865:, Echeandía admitted the legality of Pico's selection as governor. However, he also clarified his opposition to Pico's governance based on the illegality of the rebellion. Dominguez then refused to accept Pico as governor. Echeandía believed that since Victoria passed the office to him before he left, that he, not Pico, gave him the governorship. On February 16, Echeandía issued an ultimatum to Pico: If he didn't step down, Echeandía would hold him and the diputación responsible for the rebellion to the nation, which ignored Echeandía's own role in it. The group placated Echeandía's desire, and Pico made no further claims to the office and issued to acts after this point. Echeandía was able to assume the governorship on February 18.
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655:. In 1827, Portillà charged merchant Luis Brigas with misappropriation of funds, and brought the matter to a military tribunal. Brigas defended himself by stating that, "the civilians were the sacred core of the nation and that the military were nothing more than servants". The response affected Pico so much that he broke the line of command and sided with Brigas, which resulted in Pico temporarily being placed in jail. The incident was the beginning of Pico's support for liberalism and the first major political event of his life. Pico also became a supporter of California's liberal governor,
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783:. This alienated several key Californio families. In late September, Pico wrote a contestación (a response) to Victoria's circular, stating that the diputación had the right to rebel against the governor, and argued against the expulsions and the nullification of local elections and diputados. He portrayed himself as a patriot defending Mexican law, and in bandos (pronouncements that posted on public buildings), he instilled the image of himself as a fighter for the liberty of common citizens. His prominent position gave his manifesto public weight.
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811:. Pico took them to the home of Portillà, who had been arrested by Bandini, and the rebels attempted to convince the captured officers to join their rebellion. They refused, but promised to take no action against Pico's group for the remainder of the rebellion. The group released the officers, who allowed the rebels to take artillery pieces from the barracks, and soldiers from the garrison began joining them. They then went to Los Angeles, where they stormed the prison, released all prisoners, and then arrested the
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956:. She was the daughter of sergeant Francisco Javier Alvarado. His son, Francisco Javier II, was alcalde of Los Angeles and had married Pico's sister María Tomasa Pico in 1829. The reception was held across the street at the home of his brother-in-law José Antonio Carrillo. The reception lasted eight days. Pico's best man was then-governor Figueroa. By this point, the two had formed a strong friendship. That year, Pico ran to become alcalde of San Diego, but on December 21, he lost to
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1086:, and other Southern California politicians feared that Alvarado would favor the north. Pico and his allies challenged Alvarado's government, supporting Carrillo instead. In 1837 the conflict erupted into a revolt, which Pico joined. By March 1838, Alvarado's army had defeated the southern rebels. Carrillo surrendered, and Pico and several others were briefly imprisoned. Eventually, the federal government recognized Alvarado as governor, which ended the conflict on all sides.
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continue secularization and governance of the state. They set aside any political differences they had to select a new head of government. An 1822 law stated that the primer vocal would assume the governorship, which was still Pico. The church resisted giving the group religious objects needed for the swearing-in, so
Alvarado broke in to get them. Afterwards, Vallejo inaugurated Pico as the governor on January 27. Pico's governance had the support of San Diego.
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1011:). The encargado could arrest people at the mission for crimes, but the act creating this position was vague on what constituted a crime, and the encargado could arrest a native for simply refusing to work. Punishments involved imprisonment in chains for up to eight days and possibly an equal amount of time doing forced labor. According to Pico, he once had a Luiseño alcalde chained and lashed fifty times for attacking a Mexican
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Angeles. It announced the suspension of
Victoria as governor and military commandant and called for a legally elected interim official to run the government and military. On November 30, a group of 15 armed men, including Pico, Carrillo, Bandini, and Stearns marched into San Diego and surprised its garrison. Pico placed his friend Argüello under arrest, as well as
1581:. At the time of its opening in 1869, it was the most lavish hotel in Southern California. Even before 1900, however, both the hotel and the surrounding neighborhood had begun to decline, as the business center moved farther south. After decades as a shabby flophouse, the hotel was deeded to the State of California in 1953. It is now a part of
949:) to emancipate and redistribute property to the natives, and to take mission inventory and pay debts with the governor's approval. After redistribution, this would leave excess land that Figueroa believed could improve the economy. However, there was a lack of regulations on the comisionado and on native labor requirements.
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his inventory valued the mission at $ 194,436, which was far ahead of the others. A Luiseño coalition elected the educated Pablo Apis to represent them, and in June they petitioned the alcalde of San Diego to remove Pico. Pico learned of this and requested military assistance from the San Diego
Presidio. Comandante
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They met at Pico's Rancho Jamul to gather information on
Victoria's forces and plan an armed revolt. At the same time, Victoria informed the federal government of his suspension of the diputación and his plans for military rule. With the diputación no longer recognized federally, the group chose to send Pico to
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seized an opportunity in the battle to signal the other side for a parley. Many of the soldiers on each side were immigrants from the United States. Marsh convinced them that they had no reason to be fighting each other. At Marsh's urging, these soldiers on both sides united, abandoned
Micheltorena's
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of the 1830s. Micheltorena brought with him to the state an army of three hundred criminal soldiers, who were viewed as a public nuisance by local
Californios. Micheltorena was generous with land grants to foreign immigrants, which many locals, including Pico, viewed suspiciously. Pico suspected that
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helped him round up fugitive Luiseños. Hartnell interviewed them, and learned of their complaints against Pico, including that his wasteful spending left them without necessities such as clothing. Hartnell then recommended that
Alvarado discharge Pico, which he did. Pico fought against his dismissal,
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This occurred because, in late 1844, the
Mexican province of California staged a revolt against the mother country. Micheltorena had been sent to California from Mexico, along with an army that had been recruited out of Mexico's worst jails. He had no money to feed his army, which then spread out to
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Pico received word from
Carrillo that Victoria planned to kill him and Bandini. Victoria also dismissed Bandini from his political position around that time. Pico responded by building an opposition including many of the most influential Southern Californians, such as Carrillo, Bandini, and Stearns.
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Back at San Luis Rey, the Luiseños continued refusing to work, and he needed more funding. In June 1839, he moved his mother and sister
Jacinta into the mission, and sent a letter to his brother José Antonio, asking him to use his influence with Alvarado and Vallejo to sell their family home in San
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states that Pico's claim was illegitimate, historian Paul Gray describes the revolt as if Pico never held the office, while Pico's biographer Carlos Manuel Salomon describes Pico as the governor during this period. Bancroft notes that it is customary for historians to list Pico's first governorship
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The Luiseños soon came to despise Pico. According to the Luiseño Julio César, Pico was their most abusive administrator. Pico mandated that all Luiseños remove their hats when he walked by, and allowed his cattle to graze on native pueblos. He also sought to profit off of the mission, and by 1835,
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on September 31 that year, Victoria stated his intention to end Echeandía's secularization policies, and accused the diputados (diputación members) of being illegally elected. He then suspended it entirely. He then began replacing the civilian government with a military one, and banished prominent
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Sloat's term as the state's U.S.-appointed military governor began on July 7, 1846, while Pico was still the state's Mexico-appointed governor. In October of 1846, Flores self-stylized himself as the governor and continued to fight U.S. forces into 1847. Flores is sometimes excluded from lists of
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In 1842, Pico, still encargado de justicia, declared the land around Las Flores too arid for further settlement, which opened it for his ranching operations. He purchased Las Flores in 1844, and made his brother Andrés a co-recipient of the land. The two oversaw on the land the construction of a
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While Pico was imprisoned, natives had attacked burned down Rancho Jamul. Pico's mother and sisters escaped due to a warning from a native servant, but multiple staff members and their relatives were killed or disappeared. The natives had also begun leaving Mission San Luis Rey in large numbers.
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As governor, Figueroa opposed full secularization, arguing that it would hurt California's economy and that natives required more "civilizing". He issued a law giving partial emancipation to those who had practiced Christianity for twelve years, but placed recalcitrant natives back under mission
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Following his father's death, Pico moved back to San Diego around the year 1820. He became a merchant, selling liquor, groceries, and dry goods. He would open a general store where he also sold furniture and mules. His occupation also allowed him to travel the state and meet notable Californios.
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requesting they maintain peace and avoid joining Zamorano's revolt. Pico did not challenge Echeandía or Zamorano for the governorship and sought to end public disruption. By early May, a truce placed Zamorano and Echeandía in military control of the north and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the
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Vallejo signed the Plan de San Diego soon after, which united the North and South of California under it. On January 10, 1832, the restored diputación met in Los Angeles. This time, it consisted of Pico, Vallejo, Alvarado, Ortega, Osio, Argüello, and Yorba. With Victoria gone, they were free to
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The rebellion was gaining public support, and its success convinced Portillà and Argüello to join on the condition that Echeandía lead it. Although he had little involvement prior, Echeandía agreed. This gave further legitimacy to the rebels, and more officers and soldiers joined them. In early
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was short. Pico's side gained the upper hand, with Victoria being critically wounded while retreating. The following day he formally surrendered. On December 9, he met with Echeandía to make plans abdicate and leave to another part of Mexico. The rebels celebrated their victory without fear of
967:, an English-born immigrant who converted to Catholicism and became a Mexican citizen to own land. The two men would later refer to this event when asking each other for political favors. Forster would soon after marry Pico's sister Isidora Ygnacia Pico, making Forster his son-in-law as well.
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After less than two months of planning, on November 29, 1831, Pico, Carrillo, and Bandini issued the Plan de San Diego, which placed them in open rebellion against Victoria. It accused Victoria of violating the law by issuing banishments without trial and of "promoting illegal arrests" in Los
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gave Apis permission to travel to San Diego, but Pico had Apis arrested. Apis was placed in jail, but a thousand Luiseños protested outside his quarters, demanding his release. Fearing for his life, Pico unconditionally released Apis. However, Pico had requested the aid of troops from
994:, which may have been influenced by his friendship with Figueroa. As comisionado, Pico faced resistance from natives at San Luis Rey, as they had been skeptical of emancipation and continued to face mistreatment following secularization. Laws had given natives the ability to establish
537:. However, José María died in September 1819 in the same mission in which his son had been born. After this, Pío Pico was left in charge of his large family, and would have to continue without owning any land, which would remain a necessary component for entering California politics.
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of the diputación, being its most senior member. Victoria began ignoring the diputación's demands, such as one instance when Pico demanded Victoria meet with him, which Victoria considered a person attack, and stated that he would decide when the diputación would meet. In a
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Pico's sisters married into prominent California families, which would be important to Pico's political rise. He kept close connections with these families. These marriages also gave the Pico family their first sense of financial security. Concepción Pico married
725:, which was the first major piece of land he owned. After receiving the ranch, Pico began stocking it with cattle and hiring workers to cultivate a cattle empire and become part of the landowning elite. By 1831, California's diputación consisted of Pico, Ortega,
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collector of Los Angeles, where he received five percent per commission. This position allowed him to meet residents of the city. Due to his wealth and the city's reliance on ranching professions, Pico became one of the most respected people in Los Angeles.
885:, Victoria's secretary, began a revolt in Northern Alta California. He and his allies rejected the authority of Echeandía and the diputación. By March 22, the diputación and Echeandía had reached an accord with Echeandía, and Pico issued a circular to the
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With the help of his family connections, Pico was able to enter politics. By 1826, he had been elected to San Diego's town council and in 1828 he was elected to California's legislative body, known as a diputación. In 1829, Echeandía gave Pico
1138:, was placed on a list of candidates the federal government could choose to be governor, but Alvarado was ultimately chosen. Pico did not fight this, but argued that Los Angeles, not Alvarado's home of Monterey, should be the state's capital.
505:, who later married Pico's sister Estéfana, taught Pico how to read. This would be important to his career, as California law required literacy among elected officials. Carrillo would have a great influence on Pico's youth and political rise.
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The Spanish government gave plots of land for housing and agriculture to some of the settlers in the area, and used them as incentives to recruit soldiers. José María Pico was never given any plots. José María eventually began to support the
1281:(also known as the Second Battle of Cahuenga Pass), which consisted primarily of an artillery duel. On the long march to the battle Marsh had taken every opportunity to dissuade the other soldiers from Micheltorena’s cause. Ignoring Sutter,
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people's homes and farms "like a plague of locusts, stripping the countryside bare." This enraged the Californians and led to widespread hatred of Micheltorena. Women were not considered safe from the depredations of Micheltorena's army.
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and elect their own alcaldes, who would interact with the Mexican government on behalf of their people. Two pueblos and alcaldes were established by the Luiseños (natives at San Luis Rey). To overcome this, Pico worked with the local
1608:, becoming one of the wealthiest California cattlemen, controlling more than a quarter million acres. He defended his position and fortune in over 100 legal cases, including 20 that were argued before the California Supreme Court.
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He took an interest in his father's work, and in 1815, he was temporarily placed in charge of the mission guards by local officials while his father was away. His father and other guards defended the missions from rebellions by
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After the presidency of Guadalupe Victoria, the liberal Vicente Guerrero became president, but after he was given emergency powers to repel a Spanish invasion, conservatives accused him of despotism. Led by Vice President
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to recruit influential men in the city to their cause. He found many of them imprisoned, but was still able to speak with them, and although he didn't get all the support he hoped for, he did find a significant amount.
1103:, which Alvarado gave him temporary custody of. There, he gave provisions to the natives while announcing his custody of the land, but they threatened him with an armed revolt. He was soon replaced with his son-in-law
925:, removed the conservative government. Gómez Farías implemented many liberal reforms, including secularization in the Californias. This conflicted with Figueroa's gradual plan, but in 1834 he complied. He created the
1131:, on the condition that he relinquish his claims to Temecula. Pico's Ranchos Jamul and Santa Margarita were entering full production, although they were managed by staff and Pico had little need to reside at either.
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to replace him in 1830. Prior to Victoria's arrival, Echeandía issued decrees authorizing secularization, which he knew Victoria would oppose. Pico and other liberals in California supported Echeandía's decrees.
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to assume the governorship, but he would not arrive until the following year, and until then the massive territory would not have a single leader. Figueroa arrived on January 14, 1833, reuniting the state.
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was placed in charge of the military in San Luis Rey, in 1839, which allowed him to defend his brother against native uprisings. Meanwhile, Andrés Pico left the military to take charge of Rancho Jamul.
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Pico was forced to liquidate his real estate holdings and his final years were spent in near poverty. In 1893, a committee of local boosters and history enthusiasts asked him to appear at the Chicago
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corral and an adobe house that they used to entertain guests and conduct business. Thanks to lands from Mission San Luis Rey, Pico's herds had grown, and his two ranches had made him wealthy.
1078:. That year, Northern California politician Juan Bautista Alvarado led a revolt against Governor Gutiérrez and declared California independent from Mexico. He elevated the diputación to a
489:. José María Pico worked as a guard for mission communities, and would move to different missions as his work required. Pío Pico spent much of his childhood outside the tiny settlement of
1719:, became a Mexican citizen as a young man, and finally a United States citizen. He was known for his extravagant lifestyle, with fine clothes, expensive furnishings, and heavy gambling.
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from Spain. In 1811, he and sixty other soldiers were arrested by Spanish authorities on charges of conspiracy and imprisoned. He was eventually released, and the family moved back to
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in which Cohn paid Pico more than $ 60,000 in exchange for a deed to Pico's property in Los Angeles and elsewhere in the county. Pico sued Cohn, but lost on appeal. The decision,
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Pico did not directly involve himself in politics for the next few years, but was still influential with the state assembly. He, along with fellow assembly members Alvarado and
3311:
John Bidwell: "First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900", Library of Congress Historical Collections, "American Memory": John Bidwell (Pioneer of '41):
350:, he was one of the wealthiest men in California at the time and a hugely influential figure in Californian society, continuing as a citizen of the nascent U.S. state of
1266:, the governor who had been forcibly replaced by Micheltorena, organized a rebellion against Micheltorena. Upon learning of the impending revolt, Micheltorena appointed
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complained about their officials, Pico personally traveled there and replaced them. In November 1836, Pico prevented Portillà from acquiring native property rights in
1657:. Pico refused, considering it an affront to his dignity. He died in 1894 at the home of his daughter, Joaquina Pico Moreno, in Los Angeles. He was buried in the old
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1127:, which was a city where many other rancheros and southern elites lived. In late 1840, Pico made another attempt to gain Temecula, but instead Alvarado gave him
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to eliminate him as a threat, and had the military arrest more natives. A month later, Luiseño protests continued, with them unsuccessfully petitioning governor
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On February 1, Echeandía wrote to Pico about his concerns that Pico's election was illegitimate. Pico didn't reply, and then in a letter to Los Angeles alcalde
1274:, who had one of the largest ranchos in California, hoping he would join. Marsh wanted no part of it, but Sutter forced him to join his army against his will.
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History of San Diego, 1542-1908: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States Volume I: Old Town
1693:. Pico never acknowledged any children with her or anyone else, but multiple people claimed to have been his direct descendants. The mixed martial artist
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1634:, bad business practices, being a victim of fraud, and the flood of 1883 ruined him financially. For example, in 1893, Pico made an arrangement with
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in 1821, and Estéfana married José Antonio Carrillo in 1823. In 1824, Pío and Andrés Pico built their mother a home by Presidio Hill in San Diego.
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to head his cabinet, who sought to remove liberal opposition from federal and state governments. Alamán removed Echeandía as governor, and sent
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644:. California leaned more towards liberalism, as their political culture had developed largely separately from the federal government seated in
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who traveled on Pico's behalf to request arms, munitions, men, and money. Pico did not return to Los Angeles until after the signing of the
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1319:, Mexico, to argue before the Mexican Congress for sending troops to defend Alta California. He was joined by his Secretary of State
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at Mass, and felt the immense presence of the church, as it dominated the economy, although he was not profoundly religious. At the
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under Mexican rule from 1845 to 1846. He briefly held the governorship during a disputed period in 1832. A member of the prominent
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In 1844, he was chosen as a leader of the California Assembly. In 1845, he was again appointed governor, succeeding the unpopular
757:, the conservatives launched a rebellion in late 1829. Upon becoming president, Bustamante designated the conservative centralist
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for California in 1775 to explore the region and colonize it. Santiago and María Jacinta were from the provinces of what are now
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as governors as well. However, even sources that do list them still refer to Pío Pico as the last governor of Alta California.
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retaliation from the federal government, as they lacked the resources to send a force to the state and keep resupplying them.
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cause, and even captured Sutter. Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship.
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of in 1835. He sought to profit off of it, and became known for his cruel and authoritative treatment of the natives there.
478:. He was the fourth of his parents' ten children, and their second son. Among his siblings was his younger brother General
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After Pico's release, he sought to regain control of and rebuild his empire with the aid of his family. His brother
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Long, Robert W. (1973). "José Matiás Moreno, Secretary to Pío Pico, the Last Mexican Governor of California".
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Pío Pico was of African, Native American, Spanish, and Italian ancestry. His earliest known ancestor is the
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When U.S. troops occupied Los Angeles and San Diego in 1846 during the Mexican–American War, Pico fled to
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404:-born Pío de Jesús Pico III, likely came to Mexico during the first or second decade of the 18th century.
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1015:. In 1836, Pico also became the encargado de justicia, which gave him further control over the Luiseños.
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2487:"Circa 1820: Don Pío Pico settles in San Diego in the 1820s, before becoming the governor of California"
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By 1836, a conservative government had regained control of the federal government, and it enacted the
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1554:. Two years later, he built a home on the ranch and lived there until 1892. It is preserved today as
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The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1, A-L
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Pico made Los Angeles the province's capital, although he left the treasury in the former capital,
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1028:, and after they arrived, he again arrested Apis. He forced Apis to join the military company in
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Micheltorena may have been working with John Sutter to make California independent from Mexico.
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Pico's grandmother's name is usually spelled Vastida, but has occasionally been spelled Bastida
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n 1842, President López de Santa Anna replaced Alvarado as governor with the Brigadier General
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431:(Native American-Spanish) in the same census. Santiago was one of the soldiers who accompanied
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1927:(in Spanish). Government of Mexico, archived at Memoria Política de México. December 30, 1836.
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Los Angeles I first saw in March 1845. It then had probably 250 people, of whom I recall Don
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Some historians do not view Pico's first claim to the governorship as legitimate. Historian
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Following the American annexation of California, Pico dedicated himself to his businesses.
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California governors from that period, although other sources list him and Pico's brother
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In 2010, scientists published an article about Pio Pico asserting that he showed signs of
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December, Echeandía led his force of about 50 men into Los Angeles. The two groups met in
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2261:"Governor Pio Pico, the monster of California ... no more: lessons in neuroendocrinology"
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937:), which secularized ten missions and created plans to secularize the rest. It created a
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Pío Pico III's date of immigration to colonial Mexico came from a 1986 pamphlet for the
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Pico held three different nationalities during his lifetime. He was born a Spaniard in
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pp 77-6, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8061-4090-2.
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pp. 73, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8061-4090-2.
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but to no avail, then paid off his debt to the mission of $ 170.00, and left in 1840.
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1519:
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1163:
1067:
1004:
942:
930:
862:
634:
602:
455:
357:
His legacy can be seen in the numerous places named after him, such as the city of
342:
politician, ranchero, and entrepreneur, famous for serving as the last governor of
94:
4051:
1570:), and several other ranchos for a total of over 500,000 acres (200,000 ha).
891:
4250:
4215:
4158:
4036:
3975:
3787:
3769:
3744:
3723:
3702:
3681:
3655:
2223:
2216:
1987:
1944:
1654:
1585:
State Historic Monument. It is used on occasion for exhibits and special events.
1535:
1316:
1110:
Pico also threatened to resign from the mission unless mission inspector general
762:
630:
343:
332:
242:
135:
3834:
3334:
779:
critics who spoke out against these policies, such as José Antonio Carrillo and
758:
4330:
4210:
4200:
3955:
1753:
1567:
1308:, Pico advocated that California achieve independence from Mexico and become a
685:
622:
582:
436:
362:
4056:
2300:
2276:
1854:
1245:
1135:
479:
307:
4418:
4340:
4320:
4315:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4220:
4205:
4185:
4115:
4066:
3661:
1646:
in cases having to do with the setting aside of a judgment in case of fraud.
1578:
1033:
836:
827:
422:
397:
4375:
4230:
3858:
3854:
2294:
1889:
1785:
1709:
1527:
1511:
1503:
1039:
Pico made some concessions to the Luiseños. When Luiseños at the pueblo of
964:
886:
780:
742:
722:
707:
694:
637:, where the federal government shared power with the states, and supported
518:
3889:
1593:
839:, with Victoria's force of about 30 against Pico and Echeandía's 150. The
4370:
4355:
4345:
4325:
4310:
4305:
4190:
3960:
3945:
3291:"The extraordinary life of Pio Pico, a son of California under 3 nations"
2068:
1810:, made up of his adobe mansion and ranching estate. The site, located in
1781:
1773:
1757:
1631:
1267:
1063:
921:
authority. By 1833, the Liberals, led by Antonio López de Santa Anna and
788:
659:, who became California's governor in 1825. Echeandía was a supporter of
645:
425:. His paternal grandfather, Santiago de la Cruz Pico, was described as a
393:
262:
3725:
A Companion to California: Newly Revised and Expanded with Illustrations
1506:, an early California settler, mentioned Pico among the people he knew:
1362:
4360:
4270:
4168:
3396:"Family Plots: El Campo Santo Cemetery at the Workman-Temple Homestead"
3249:
John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-Blazer on Six Frontiers,
1821:
1761:
1744:
Numerous landmarks, areas, and streets bear Pico's name, especially in
1723:
1694:
1615:
1574:
1423: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1335:
Automatically granted United States citizenship, he was elected to the
1205: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1050:
609:, who resisted Iturbide's conservative policies. In 1823, Iturbide was
594:
351:
339:
266:
1277:
The two forces met in Cahuenga Pass, near Los Angeles, and fought the
1162:, due to the president's fear of another war with Americans after the
407:
Pico's paternal grandmother, María Jacinta Vastida, was listed in the
4335:
3928:
3844:"The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California"
3554:"Pasadena History: Pio Pico, the last governor of Mexican California"
2164:"The Life and Times of Pío Pico, Last Governor of Mexican California"
1925:"1836 Ley sobre la division del territorio mexicano en Departamentos"
1726:, a disease not characterized until later in the nineteenth century.
1716:
1012:
486:
401:
246:
1398:
1180:
3126:
3124:
3122:
2742:"Battlefield L.A.: Where & Why War Came to Southern California"
1627:
916:(pictured) ordered the full secularization of California's missions
3486:"Family shares history of the closest living Pio Pico descendants"
651:
Pico was eventually appointed as the secretary to a captain named
2745:
2585:
2313:"California's Last Mexican Governor: Timeline of Pío Pico's Life"
1893:
1689:
Pico's wife María Ignacia Alvarado died on February 21, 1854, in
1577:(Casa de Pico) on the old plaza of Los Angeles, opposite today's
1543:
970:
812:
440:
427:
413:
3119:
1708:, which would become an important factor in his lawsuit against
1642:(1891) 91 Cal. 129, 133-134, is classically cited by California
1611:
663:, which would involve releasing natives from Church control and
493:. There, he received a modest education. He often read from the
474:
and his wife María Eustaquia Gutiérrez, with the aid of midwife
1870:
by Howard Holter. However, Holter's source for this is unknown.
995:
444:
2582:"Vast Swaths of Southern California Once Belonged to Pío Pico"
3251:
pp. 258-62, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
2226:, 1912, California Spanish Genealogy. Retrieved on 2008-08-05
1142:
935:
Provisional regulation for the secularization of the missions
927:
Reglamento provisional para la secularización de las Misiones
494:
389:
3166:
3164:
3162:
2607:"OTAY RANCH RESORT VILLAGE, ARCHAEOLOGICAL/HISTORICAL STUDY"
1074:), which diminished the power of the states and created the
952:
Pico married María Ignacia Alvarado on February 24, 1834 at
3848:
3683:
Forster Vs. Pico: The Battle for the Rancho Santa Margarita
3399:
1697:
is reportedly Pío Pico's great-great-great-great grandson.
1539:
1327:, and he reluctantly accepted the transfer of sovereignty.
32:
4580:
Hispanic and Latino American people in California politics
3174:
pp 66-69, The Parthenon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1962.
3582:"Who Was That? The People Behind Famous L.A. Place Names"
3184:
3182:
3180:
3159:
3140:
3138:
3136:
2935:
2196:
3514:"Aaron Pico learning How to Fight and Be Like a Ferrari"
3325:"The Law: Another Judgement Against Pio Pico Rendered".
3107:
3019:
2983:
2959:
2851:
2827:
2786:
2703:
2679:
2667:
2628:
2546:
2519:
2507:
2416:
2370:
1573:
In 1868, he constructed the three-story, 33-room hotel,
3789:
The Last Of The Californios: The Pico Family, 1775-1894
3192:
pp 66-68, Word Dancer Press, Clovis, California, 1999.
3080:
392:
Mazzi, who lived during the early 1600s in the town of
3177:
3133:
2128:
1814:, was opened to the public in 1927 and is operated by
3007:
2995:
2971:
2947:
2911:
2839:
2774:
2691:
2467:
2440:
2428:
2229:
954:
La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles
3148:pp 68-72, Berkley Books, New York, New York, 1982.
2193:"The blurred racial lines of famous families: Pico"
1099:Diego. He also requested ownership of the lands of
1058:(pictured), which led to Pico's brief imprisonment.
3533:
3484:
3413:
3362:
3229:
3224:Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California,
3211:Pio Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California,
2923:
2815:
2356:"The lost history of Latino influence in Pasadena"
1967:
963:In 1837, Pico was the godfather at the baptism of
3746:Pío Pico: The Last Governor of Mexican California
1054:Pico opposed the governorship of his former ally
4416:
3278:. San Diego: San Diego Corral of the Westerners.
2877:"The Power of Pico (the Person, not the Street)"
2318:. Whittier Historical Society. February 27, 2018
1534:By the 1850s Pico was one of the richest men in
3814:Biography from the San Diego Historical Society
3315:, from the collection "California As I Saw It."
1900: and the second or maternal family name is
2805:
2803:
2801:
2735:
2733:
1760:, is named for him. The L.A. neighborhoods of
971:Mission San Luis Rey and Alvarado governorship
903:
3905:
3369:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p.
3365:Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and contested space
2387:
2385:
2190:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
1526:; also of Mexicans, Pio Pico (governor), Don
1270:to lead troops in opposition. Sutter came to
1047:, although he took some of them for himself.
3460:"Great-granddaughter of Pio Pico dies at 96"
3313:Life in California Before the Gold Discovery
2063:
2061:
2059:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1834:El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument
1153:
121:27 January 1832 – February 18, 1832
3919:
3875:"Early Afro-Mexican Settlers in California"
2798:
2730:
2301:https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11102-008-0127-1
617:was created. Two rival factions developed:
369:, and numerous schools that bear his name.
100:As the U.S. Military Governor of California
4490:Mexican people of the Mexican–American War
3912:
3898:
3036:
3034:
2457:
2455:
2382:
2258:
2186:
2184:
2086:
1938:
1936:
1934:
890:federal government sent brigadier general
61:22 February 1845 – 10 August 1846
31:
3657:History of California Vol. III: 1825–1840
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2764:
2762:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2284:
2056:
2037:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1483:Learn how and when to remove this message
1221:Learn how and when to remove this message
670:
338:(May 5, 1801 – September 11, 1894) was a
4460:Hispanic and Latino American politicians
3668:
3650:
3190:From Mud-Flat Cove to Gold to Statehood,
3097:
3095:
3086:
3070:
3068:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2809:
2720:
2718:
2645:
2643:
2563:
2561:
2536:
2534:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1806:is the historic site of Governor Pico's
1733:
1610:
1592:
1494:
1244:
1049:
990:In 1835, Pico became the comisionado of
974:
907:
873:between those of Victoria and Figueroa.
817:
589:was created. However, Mexico's emperor,
550:
454:
4575:American politicians of Mexican descent
3873:Salomon, Carlos Manuel (May 20, 2015).
3872:
3742:
3360:
3354:
3288:
3113:
3101:
3074:
3059:
3040:
3031:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2905:
2874:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2792:
2768:
2739:
2724:
2709:
2697:
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2673:
2661:
2649:
2634:
2567:
2552:
2540:
2525:
2513:
2473:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2391:
2376:
2353:
2235:
2181:
2161:
2134:
2050:
1942:
1931:
1514:, John Temple, Captain Alexander Bell,
1339:in 1853, but he did not assume office.
1330:
1289:
540:
4485:Mexican people of the Bear Flag Revolt
4417:
3785:
3767:
3579:
3511:
3457:
3393:
3046:
2941:
2917:
2863:
2780:
2759:
2579:
2330:
2217:"Soldiers of the 1775 Anza Expedition"
2006:
1985:
1170:
1118:
450:
3893:
3675:. San Francisco: The History Company.
3551:
3433:"Funeral set for Pio Pico descendant"
3394:Meares, Hadley (September 27, 2013).
3092:
3065:
2894:
2740:Masters, Nathan (December 14, 2011).
2715:
2640:
2580:Bernal, Victoria (November 4, 2016).
2558:
2531:
2397:
2241:
2162:Estrada, William (October 27, 2016).
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
1550:, which included half of present-day
847:
633:. Liberals wanted Mexico to become a
574:in 1810, María Casimira Pico married
89:Self-appointed Governor of California
4550:19th-century American businesspeople
4500:People of the Conquest of California
3824:"What made Pio Pico so, well, ugly?"
3721:
3700:
3679:
3539:
3458:Molina, Sandra T. (March 21, 2012).
3419:
3387:
3289:McPhate, Mike (September 14, 2018).
3273:
3235:
2929:
2821:
2341:
2031:
2019:
1973:
1756:, a major east–west thoroughfare in
1421:adding citations to reliable sources
1392:
1357:
1203:adding citations to reliable sources
1174:
852:
4510:People from San Gabriel, California
1564:Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores
822:Pico's 1831 rebellion ended with a
13:
3779:
3728:. University of California Press.
3347:For example, see Justia U.S. Law,
2616:. November 22, 2010. p. 3.0–8
2259:Login IS, Login J (January 2010).
2140:
1560:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
1499:Pío Pico at the age of 67 in 1868.
1233:
881:Shortly after Pico's resignation,
830:, which is pictured above in 1888.
613:amid revolts, and soon after, the
296:
14:
4591:
4565:Spanish people of African descent
4560:Mexican people of African descent
4480:Mexican people of Italian descent
3807:
3172:Dr. John Marsh, Wilderness Scout,
3130:Lyman and Marsh 1931, pp. 250–52.
1538:. In 1850 he purchased the 8,894-
1350:due to his anti-slavery stances.
898:
466:Pío de Jesús Pico IV was born at
4515:People from Whittier, California
4475:19th-century American landowners
4004:
3686:. University of Oklahoma Press.
3672:History of California, 1840-1845
3580:Meares, Hadley (June 20, 2018).
1684:
1397:
1361:
1353:
1304:. In the year leading up to the
1179:
693:
684:
400:. Pico's great grandfather, the
16:Last governor of Alta California
4455:Governors of Mexican California
3743:Salomon, Carlos Manuel (2011).
3664:: A. L. Bancroft & Company.
3644:
3619:
3601:
3573:
3545:
3512:Martin, Brian (June 12, 2019).
3505:
3477:
3451:
3425:
3361:Estrada, William David (2008).
3341:
3329:. February 8, 1890. p. 2.
3318:
3305:
3282:
3267:
3254:
3241:
3216:
3203:
2655:
2599:
2573:
2479:
2354:Netzley, Luke (June 16, 2022).
2347:
2305:
2210:
1943:Bandini, Helen Elliott (1908).
1882:
1873:
1860:
1653:as "the last of the California
1597:Pío de Jesús Pico in later life
1408:needs additional citations for
1190:needs additional citations for
992:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
980:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
597:revolutionary generals such as
476:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné
174:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia
3669:Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1886).
2875:Fischer, Greg (May 20, 2015).
2107:"Pío Pico State Historic Park"
2025:
1979:
1917:
1846:
1123:Pico then purchased a home in
795:
372:
1:
3879:California Historical Society
1911:
1588:
1558:. Pico also owned the former
1250:
1076:Centralist Republic of Mexico
560:
555:Portrait of Pico held by the
485:In 1805, the family moved to
4525:Politicians from Los Angeles
4505:People of Mexican California
4445:19th-century Roman Catholics
3751:University of Oklahoma Press
3635:California Energy Commission
3552:Gally, Sid (July 19, 2015).
3351:. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
3264:p 46, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
1892:, the first or paternal
1868:Pio Pico State Historic Park
1804:Pío Pico State Historic Park
1739:Pío Pico State Historic Park
1651:World's Columbian Exposition
1556:Pio Pico State Historic Park
1141:In 1840, Pico served as the
876:
468:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
460:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
435:on the expedition that left
367:Pio Pico State Historic Park
235:Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
7:
4440:19th-century Mexican people
4435:19th century in Los Angeles
3768:Smythe, William E. (1908).
2492:The San Diego Union-Tribune
1986:Tucker, Spencer C. (2012).
1780:bare his name. The city of
1344:California Republican Party
1325:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
904:Secularization and marriage
675:
607:Antonio López de Santa Anna
547:Mexican War of Independence
531:Mexican War of Independence
377:
278:California Republican Party
109:Governor of Alta California
10:
4596:
4570:African-American Catholics
4555:African diaspora in Mexico
4470:Landowners from California
3864:Pío Pico papers, 1845-1846
3786:Holter, Howard R. (2019).
3680:Gray, Paul Bryan (2022) .
3609:"Electricity Data Browser"
3519:The Orange County Register
3491:San Gabriel Valley Tribune
3146:Men to Match My Mountains,
2191:de Valdes y Cocom, Mario.
1346:, allying with the larger
1342:Pico helped establish the
1337:Los Angeles Common Council
1293:
799:
710:, members of California's
544:
381:
192:Los Angeles Common Council
4535:Catholics from California
4384:
4167:
4104:
4013:
4002:
3927:
3209:Salomon, Carlos Manuel.
2881:Los Angeles Downtown News
2277:10.1007/s11102-008-0127-1
1992:. ABC-CLIO. p. 237.
1784:is also named after him.
1729:
1604:He survived the American
1154:Micheltorena governorship
731:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
704:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
384:Pico family of California
348:Pico family of California
326:
318:
303:
291:
283:
273:
252:
217:
212:
208:
197:
190:
179:
171:
141:
129:
114:
107:
77:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
4530:Ranchers from California
3816:excerpted from Smythe's
3722:Hart, James D. (1987) .
3701:Hall, Frederic (2023) .
3627:"Pio Pico Energy Center"
3222:Salomon, Carlos Manuel.
1839:
1828:, is a historic site in
1583:El Pueblo de Los Angeles
557:California State Library
521:as part of attempts to "
322:Entrepreneur, politician
4495:Mexican Roman Catholics
4091:Brig. Gen. Micheltorena
3921:Governors of California
3792:. Dr. howard r holter.
3704:The History of San José
3276:Brand Book Number Three
1704:speaker, never learned
1671:El Campo Santo Cemetery
1084:Carlos Antonio Carrillo
802:Battle of Cahuenga Pass
657:José María de Echeandía
583:successful independence
159:José María de Echeandía
4545:American abolitionists
4540:California Republicans
4520:People with acromegaly
4465:History of Los Angeles
3437:Los Angeles Daily News
2114:California State Parks
2073:California State Parks
1816:California State Parks
1808:Rancho Paso de Bartolo
1794:Los Angeles Metro Rail
1741:
1623:
1606:conquest of California
1598:
1548:Rancho Paso de Bartolo
1532:
1500:
1296:Conquest of California
1264:Juan Bautista Alvarado
1256:
1129:Rancho Santa Margarita
1105:José Antonio Estudillo
1071:
1059:
1056:Juan Bautista Alvarado
1008:
987:
946:
934:
917:
831:
769:By 1831, Pico was the
727:Juan Bautista Alvarado
671:Early political career
615:First Mexican Republic
566:
463:
287:María Ignacia Alvarado
49:Governor of California
3652:Bancroft, Hubert Howe
3398:. Departures Column.
2222:May 25, 2017, at the
1951:American Book Company
1946:History of California
1737:
1614:
1596:
1508:
1498:
1294:Further information:
1279:Battle of Providencia
1248:
1053:
1001:encargado de justicia
978:
923:Valentín Gómez Farías
914:Valentín Gómez Farías
911:
821:
800:Further information:
667:excess land to them.
554:
545:Further information:
513:, who resented being
503:José Antonio Carrillo
499:Presidio of San Diego
462:, where Pico was born
458:
433:Juan Bautista de Anza
382:Further information:
3885:C-SPAN Video Library
3868:The Bancroft Library
3818:History of San Diego
3707:. Anatiposi Verlag.
3587:Los Angeles Magazine
1830:Downtown Los Angeles
1812:Whittier, California
1800:, starting in 2016.
1798:Otay Mesa, San Diego
1667:Downtown Los Angeles
1620:Plaza de Los Ángeles
1417:improve this article
1331:Return to California
1310:British protectorate
1306:Mexican–American War
1290:Mexican–American War
1199:improve this article
982:, which Pico became
870:Hubert Howe Bancroft
755:Anastasio Bustamante
653:Pablo de la Portillà
587:First Mexican Empire
541:Mexican independence
336:Pío de Jesús Pico IV
222:Pío de Jesús Pico IV
4105:Under U.S. military
4052:Brig. Gen. Figueroa
3464:Whittier Daily News
3439:. February 19, 2007
2944:, pp. 274–275.
2614:County of San Diego
1746:Southern California
1240:Manuel Micheltorena
1171:Second governorship
1160:Manuel Micheltorena
1119:Move to Los Angeles
1026:San Juan Capistrano
965:John "Juan" Forster
883:Agustín V. Zamorano
776:government circular
591:Agustín de Iturbide
576:José Joaquín Ortega
511:Native Californians
470:on May 5, 1801, to
451:Birth and childhood
148:Agustín V. Zamorano
72:Manuel Micheltorena
4072:Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
4062:Lt. Col. Gutiérrez
4047:Lt. Col. Echeandía
4032:Lt. Col. Echeandía
3774:. History Company.
3559:Pasadena Star-News
3349:"Kachig v. Boothe"
2495:. February 2, 2021
1832:, now part of the
1790:Pico/Aliso station
1778:Pico/Aliso Gardens
1750:Los Angeles County
1742:
1624:
1599:
1524:David W. Alexander
1501:
1373:. You can help by
1321:José Matías Moreno
1257:
1060:
1009:officer of justice
988:
918:
848:First governorship
832:
735:Antonio María Osio
714:and allies of Pico
611:forced to abdicate
599:Guadalupe Victoria
567:
464:
256:September 11, 1894
4412:
4411:
4027:Capt. L. Argüello
3991:Capt. J. Argüello
3956:Capt-Gen. de Neve
3829:Los Angeles Times
3799:978-0-5786-0335-3
3760:978-0-8061-4237-1
3735:978-0-520-05543-8
3714:978-3-38212-086-3
3693:978-0-8061-9097-6
3631:www.energy.ca.gov
3327:Los Angeles Times
3247:Lyman, George D.
3170:Winkley, John W.
3116:, pp. 70–73.
3028:, pp. 62–63.
2992:, pp. 58–60.
2968:, pp. 54–55.
2860:, pp. 49–51.
2836:, pp. 42–43.
2795:, pp. 41–42.
2712:, pp. 38–39.
2688:, pp. 37–38.
2676:, pp. 35–36.
2637:, pp. 31–33.
2555:, pp. 27–28.
2516:, pp. 29–30.
2425:, pp. 17–18.
2379:, pp. 13–14.
2358:. Pasadena Weekly
1960:978-1-4219-2750-3
1826:Los Angeles Plaza
1824:, located on the
1792:are stops on the
1748:and particularly
1618:, located on the
1516:William Wolfskill
1493:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1391:
1390:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1125:Los Angeles Plaza
1082:. However, Pico,
1021:Nicolás Gutiérrez
853:Echeandía dispute
815:Vicente Sánchez.
809:Ygnacio del Valle
739:Santiago Argüello
515:forced to convert
491:Mission San Diego
330:
329:
299:for more details)
167:
156:
103:
92:
84:José María Flores
37:Pío Pico, c. 1890
4587:
4173:
4109:
4019:
4008:
4007:
3981:Lt. Col. Alberní
3933:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3803:
3775:
3764:
3739:
3718:
3697:
3676:
3665:
3639:
3638:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3368:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3293:. California Sun
3286:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3260:Groom, Winston.
3258:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3186:
3175:
3168:
3157:
3144:Stone, Irving.
3142:
3131:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3063:
3062:, pp. 68–69
3057:
3044:
3043:, pp. 64–66
3038:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2771:, pp. 40–41
2766:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2728:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2528:, p. 24-27.
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2464:, pp. 20–21
2459:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
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2408:
2395:
2389:
2380:
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2351:
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2339:
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2298:
2288:
2256:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2103:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2069:"About the Park"
2065:
2054:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1905:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1679:City of Industry
1675:Homestead Museum
1659:Calvary Cemetery
1644:appellate courts
1520:Lemuel Carpenter
1488:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1425:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1365:
1358:
1348:Republican Party
1255:
1252:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1183:
1175:
1164:Texas Revolution
1112:William Hartnell
1036:to remove Pico.
958:Juan María Osuna
863:Manuel Dominguez
841:following battle
697:
688:
635:federal republic
603:Vicente Guerrero
572:Domingo Carrillo
565:
562:
482:, born in 1810.
423:African ancestry
365:in Los Angeles,
259:
231:
229:
213:Personal details
202:
184:
161:
150:
144:
132:
125:
119:
97:
95:John Drake Sloat
86:
80:
68:
59:
35:
21:
20:
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4414:
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4408:
4380:
4171:
4170:
4163:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4057:Lt. Col. Castro
4017:
4016:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3986:Capt. Arrillaga
3971:Capt. Arrillaga
3931:
3930:
3923:
3918:
3839:Whittier Museum
3810:
3800:
3782:
3780:Further reading
3761:
3736:
3715:
3694:
3647:
3642:
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3624:
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3324:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3272:
3268:
3262:Kearny's March,
3259:
3255:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3204:
3188:Stone, Irving.
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3143:
3134:
3129:
3120:
3112:
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3093:
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2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2257:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2224:Wayback Machine
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2105:
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2087:
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2067:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2007:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1953:. p. 292.
1941:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1732:
1687:
1591:
1536:Alta California
1489:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1371:needs expansion
1356:
1333:
1317:Baja California
1298:
1292:
1253:
1236:
1234:Return to power
1227:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1196:
1184:
1173:
1156:
1121:
973:
906:
901:
879:
855:
850:
804:
798:
763:Manuel Victoria
718:
717:
716:
715:
700:
699:
698:
690:
689:
678:
673:
631:Catholic Church
627:heavy influence
593:, clashed with
581:After Mexico's
563:
549:
543:
472:José María Pico
453:
386:
380:
375:
344:Alta California
311:
274:Political party
261:
257:
243:Alta California
237:
233:
227:
225:
224:
223:
203:
198:
185:
180:
172:Comisionado of
157:
142:
136:Manuel Victoria
130:
123:
122:
120:
115:
93:
78:
66:
60:
55:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
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4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
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4462:
4457:
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4442:
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4432:
4427:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:Schwarzenegger
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
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4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
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4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4132:
4121:Cdre. Stockton
4118:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4077:Pres. Alvarado
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4011:
4010:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3841:
3832:
3821:
3809:
3808:External links
3806:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3765:
3759:
3740:
3734:
3719:
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3386:
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3266:
3253:
3240:
3228:
3215:
3202:
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3132:
3118:
3106:
3091:
3089:, p. 637.
3079:
3064:
3045:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2920:, p. 124.
2910:
2893:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2797:
2785:
2783:, p. 121.
2773:
2758:
2729:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2639:
2627:
2598:
2572:
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2415:
2396:
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2346:
2329:
2304:
2240:
2228:
2209:
2180:
2139:
2137:, p. 184.
2127:
2085:
2055:
2036:
2024:
2005:
1998:
1978:
1976:, p. 433.
1966:
1959:
1930:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1881:
1872:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1766:Pico-Roberston
1754:Pico Boulevard
1731:
1728:
1686:
1683:
1663:North Broadway
1590:
1587:
1568:Camp Pendleton
1491:
1490:
1405:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1388:
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1120:
1117:
972:
969:
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902:
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899:Interim career
897:
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794:
702:
701:
692:
691:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:redistributing
661:secularization
542:
539:
452:
449:
437:Tubac, Arizona
379:
376:
374:
371:
363:Pico Boulevard
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
316:
315:
305:
301:
300:
295:Disputed (see
293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
260:(aged 93)
254:
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221:
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4063:
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4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Gen. Victoria
4035:
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4030:
4028:
4025:
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3997:
3994:
3992:
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3967:
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3944:
3942:
3941:Capt. Portolá
3939:
3938:
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3934:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
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3706:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3662:San Francisco
3659:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3542:, p. 23.
3541:
3536:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3493:. May 1, 2012
3492:
3487:
3480:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3422:, p. 61.
3421:
3416:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3382:
3380:9780292794627
3376:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3244:
3238:, p. 80.
3237:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3198:1-884995-17-9
3195:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:0-425-10544-X
3151:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3087:Bancroft 1885
3083:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3016:, p. 61.
3015:
3010:
3004:, p. 60.
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2980:, p. 57.
2979:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2956:, p. 52.
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2932:, p. 41.
2931:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2848:, p. 48.
2847:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2824:, p. 38.
2823:
2818:
2812:, p. 231
2811:
2810:Bancroft 1885
2806:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2700:, p. 38.
2699:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2476:, p. 21.
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2449:, p. 20.
2448:
2443:
2437:, p. 17.
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2299:Open Access;
2296:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2238:, p. 12.
2237:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2034:, p. 386
2033:
2028:
2022:, p. 195
2021:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1999:9781851098545
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:Santa Barbara
1685:Personal life
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:, now in the
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:Olvera Street
1576:
1571:
1569:
1566:(now part of
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1530:, and others.
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1476:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434: –
1433:
1429:
1428:Find sources:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1406:This section
1404:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1369:This section
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:Business life
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1188:This section
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:Agua Caliente
1042:
1037:
1035:
1034:Mariano Chico
1031:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
985:
981:
977:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
950:
948:
947:administrator
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
915:
910:
896:
893:
892:José Figueroa
888:
887:ayuntamientos
884:
874:
871:
866:
864:
859:
845:
842:
838:
837:Cahuenga Pass
829:
828:Cahuenga Pass
825:
820:
816:
814:
810:
803:
793:
790:
784:
782:
777:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
713:
709:
705:
696:
687:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
585:in 1821, the
584:
579:
577:
573:
558:
553:
548:
538:
536:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
457:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
398:Central Italy
395:
391:
385:
370:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
325:
321:
317:
314:
309:
306:
302:
298:
297:Personal life
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
220:
216:
211:
207:
201:
196:
193:
189:
183:
178:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
149:
146:
140:
137:
134:
128:
118:
113:
110:
106:
101:
96:
90:
85:
82:
76:
73:
70:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4399:By education
4172:(since 1850)
4142:Maj. Frémont
4140:
4137:
4126:
4123:
4095:
4082:
4079:
4041:
4015:Under Mexico
3951:Capt. Rivera
3859:Find a Grave
3847:
3838:
3827:
3817:
3788:
3770:
3745:
3724:
3703:
3682:
3671:
3656:
3645:Bibliography
3630:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3585:
3575:
3563:. Retrieved
3557:
3547:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3517:
3507:
3497:February 21,
3495:. Retrieved
3479:
3469:February 21,
3467:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:February 21,
3441:. Retrieved
3427:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3389:
3364:
3356:
3343:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3297:February 13,
3295:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3243:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3189:
3171:
3145:
3114:Salomon 2011
3109:
3104:, p. 70
3102:Salomon 2011
3082:
3077:, p. 66
3075:Salomon 2011
3060:Salomon 2011
3041:Salomon 2011
3026:Salomon 2011
3021:
3014:Salomon 2011
3009:
3002:Salomon 2011
2997:
2990:Salomon 2011
2985:
2978:Salomon 2011
2973:
2966:Salomon 2011
2961:
2954:Salomon 2011
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2908:, p. 51
2906:Salomon 2011
2886:February 19,
2884:. Retrieved
2858:Salomon 2011
2853:
2846:Salomon 2011
2841:
2834:Salomon 2011
2829:
2817:
2793:Salomon 2011
2788:
2776:
2769:Salomon 2011
2749:. Retrieved
2727:, p. 40
2725:Salomon 2011
2710:Salomon 2011
2705:
2698:Salomon 2011
2693:
2686:Salomon 2011
2681:
2674:Salomon 2011
2669:
2664:, p. 35
2662:Salomon 2011
2657:
2652:, p. 34
2650:Salomon 2011
2635:Salomon 2011
2630:
2620:February 24,
2618:. Retrieved
2601:
2591:February 24,
2589:. Retrieved
2575:
2570:, p. 31
2568:Salomon 2011
2553:Salomon 2011
2548:
2543:, p. 27
2541:Salomon 2011
2526:Salomon 2011
2521:
2514:Salomon 2011
2509:
2499:February 29,
2497:. Retrieved
2490:
2481:
2474:Salomon 2011
2469:
2462:Salomon 2011
2447:Salomon 2011
2442:
2435:Salomon 2011
2430:
2423:Salomon 2011
2418:
2413:, p. 30
2411:Salomon 2011
2394:, p. 14
2392:Salomon 2011
2377:Salomon 2011
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2349:
2344:, p. 33
2320:. Retrieved
2307:
2268:
2264:
2236:Salomon 2011
2231:
2212:
2202:February 28,
2200:. Retrieved
2171:. Retrieved
2167:
2135:Salomon 2011
2130:
2120:February 12,
2118:. Retrieved
2078:February 12,
2076:. Retrieved
2053:, p. 15
2051:Salomon 2011
2027:
1988:
1981:
1969:
1945:
1919:
1901:
1897:
1890:Spanish name
1884:
1875:
1862:
1848:
1820:
1802:
1786:Pico station
1743:
1721:
1714:
1710:Juan Forster
1699:
1688:
1648:
1640:Pico v. Cohn
1639:
1636:Bernard Cohn
1630:, losses to
1625:
1603:
1600:
1572:
1542:(3,599
1533:
1528:Juan Bandini
1512:Abel Stearns
1509:
1504:John Bidwell
1502:
1479:
1470:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1427:
1415:Please help
1410:verification
1407:
1379:
1375:adding to it
1370:
1341:
1334:
1314:
1299:
1276:
1262:
1258:
1237:
1217:
1208:
1197:Please help
1192:verification
1189:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1122:
1109:
1097:
1092:José Antonio
1088:
1061:
1038:
1017:
1000:
989:
983:
962:
951:
938:
926:
919:
880:
867:
860:
856:
833:
805:
785:
781:Abel Stearns
771:primer vocal
770:
768:
759:Lucas Alamán
751:
743:Juan Bandini
723:Rancho Jamul
719:
711:
708:Juan Bandini
650:
580:
568:
527:
519:Christianity
507:
484:
465:
426:
412:
406:
387:
356:
335:
331:
258:(1894-09-11)
199:
181:
163:
152:
143:Succeeded by
116:
99:
88:
79:Succeeded by
56:
18:
4450:Californios
4430:1894 deaths
4425:1801 births
4389:Before 1850
4135:Gen. Kearny
4128:Gen. Flores
4116:Cdre. Sloat
4108:(1846–1850)
4096:Don P. Pico
4042:Don P. Pico
4018:(1822–1846)
3976:Col. Bórica
3966:Capt. Roméu
3932:(1769–1822)
3929:Under Spain
3613:www.eia.gov
2942:Smythe 1908
2918:Smythe 1908
2781:Smythe 1908
2362:February 8,
2322:February 8,
2271:(1): 80–6.
1855:Andrés Pico
1782:Pico Rivera
1774:Pico/Rimpau
1758:Los Angeles
1632:loan sharks
1268:John Sutter
1254: 1858
1136:José Castro
1064:Siete Leyes
984:comisionado
939:comisionado
826:located at
796:1831 revolt
789:Los Angeles
747:Tomás Yorba
646:Mexico City
623:Centralists
564: 1847
535:San Gabriel
480:Andrés Pico
409:1790 census
373:Early years
359:Pico Rivera
313:Pico family
308:Andrés Pico
263:Los Angeles
239:San Gabriel
232:May 5, 1801
131:Preceded by
67:Preceded by
4419:Categories
4394:Since 1850
4351:Deukmejian
4301:Richardson
4291:H. Johnson
4196:J. Johnson
4169:U.S. state
4159:Gen. Riley
4154:Gen. Smith
4149:Gen. Mason
4145:(mutineer)
4067:Col. Chico
3961:Col. Fages
3946:Col. Fages
3835:"Pio Pico"
1912:References
1822:Pico House
1762:Pico Union
1724:acromegaly
1695:Aaron Pico
1616:Pico House
1589:Later life
1575:Pico House
1473:March 2024
1443:newspapers
1432:"Pío Pico"
1382:March 2024
1272:John Marsh
1211:April 2024
1072:Seven Laws
1041:Las Flores
912:President
712:diputación
419:mixed-race
417:, meaning
352:California
340:Californio
319:Profession
267:California
228:1801-05-05
3593:March 18,
3565:March 16,
3540:Gray 2022
3525:April 15,
3420:Gray 2022
3335:163502681
3236:Hart 1987
2930:Gray 2022
2822:Gray 2022
2746:PBS SoCal
2586:PBS SoCal
2342:Gray 2022
2265:Pituitary
2032:Hart 1987
2020:Hart 1987
1974:Hall 2023
1770:Pico Park
1717:New Spain
1626:However,
1013:mayordomo
877:Aftermath
642:education
487:San Diego
310:(brother)
304:Relatives
247:New Spain
204:1853–1853
200:In office
186:1835–1840
182:In office
117:In office
57:In office
4371:J. Brown
4346:J. Brown
4336:P. Brown
4296:Stephens
4261:Waterman
4256:Bartlett
4251:Stoneman
4216:Stanford
4186:McDougal
4084:Carrillo
3996:Don Solá
3855:Pío Pico
3654:(1885).
3405:July 27,
3331:ProQuest
2751:April 9,
2295:18597174
2220:Archived
1888:In this
1700:Pico, a
1628:gambling
1552:Whittier
1302:Monterey
1101:Temecula
1030:Monterey
676:Diputado
619:Liberals
525:" them.
523:civilize
378:Ancestry
292:Children
124:Disputed
25:Pío Pico
4404:Spouses
4316:Merriam
4286:Gillett
4266:Markham
4246:Perkins
4236:Pacheco
4181:Burnett
4131:(rival)
4087:(rival)
2286:2807602
2173:June 6,
1894:surname
1706:English
1702:Spanish
1677:in the
1457:scholar
1068:Spanish
1005:Spanish
996:pueblos
943:Spanish
931:Spanish
813:alcalde
639:secular
629:of the
595:liberal
441:Sinaloa
428:mestizo
402:Spanish
4376:Newsom
4356:Wilson
4341:Reagan
4331:Knight
4326:Warren
4281:Pardee
4226:Haight
4211:Downey
4206:Latham
4201:Weller
4191:Bigler
3820:(1907)
3796:
3757:
3732:
3711:
3690:
3377:
3333:
3196:
3152:
2293:
2283:
2116:. 2014
1996:
1957:
1902:Farías
1776:, and
1730:Legacy
1655:"dons"
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1249:Pico,
824:battle
745:, and
605:, and
445:Sonora
414:mulata
284:Spouse
269:, U.S.
4361:Davis
4321:Olson
4311:Rolph
4306:Young
4241:Irwin
4231:Booth
2610:(PDF)
2316:(PDF)
2110:(PDF)
1898:Gómez
1840:Notes
1464:JSTOR
1450:books
1283:Marsh
1143:tithe
1080:junta
495:Bible
421:with
390:Count
164:South
153:North
47:10th
4276:Gage
4271:Budd
3849:KCET
3794:ISBN
3755:ISBN
3730:ISBN
3709:ISBN
3688:ISBN
3595:2024
3567:2024
3527:2024
3499:2024
3471:2024
3445:2024
3407:2016
3400:KCET
3375:ISBN
3299:2024
3194:ISBN
3150:ISBN
2888:2024
2753:2024
2622:2024
2593:2024
2501:2024
2364:2024
2324:2024
2291:PMID
2204:2024
2175:2017
2168:KCET
2122:2024
2080:2024
1994:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1788:and
1540:acre
1436:news
706:and
621:and
443:and
394:Pico
253:Died
218:Born
4221:Low
3866:at
3857:at
3371:106
2281:PMC
2273:doi
2197:PBS
1896:is
1665:in
1661:on
1419:by
1377:.
1201:by
517:to
411:as
396:in
333:Don
4421::
3883:,
3877:.
3846:-
3837:-
3826:-
3753:.
3749:.
3660:.
3633:.
3629:.
3611:.
3584:.
3556:.
3516:.
3489:.
3462:.
3435:.
3373:.
3179:^
3161:^
3135:^
3121:^
3094:^
3067:^
3048:^
3033:^
2896:^
2879:.
2865:^
2800:^
2761:^
2744:.
2732:^
2717:^
2642:^
2612:.
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