fishermen this is five pāua per person per day. The minimum legal size for caught pāua is 125 mm (5") for
856:
595:
888:
213:
Pāua are commonly found in shallow coastal waters along rocky shorelines in depths of 1 to 10 metres (3' to 30'). There is clear distinction between juvenile and adult habitats for
621:
425:
There is high demand on the worldwide market, as decline in wild stocks due to overfishing and poaching means that the global market for abalone is greatly undersupplied.
826:
389:
During the colonial era of New
Zealand, British settlers detested the taste of pāua, but had an appreciation for the shells. Pāua shells were highly requested items on
417:
is a growing industry in New
Zealand. The industry was started in New Zealand in the 1980s, and to date there are 14 pāua farms operating throughout New Zealand, from
80:, and in the United Kingdom as ormer shells. In New Zealand, these are known as pāua, which (as is the case with nearly all Māori words) is both singular and plural.
749:
1055:
1042:
472:
183:
101:
848:
591:
493:
species. The pāua are considered adults around 6 cm (2") in size and are then fed on a meal-based diet until they are ready for processing and sale.
878:
539:. Although the show was set predominantly in ancient Greece, the shell is used because the pāua is native to New Zealand, where the show was filmed.
569:
941:
478:
318:
716:
686:
299:
In addition, no single person may have in their possession at any time (including on land) more than 20 pāua or more than 2.5 kg (
1187:
235:
These large sea snails survive the strong tidal surges by clinging to rocks using their large muscular foot. They consume seaweed.
1109:
818:
973:
794:
712:
466:
are the main food source for the juveniles until they reach about 3 cm (1") in length; the diet is then switched to a
720:
690:
198:
1083:
1030:
742:
2132:
1144:
924:
1024:
1010:
380:, and used as decorations on skirts, cloaks and in earrings. Pāua is traditionally are associated with the stars or
682:
313:
lb) of shucked (shell removed) pāua. Pāua can only be caught by free diving; it is illegal to dive for pāua using
564:
422:
the production of blue pearls. Most of the production from these farms is exported to the US and Asian markets.
400:
pāua shells are popular as pieces of modern jewellery, with their striking blue, green, and purple iridescence.
622:"'The pāua that clings to the sea': a new species of abalone found only in waters off a remote NZ island chain"
365:(seven-armed starfish), a major predator of pāua, atop the shell. Pāua could be eaten raw, smoked, cooked in a
2137:
1180:
1069:
1153:
1119:
1059:
1046:
2142:
743:"Fishing and aquaculture | MPI – Ministry for Primary Industries. A New Zealand Government Department"
998:
390:
293:
369:, or preserved. Preserved pāua were often kept for winter months, or used as items to trade with inland
1983:
270:
taken from the
Amateur Taranaki Paua Fishery Area, which is the area of Taranaki coast bounded by the
1772:
1747:
2147:
317:
equipment. All pāua must remain un-shucked until they are on the land side of the high tide mark so
2108:
1804:
1560:
1173:
559:
949:
2065:
1968:
1643:
1554:
1366:
1308:
1219:
271:
341:
2058:
1704:
1671:
1271:
535:
2018:
1994:
1978:
1549:
1537:
1424:
910:
908:
906:
324:
There is an extensive global black market in the collection and export of abalone meat. Pāua
655:
Gmelin, 1791 and a new abalone from
Aotearoa New Zealand (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Haliotidae)"
1699:
1602:
1527:
1399:
1361:
1298:
1234:
903:
517:. They are then harvested from the tanks, the meat is shucked, and the pearl is removed.
396:
Whole shells were commonly used as ashtrays through the 20th century, and highly polished
8:
2127:
2013:
1799:
1097:
1719:
1622:
1612:
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330:
149:
93:
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449:
A number of different feeds are used throughout the pāua's life-cycle. Pāua hatch as
361:
166:
97:
1054:
1041:
649:
Walton, Kerry; Marshall, Bruce A.; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Spencer, Hamish G. (2024).
266:, measured in a straight line at the greatest length of the shell. The exception is
118:
39:
1940:
1892:
1842:
1836:
1777:
1714:
1607:
1543:
1343:
1250:
963:
800:
662:
61:
667:
650:
219:, pāua less than 7 cm (3") occur in crevices and under stones in the shallow
1724:
1709:
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1689:
1293:
1282:
376:
Pāua shells are frequently used to represent eyes of human and animal figures in
275:
220:
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2082:
2023:
1973:
1963:
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51:
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1988:
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215:
132:
89:
27:
804:
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501:
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418:
1900:
1627:
1507:
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1394:
1376:
1313:
1288:
450:
414:
397:
21:
1932:
1858:
1575:
1244:
787:
Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New
Zealand's Native Sea Creatures
467:
438:
434:
366:
64:
1905:
1848:
1823:
1429:
1318:
1239:
879:"Getting picky with paua: selective breeding to improve productivity"
521:
of conditions to ensure that the pāua are not stressed is paramount.
314:
54:
47:
386:, the symbolic eyes of ancestors that gaze down from the night sky.
1202:
1061:
Getting picky with paua: selective breeding to improve productivity
377:
325:
224:
69:
1165:
1075:
620:
Walton, Kerry; Spencer, Hamish; Rawlence, Nic (3 September 2024).
1955:
1923:
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1519:
1332:
1229:
530:
490:
463:
455:
77:
57:
43:
2042:
1681:
1440:
1386:
1303:
350:
292:"). However, pāua caught in this area cannot be taken east of
2005:
1814:
1764:
1653:
1324:
1092:
1005:, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
648:
514:
510:
278:
in the south, in which the minimum legal size is 85 mm (
1211:
1093:
883:
1017:
Handbook of culture of abalone and other marine gastropods
917:
Handbook of
Culture of Abalone and other Marine Gastropods
370:
964:"Xena outfit – Museum of New Zealand te Papa Tongarewa"
849:"The pretty paua 'pearls' growing on land near Picton"
489:; however, research has shown that pāua will eat most
446:
recreate the wave motion pāua experience in the wild.
1107:
1067:
619:
321:(MPI) fishery officers can inspect them if required.
1056:
National
Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
1043:
National
Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
1111:
Species Focus – Paua (purple paua – Halitosis iris)
1098:"Paua industry wants stiffer penalties for thieves"
529:Pāua shells make up the decoration on Xena's first
470:species. Several species have been used, including
789:. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 126–131.
615:
613:
197:is a small, recently described species endemic to
76:It is known in the United States and Australia as
2119:
155:Silver pāua, yellowfoot pāua, hihiwa, karariwha
784:
610:
1181:
713:"Shellfish – Central Fishery Management Area"
644:
642:
433:Most pāua farms grow pāua produced from wild
296:unless they meet the 125 mm (5") limit.
106:There are four species of New Zealand pāua:
554:
552:
381:
354:
16:Māori name for several species of sea snail
1188:
1174:
1019:, CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Florida 1989
639:
1117:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
666:
437:; however, some have developed their own
549:
500:
340:
20:
2120:
1134:
939:
767:
1169:
755:from the original on 18 February 2006
199:Manawatāwhi / the Three Kings Islands
914:
1195:
67:(in which there is only one genus,
13:
1128:
1048:Creating right conditions for paua
785:Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022).
524:
428:
14:
2159:
1154:Hidden pāua of Collections Online
976:from the original on 25 June 2024
891:from the original on 25 June 2024
859:from the original on 25 June 2024
829:from the original on 25 June 2024
723:from the original on 25 June 2024
693:from the original on 25 June 2024
598:from the original on 25 June 2024
572:from the original on 25 June 2024
353:, or treasure, esteemed both as
956:
933:
871:
841:
683:"Guidelines for gathering paua"
565:Ministry for Primary Industries
319:Ministry for Primary Industries
172:Whitefoot pāua, marapeka, koio
42:name given to four New Zealand
1108:Ministry of Fisheries (2007),
1068:Paua Industry council (2010),
811:
735:
717:Ministry of Primary Industries
705:
687:Ministry of Primary Industries
675:
584:
403:
349:To Māori, pāua are recognised
1:
1139:. Penguin Group New Zealand.
1094:New Zealand Press Association
992:
668:10.1080/13235818.2024.2390476
592:"Haliotis – Māori Dictionary"
408:
329:officers with the backing of
238:
201:that superficially resembles
25:Ventral view of the shell of
1037:, NZ Business, 10 April 2010
940:Griggs, Kim (21 June 2004).
336:
7:
819:"Beauty in cigarette butts"
391:Second voyage of James Cook
10:
2164:
560:"Approved Fish Names List"
505:New Zealand abalone pearls
223:while adults are found in
208:
87:
83:
2133:Gastropods of New Zealand
2106:
2075:
2041:
2004:
1954:
1931:
1922:
1891:
1857:
1822:
1813:
1763:
1733:
1690:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
1680:
1652:
1583:
1574:
1518:
1439:
1385:
1342:
1210:
1201:
496:
1561:Placopecten magellanicus
1405:New Zealand green-lipped
1135:McCrea, Malcolm (2005).
542:
2066:Acanthopleura granulata
1635:(group of four species)
230:
2059:Acanthopleura echinata
1969:Atlantic white-spotted
1420:Asian/Philippine green
1137:Pāua Craft: A Nga Pāua
1102:The New Zealand Herald
915:Hahn, Kirk O. (2023).
536:Xena: Warrior Princess
506:
382:
355:
346:
32:
1995:Amphioctopus fangsiao
1639:South African abalone
1511:("true oyster" genus)
1277:California butterclam
942:"Paua pearl pioneers"
533:in the hit TV series
504:
345:A pāua shell bracelet
344:
274:in the north and the
24:
2138:Mollusc common names
1720:Ribbed Mediterranean
1235:Grooved carpet shell
1003:New Zealand Mollusca
60:which belong to the
2143:New Zealand seafood
1715:Rayed Mediterranean
1309:Japanese littleneck
1121:Paua pearl pioneers
1088:, NZ Business, 2000
1031:"Growing paua plus"
2088:Land snail farming
1502:Gillardeau oysters
1220:Atlantic jackknife
1118:Unlimited (2004),
1085:Paua to the people
659:Molluscan Research
507:
473:Lessonia variegata
443:selective breeding
347:
264:Haliotis australis
184:Haliotis pirimoana
150:Haliotis australis
102:Haliotis pirimoana
94:Haliotis australis
33:
2115:
2114:
2093:Gastropod anatomy
2052:Chiton magnificus
2037:
2036:
2014:New Zealand arrow
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1789:Kelletia lischkei
1754:Littorina sitkana
1700:Yellow-foot opihi
1570:
1569:
1464:Colchester native
1158:Te Papa Tongarewa
969:Te Papa Tongarewa
796:978-1-77554-179-0
653:Haliotis virginea
568:. December 2023.
460:Navicula minimata
458:present (usually
362:Astrostole scabra
192:
191:
167:Haliotis virginea
121:and common names
98:Haliotis virginea
2155:
1929:
1928:
1843:Chorus giganteus
1820:
1819:
1581:
1580:
1544:Pecten jacobaeus
1251:Mactra stultorum
1208:
1207:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1150:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1089:
1079:
1074:, archived from
1071:Facts about paua
1064:
1051:
1038:
986:
985:
983:
981:
960:
954:
953:
952:on 17 July 2011.
948:. Archived from
937:
931:
930:
912:
901:
900:
898:
896:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
855:. 17 June 2022.
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
825:. 22 June 2014.
815:
809:
808:
782:
765:
764:
762:
760:
754:
747:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
679:
673:
672:
670:
646:
637:
636:
634:
632:
626:The Conversation
617:
608:
607:
605:
603:
588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
556:
509:To produce pāua
385:
358:
312:
311:
307:
304:
291:
290:
286:
283:
261:
260:
256:
253:
248:and 80 mm (
178:Manawatāwhi pāua
115:Scientific name
109:
108:
46:of large edible
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2098:Bivalve anatomy
2071:
2033:
2019:Japanese flying
2000:
1950:
1910:
1887:
1853:
1809:
1759:
1729:
1710:Common European
1676:
1648:
1566:
1550:Peruvian calico
1514:
1435:
1432:(mussel family)
1381:
1338:
1283:Senilia senilis
1197:
1196:Edible mollusks
1194:
1163:
1147:
1131:
1129:Further reading
1096:(30 May 2006),
1082:
1029:
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990:
989:
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977:
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573:
558:
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545:
527:
525:Popular culture
499:
431:
429:Meat and shells
411:
406:
339:
309:
305:
302:
300:
294:State Highway 4
288:
284:
281:
279:
276:Whanganui River
258:
254:
251:
249:
241:
233:
221:intertidal zone
211:
138:Blackfoot pāua
104:
88:Main articles:
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2112:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
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2083:Oyster farming
2079:
2077:
2076:Related topics
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1868:Cornu aspersum
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1377:Giant Atlantic
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1346:
1340:
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1329:
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1299:Triangle shell
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1199:
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1185:
1178:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1146:978-0790009957
1145:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1090:
1080:
1078:on 5 June 2010
1065:
1052:
1039:
1027:
1015:Kirk O. Hahn,
1013:
994:
991:
988:
987:
955:
932:
926:978-0367210816
925:
902:
887:. March 2008.
870:
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795:
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734:
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541:
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430:
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407:
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402:
378:Māori carvings
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2148:Māori cuisine
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2110:
2105:
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2017:
2015:
2012:
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1997:
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1979:Pacific giant
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1884:
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1882:Helix pomatia
1879:
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1875:Helix lucorum
1872:
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1495:Ostra chilena
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1400:Mediterranean
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1328:(razor genus)
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1267:Pacific razor
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1225:Atlantic surf
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1035:Dominion Post
1032:
1028:
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1025:0-8493-3528-0
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:0-00-216906-1
1008:
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996:
975:
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922:
919:. CRC Press.
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363:
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343:
334:
332:
327:
322:
320:
316:
297:
295:
277:
273:
272:Awakino River
269:
268:Haliotis iris
265:
247:
246:Haliotis iris
236:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:
216:Haliotis iris
206:
204:
200:
196:
188:
186:
185:
181:
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176:
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171:
169:
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164:
162:
159:
158:
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151:
147:
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137:
135:
134:
133:Haliotis iris
130:
128:
125:
124:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:Haliotis iris
81:
79:
74:
72:
71:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
29:
28:Haliotis iris
23:
19:
2064:
2057:
2050:
1993:
1984:Southern red
1880:
1873:
1866:
1841:
1815:Other snails
1787:
1752:
1632:
1559:
1542:
1528:Atlantic bay
1506:
1494:
1459:Southern mud
1331:
1323:
1281:
1262:Ocean quahog
1249:
1162:
1136:
1120:
1110:
1101:
1084:
1076:the original
1070:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1016:
1002:
999:Powell A W B
978:. Retrieved
967:
958:
950:the original
945:
935:
916:
893:. Retrieved
882:
873:
861:. Retrieved
852:
843:
831:. Retrieved
822:
813:
786:
757:. Retrieved
737:
725:. Retrieved
707:
697:11 September
695:. Retrieved
677:
658:
652:
631:17 September
629:. Retrieved
625:
600:. Retrieved
586:
574:. Retrieved
563:
534:
528:
519:
508:
486:Ulva lactuca
484:
477:
471:
459:
448:
432:
424:
412:
395:
388:
375:
360:
348:
323:
298:
267:
263:
245:
242:
234:
214:
212:
202:
195:H. pirimoana
194:
193:
182:
177:
165:
160:
148:
143:
131:
126:
105:
75:
68:
35:
34:
26:
18:
2029:Neon flying
1735:Periwinkles
1695:Turtle/talc
1628:Green ormer
1538:New Zealand
1508:Crassostrea
1489:Sydney rock
1367:New Zealand
1289:Smooth clam
1257:Blunt gaper
479:Pterocladia
451:trochophore
415:aquaculture
404:Aquaculture
398:New Zealand
203:H. virginea
161:Virgin pāua
2128:Haliotidae
2122:Categories
1946:Bottletail
1933:Cuttlefish
1893:Freshwater
1837:Korean mud
1800:Pear whelk
1576:Gastropods
1533:Great/king
1479:Windowpane
1474:Portuguese
1410:California
1314:Razor clam
1294:Soft-shell
993:References
833:14 October
805:Q114871191
468:macroalgae
439:hatcheries
435:broodstock
409:Background
239:Harvesting
144:Queen pāua
65:Haliotidae
48:sea snails
1941:Spineless
1805:Lightning
1773:Channeled
1430:Mytilidae
1319:Pod razor
1240:Hard clam
946:Unlimited
419:Whangārei
337:Human use
55:gastropod
2109:Category
2024:Humboldt
1974:Big blue
1832:Mud-flat
1783:Kellet's
1623:Greenlip
1618:Blacklip
1520:Scallops
1203:Bivalves
1058:(2008),
1045:(2006),
974:Archived
889:Archived
857:Archived
827:Archived
801:Wikidata
750:Archived
721:Archived
691:Archived
602:5 August
596:Archived
570:Archived
356:kaimoana
326:poaching
225:subtidal
112:Species
70:Haliotis
58:molluscs
2043:Chitons
1956:Octopus
1924:Inkfish
1906:Nerites
1795:Knobbed
1682:Limpets
1667:Elegant
1654:Conches
1644:Chilean
1585:Abalone
1469:Pacific
1454:Olympia
1449:Eastern
1441:Oysters
1387:Mussels
1344:Cockles
1333:Paphies
1230:Geoduck
980:24 June
895:24 June
863:24 June
759:25 July
576:24 June
531:chakram
491:seaweed
464:diatoms
462:). The
456:diatoms
308:⁄
287:⁄
262:") for
257:⁄
209:Habitat
84:Species
78:abalone
44:species
38:is the
1964:Common
1849:Bailer
1778:Common
1765:Whelks
1748:Banded
1743:Common
1725:Rustic
1497:/Bluff
1372:Sydney
1362:Goolwa
1352:Common
1304:Tuatua
1143:
1023:
1009:
923:
803:
793:
727:28 May
511:pearls
497:Pearls
351:taonga
331:police
227:zone.
100:, and
62:family
52:marine
2006:Squid
1989:Mimic
1901:Apple
1705:China
1662:Queen
1608:Green
1603:Black
1593:White
1555:Yesso
1415:Brown
1357:Blood
1325:Ensis
1272:Venus
1245:Horse
1212:Clams
823:Stuff
753:(PDF)
746:(PDF)
543:Notes
515:nacre
413:Pāua
383:whetū
367:hāngī
315:scuba
119:Māori
40:Māori
1859:Land
1633:Pāua
1613:Pink
1484:Rock
1425:Date
1395:Blue
1141:ISBN
1021:ISBN
1007:ISBN
982:2024
921:ISBN
897:2024
884:NIWA
865:2024
835:2022
791:ISBN
761:2008
729:2013
699:2012
633:2024
604:2020
578:2024
483:and
441:and
231:Life
127:Pāua
36:Pāua
1824:Sea
1672:Dog
1598:Red
1156:at
853:RNZ
663:doi
481:sp.
371:iwi
73:).
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
