4166:. Although the territory they were in had up until recently been Mexican land, Californios and other Mexicans very quickly became the minorities and were seen as the foreigners. Once the Gold Rush had truly started in 1849, the campsites were segregated by nationality, further establishing the fact that "Americans" had taken the title as the majority ethnicity in Northern California. Because the Californio "foreigners" so quickly became a minority, their claims to land protected under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were ignored when miners overran their land and squatted. Any protests by Californios were quickly put down by hastily formed Euro-American militias, so any legal protection provided by the new California legislature was ineffective when the threat of violence and lynchings loomed. Even if Californios were able to win their land back in court, often lawyer's fees cost large sums of land that left them with a fraction of their former wealth.
4839:
for all except a few exceptional animals were almost community property. Horses were so common and of so little use that they were often destroyed to keep them from eating the grass needed by the cattle. California
Indians later developed a taste for horse flesh as food and helped keep the number of horses under control. An unusual use for horses was found in shucking wheat or barley. The wheat and its stems were cut from the gain fields by Indians bearing sickles. The grain with its stems still attached was transported to the harvesting area by solid wheeled ox-cart (nearly the only wheeled transport in California) and put into a circular packed earth corral. A herd of horses was then driven into the same corral or "threshing field". By keeping the horses moving around the corral their hoofs would, in time, separate the wheat or barley from the
2898:
2686:
2787:
5189:, a friend of the author. The novel depicts the legal process by which Californios were often "relieved" of their land. This process was long (most Californios spent up to 15 years defending their grants before the courts), and the legal fees were enough to make many Californios landless. Californios resented having to pay land taxes to United States officials, because the principle of paying taxes for land ownership did not exist in Mexican law. In some cases Californios had little available capital, because their economy had operated on a barter system; they often lost land because of the inability to pay the taxes. They could not compete economically with the European and Anglo-American immigrants who arrived in the region with large amounts of cash.
3082:
5744:
3512:
3227:
5272:
3558:
4212:
4659:
provisional for five years in order for the terms of the law to reasonably be fulfilled. The boundaries of these ranchos were not established as they came to be in later times predominately based on what could be understood as figurative boundaries. They were based on just where another granted owner considered the end of their land, lands or vegetation landmarks. Conflict was bound to occur when these land grants were reviewed under United States control. Title to some grants under United States control were rejected based on questionable documents especially when with predated documents, that could have been created post-United States occupancy in
January 1847.
3322:
3141:
4203:
reported amount of gold stolen, they were still hanged. In addition, later in the Gold Rush, Coronel and his group found a rich vein of gold on the
American River. When Euro-Americans caught wind of this, they invaded the claim armed and insisted it was their plot, forcing out Coronel and ending his mining career. Accounts like these show the harsh and violent living and working conditions that Californios were faced with during the Gold Rush. Discriminatory and racist treatment and laws as well as being so vastly outnumbered forced them out of their native lands despite assurances by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that they could remain.
5295:
3660:
3596:
4643:
4516:
3804:
2586:
4318:
4175:
4823:
5878:
4003:
4852:
3001:
4398:
5100:
3450:
4740:
4663:
6090:
2330:
1761:
3012:
6048:
8477:
4599:
37:
4925:
3941:
3822:, a wealthy educated woman of influence and town matriarch, asked to speak with him. She advised him that a generous peace would be to his political advantage. Fremont later wrote of this 2-hour meeting, "I found that her object was to use her influence to put an end to the war, and to do so upon such just and friendly terms of compromise as would make the peace acceptable and enduring". The next day, Bernarda accompanied Fremont south.
6062:
3844:
4117:
229:
6076:
4556:
8487:
4242:
3641:
4976:
4306:
Spanish and
Mexican period immigrants were surpassed in number by residents who had little affinity with the national government, the political and social environment enabled disagreement with the central government to form. Governors had little material support from the distant capital, Mexico City, and generally had to deal with Alta Californians themselves. Mexico-born governor
3045:(estimated then at about one-third of all settled property), which was continually granted property by many landowners when they died and controlled property supposedly held in trust for the Native Americans. This land, as it gradually accumulated, was seldom sold, as it cost nothing to keep, but could be rented out to gain additional income for the Catholic Church to pay its
3826:
Carrillo penned
Articles of Capitulation in both English and Spanish. The first seven articles were almost entirely from Ruiz's suggestions. The story of Bernarda Ruiz is based largely on two short paragraphs and a footnote in Fremont's memoirs, first published in 1887. Many aspects of the story cannot be verified in primary source materials.
3550:, landed and took possession of the town without firing a shot. Leaving about 40 men to garrison San Diego, Fremont continued on to Los Angeles where on August 13, with the Navy band playing and colors flying, the combined forces of Stockton and Frémont entered Pueblo de Los Angeles, without a man killed nor shot fired. U.S. Marine Lieutenant
4228:
initially. By 1851, when the tax law was repealed, approximately two-thirds of the
Latinos and Californios that had been living and working in mining areas had been driven out by the tax. After repealing the $ 20 or $ 30 per month tax, the California legislature instituted a much more reasonable $ 3 per month tax in 1852.
4595:. This was not well received by Californios, and was one of the factors leading to revolt against Mexican rule. Sonorans came to California despite the area's isolation and the lack of central government support. Many of the soldiers' wives considered California to be a cultural wasteland and a hardship assignment.
3580:, and exchanged shots with the Americans in their quarters at the Government House. Gillespie and his men withdrew from their headquarters in town to Fort Hill which, unfortunately, had no water. Gillespie was caught in a trap, badly outnumbered by the besiegers. John Brown, an American, called by the Californios
4967:(leather braided rope), trousers, hats, stools, chairs, bed frames, etc. Leather was even used for leather armor where soldiers' jackets were made from several layers of hardened leather sewn together. This stiff leather jacket was sufficient to stop most Indian arrows and worked well when fighting the Indians.
4627:
structures with tiled roofs. Some buildings took advantage of local tar pits (La Brea Tar Pits in Los
Angeles) in an attempt to waterproof roofs. Restorations of these today often suffer from a perception that results in a grander representation than if they had been constructed during the Californio
4506:
expeditions of 1774 and 1775 were recruited from
Spanish Army infantry regiments then stationed in Mexico. Many were assigned to garrison the presidios, and retired at the end of their ten-year enlistments. Numerous veterans settled in California. Because of the demographic bias in this period toward
3177:
In some cases particular mission land and livestock were split into parcels and then distributed by drawing lots. In nearly all cases the
Indians got very little of the mission land or livestock. Whether any of the proceeds of these sales made their way back to Mexico City is unknown. These lands had
2571:
As seen here, sources differ on elements of classification of the term âCalifornioâ. âAt a minimumâ means the most restrictive grouping included within every grouping stated above. Thus, this group consists of the
Californian elite who were descendants of Spanish settlers and who acquired land during
4943:
or cuts of meat. The property and yards around the ranchos were marked by the large number of dead cow heads, horns or other animal parts. Cow hides were kept later for trading purposes with Yankee or British traders who started showing up once or twice a year after 1825. Beef, wheat bread products,
4658:
granted by the Californio authorities. The Californio rancho owners claimed about 8,600,000 acres (35,000 km) averaging about 18,900 acres (76 km) each. This land was nearly all originally mission land within about 30 miles (48 km) of the coast. The Mexican-era land grants by law were
4618:
An incentive for the soldiers that remained in California after service was the opportunity to receive a land grant that probably was not possible elsewhere. This made most of California's early settlers military retirees with a few civilian settlers from Mexico. Since it was a frontier society, the
4305:
The instability of the Mexican government (especially in its early years), Alta California's geographic isolation, the growing ability of Alta California's residents, including immigrants, to gain success; and an increase in the Californio population created a schism with the national government. As
4021:
Many others were not so fortunate as droughts decimated their herds in the early 1860s and they could not pay back the high cost mortgages (poorly understood by the mostly illiterate ranchers) they had taken out to improve their lifestyle and subsequently lost much or all of their property when they
3186:
for several generations in some cases. When the missions were secularized or dismantled and the Indians did not have to live under continued friar and military control, they were left essentially to survive on their own. Many of the Native Americans reverted to their former tribal existence and left
4838:
Horses were plentiful and often left, after being broken in, to wander around with a rope around their necks for easy capture. It was not unusual for a rider to use one horse until it was exhausted, before switching its bridle to another horseâletting the first horse free to wander. Horse ownership
4574:
The family was characteristically patriarchal; sons were expected to defer to fathers for all their lives. Women had full rights of property ownership and control unless she was married or had a living father; the males had almost complete control of all family members. Individual families of means
3284:
in the Pacific had more men and were more heavily armed than the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, but did not have orders to help or hinder the occupation of California. New orders would have taken almost two years to get back to the British ships. The Marines were stationed aboard each ship to assist
3825:
On January 11, 1847, General Jose Maria Flores turned over his command to Andrés Pico and fled. On January 12, Bernarda went alone to Pico's camp and told him of the peace agreement she and Fremont had forged. Fremont and two of Pico's officers agreed to the terms for a surrender, and Jose Antonio
4883:
Friars and soldiers supporting the missions disappeared after 1834 when the missions were abolished (secularized). After the Friars and soldiers disappeared, many of the Native Americans deserted the missions and returned to their tribes or found work elsewhere. The new ranchos often gave work to
2933:
expedition and other expeditions later, who were charged with founding an agricultural community in Alta California, had a difficult time persuading people to emigrate to such an isolated outpost with no agriculture, no towns, no stores or developments of almost any kind. The majority of settlers
4992:
government rules, trade was actively discouraged with non-Spanish ships. The few non-Native American people living in California had almost nothing to tradeâthe missions and pueblos were subsidized by the Spanish government. The occasional Spanish ships that did show up were usually requested by
4365:
The independent minded Californios were also influenced by increasing numbers of immigrant foreigners (mostly English and French, English-speaking Americans being grouped with the "English", or Anglos) who entered the district. They assimilated with the Californios, becoming Mexican citizens and
4092:
by custom, while maintaining Spanish-language newspapers, entertainment, schools, bars, and clubs. Cultural practices were often tied to local churches and mutual aid societies. At some point in the early 20th century, the official recordkeepers (census takers, city records, etc.) began grouping
2662:
soldiers. It was the headquarters of the original Alta California province missions headed by Father-President JunĂpero Serra from 1770 until his death in 1784âhe is buried there. Monterey was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All ships were supposed to clear
4534:
The social life of Californio society was extremely important in both politics and business, and women played an important part in these interactions. They helped facilitate such interactions for their husbands, and therefore themselves, in order to advance in the social and political power in
4223:
In response to the Mexican resistance to the American population, white miners called for something to be done about the "Sonoran" miner "problem". In response, in 1850, the Californian government introduced a tax on foreign miners who were working plots, called the Foreign Miners' Tax Law. The
4728:
established rules for petitioning for land grants in California; and by 1828, the rules for establishing land grants were codified in the Mexican Reglamento (Regulation). The Acts sought to break the monopoly of the Catholic Franciscan missions and possibly entice increased Mexican settlement.
4227:
This extremely high tax forced all but the most successful Latinos to stop mining as they were unable to obtain enough gold to make mining profitable. This left only the most successful of the Mexican prospectors, who ironically were the ones who drew the most ire from the Euro-American miners
3136:
and other additional grants known as Salvador's Ranch. Over the hills of Mariano Vallejo's estate of Petaluma roamed ten thousand cattle, four to six thousand horses, and many thousands of sheep. He occupied a home on the plaza at Sonoma, where he entertained all who came with hospitality; few
4542:
As women played a key role in the development of Alta California, they continued in this role as it changed from a Mexican territory to a United States possession. As foreign, non-Spanish speaking men moved into California, those who wished to join the upper echelons of the established social
4202:
According to Antonio F. Coronel's accounts, there was systematic race-influenced violence conducted by Americans to force out Californios and other Latinos. One account tells of a Frenchman and "un español" being lynched for supposed theft in 1848. Despite offers by Californios to replace the
2542:
Historians Hunt Janin and Ursula Carlson consider a Californio to be any settler who migrated to Alta California and their descendants; and also non-Hispanic immigrants who intermarried with Hispanics and integrated into the Californio culture during the Mexican era, and their descendants.
3345:
Rumors that the Californio government in California was planning to arrest and deport many of the new residents as they had in 1844 led to a degree of uncertainty. On June 14, 1846, thirty-three settlers in Sonoma Valley took preemptive action and captured the small Californio garrison of
4997:
that put into a California port to trade, get fresh water, replenish their firewood and obtain fresh meat and vegetables became more common. The average number of ships from 1825 to 1845 jumped to twenty-five ships per year versus the 2.5 ships per year common for the prior fifty years.
5172:, a land realtor noted as the first Yankee to reside in the old Pueblo de Los Angeles in 1831, described Southern California as a paradise yet to be developed. He mentions a civilization of Spanish-speaking colonists, "Californios", who thrived in the pueblos, the missions, and
2572:
the Spanish and Mexican periods and their descendants. âAt a maximumâ means the most expansive definition inferred above. This group consists of any settler who migrated to California or any person born in California and their descendants, plus anyone who resides in California.
3829:
On January 13, at a deserted rancho at the north end of Cahuenga Pass (modern-day North Hollywood), John Fremont, Andres Pico and six others signed the Articles of Capitulation, which became known as the Treaty of Cahuenga. Fighting ceased, thus ending the war in California.
3169:
to his oldest daughter, Epifania Guadalupe Vallejo, on April 3, 1851, as a wedding present when she married U.S. Army General John H. Frisbie. It is unknown what he gave as a wedding present when his two daughters Natalia and Jovita married the brothers, Attila Haraszthy and
3572:, the largest city in California with about 3,000 residents, things might have remained peaceful, except that Major Gillespie placed the town under martial law, greatly angering some of the Californios. On September 23, 1846, about 200 Californios under Californio General
3187:
the missions, while others found they could get room and board and some clothing by working for the large ranches that took over the former mission lands and livestock. Many natives who had learned to ride horses and knew a smattering of Spanish were recruited to become
3159:
on land he sold to the state government in December, 1851. It was named Benicia for the General's wife, Francisca Benicia Carillo de Vallejo. The General intended that the prospective city be named "Francisca" after his wife, but this name was dropped when the city of
3137:
travelers of note came to California without visiting him. At Petaluma he had a great ranch house called La Hacienda. About 1849 on his home farm called Lachryma Montis (Tear of the Mountain), he built a modern frame house where he spent the later years of his life.
4543:
hierarchy began to use marriage with women of established Californio families as a way to join the elite. Intermarriages between Californios and foreigners had been common during the time of Mexican rule and these increased after the 1848 American annexation and
3068:
In 1834, secularization laws that voided the mission control of lands in the northern settlements under Mexican rule were enacted. The missions directed thousands of Indians in herding livestock, growing crops and orchards, weaving cloth, etc. for the missions,
4843:. Later the horses would be allowed to escape and the wheat and chaff were collected and then separated by tossing it into the air on a windy day so as to let the wind carry the chaff away. Presumably the wheat was washed before use to remove some of the dirt.
4344:
As Californios increasingly assumed positions of power in the Alta California government (including that of governor), rivalries emerged between northern and southern regions. Several times, Californio leaders attempted to break away from Mexico, most notably
4884:
some of the former mission Native Americans. The "Savage tribes" worked for room, board and clothing (and no pay). The former mission Indians performed the majority of the work herding cattle, planting and harvesting the ranchos' crops. The slowly increasing
3164:
changed its name to "San Francisco" on January 30, 1847. Benicia was the third site selected to serve as the California state capital, and its newly constructed city hall was California's capitol from February 11, 1853, to February 25, 1854. Vallejo gave the
3077:
were usually distributed to the settlers around each mission. Since most had almost no money, the land was distributed or granted free or at very little cost to friends and families of the government officials (or those who paid the highest bribes).
4736:. Historical research shows that the majority of rancho grants were given to retired non-commissioned soldiers. The largest grants to Nieto, SepĂșlveda, DomĂnguez, Yorba, Ăvila, Grijalva, and other founding families were examples of this practice.
4874:
owners and their families, this was the Californio's Golden Age, although for all the others much different. Much of the agriculture, vineyards and orchards established by the Missions were allowed to deteriorate as the rapidly declining mission
2739:
to usually stop an Indian arrow. In California the cattle and horses had few enemies and plentiful grass in all but drought years and essentially grew and multiplied as feral animalsâdoubling roughly every two years. They partially displaced the
2549:
Leonard Pitt considers a Californio to be any Spanish-speaking person born in California. Writer Jose Antonio Burciaga considers Californios to be any Hispanic living in California, even if they have lived there temporarily. Burciaga, in a 1995
3588:(a distance of almost 400 miles (640 km)) in an amazing 52 hours where he delivered to Stockton a dispatch from Gillespie notifying him of the situation. Gillespie, on September 30, finally accepted the Californio terms and departed for
2730:
bulls and cowsâstarting the cattle and horse industry in California. About 600 horses and mules and 300 cattle survived the trip. In 1776 about 200 leather-jacketed soldiers, Friars, and colonists with their families moved to what was called
4194:
miners, they eventually became jealous and used threats and violence to force Mexican workers out of their plots and into less lucrative ones. In addition to these informal forms of discrimination, Anglo miners also worked to establish
4993:
Californios and had Royal permission to go to Californiaâbureaucracy in action. Prior to 1824, when the newly independent Mexico liberalized the trade rules and allowed trade with non-Mexican ships, the occasional trading ship or U.S.
4959:
society to agriculturalists. Formerly, many lived at least part of the year on ground acorns, fish, seeds, wild game, etc. It is known that many of the ranchers complained about 'Indians' stealing their cattle and horses to eat.
4813:
The mandatory Diezmo ended with the secularization of the missions, greatly reducing rancho taxes until the U.S. takeover. Today's state property tax system makes large self-supporting cattle ranches uneconomical in most cases.
4199:-like laws to prevent Latinos from mining altogether. In 1851, mob violence as well as the Foreign Miners' Tax discussed below forced between five thousand and fifteen thousand foreigners out of work in just a few months.
7221:
3199:
and did other work. Some of these rancho owners and their hired hands would make up the bulk of the few hundred Californios fighting in the brief MexicanâAmerican War conflicts in California. Some of the Californios and
4547:. Such marriages combined the cultures of American settlers and merchants with that of the declining Californio society. As Americans increased in number, however, they pushed out Californios from power in California.
4289:
from 1821 to 1846. Their administrations appointed the governor. The costs of the minimal Alta California government were paid mainly from revenues of the roughly 40â100% import tariff collected at the entry port of
5079:
trading voyage to Alta California which he took in 1834â1835. Dana mentions that they also took back a large shipment of California longhorn horns. Horns were used to make a large number of items during this period.
4301:
friars. As heads of 21 missions, they often resisted the powers of the governors. None of the Franciscan friars was a Californio, and their influence rapidly waned after Mexico secularized the missions in the 1830s.
3273:
and "bluejacket" sailors on board several U.S. Naval ships near California were essentially the only significant United States military force on the Pacific Coast in the early months of the MexicanâAmerican War. The
4987:
From about 1769 to 1824 California averaged about 2.5 ships per year with 13 years showing no ships coming to California. These ships brought a few new settlers and supplies for the pueblos and Missions. Under the
3671:
Most towns in California surrendered without a shot being fired on either side. What little fighting that did occur usually involved small groups of disaffected Californios and small groups of soldiers, marines or
3354:") to symbolize their taking control. The words "California Republic" appeared on the flag but were never officially adopted by the insurgents. The present flag of California is based on the original "Bear Flag".
4538:
In movies and television accounts of this period have portrayed women as romanticized, characterized by their beauty and fun-loving nature. They have also been shown as raised to be very sheltered and protected.
4025:
Californios did not disappear. Some people in the area still have strong identities as Californios. Thousands of people who are descended from the Californios have well-documented genealogies of their families.
4916:) mostly only grew enough food to eat and to trade. The exceptions were the cattle and horses growing wild on unfenced range land. Originally owned by the missions they were killed for their hides and tallow.
4766:. Others married Californios but never became Mexican citizens. Rancho ownership was possible for these men because, under Spanish/Mexican law, married women could independently hold title to property. In the
11719:
3369:'s border with about 30 soldiers and 30 scouts and hunters and took command of the "Republic" in the name of the United States. Frémont began to recruit a militia from among the new settlers living around
2303:
1133:
6280:
4701:. They expected the non-rancho owning population to support this lifestyle. Nearly all males rode to where ever they were going at nearly all times making them excellent riders. They indulged in many
11546:
1539:
3592:
with his forces, weapons, flags and two cannon (the others were spiked and left behind). Gillespie's men were accompanied by the exchanged American prisoners and several non-Californio residents.
2497:. In the 1820s-40s, American and European settlers increasingly migrated to Mexican California. Many married Californio women and became Mexican citizens, learning Spanish and often converting to
4155:, California. This discovery was made only nine days before the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, which turned over California to the United States as a result of the MexicanâAmerican War.
2642:
province (1767â1770), explorer and founder of San Diego and Monterey). Monterey was settled with two friars and about 40 men and served as the capital of California from 1777 to 1849. The nearby
3037:
In the 1830s, the newly formed Mexican government was experiencing difficulties, having gone through several revolts, wars, and internal conflicts and a seemingly never-ending string of Mexican
4162:. In early 1849, approximately 6,000 Mexicans, many of whom were Californios who remained after the United States had annexed the territory, were prospecting for gold in the foothills of the
6916:
4224:
claimed purpose of the tax was to fund the government's efforts to protect the foreign workers. There are conflicting reports on the amount of the tax ranging from $ 20 to $ 30 per month.
3991:
ranch which makes up large part of what is present day Los Angeles. He went on to become a California State Assemblyman and later a California State Senator. His brother former governor of
2959:, a term literally meaning "people of reason". It designated peoples who were culturally Hispanic (that is, they were not living in traditional Native American communities) and had adopted
1801:
5185:, a novel set in 1880s California, depicts a very wealthy Californio family's legal struggles with immigrant squatters on their land. The novel was based on the legal struggles of General
3983:
Many ranch owners with their thousands of acres and large herds of cattle, sheep and horses went on to live prosperous lives under U.S. rule. Former commander of the California Lancers
2735:(now San Francisco) to start building a mission and a presidio there. The leather jackets the soldiers wore consisted of several layers of hardened leather and were strong enough body
8432:
3554:, Frémont's second in command, was appointed military commander of Los Angeles with an inadequate force from 30 to 50 California Battalion troops stationed there to keep the peace.
2831:, founded in 1777, was the eighth mission founded and closest mission to San Jose. Mission Santa Clara was 3 miles (5 km) from the original San Jose pueblo site in neighboring
4762:
Many of the foreign residents also became rancho grantees. Some were "Californios by marriage" like Stearns (who was naturalized in Mexico before moving north) and the Englishman
6980:
7985:
7587:
2059:
5025:
that were common in California. With something to trade, and needing everything from nails, needles and almost anything made of metal to fancy thread and cloth that could be
4717:
as the rancho owners often went from rancho to rancho on a large horse bound party circuit. Weddings, christenings, and funerals were all "celebrated" with large gatherings.
2827:) in Alta California. The original San Jose settlers were part of the original group of 200 settlers and soldiers that had originally settled in Yerba Buena (San Francisco).
10921:
2546:
Calisphere and author Ferol Egan restrict the meaning of Californio to the Californian elite who acquired land during the Spanish and Mexican periods and their descendants.
2516:, who total 40% of California's population. 2004 studies estimated that between 300,000 and 500,000 have ancestry descended from the Spanish and Mexican eras of California.
1969:
4409:
Californios included the descendants of agricultural settlers and retired escort soldiers deployed from what is modern-day Mexico. Most were of mixed ethnicities, usually
3727:. In a poorly thought out and uncoordinated attack with wet powder and worn out mules Kearny loses about 19 of his men in a fight with about 150 Californio lancers led by
11833:
8442:
3297:
converted to land use. The Pacific Squadron had orders, in the event of war with Mexico, to seize the ports in Mexican California and elsewhere along the Pacific Coast.
11803:
8005:
4088:
From the 1850s until the 1960s, the Hispanics (of Spanish, Mexican and regional Native American origins) lived in relative autonomy. They practiced a degree of social
8647:
4798:(also called Custom duties and ad-valorem taxes) for its income there was virtually no property tax. Under Spanish/Mexican rule, all landowners were expected to the
1794:
4939:
Beef was a common constituent of most Californio meals and since it couldn't be kept long in the days before refrigeration, beef was often slaughtered to get a few
8783:
2384:, especially those descended from Spanish and Mexican settlers of the 17th through 19th centuries before California was annexed by the United States. California's
4575:
paid to have their children educated, with by priests or private tutors. Few early immigrants knew how to read or write, so only a few hundred inhabitants could.
2532:
dictionary defines a Californio as both a native or resident of this state and a specific ethnic group: the Spanish settlers and their descendants in California.
8726:
8523:
2360:
8306:
5732:
4951:
population probably subsisted mostly on what they were used to: corn or maize, beans, and squash with some beef donated by the rancho owners. What the average
2064:
3477:, flagship under Sir George S. Seymour, also arrived at about this time outside Monterey Harbor. Both British ships observed, but did not enter the conflict.
11672:
9869:
3546:, and sailed for San Diego. They landed July 29, 1846, and a detachment of Marines and blue-jackets, followed shortly by Frémont's California Battalion from
1635:
5017:
business in North America by killing and skinning their cattle and cutting off the fat. The cowhides were staked out to dry and the tallow was put in large
11483:
5696:
3496:
took over as the senior U.S. military commander in California in late July 1846 and asked Frémont's force of California militia and his 60 men to form the
1787:
1469:
6777:
9995:
9985:
9945:
3315:
2049:
1138:
6486:"California Dreamin' on Cinco de Mayo: For all its problems, this is still the golden state of opportunity where Mexican roots nurture American success"
7978:
6248:
3626:
Some Californios fought on both sides of the conflict (U.S. and Mexico). The battlefield memorials attest to the heroic fight and loss on both sides.
10914:
11749:
11015:
8447:
8301:
3972:. It stated that unless grantees presented evidence supporting their title within two years, the property would automatically pass back into the
7051:
11581:
10869:
8342:
5279:
5087:
at this time were also the way the United States paid for most of its Federal Government. A U.S. average tariff (also called custom duties and
3635:
1775:
1770:
5037:. The trip from Boston, New York City, or Liverpool, England averaged over 200 days one way. Trading ships and the occasional whaler put into
4944:
corn, several types of beans, peas and several types of squash were common meal items with wine and olive oil used when they could be found.
11625:
9629:
8640:
8490:
8480:
8022:
7971:
5065:
of 50â100% at the entry port of Monterey, California. These tariffs or custom fees paid for the Alta California government. The classic book
4963:
Leather, one of the most common materials available, was used for many products, including saddles, chaps, whips, window and door coverings,
4507:
men among the Spanish, some men who stayed in California married native Californian women who had converted to Christianity at the missions.
4271:
2934:
were recruited from the northwestern parts of Mexico. The only tentative link with Mexico was via ship after the Quechans (Yumas) closed the
2863:
2726:, and one pueblo (town). Anza led 240 friars, soldiers and colonists with their families. They started out with 695 horses and mules and 385
2708:
1617:
3735:. Californio casualties are unknown. By the time reinforcements came from U.S. forces in San Diego, the Californio forces were already gone.
10907:
7941:
4535:
Californio society. Men sought women with high social skills, as they understood the power women could have on family and social dealings.
4366:
gaining land either independently granted to them or through marriage to Californio women. They also began to be active in local politics.
2942:
in 1781. For the next 40 years, an average of only 2.5 ships per year visited California with 13 years showing no recorded ships arriving.
7113:
Adrianna Thomas, Raymond Arthur Smith, 2009, Latino and Asian Americans in the California Gold Rush, Columbia University Academic Commons,
3964:
In 1848, Congress set up a Board of Land Commissioners to determine the validity of Mexican land grants in California. California Senator
11767:
11577:
11573:
8793:
8761:
8691:
8516:
6009:
5322:
3607:
It would take about four months of intermittent sparring before Gillespie could again raise the same American flag originally flown over
2667:(customs duties on imported goods before trading anywhere else in Alta California). The oldest governmental building in the state is the
2353:
1603:
4097:) peoples with Spanish surnames under the terms "Spanish", "Mexican", and sometimes, "colored"; some Californios even intermarried with
4033:
alongside Native peoples and other Mexicans well into the 20th century. These settlements grew into modern California cities, including
11214:
2084:
663:
4623:âlittle more than mud huts with thatched roofs. As the rancho owners prospered these residences could be upgraded to more substantial
9938:
8437:
8416:
8392:
4879:
population went from over 80,000 in 1800 to only a few thousand by 1846. Fewer Native Americans meant less food was required and the
2535:
Authors such as Douglas Monroy, Damian Bacich or Covadonga Lamar Prieto, among others, define Californios as exclusively applying to
2119:
8811:
7595:
7485:
3132:
in 1834 and later. Vallejo's younger brother, Jose Manuel Salvador Vallejo (1813â1876), was granted the 22,718-acre (91.94 km)
2678:, California's oldest newspaper, was first published in Monterey on August 15, 1846, after the city's occupation by the U.S. Navy's
11196:
11169:
9051:
8711:
8665:
8633:
5432:
5418:
5370:
5302:
2044:
1162:
640:
613:
11828:
11677:
11103:
9093:
8935:
8910:
8778:
8010:
4495:
1640:
1376:
645:
395:
5759:
4447:
According to mission records (marriage, baptisms, and burials) and Presidio roster listings, several "leather-jacket" soldiers (
3285:
in ship-to-ship combat, as snipers in the rigging, and to defend against boarders. They could also be detached for use as armed
3057:
was the largest and richest landowner in Mexico and its provinces. In California the situation was even more pronounced, as the
11566:
11202:
9120:
8751:
8731:
8721:
8686:
8509:
8364:
5112:, is one of the most famous literary depictions of Californio culture after the American conquest. Shown is the poster for the
4291:
3381:
were the last travelers on the trail in late 1846 when they were caught by early snow while they were trying to get across the
2790:
2668:
2346:
1596:
1550:
651:
5836:
2897:
2685:
11734:
11667:
10112:
9056:
8706:
7871:
7855:
7839:
7808:
7792:
7778:
7764:
7737:
7721:
7705:
7689:
7675:
7661:
7637:
7374:
7303:
7271:
7231:
6750:
6637:
6612:
6468:
6408:
5814:
5781:
5287:
3623:, was disbanded. On January 16, 1847, Commodore Stockton appointed Frémont military governor of U.S. territorial California.
2308:
2189:
2079:
2009:
1630:
98:
70:
2975:(barbarian) Californian Native Americans, who had not converted or become part of the Hispanic towns. California's Governor
500:
11744:
9027:
8826:
8756:
8741:
8311:
6095:
6033:
5772:
5195:(1949-) speaks of growing up in the 20th century playing in the ruins of Missions and his family history as Californios in
4732:
When the missions were secularized in 1834â1836 mission property and livestock were supposed to be mostly allocated to the
3783:
equivalent) defeat the roughly 160-man Californio Lancer force near Los Angeles. Casualties are about one man on each side.
2462:
2334:
2211:
1143:
550:
3908:
3467:
entered San Francisco Bay, causing Montgomery to man his defenses. The large British ship, 2,600 tons with a crew of 600,
2501:, the state religion. They are often also considered Californios, for their adherence to Californio language and culture.
11490:
11338:
10096:
9326:
9319:
9252:
9039:
8925:
8766:
8379:
8374:
8332:
8285:
8280:
8275:
4325:
2786:
2513:
2283:
2278:
2273:
1476:
555:
194:
4693:
were left to survive however they could. The rancho owners tried to live in a grand style they perceived of the wealthy
3880:
11585:
11459:
11174:
9147:
9044:
9022:
8841:
8701:
8337:
7619:
5046:
4952:
2851:
1444:
1323:
1005:
618:
505:
2870:(Yumas) closed the trail for the next 40 years shortly after they had passed over it. Almost none of the settlers was
2129:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11646:
11599:
10025:
8878:
8821:
8773:
8696:
8656:
8584:
8384:
8359:
8349:
7337:
7168:
7020:
6864:
6839:
6514:
6494:
modern Californios such as Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Ernesto Galarza, Ignacio Lopez, Luisa Moreno and Bert Corona
6160:
5687:
5622:
4806:
to the Catholic Church of one tenth of the fruits of agriculture and animal husbandry, business profits or salaries.
4178:
Californios faced discrimination by the growing Anglo-American population, even in traditionally dominant roles like
3927:
3619:, which ended the war in California on January 13, 1847. The main Californio military force, known as the Californio
2953:) designations carried more weight than they did in older communities of central Mexico. One similar concept was the
2894:. Some classifications were changed in the California Census of 1790, as often happened in colonial Spanish America.
2672:
2039:
5260:
4666:
3980:, wherein it guaranteed full protection of all property rights for Mexican citizensâwith an unspecified time limit.
2693:
2447:(historical, regional Spanish for 'Californian') was originally applied by and to the Spanish-speaking residents of
11729:
11518:
8957:
8915:
8900:
8716:
8404:
8354:
8327:
7494:
6981:"How an Early Santa Barbara Scion Protected Women's Rights to Property in the California Constitution | Essay"
6458:
6398:
5827:
5084:
4876:
4286:
4158:
From the end of 1849 to the end of 1852, the population in California increased from 107,000 to 264,000 due to the
3887:
3201:
3038:
2659:
2405:
1735:
1504:
4385:, many of them former trappers who had settled in the Monterey Bay area. The company was led by another American,
2836:
2772:
2756:
1026:
11497:
11241:
8967:
8905:
8369:
7514:"Seventy-five Years in San Francisco: Appendix N. Record of Ships Arriving at California Ports from 1774 to 1847"
5850:
5042:
5034:
4527:
4377:
in the 1831 Victoria incident, yet sided with the southern Californians against the Californio would-be governor
2914:
2802:
2764:
1483:
1019:
685:
4689:
owners dismissed the friars and the soldiers and took over the mission lands and livestock starting in 1834âthe
4108:
Alexander V. King has estimated that there were between 300,000 and 500,000 descendants of Californios in 2004.
3511:
3300:
The only other United States military force in California at the time was a small exploratory expedition led by
2850:("villagers") is the name given to the 44 original Sonoransâ22 adults and 22 childrenâwho settled the Pueblo of
11798:
9012:
8987:
8868:
8788:
8681:
8399:
7831:
6018:
5240:
5225:
4928:
4859:
4807:
4755:
4720:
Before Mexican independence in 1821, 20 "Spanish" land grants had been issued (at little or no cost) in all of
4678:
4389:. When the Americans refused to fight against fellow Americans, Alvarado was forced to negotiate a settlement.
3988:
3865:
3293:
crews and infantry, leaving the ship functional though short handed. The artillery used were often small naval
3183:
3074:
2820:
2794:
2651:
2473:
2385:
970:
200:
102:
66:
7083:
5963:
3308:
2828:
2760:
2625:
11739:
11692:
11148:
10548:
8848:
8816:
8803:
8579:
8411:
7994:
5846:
5713:
5692:
5275:
5235:
4885:
4871:
4767:
4763:
4686:
4591:
officials encouraged through recruitment civilians from the northern and western provinces of Mexico such as
4519:
4186:
Many Latino miners were experienced due to learning a "dry-digging" technique in the Mexican mining state of
3894:
3307:, made up of 30 topographical, surveying, etc. army troops and about 25 men hired as guides and hunters. The
3226:
3196:
3081:
2512:/Hispanos in California (30% of California's population). They make up the largest group of the 15.2 million
2505:
2469:
2034:
1822:
1740:
956:
565:
11444:
7449:
5799:
5743:
5648:
5220:
3819:
3807:
1242:
10618:
8920:
8853:
8746:
7929:
5517:
5230:
4994:
4855:
4378:
4211:
3861:
3600:
3504:
pay and ranks with Fremont in command. The California "Republic" disbanded and William Ide enlisted in the
3101:
2029:
1979:
1682:
310:
11113:
7668:
Married to a Daughter of the Land: Spanish-Mexican Women and Interethnic Marriage in California, 1820â1880
4444:
priests, and career government officials and military officers who had limited assignments in California.
3454:
3289:. In addition, there were some "bluejacket" sailors on each ship that could be detached for shore duty as
2620:, Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and 'blessed a cross', establishing the first mission in upper
575:
11793:
11632:
11128:
10884:
10859:
10655:
8992:
6485:
5905:
5604:
5467:
5441:
5245:
5154:
and the 1950s television series. The historical facts of the era are sometimes lost in the story-telling.
4259:
3977:
3969:
3557:
3270:
3148:
2597:
2074:
2069:
1624:
1386:
984:
929:
530:
357:
176:
5661:
3876:
11020:
10640:
8863:
5665:
5596:
4694:
4062:
4010:
3683:
1964:
1183:
480:
410:
7059:
5366:
5298:
3321:
1974:
11724:
11333:
10864:
10831:
10475:
9955:
9553:
5980:
5967:
5578:
5565:
5484:
5327:
5255:
5250:
5162:
5067:
4831:
4270:("Upper California") was nominally controlled by a governor appointed by the Spanish government. The
4066:
3772:
3584:, meaning "Lean John", succeeded in breaking through the Californio lines and riding by horseback to
3535:. On July 26, 1846, Lieutenant Colonel Frémont's California Battalion of about 160 boarded the sloop
3489:
3424:
3231:
3093:
3086:
2930:
2752:
1730:
1687:
1419:
991:
843:
400:
11078:
7950:
6564:, Menlo Park: Ballena Press, 1998, pp. 75â105. Information in parentheses () is from church records.
6424:
5522:
5476:
2525:
1366:
535:
11823:
11660:
11328:
11040:
10879:
10854:
9638:
9485:
9207:
9157:
9103:
8895:
6029:
5831:
5790:
5747:
5709:
5678:
5674:
5656:
5630:
5626:
5574:
5552:
5539:
5497:
5409:
5331:
5271:
4725:
4279:
4275:
4255:
4054:
4042:
3957:
3766:
3443:
3243:
3221:
3140:
3024:
2810:
1984:
1176:
1060:
772:
525:
430:
337:
20:
11118:
11073:
5401:
4374:
3687:
580:
475:
11414:
10816:
10423:
9965:
9135:
9071:
8557:
8103:
8043:
6881:
5889:
5609:
5445:
5357:
5058:
5006:
4909:
4747:
4353:, made several attempts of their own to relocate the capital from Monterey to the more populated
4311:
4029:
The developing agricultural economy of California allowed many Californios to continue living in
4014:
3999:
also became a U.S. citizen and a prominent ranch owner/businessman in California after the war.
3854:
3439:
3434:, under Captain John S. Montgomery, landed 70 Marines and bluejacket sailors at Clark's Point in
3161:
2832:
2732:
2727:
2524:
The term "Californio" has different meanings depending on the author or source. According to the
1919:
1725:
1348:
1207:
1074:
385:
352:
184:
8561:
7938:
7329:
7323:
7263:
The Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-speaking Californians, 1846â1890
7012:
7006:
5294:
188:
11639:
11263:
11225:
11208:
10603:
9162:
9017:
8888:
8072:
7220:
Hurtado, Albert L. (2016). "Introduction:The Intimate Challenges of a Multicultural Frontier".
6175:
5993:
5881:
5808:
5776:
5652:
5526:
5501:
5428:
5383:
5352:
5348:
5318:
5157:
5072:
4901:
4889:
4607:
4567:
4346:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4006:
3794:
3793:'s combined US forces defeat the Californios in the final battle in California, at present day
3608:
3573:
3543:
3516:
3471:
3217:
3020:
2906:
2847:
2413:
2313:
2251:
1670:
1328:
1067:
657:
510:
293:
148:
8048:
7743:
7084:"Calisphere â California Cultures â 1848â1865: Gold Rush, Statehood, and the Western Movement"
6379:
6138:
5910:
5570:
5548:
3968:
presented a bill that, when approved by the Senate and the House on March 3, 1851, became the
3659:
3595:
3204:
fought on the side of the U.S. settlers during the conflict, with some joining John Frémont's
3104:
and the distributions of its roughly 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km). He founded the towns of
2776:
2246:
520:
11714:
11709:
11618:
11532:
11469:
11449:
11318:
11179:
10783:
10700:
10665:
10660:
10561:
10020:
9990:
9720:
9683:
9605:
9453:
9448:
9061:
8962:
8736:
8126:
7588:"ÂżHispanos en Congreso de EE.UU. podrĂan producir cambios? | Voice of America â Spanish"
6917:"In a State of Peace and Tranquility: Campo de Cahuenga and the Birth of American California"
6560:, California Spanish Genealogy. Retrieved on 2008-08-04. Compiled from William Marvin Mason,
6235:
Frontier settlement in Mexican California: The HĂjar-PadrĂ©s colony and its origins, 1769â1835
6155:
6014:
5984:
5971:
5794:
5454:
5361:
5030:
5002:
4980:
4751:
4655:
4642:
4637:
4503:
4451:), operating as escorts, mission guards, and other military duty personnel were described as
4354:
4034:
3803:
3697:
3644:
3611:. Los Angeles was retaken without a fight on January 10, 1847. Following their defeat at the
3589:
3569:
3561:
3532:
3428:
2918:
2775:(or Mission Dolores), the sixth Spanish mission, was founded on June 29, 1776, by Lieutenant
2701:
2689:
2609:
2494:
2381:
1864:
1720:
1715:
1561:
1518:
1455:
1318:
1247:
623:
405:
347:
7827:
Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking Californians, 1846â1890
5670:
5544:
5160:, recounted aspects of Californio culture which he saw during his 1834 visit as a sailor in
3261:, the United States Naval force stationed in the Pacific was instrumental in the capture of
2593:
1371:
11788:
11652:
11525:
11273:
11220:
11138:
11133:
11045:
11025:
10773:
10763:
10753:
10743:
10695:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10566:
10005:
9970:
9960:
9797:
9615:
9585:
9539:
9405:
9380:
9202:
9140:
9032:
8467:
The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.
8216:
8201:
8196:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8131:
7132:
Mora, Anthony. "Introduction to Latino Studies". Tisch Hall, Ann Arbor. 9-28-2015. Lecture.
6023:
5975:
5600:
5587:
5561:
5535:
5493:
5436:
5405:
5209:
5054:
4905:
4897:
4743:
4544:
4216:
4163:
4159:
4132:
4074:
4050:
4046:
3754:
3673:
3577:
3520:
3505:
3497:
3416:
3365:, whose command lasted 25 days. On June 23, 1846, Frémont arrived from the future state of
3205:
3109:
3097:
2631:
2184:
1939:
1924:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1884:
1879:
1765:
1511:
1285:
922:
674:
540:
495:
435:
415:
11511:
5947:
5683:
5583:
5192:
5029:
into fancy cloaks or ladies' dresses, etc., they started trading with merchant ships from
4515:
4455:(i.e., born in Europe), while most civilian settlers were classified as of mixed origins (
3480:
Shortly after July 9, when it became clear the US Navy was taking action, the short-lived
2635:
2605:
2589:
1497:
8:
11606:
11348:
11143:
11123:
10768:
10738:
10728:
10718:
10598:
10492:
10091:
10084:
10062:
10040:
10035:
9923:
9844:
9663:
9600:
9570:
9522:
9512:
9465:
9441:
9395:
9390:
9238:
9108:
9066:
8997:
8982:
8977:
8873:
8211:
8191:
8181:
8171:
8098:
7916:
7910:
6262:
6170:
6165:
5822:
5767:
5531:
5513:
5509:
5396:
5339:
5169:
5050:
4317:
4058:
3901:
3769:, with about 400 men and six field pieces, disperses a force of 60â70 Californio Lancers.
3551:
3481:
3397:
3358:
3330:
3247:
3156:
3117:
2840:
2839:
was not founded until 1797, about 20 miles (30 km) north of San Jose in what is now
2719:
2585:
2201:
2179:
2089:
1934:
1874:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1610:
762:
724:
595:
545:
154:
6312:
5811:(1815-1890), women's rights activist and one of the first writers of Californian history
4724:; many to "a few friends and family of the Alta California governors". The 1824 Mexican
4120:
3377:
and many more would continue to arrive after July 1846 when they got to California. The
11612:
11476:
11439:
11283:
11098:
11093:
11005:
10974:
10964:
10791:
10758:
10748:
10723:
10632:
10571:
10556:
10541:
10010:
9980:
9908:
9886:
9854:
9832:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9764:
9725:
9715:
9710:
9673:
9648:
9575:
9517:
9480:
9429:
9424:
9296:
9289:
9274:
9257:
9233:
9212:
9197:
9187:
9172:
9152:
9130:
9076:
9007:
8972:
8614:
8604:
8594:
8257:
8247:
8237:
8206:
8176:
8136:
6955:
6828:
6601:
6344:
5893:
5877:
5840:
5803:
5618:
5592:
5505:
5480:
5335:
5310:
5186:
5132:
5113:
5109:
4932:
4863:
4779:
4714:
4611:
4499:
4191:
4152:
4102:
4089:
4002:
3945:
3811:
3790:
3691:
3616:
3493:
3396:, the U.S. Marines and some of the bluejacket sailors from the U.S. Navy sailing ships
3347:
3334:
3326:
3312:
3301:
3266:
3235:
3105:
3028:
2768:
2647:
2458:
2454:
2429:
1914:
1889:
1844:
1462:
1338:
1237:
891:
886:
691:
515:
490:
380:
332:
272:
252:
82:
41:
10899:
6729:
Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to present
6666:
Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to present
6363:
5117:
4174:
3953:
3304:
2780:
2481:
11539:
11035:
11030:
10934:
10849:
10733:
10675:
10608:
10067:
10052:
10045:
10015:
9975:
9950:
9933:
9891:
9859:
9849:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9752:
9747:
9740:
9730:
9668:
9653:
9595:
9590:
9558:
9527:
9490:
9475:
9458:
9417:
9385:
9363:
9336:
9284:
9182:
9177:
9167:
9125:
9113:
9002:
8952:
8609:
8532:
8252:
8232:
8186:
8060:
7867:
7851:
7835:
7804:
7788:
7774:
7760:
7733:
7717:
7701:
7685:
7671:
7657:
7633:
7370:
7333:
7299:
7267:
7227:
7164:
7016:
6860:
6835:
6764:
6756:
6746:
6633:
6608:
6545:
6510:
6464:
6404:
6053:
5723:
5557:
5422:
5392:
5379:
4588:
4082:
4078:
4070:
3786:
3776:
3738:
3705:
3664:
3652:
3612:
3585:
3435:
3171:
3073:, and pueblo (town) dwellers. The mission lands and herds formerly controlled by the
2552:
2114:
1929:
1894:
1854:
1532:
1525:
465:
425:
420:
220:
180:
160:
11268:
10465:
10279:
8625:
6967:
5916:
5635:
4851:
4822:
4397:
3746:
3527:
The first job given to the California Battalion and was to assist in the capture of
2955:
2617:
2169:
729:
94:
11762:
11373:
11363:
11353:
11343:
11230:
11088:
11060:
10954:
10685:
10680:
10670:
10650:
10329:
10207:
10127:
10057:
10030:
10000:
9913:
9896:
9874:
9792:
9703:
9698:
9688:
9624:
9532:
9505:
9495:
9470:
9436:
9368:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9331:
9279:
9269:
9262:
9243:
9219:
9192:
9098:
8831:
8599:
8242:
8015:
7114:
6773:
6507:
California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions
6439:
6336:
6133:
6128:
5856:
5489:
5344:
5083:
California was not alone in using the import duty to pay for its government as the
4698:
4321:
4148:
4098:
3536:
3404:
3393:
3374:
3370:
3338:
3258:
2926:
2679:
2509:
2421:
2417:
2159:
2154:
2004:
1343:
1169:
1110:
977:
949:
838:
679:
590:
450:
228:
129:
78:
5901:
5865:
5414:
3129:
11190:
11050:
11010:
11000:
10645:
10593:
10234:
10197:
10152:
10079:
9928:
9918:
9881:
9864:
9837:
9772:
9693:
9678:
9658:
9580:
9563:
9544:
9500:
9410:
9400:
9373:
9358:
9314:
8883:
8093:
7954:. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation.
7945:
7862:
7846:
7826:
7799:
7755:
7728:
7712:
7645:
7628:
7293:
7261:
5928:
5818:
5374:
5306:
5179:
4979:
A Californio rancher takes in cattle, a duty that would begin the process of the
4956:
4733:
4721:
4690:
4682:
4310:
was forced to flee in 1831, after losing a fight against a local uprising at the
4307:
4267:
3992:
3965:
3461:
3449:
3278:
3262:
3178:
been worked by settlers and the much larger settlements of local Native American
3121:
3062:
3054:
3042:
3000:
2655:
2639:
2621:
2536:
2529:
2449:
2433:
2174:
1869:
1115:
1093:
1012:
800:
734:
634:
440:
390:
375:
86:
74:
8501:
7963:
7696:
7649:. Berkeley: Heyday Books, The Bancroft Library and the University of California.
7513:
7279:
6811:"L.A. Then and Now: Woman Helped Bring a Peaceful End to Mexican-American War".
6586:
6557:
6203:
4774:
JosĂ© JoaquĂn Castro (1768â1838) married foreigners yet still received grants to
11419:
11293:
11278:
10826:
10487:
10440:
10304:
10299:
10264:
10249:
9827:
9643:
9610:
9088:
9083:
7548:
7119:
5942:
5934:
5860:
5450:
5388:
5099:
5088:
4783:
4437:
4433:
3750:
3362:
3041:. One of the problems in Mexico was the large amount of land controlled by the
2935:
2902:
2643:
2397:
2134:
1414:
1290:
1212:
915:
896:
327:
172:
168:
115:
7919:
Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
7913:
Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
7729:"This Land was Mexican Once": Histories of Resistance from Northern California
6701:
6598:
6460:
Decline of the Californios: A Social History of the Spanish-Speaking 1846â1890
6005:
5989:
4245:
3984:
3949:
3728:
3648:
2461:, between 1683 and 1848. The first Californios were the children of the early
11782:
11504:
11429:
11409:
11313:
11288:
10532:
10403:
10351:
10339:
10334:
10324:
10314:
10309:
10229:
10202:
10192:
10187:
10182:
9735:
8858:
6327:
Douglas Monroy (1997). "The Creation and Re-Creation of Californio Society".
6067:
5951:
5751:
5062:
4913:
4775:
4739:
4662:
4654:
In practice nearly all mission property and livestock became about 455 large
4196:
3973:
3716:
3389:
3382:
3166:
3125:
2939:
2486:
2425:
2256:
2164:
2124:
1490:
1227:
1202:
739:
134:
7785:
Thrown Among Strangers: The Making of Mexican Culture in Frontier California
7549:
Federal State Local Government Revenue in United States 2011 â Charts Tables
6263:"The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States â Statistical Atlas"
3350:
without firing a shot and raised a homemade flag with a bear and star (the "
3027:, using the red lone star as its symbol, which is represented in the modern
11434:
11388:
11378:
11303:
11298:
10512:
10388:
10172:
7960:, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, University of Texas at Arlington
7295:
Pioneer Photographers of the Far West: A Biographical Dictionary, 1840â1865
6768:
6081:
5922:
5885:
5785:
5728:
5719:
5643:
5022:
4603:
4523:
4429:
4415:(Spanish and Native American) or mixed African and Amerindian backgrounds.
4386:
4370:
3378:
3281:
2960:
2806:
2561:
2557:
1409:
1381:
1300:
1232:
1053:
998:
963:
848:
828:
823:
805:
795:
669:
470:
7163:
Women's Status and Occupation". pp. 886â898; Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers;
6678:
3373:
to join with his forces. Many of these settlers had just arrived over the
3096:, for example, was reputed to be the richest man in California before the
3061:
friars held over 90% of all settled property, supposedly in trust for the
2479:
Later, the primary cultural focus of the Californio population became the
11308:
11235:
11184:
10507:
10428:
10408:
10294:
10167:
8567:
7917:
Guide to the Orange County Californio Families Portrait Photograph Album.
7697:
Southern California Vital Records, Volume 1: Los Angeles County 1850â1859
6599:
Hoover, Mildred B.; Hero Rensch; Ethel Rensch; William N. Abeloe (1966).
6380:"Los californios:historia sociolingĂŒĂstica de California en el siglo XIX"
6113:
5793:(c.1802â1889), "Founding Mother of San Francisco" and early developer of
5639:
5471:
5458:
5147:
4491:
4490:
An example of European-born soldiers are the twenty-five from Lieutenant
4436:) ancestry. Persons who were most likely to be native-born Spanish or of
4418:
Despite the depictions of popular American 20th-century TV shows such as
3133:
3113:
2565:
2498:
2490:
1404:
1280:
1217:
790:
628:
7844:
Ruiz de Burton, MarĂa Amparo; Rosaura SĂĄnchez and Beatrice Pita (2001).
7560:
Ruiz de Burton, Maria Amparo; Rosaura SĂĄnchez and Beatrice Pita (1992).
7038:
A Theory of Property Rights with Application to the California Gold Rush
6348:
5613:
5463:
3996:
3694:, leads Californio forces against 350 marines and sailors who retreated.
3251:
3144:
2976:
11592:
11083:
10470:
10413:
10244:
8552:
8547:
8055:
7629:
Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535â1846
6652:
6143:
5938:
4880:
4598:
4441:
4298:
4124:
3720:
3712:
3701:
3581:
3468:
3410:
3275:
3155:
Vallejo tried to get the California State Capital moved permanently to
3058:
2705:
2613:
2241:
2231:
1665:
585:
485:
342:
140:
10517:
10269:
7957:
6281:"Latino Caucaus â Statistical Picture of Latinos in California â 2017"
4924:
3987:
became a U.S. citizen after his return to California and acquired the
3011:
11393:
11368:
10844:
10821:
10796:
10522:
10418:
10274:
10224:
10142:
8108:
7797:
Osio, Antonio Maria; Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz (1996)
7367:
California Conquered: The Annexation of a Mexican Province, 1846â1850
6340:
6108:
5763:
5038:
4989:
4893:
4584:
4382:
4038:
3940:
3780:
3724:
3528:
3501:
3485:
3420:
3351:
3290:
3246:
of 1846â1848, the Californios forced the Mexican appointed governor,
2745:
2715:
2389:
2261:
2196:
1046:
853:
90:
36:
11164:
11068:
10254:
7911:
Guide to the Amador, Yorba, LĂłpez, and Cota families correspondence.
7800:
The History of Alta California : A Memoir of Mexican California
7756:
Intimate Frontiers : Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California
7682:
Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s
6702:"The Mexican War and California: Los Angeles in the War with Mexico"
4677:
After agriculture, cattle, sheep and horses were established by the
4241:
3843:
3357:
Their capture of the small garrison in Sonoma was later called the "
3254:, a Californio, was the governor of California during the conflict.
2759:
in what is now San Francisco; on his way back to Monterey, he sited
460:
11424:
11323:
10979:
10801:
10455:
10445:
10373:
10346:
10259:
10239:
10177:
10157:
10137:
10132:
5018:
4706:
4702:
4647:
4563:
4350:
4179:
3742:
3732:
3286:
3179:
3070:
2741:
2723:
2466:
2437:
2393:
2206:
1660:
1333:
1222:
833:
262:
164:
7744:"The decline of the Californios: The Case of San Diego, 1846â1856"
7646:
Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women, 1815â1848
6790:
5904:(1792-1835), author of the first book published in California and
4116:
3195:
or cattle herders) that worked the cattle and horses on the large
744:
11383:
10969:
10959:
10949:
10930:
10880:
Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
10613:
10527:
10502:
10450:
10435:
10319:
10147:
10117:
8836:
8077:
8065:
7847:
Conflicts of Interest: The Letters of MarĂa Amparo Ruiz de Burton
7654:
Women and the Conquest of California, 1542â1840: Codes of Silence
7052:"American Experience | The Gold Rush | People & Events | PBS"
6123:
5010:
4948:
4670:
4628:
period. The Californio population was 10,000 in 1845, estimated.
4411:
4402:
4285:
After 1821 and Mexican independence, there were approximately 40
4250:
4030:
3797:, east of Los Angeles. Casualties are about one man on each side.
3708:
3188:
2984:
2882:
2867:
2409:
2401:
2388:
community has resided there since 1683 and is made up of varying
2236:
767:
267:
257:
216:
144:
11358:
6760:
6627:
6297:
5021:. The rest of the animal was left to rot or feed the California
5009:
which grew well in California. The ranchos produced the largest
1295:
11685:
11247:
10984:
10806:
10398:
10383:
10378:
10366:
10361:
10289:
10219:
10122:
9901:
8572:
6364:"Settlers on the California Frontier (Part 2): The Californios"
6118:
5127:
5104:
5091:) of about 25% raised about 89% of all Federal income in 1850.
5014:
4827:
4799:
4795:
4592:
4555:
4187:
4128:
3620:
3484:
was converted into a United States military occupation and the
3366:
3294:
3192:
3046:
2859:
2815:
2712:
2664:
2465:
into northern reaches of the Californias. They established the
2416:
of New Mexico and Colorado, Californios are part of the larger
2268:
1675:
277:
7223:
Intimate Frontiers: Sex, Gender, and Culture in Old California
10497:
10480:
10460:
10393:
10356:
10284:
10214:
7892:
The California Gold Rush: A Study of Emerging Property Rights
7352:
Langum, David J. "Californio Women and the Image of Virtue".
6630:
The men of the California Bear Flag Revolt and their heritage
6252:, vol. 1, pp. 514-15. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
5143:
5139:
4964:
4940:
4840:
4803:
4710:
4624:
4420:
4297:
The other center of Spanish power in Alta California was the
4136:
3719:, cross into California with about 100 men and are joined by
3640:
3050:
2950:
2922:
2876:
2736:
2094:
2054:
560:
7713:
Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769â1936
6527:
3818:
In late December, 1846, while Fremont was in Santa Barbara,
11108:
10811:
10162:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
5704:
5151:
5125:
A portrayal of Californio culture is depicted in the novel
5075:
gives a good first-hand account of a two-year sailing ship
4975:
4467:
was rarely used in mission records: more common terms were
4144:
3508:, when it was established in late July 1846, as a private.
570:
6210:. Society of Hispanic Historical & Ancestral Research.
3419:
on July 7, 1846. The only shots fired were salutes by the
2913:
The settlers and escort soldiers who founded the towns of
7951:
Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California
7937:
Pitti, José; Antonia Castaneda and Carlos Cortes (1988).
7818:
7439:, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p. 159.
7413:, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p. 152.
5321:(1809â1882), Californian independence leader and Mexican
5197:
The medicine of memory : a Mexica clan in California
5076:
5026:
2608:
and less than two hundred men, on expedition founded the
7508:
7506:
7504:
7474:; California State Department of Education; 1948; p. 195
7400:; California State Department of Education; 1848; p. 151
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7187:
6741:
Hudson, Tom (1981). "Ch. 4: Massacre in Nigger Canyon".
6396:
5992:(1810-1876), leader of the Californio forces during the
3779:
and Stockton's combined force of about 600 men (about a
2979:
was criticized for his alleged descent from mestizo and
2809:
of Guadalupe now called simply San Jose) was founded by
2748:
antelope who had lived there in large herds previously.
10929:
10876:
Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
7771:
The Census of 1790: A Demographic History of California
7153:
7151:
6562:
The Census of 1790: A Demographic History of California
4381:
in 1836. Alvarado recruited a company of riflemen from
3723:'s 20 scouts and about 40 men under Gillespie north of
2917:, Yerba Buena (San Francisco), Monterey, San Diego and
7885:
Latino and Asian Americans in the California Gold Rush
6377:
4931:, a traditional culinary legacy of Californios in the
8655:
7759:. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press.
7501:
7379:
7280:
California Spanish Genealogy â California Census 1790
6390:
5925:(1880â1961), Hollywood move actor and conservationist
3976:. Rancho owners cited the articles VIII and X of the
3311:
had been dispatched to California, in 1845, from the
2771:
but did not initially leave settlers to settle them.
2650:
was moved there after a year in Monterey to keep the
2634:
was established in 1770 by Father JunĂpero Serra and
2408:
peoples, and small numbers of Mulatos. Alongside the
7359:
7148:
7040:. The Iowa State University Press. pp. 208â209.
6043:
5033:, Britain and other trading ports in Europe and the
4955:
ate is unknown since they were in transition from a
4810:
were paid out of this money and/or collected goods.
3833:
3427:
now flying over Monterey. Two days later on July 9,
7369:; pp. 14â30; University of California Press; 1989;
7145:, (1977). Harper & Row, New York, pp. 149, 154.
6723:
6721:
6719:
6384:
Revista de FilologĂa de la Universidad de la Laguna
6255:
5444:(1800-1852), Mayor of San Francisco and founder of
5142:has become the most identifiable Californio due to
4846:
4336:, and the first Latino to represent a state in the
4190:. Their early success drew praise and respect from
3868:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3120:, and was granted the 66,622-acre (269.61 km)
2793:, established in 1770, was the headquarters of the
11834:Hispanic and Latino American history of California
7643:Beebe, Rose Marie and Robert M. Senkewicz (2006).
7626:Beebe, Rose Marie and Robert M. Senkewicz (2001).
7292:Palmquist, Peter E.; Kailbourn, Thomas R. (2000).
7291:
6830:Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846
6827:
6600:
6249:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
4101:(those whose ancestors were refugees escaping the
3745:Indians combine to wipe out a party of Pauma Band
3250:, to flee back to Mexico with most of his troops.
2925:and Native American ancestry from the province of
2711:he had discovered in 1774 to bring colonists from
2436:since the 16th century. Some may also identify as
11804:People of the colonial Southwest of North America
8531:
7993:
7256:Conquests and Historical Identities in California
6791:"Campo de Cahuenga, the Birthplace of California"
6246:Griswold del Castillo, Richard. "Californios" in
5849:(1835-1905), earliest known photographer on the
4919:
4231:
4093:together all Californios, Mexicanos, and Native (
3651:against a superior American force led by General
2862:, Mexico. They were the last settlers to use the
2528:, a Californio is a person native to California.
11780:
11750:List of Mexican-American political organizations
6716:
6224:p.442, Scotts Valley, California, Kestrel Press.
5005:society had few resources except large herds of
6886:Photo Friends of the Los Angeles Public Library
6509:. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, Minnesota.
6463:. University of California Press. pp. XV.
6017:(1736-1803), founder of nine of the twenty-one
5872:
4817:
2671:and California's Historic Landmark Number One.
2472:and subsequently enabled the foundation of the
7939:"A History of Mexican Americans in California"
7866:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7863:Telling Identities: The Californio Testimonios
7824:Pitt, Leonard and Ramón A. Guttiérrez (1998).
7536:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
7484:Eric Foner. "13: Fruits of Manifest Destiny".
7424:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
7325:Telling Identities: The Californio testimonios
7226:. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.
7208:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
7182:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
7143:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
7008:Telling Identities: The Californio testimonios
6326:
6305:
6102:
5360:(1783-1852), Californio representative to the
5061:(San Francisco) after stopping and paying the
4510:
3636:Category:Battles of the Conquest of California
3361:". The Republic's only commander-in-chief was
3265:after war was declared on April 24, 1846. The
3211:
2990:
10915:
8641:
8517:
7979:
7538:, (1977). Harper & Row, New York, p. 149.
7426:, (1977). Harper & Row, New York, p. 633.
7210:, (1977). Harper & Row, New York, p. 154.
7184:, (1977). Harper & Row, New York, p. 677.
6361:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6191:
3415:captured the Alta California capital city of
2354:
1795:
7259:
6456:
6010:Padre-Presidente of the Californian Missions
5286:and was instrumental in the founding of the
5094:
4619:initial rancho housing was characterized as
4562:depicts a fiesta of Californios dancing the
3667:was the last major battle fought in the war.
3603:was one of the last battles of the conquest.
11768:Category:American people of Mexican descent
7213:
6681:. The Long Riders Guild Academic Foundation
4349:in 1836. Southern regional leaders, led by
4215:Californio miner processing ore during the
10922:
10908:
8648:
8634:
8524:
8510:
7986:
7972:
7803:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
7328:. University of Minnesota Press. pp.
7317:
7315:
7011:. University of Minnesota Press. pp.
6946:House Executive Document 46, pp. 1116â1117
6745:. Temecula, CA: Old Town Temecula Museum.
6699:
6437:
6417:
6403:. McFarland & Company. pp. 2, 3.
6371:
6355:
6188:
6034:Apostolic Administrator of the Californias
5913:(1798-1842), first publisher in California
4248:, shown in 1850 in traditional Californio
2361:
2347:
1802:
1788:
7773:, Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press.
7088:www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu
6956:Article VIII, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
6628:Sonoma Valley Historical Society (1996).
6320:
6149:
4830:at the annual Old Spanish Days fiesta in
3928:Learn how and when to remove this message
2963:. This served to distinguish the Mexican
2663:through Monterey and pay the roughly 42%
7958:A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War
6882:"Campo de Cahuenga: Overlooked Landmark"
6704:. California Center for Military History
6653:William B. Ide Adobe State Historic Park
6483:
6477:
6450:
6431:
6386:(39). Iberoamericana- Vervuert: 343â346.
5876:
5742:
5293:
5270:
5098:
4974:
4923:
4850:
4821:
4794:Since the government depended on import
4770:area, three Californio daughters of the
4738:
4661:
4641:
4597:
4554:
4514:
4396:
4316:
4240:
4210:
4173:
4115:
4001:
3939:
3802:
3658:
3639:
3594:
3556:
3519:following the Californio victory at the
3510:
3448:
3320:
3225:
3139:
3100:. Vallejo oversaw the secularization of
3080:
2896:
2785:
2684:
2584:
2539:residents and their descendants.
2335:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
1163:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
11720:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
11104:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
10845:People of the United States / Americans
9094:Southeast Africans in the United States
9052:African immigrants to the United States
7904:
7887:. Columbia University Academic Commons.
7876:The editors of Time-Life Books (1976).
7787:. University of California Press 1993.
7684:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
7656:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
7321:
7312:
7219:
7004:
6854:
6679:"Juan Flaco â California's Paul Revere"
6204:"Californio Families, A Brief Overview"
6008:(1721â1782), Franciscan missionary and
5347:(1831-1899), only Hispanic to serve as
4550:
4111:
3615:, the Californio government signed the
2929:in Mexico. Recruiters in Mexico of the
2440:, a term that came about in the 1960s.
1377:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
16:Term for Hispanic natives of California
11781:
9121:Southern Africans in the United States
8963:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans
7716:, Berkeley: University of California.
7564:(2nd ed.). Houston: Arte Publico Press
7483:
7035:
6968:Article X, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
6914:
6825:
6740:
6220:as quoted in Clark, Donald T. (2008).
5612:(1819-1869), secretary of state under
5203:
4206:
3647:, a Californio victory led by General
2791:Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
11735:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
10903:
9057:Central Africans in the United States
8629:
8505:
7967:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7078:
7076:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6859:. Chicago: Belford, Clarke & Co.
6546:About This Newspaper: The Californian
6400:The Californios: A History, 1769â1890
5931:(1891-1918), silent-era movie actress
5815:Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Vallejo
5288:University of California, Los Angeles
5214:
4169:
3629:
2718:(Mexico) to California to settle two
2580:
2212:Indigenous languages of Latin America
11745:List of Mexican-American communities
11170:1985â1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
9028:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans
8486:
7670:. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
7487:Give Me Liberty! An American History
6973:
6879:
6834:. New York: Macmillan. p. 246.
6201:
6096:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
5999:
5868:(1867-1891), protester and folk hero
5638:(1820-1876), first elected judge in
4808:Priest salaries and mission expenses
4278:(nominally under the control of the
4139:, the famed Californian bandit-hero.
3866:adding citations to reliable sources
3837:
2921:were primarily mestizo and of mixed
2704:led an overland expedition over the
2628:. Colonists began arriving in 1774.
2556:article, points to such examples as
1144:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
11547:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
11491:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
10097:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
9320:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
9253:North Africans in the United States
9040:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
7931:Californios, a People and a Culture
7437:California: An Interpretive History
7411:California: An Interpretive History
6743:A Thousand Years in Temecula Valley
6397:Hunt Janin; Ursula Carlson (2007).
6237:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
6202:King, Alexander V. (January 2004).
5957:
5837:Prudenciana Vallejo LĂłpez de Moreno
5750:, known as the "Founding Mother of
5266:
5013:(called California Greenbacks) and
4009:played a crucial role in defending
3053:, bishops, and other expenses. The
2967:settlers and converted Californian
2901:The founding of Los Angeles by the
2284:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
2279:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
2274:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
1540:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1477:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
13:
9148:West Africans in the United States
9023:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans
7750:, Summer 1975, Volume 21, Number 3
7700:. Los Angeles: Generations Press.
7620:Bibliography of California history
7266:. University of California Press.
7100:
7073:
6987:
6880:Boba, Eleanor (28 February 2019).
6362:Damian Bacich (October 17, 2017).
6290:
5983:(unknown-1830), Commandant of the
5919:(1798â1850), painter and frescoist
5817:(1815-1891), administrator of the
5731:(born 1971), U.S. Congressman and
4526:active in what is the present-day
3765:January 5, 1847. Frémont near the
3711:, after a grueling journey across
2803:El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe
1006:The Revolt of the Cockroach People
99:Indigenous languages of California
14:
11845:
10692:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin
10026:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans
8657:Demographics of the United States
8461:
7899:
7680:ChĂĄvez-GarcĂa, Miroslava (2004).
7450:"History of Transport and Travel"
7252:Southern California Vital Records
6427:. University of California. 2009.
6161:History of California before 1900
5802:(1809-1880), peace broker of the
5688:Los Angeles County Superior Court
5623:Lieutenant Governor of California
4669:, one of California's most famed
4401:Portrait of a mounted Californio
3834:Californios after U.S. annexation
3741:, December 1846. Californios and
3460:On July 11, the Royal Navy sloop
3128:and other properties by Governor
2783:(a companion of JunĂpero Serra).
2040:Congressional Hispanic Conference
11339:Mexican-American women's fashion
10870:Race and ethnicity in the census
8958:African diaspora in the Americas
8485:
8476:
8475:
8433:Stereotypes in the United States
7748:The Journal of San Diego History
7652:Bouvier, Virginia Marie (2001).
6970:, Center For Land Grant Studies.
6958:, Center For Land Grant Studies.
6915:Meares, Hadley (July 11, 2014).
6558:"The Census of 1790, California"
6088:
6074:
6060:
6046:
5853:of the present-day United States
5828:Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker
5784:(1797-1874), early developer of
5782:MarĂa Soledad Ortega de ArgĂŒello
5738:
5686:(1842â1916), first judge of the
4847:Indigenous Californian workforce
4127:of California", was a notorious
3842:
3316:Corps of Topographical Engineers
3174:, on the same dayâJune 1, 1863.
3124:, the 84,000-acre (340 km)
3010:
2999:
2858:were agricultural families from
2504:In 2017 there were 11.9 million
2328:
2304:Communities with Latino majority
1759:
227:
35:
11484:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
8968:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans
7850:. Houston: Atre Publico Press.
7613:
7580:
7567:
7554:
7541:
7528:
7477:
7464:
7442:
7429:
7416:
7403:
7346:
7285:
7240:
7174:
7135:
7126:
7044:
7029:
6961:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6908:
6899:
6873:
6848:
6819:
6804:
6783:
6734:
6693:
6671:
6658:
6646:
6621:
6592:
6580:
6567:
6551:
6538:
6520:
6499:
6484:Burciaga, Jose Antonio (1995).
6378:Covadonga Lamar Prieto (2018).
5994:American conquest of California
5966:(1779â1858), Commandant of the
5773:MarĂa Ygnacia LĂłpez de Carrillo
5760:Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné
5712:(1892â1972), Vice-Chair of the
5071:(originally published 1840) by
5035:East Coast of the United States
4756:California Historical Landmarks
4528:West Coast of the United States
4274:were at first appointed by the
4135:. He served as inspiration for
3853:needs additional citations for
3542:, under the command of Captain
3025:independence of Alta California
3023:led a 1836-37 movement for the
2751:Anza selected the sites of the
1470:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
396:California agricultural strikes
11829:Cultural history of California
9013:Kittian and Nevisian Americans
8988:Dominican Americans (Dominica)
7832:University of California Press
7769:Mason, William Marvin (1998).
7159:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico
6302:. Accessed on October 24, 2021
6273:
6240:
6227:
6214:
6019:Spanish missions in California
5859:(1837â1905), administrator of
5261:SepĂșlveda family of California
5241:Estudillo family of California
5226:Berryessa family of California
4920:Traditional food and materials
4606:was built 1838-45 by Governor
4498:. Most of the soldiers on the
4373:was an ally of the Californio
4260:Adjutant General of California
4232:Californio society and customs
3989:Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando
3789:, January 9, 1847. Kearny and
3515:American forces retreating to
2519:
971:From This Wicked Patch of Dust
103:Indigenous languages of Mexico
1:
11149:Occupation of Catalina Island
11124:Farm workers' rights campaign
10549:Hispanic and Latino Americans
8443:In the United States Congress
7995:Hispanic and Latino Americans
7732:. University of Texas Press.
7354:Southern California Quarterly
7298:. Stanford University Press.
6607:. Stanford University Press.
6548:. Retrieved on July 28, 2009.
6440:"Twilight of the Californios"
6368:Accessed on October 24, 2021.
6317:Accessed on October 24, 2021.
6313:"Merriam Webster: Californio"
6222:Santa Cruz County Place Names
6181:
6026:(1793-1884), religious leader
5847:Epifania de Guadalupe Vallejo
5716:and women's suffrage activist
5714:Democratic National Committee
5693:Reginaldo Francisco del Valle
5276:Reginaldo Francisco del Valle
5236:Carrillo family of California
5180:Maria Amparo Ruiz de Burton,
4578:
4520:Epifania de Guadalupe Vallejo
4360:
4236:
2880:(caste) designations such as
2773:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
2757:Mission San Francisco de AsĂs
2612:(military post). On July 16,
2035:Congressional Hispanic Caucus
1027:...y no se lo tragĂł la tierra
566:Occupation of Catalina Island
10619:Indigenous Mexican Americans
7880:. New York: Time-Life Books.
7666:Casas, MarĂa RaquĂ©l (2007).
7157:Werner, Michael S., Editor;
6857:Memoirs of My Life and Times
6603:Historic Spots in California
5873:Artists, actors, and writers
5839:(1832â1920), rancher in the
5579:California State Assemblyman
5566:California State Assemblyman
5309:, ranchero, and namesake of
5278:served as the youngest ever
5231:Careaga family of California
4856:Mission San Francisco Solano
4818:Horses in Californio culture
4392:
3753:of eleven Californios, near
3116:and the future town site of
3102:Mission San Francisco Solano
2819:-town not associated with a
2463:Spanish military expeditions
2030:Association of Hispanic Arts
1683:Indigenous Mexican Americans
1387:Self Help Graphics & Art
7:
10860:Maps of American ancestries
10656:French Polynesian Americans
8993:Dutch West Indian Americans
7753:Hurtado, Albert L. (1999).
7726:Heidenreich, Linda (2007).
6632:. Arthur H. Clark Pub. Co.
6505:Leffingwell, Randy (2005),
6103:Culture, race and ethnicity
6039:
5964:José de la Guerra y Noriega
5906:Governor of Alta California
5695:(1854â1938), youngest ever
5605:Los Angeles County Assessor
5573:(1809-1870), signer of the
5468:Governor of Alta California
5369:(1790-1880), member of the
5330:(1807â1890), signer of the
5323:Governor of the Californias
5246:Guerra family of California
5138:The fictional character of
4789:
4511:Women in Californio society
4334:U.S. Conquest of California
4013:during the drafting of the
3978:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3970:California Land Act of 1851
3423:ships in the harbor to the
3212:U.S. conquest of California
3202:California Native Americans
3149:Governor of Alta California
2991:Later years of Mexican rule
2761:Mission Santa Clara de AsĂs
2626:Mission San Diego de AlcalĂĄ
2598:Governor of the Californias
2485:tradition practiced by the
2075:National Hispanic Institute
2070:National Council of La Raza
985:The Dirty Girls Social Club
358:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
177:Indigenous Mexican American
10:
11850:
10641:Pacific Islander Americans
7632:. Berkeley: Heyday Books.
7617:
7575:Decline of the Californios
6573:Rios-Bustamante, Antonio.
6444:The American West magazine
6233:Hutchinson, C. A. (1969).
5884:actor and conservationist
5800:Bernarda Ruiz de RodrĂguez
5733:Under Secretary of Defense
5666:California State Treasurer
5649:Antonio MarĂa de la Guerra
5597:California State Treasurer
5525:(1805-1862), last Mexican
5466:(1801-1894), last Mexican
5221:Ăvila family of California
5207:
4929:Santa Mariaâstyle barbecue
4862:to be founded, in 1823 in
4635:
4631:
4463:, etc.). The current term
3820:Bernarda RuĂz de Rodriguez
3808:Bernarda Ruiz de RodrĂguez
3749:Indians responsible for a
3684:Battle of Dominguez Rancho
3633:
3269:with its force of 350â400
3215:
2795:Californian mission system
2575:
2428:, which has inhabited the
2424:/Hispano community of the
1184:This Bridge Called My Back
930:Who Would Have Thought It?
18:
11758:
11702:
11556:
11458:
11402:
11334:Mexican-American folklore
11256:
11157:
11114:Plan Espiritual de AztlĂĄn
11059:
10993:
10942:
10840:
10832:Punjabi Mexican Americans
10782:
10711:
10631:
10105:
9956:Liechtensteiner Americans
9763:
9307:
8945:
8934:
8802:
8672:
8663:
8540:
8456:
8425:
8320:
8294:
8268:
8225:
8164:
8119:
8086:
8031:
8001:
7883:Thomas, Adrianna (2009).
7860:SĂĄnchez, Rosaura (1995).
7830:(New edition), Berkeley:
7322:SĂĄnchez, Rosaura (1995).
7005:SĂĄnchez, Rosaura (1995).
6855:Fremont, John C. (1887).
6655:, California State Parks.
6438:Ferol Egan (March 1969).
5968:Presidio of Santa Barbara
5485:San Diego County Assessor
5328:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
5256:Pico family of California
5251:Lugo family of California
5163:Two Years Before the Mast
5095:Californios in literature
5068:Two Years Before the Mast
4487:, and other caste terms.
3773:Battle of Rio San Gabriel
3455:Battle of RĂo San Gabriel
3446:) without firing a shot.
3232:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
3094:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
2931:Fernando Rivera y Moncada
2753:Presidio of San Francisco
2474:California mission system
1688:Punjabi Mexican Americans
1420:Great Wall of Los Angeles
992:The House on Mango Street
844:Mexican-American folklore
576:Plan Espiritual de AztlĂĄn
401:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
126:
121:
113:
108:
65:
60:
53:
48:
34:
11819:1840s in Alta California
11814:1830s in Alta California
11809:1820s in Alta California
11329:Mexican-American cuisine
10855:Native American ancestry
9630:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies
9486:Indo-Caribbean Americans
9208:Sierra Leonean Americans
9158:Bissau-Guinean Americans
9104:South Sudanese Americans
7923:
7742:Hugues, Charles (1975).
7562:The Squatter and the Don
6826:Walker, Dale L. (1999).
5950:(born 1949), author and
5830:(1827-1912), founder of
5791:Juana Briones de Miranda
5775:(1793-1849), founder of
5748:Juana Briones de Miranda
5710:Lucretia del Valle Grady
5701:of the California Senate
5679:Los Angeles City Marshal
5662:José Guadalupe Estudillo
5657:California State Senator
5631:Californian Constitution
5627:California State Senator
5586:(1816â1866), three-term
5575:Californian Constitution
5553:Californian Constitution
5540:Californian Constitution
5498:Californian Constitution
5410:Californian Constitution
5332:Californian Constitution
5284:of the California Senate
5182:The Squatter and the Don
4970:
4726:General Colonization Law
4500:Portola-Serra expedition
4428:were of "pure" Spanish (
4256:California State Senator
3767:San Buenaventura Mission
3329:and proclamation of the
3234:reviewing his troops in
2874:(Spanish); the rest had
2596:and served as the first
2010:Latino American politics
1766:United States portal
1177:The Church in the Barrio
1037:Poetry and Short Stories
773:Mexican-American cuisine
614:1985â1987 cannery strike
21:Californios (restaurant)
19:For the restaurant, see
11519:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
11415:Coyolxauhqui imperative
10817:Louisiana Creole people
9966:Luxembourgish Americans
9136:South African Americans
9072:Equatoguinean Americans
7516:. San Francisco History
6335:(2/3). jstor: 173â195.
6208:San Francisco Genealogy
5941:actor and president of
5821:estate and namesake of
5367:Francisco PĂ©rez Pacheco
5358:Carlos Antonio Carrillo
5299:Francisco PĂ©rez Pacheco
4750:is one of the numerous
4748:Rancho Monte del Diablo
4681:, friars, soldiers and
4587:government, and later,
4545:Gold Rush in California
4405:in traditional clothing
4312:Battle of Cahuenga Pass
4272:governors of California
4266:In the Spanish period,
4015:California Constitution
4011:women's property rights
3956:. The treaty ended the
2945:In Californio society,
2919:La Reina de Los Ăngeles
1920:Stateside Puerto Ricans
1505:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1349:Royal Chicano Air Force
1208:Coyolxauhqui imperative
1020:Under the Feet of Jesus
11498:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
11264:Anti-Mexican sentiment
11226:Killing of Adam Toledo
11209:Great American Boycott
11079:Centro de Arte PĂșblico
10604:Puerto Rican Americans
9163:Cape Verdean Americans
9018:Saint Lucian Americans
8794:Ethnocultural politics
8762:Racial achievement gap
8692:Educational attainment
7894:. Academic Press, Inc.
7710:Haas, Lisbeth (1995).
7551:Accessed April 2, 2011
7534:Howard Lamar, editor.
7422:Howard Lamar, editor.
7206:Howard Lamar, editor.
7180:Howard Lamar, editor.
7141:Howard Lamar, editor.
6176:Conquest of California
6150:History and government
5897:
5809:Angustias de la Guerra
5755:
5673:(1842-1916), Mayor of
5653:Mayor of Santa Barbara
5527:Mayor of San Francisco
5477:José Antonio Estudillo
5453:(1800â1858), Mayor of
5442:JosĂ© JoaquĂn Estudillo
5384:Mayor of San Francisco
5349:Governor of California
5319:Juan Bautista Alvarado
5314:
5291:
5158:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
5121:
5073:Richard Henry Dana Jr.
4984:
4936:
4877:Indigenous Californian
4867:
4835:
4759:
4674:
4651:
4615:
4571:
4568:Charles Christian Nahl
4566:. (Painted in 1873 by
4531:
4406:
4369:For example, American
4347:Juan Bautista Alvarado
4341:
4330:Governor of California
4263:
4220:
4183:
4140:
4018:
4007:Angustias de la Guerra
3961:
3815:
3668:
3656:
3604:
3565:
3544:Samuel Francis Du Pont
3524:
3457:
3342:
3239:
3218:Conquest of California
3152:
3089:
3021:Juan Bautista Alvarado
2910:
2907:Los Angeles Pobladores
2848:Los Angeles Pobladores
2801:On November 29, 1777,
2798:
2700:Late in 1775, Colonel
2697:
2601:
2526:Real Academia Española
2453:during the periods of
2406:Indigenous Californian
1833:National origin groups
1484:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
1367:Centro de Arte PĂșblico
1329:East Los Streetscapers
1068:Pensamiento Serpentino
658:Great American Boycott
536:Las Adelitas de AztlĂĄn
506:Conferencia de Mujeres
294:Anti-Mexican sentiment
11799:People from New Spain
11533:Mendez v. Westminster
11470:Botiller v. Dominguez
11450:Youth control complex
11319:Estrada Courts murals
11180:2019 El Paso shooting
11158:Post-Chicano Movement
11119:Plan de Santa BĂĄrbara
11074:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
10701:New Zealand Americans
10666:Micronesian Americans
10661:Marshallese Americans
10562:Costa Rican Americans
10021:Sammarinese Americans
9991:Montenegrin Americans
9721:Azerbaijani Americans
9684:Palestinian Americans
9606:Singaporean Americans
9454:Bangladeshi Americans
9062:Cameroonian Americans
8784:Unemployment by state
8542:Region of settlement
7890:Umbeck, John (1977).
7495:registration required
7472:California Beginnings
7398:California Beginnings
7356:59.3 (1977): 245â250.
7260:Leonard Pitt (1970).
7036:Umbeck, John (1981).
6589:accessed July 7, 2011
6544:Library of Congress.
6457:Leonard Pitt (1966).
6156:History of California
5985:Presidio of San Diego
5972:Presidio of San Diego
5880:
5746:
5402:José Antonio Carrillo
5371:Provincial Deputation
5362:Congress of the Union
5303:Provincial Deputation
5297:
5274:
5208:Further information:
5108:, written in 1884 by
5102:
5031:Boston, Massachusetts
4981:California Hide Trade
4978:
4927:
4854:
4825:
4752:ranchos of California
4742:
4667:JosĂ© AndrĂ©s SepĂșlveda
4665:
4656:Ranchos of California
4645:
4638:Ranchos of California
4601:
4558:
4522:, the earliest known
4518:
4400:
4375:José Antonio Carrillo
4320:
4244:
4214:
4177:
4119:
4022:could not be repaid.
4005:
3995:(under Mexican rule)
3943:
3806:
3698:Battle of San Pasqual
3688:José Antonio Carrillo
3662:
3645:Battle of San Pasqual
3643:
3601:Battle of Santa Clara
3598:
3576:staged a revolt, the
3570:Pueblo de Los Angeles
3562:Battle of San Pasqual
3560:
3533:Pueblo de Los Angeles
3514:
3452:
3324:
3229:
3143:
3085:Californio statesman
3084:
2915:San José de Guadalupe
2900:
2797:from 1797 until 1833.
2789:
2702:Juan Bautista de Anza
2690:Juan Bautista de Anza
2688:
2669:Monterey Custom House
2610:Presidio of San Diego
2588:
2489:, who received large
2382:Hispanic Californians
2190:United States Spanish
1958:Americans by ancestry
1865:Costa Rican Americans
1562:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1519:Mendez v. Westminster
1456:Botiller v. Dominguez
1248:Youth control complex
624:2019 El Paso shooting
581:Plan de Santa BĂĄrbara
476:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
406:Citrus Strike of 1936
348:San Elizario Salt War
319:Early-American Period
122:Related ethnic groups
11526:Leal Garcia v. Texas
11221:Justice for Janitors
11139:Los Siete de la Raza
11134:Colegio CĂ©sar ChĂĄvez
11026:Mexican Repatriation
10994:Pre-Chicano Movement
10774:Venezuelan Americans
10764:Surinamese Americans
10754:Paraguayan Americans
10744:Ecuadorian Americans
10696:Australian Americans
10587:Salvadoran Americans
10582:Panamanian Americans
10577:Nicaraguan Americans
10567:Guatemalan Americans
10006:Portuguese Americans
9971:Macedonian Americans
9961:Lithuanian Americans
9798:Belarusian Americans
9616:Vietnamese Americans
9586:Indonesian Americans
9540:Sri Lankan Americans
9406:Fuzhounese Americans
9203:Senegalese Americans
9141:Zimbabwean Americans
9033:Vincentian Americans
8044:Creoles of Louisiana
7934:, a personal website
7905:Archival collections
7694:Gostin, Ted (2001).
7592:www.vozdeamerica.com
7547:Federal Income 1850
6425:"Californio Society"
6267:statisticalatlas.com
6024:Apolinaria Lorenzana
5981:JosĂ© MarĂa Estudillo
5976:Presidio of Monterey
5629:, and signer of the
5601:Mayor of Los Angeles
5588:Mayor of Los Angeles
5562:Mayor of Los Angeles
5494:Mayor of Los Angeles
5406:Mayor of Los Angeles
5210:Category:Californios
5114:1928 film adaptation
4551:Family and education
4254:attire, served as a
4217:California Gold Rush
4160:California Gold Rush
4133:California Gold Rush
4112:California Gold Rush
3958:MexicanâAmerican War
3862:improve this article
3578:Siege of Los Angeles
3521:Siege of Los Angeles
3506:California Battalion
3498:California Battalion
3488:was replaced by the
3417:Monterey, California
3244:MexicanâAmerican War
3222:MexicanâAmerican War
3206:California Battalion
3110:Petaluma, California
3098:California Gold Rush
2823:or a military post (
2632:Monterey, California
2514:California Hispanics
1975:Isleños of Louisiana
1940:Venezuelan Americans
1925:Salvadoran Americans
1910:Paraguayan Americans
1905:Panamanian Americans
1900:Nicaraguan Americans
1885:Guatemalan Americans
1880:Ecuadorian Americans
1512:Leal Garcia v. Texas
1134:MAS Programs, Tucson
923:Living Up the Street
675:Justice for Janitors
541:Los Siete de la Raza
496:Colegio CĂ©sar ChĂĄvez
416:Mexican Repatriation
367:Pre-Chicano Movement
338:MexicanâAmerican War
195:California Hispanics
11349:New Mexican cuisine
11175:1992 Drywall Strike
11144:Los Seis de Boulder
11129:Land grant struggle
11046:Sleepy Lagoon trial
10769:Uruguayan Americans
10739:Colombian Americans
10729:Brazilian Americans
10719:Argentine Americans
10599:Dominican Americans
10493:Alaskan Athabaskans
10092:Non-Hispanic whites
10085:Ukrainian Americans
10063:Slovenian Americans
10041:Norwegian Americans
10036:Icelandic Americans
9924:Hungarian Americans
9870:Dagestani Americans
9845:Bulgarian Americans
9664:Jordanian Americans
9601:Malaysian Americans
9571:Cambodian Americans
9523:Pakistani Americans
9513:Maldivian Americans
9466:Bhutanese Americans
9442:Mongolian Americans
9396:Taiwanese Americans
9391:Hong Kong Americans
9239:Ethiopian Americans
9109:Tanzanian Americans
9067:Congolese Americans
8998:Grenadian Americans
8983:Bermudian Americans
8978:Barbadian Americans
8712:Housing segregation
8666:Demographic history
8448:Women in journalism
8011:Hispanic and Latino
6983:. October 17, 2018.
6587:secularization laws
6575:Mexican Los Ăngeles
6171:California Republic
6166:Provincias Internas
6030:José Gonzålez Rubio
5911:AgustĂn V. Zamorano
5890:Carrillo State Park
5768:Mission San Gabriel
5571:José M. Covarrubias
5532:Miguel de Pedrorena
5514:CSU Dominguez Hills
5382:(1792-1849), first
5204:Notable Californios
5131:(1884), written by
5085:U.S. import tariffs
5043:San Juan Capistrano
4870:For these very few
4860:Californian mission
4679:California Missions
4207:Foreign Miners' Tax
4059:San Juan Capistrano
3775:, January 8, 1847.
3700:, 6 December 1846.
3686:, October 9, 1846.
3552:Archibald Gillespie
3392:, Commodore of the
3331:California Republic
3325:The raising of the
3248:Manuel Micheltorena
3157:Benicia, California
3151:under Mexican rule.
3147:served as the last
3118:Benicia, California
2829:Mission Santa Clara
2811:JosĂ© JoaquĂn Moraga
2777:José Joaquin Moraga
2638:(first governor of
2396:origins, including
1998:Political movements
1935:Uruguayan Americans
1875:Dominican Americans
1860:Colombian Americans
1850:Brazilian Americans
1840:Argentine Americans
1817:Part of a series on
1551:Federal Court cases
1445:Supreme Court cases
763:New Mexican cuisine
725:Abrazos, no balazos
646:Chicano Art Exhibit
619:1992 Drywall Strike
605:Post-Chicano Period
596:United Farm Workers
546:Los Seis de Boulder
531:Land grant struggle
521:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
436:Sleepy Lagoon trial
211:Part of a series on
201:Basque Californians
155:Hispanic and Latino
128:Other Hispanos and
67:Californian Spanish
31:
11794:Mexican California
11557:By city and region
11477:Hernandez v. Texas
11440:Spiritual activism
11284:Chicano literature
11099:Chicano Moratorium
11006:Bisbee Deportation
10759:Peruvian Americans
10749:Guyanese Americans
10724:Bolivian Americans
10646:Chamorro Americans
10572:Honduran Americans
10557:Belizean Americans
10542:Canadian Americans
10011:Romanian Americans
9981:Moldovan Americans
9909:Galician Americans
9887:Estonian Americans
9855:Croatian Americans
9833:Scottish Americans
9788:Austrian Americans
9783:Asturian Americans
9778:Albanian Americans
9726:Georgian Americans
9716:Assyrian Americans
9711:Armenian Americans
9674:Lebanese Americans
9649:Bahraini Americans
9576:Filipino Americans
9518:Nepalese Americans
9481:Gujarati Americans
9430:Ryukyuan Americans
9425:Japanese Americans
9297:Sudanese Americans
9290:Tunisian Americans
9275:Algerian Americans
9258:Egyptian Americans
9234:Eritrean Americans
9213:Togolese Americans
9198:Nigerian Americans
9188:Liberian Americans
9173:Ghanaian Americans
9153:Beninese Americans
9131:Malawian Americans
9077:Gabonese Americans
9008:Jamaican Americans
8973:Bahamian Americans
8879:Moorish Scientists
8779:Standard of living
7944:2006-10-11 at the
7470:Hoffman, Lola B.;
7396:Hoffman, Lola B.;
7248:The Census of 1790
6329:California History
6315:. Merriam Webster.
6032:(1804â1875), last
5898:
5841:Valle de Guadalupe
5804:Treaty of Cahuenga
5756:
5671:Juan José Carrillo
5619:Pablo de la Guerra
5610:JosĂ© MatĂas Moreno
5593:Antonio F. Coronel
5551:and signer of the
5545:Antonio MarĂa Pico
5538:and signer of the
5536:Mayor of San Diego
5481:Mayor of San Diego
5408:and signer of the
5338:, and namesake of
5315:
5311:Pacheco State Park
5292:
5215:Prominent families
5187:Mariano G. Vallejo
5133:Helen Hunt Jackson
5122:
5110:Helen Hunt Jackson
4985:
4937:
4933:Santa Maria Valley
4868:
4836:
4780:Rancho San Agustin
4760:
4675:
4652:
4616:
4612:Rancho San Pascual
4572:
4532:
4496:Catalan Volunteers
4407:
4342:
4287:Mexican Presidents
4264:
4221:
4184:
4170:Working conditions
4141:
4103:Mexican Revolution
4090:racial segregation
4019:
3962:
3946:Treaty of Cahuenga
3816:
3812:Treaty of Cahuenga
3791:Robert F. Stockton
3669:
3657:
3630:Californio battles
3617:Treaty of Cahuenga
3605:
3566:
3525:
3494:Robert F. Stockton
3482:Bear Flag Republic
3458:
3388:Under orders from
3348:Sonoma, California
3343:
3309:Frémont expedition
3302:Lieutenant Colonel
3240:
3153:
3090:
3087:Mariano G. Vallejo
3029:flag of California
2911:
2799:
2769:Santa Clara Valley
2698:
2648:Carmel, California
2602:
2594:PortolĂĄ expedition
2581:Early colonization
2459:Mexican California
2455:Spanish California
2430:American Southwest
1915:Peruvian Americans
1890:Honduran Americans
1845:Bolivian Americans
1587:Population by City
1463:Hernandez v. Texas
1372:GalerĂa de la Raza
1339:Mujeres Muralistas
1238:Spiritual activism
892:Chicano literature
887:Chicana literature
692:South Central Farm
516:East L.A. walkouts
491:Chicano Moratorium
381:Bisbee Deportation
333:Las Gorras Blancas
185:Louisiana Criollos
83:California English
42:Flag of California
29:
11776:
11775:
11725:Mexican Americans
11673:DallasâFort Worth
11540:Bernal v. Fainter
11512:MedellĂn v. Texas
11041:Porvenir Massacre
11036:Plan de San Diego
11031:Operation Wetback
10897:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10850:American ancestry
10734:Chilean Americans
10676:Palauan Americans
10609:Mexican Americans
10068:Spanish Americans
10053:Serbian Americans
10046:Swedish Americans
10016:Russian Americans
9996:Occitan Americans
9986:Monacan Americans
9976:Maltese Americans
9951:Latvian Americans
9946:Kosovan Americans
9934:Italian Americans
9892:Finnish Americans
9860:Cypriot Americans
9850:Catalan Americans
9823:English Americans
9818:Cornish Americans
9813:British Americans
9808:Bosnian Americans
9803:Belgian Americans
9753:Turkish Americans
9748:Kurdish Americans
9741:Israeli Americans
9731:Iranian Americans
9669:Kuwaiti Americans
9654:Emirati Americans
9596:Laotian Americans
9591:Iu Mien Americans
9559:Burmese Americans
9528:Punjabi Americans
9491:Punjabi Americans
9476:Bengali Americans
9459:Bengali Americans
9418:Tibetan Americans
9386:Chinese Americans
9364:Turkmen Americans
9337:Pashtun Americans
9285:Moroccan American
9183:Ivorian Americans
9178:Guinean Americans
9168:Gambian Americans
9126:Angolan Americans
9114:Ugandan Americans
9003:Haitian Americans
8953:African Americans
8752:Racial inequality
8722:Income inequality
8687:Gender inequality
8623:
8622:
8590:Region of origin
8533:Spanish Americans
8499:
8498:
8160:
8159:
7872:978-0-8166-2559-8
7856:978-1-55885-328-7
7840:978-0-520-21958-8
7809:978-0-299-14974-1
7793:978-0-520-08275-5
7783:Monroy, Douglas.
7779:978-0-295-98083-6
7765:978-0-8263-1954-8
7738:978-0-292-71634-6
7722:978-0-520-08380-6
7706:978-0-9707988-0-0
7690:978-0-8165-2378-8
7676:978-0-87417-697-1
7662:978-0-8165-2446-4
7638:978-1-890771-48-5
7375:978-0-520-06605-2
7305:978-0-8047-3883-5
7273:978-0-520-01637-8
7233:978-0-8263-5646-8
6813:Los Angeles Times
6752:978-0-931700-06-4
6639:978-0-87062-261-8
6614:978-0-8047-4482-9
6490:Los Angeles Times
6470:978-0-520-21958-8
6410:978-1-4766-2946-9
6298:"RAE: Californio"
6134:Spanish Americans
6129:Mexican Americans
6054:California portal
6000:Religious figures
5948:Alejandro MurguĂa
5724:Mayor of San Jose
5684:Ygnacio SepĂșlveda
5584:CristĂłbal Aguilar
5558:Ygnacio del Valle
5549:Mayor of San Jose
5523:JosĂ© de JesĂșs NoĂ©
5433:Mayor of San Jose
5429:JosĂ© MarĂa Alviso
5419:Mayor of San Jose
5393:Mayor of San Jose
5380:Francisco de Haro
5193:Alejandro MurguĂa
4608:JosĂ© MarĂa Flores
4449:soldados de cuero
4147:is discovered at
4099:Mexican Americans
3938:
3937:
3930:
3912:
3787:Battle of La Mesa
3739:Temecula Massacre
3665:Battle of La Mesa
3653:Stephen W. Kearny
3613:Battle of La Mesa
3586:San Francisco Bay
3574:JosĂ© MarĂa Flores
3436:San Francisco Bay
3341:on June 14, 1846.
3172:Agoston Haraszthy
2682:on July 7, 1846.
2660:Monterey Presidio
2636:Gaspar de PortolĂ
2606:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
2590:Gaspar de PortolĂĄ
2553:Los Angeles Times
2371:
2370:
1930:Spanish Americans
1895:Mexican Americans
1855:Chilean Americans
1812:
1811:
1749:
1748:
1731:Mexican Americans
1696:
1695:
1636:DallasâFort Worth
1571:
1570:
1533:Perez v. Brownell
1526:Bernal v. Fainter
1498:MedellĂn v. Texas
1428:
1427:
1358:Art organizations
1256:
1255:
1084:
1083:
1061:Moment of Silence
862:
861:
700:
699:
466:Black-brown unity
431:Porvenir Massacre
426:Plan de San Diego
421:Operation Wetback
301:
300:
221:Mexican Americans
206:
205:
189:Louisiana Isleños
181:Spanish Americans
161:Mexican Americans
130:Mexican Americans
11841:
11763:Category:Chicano
11693:Salt Lake Valley
11403:Chicana/o Theory
11374:Teatro Campesino
11364:Regional Mexican
11354:New Mexico music
11344:Mexican muralism
11231:Murder of Selena
11094:Chicano Blowouts
11089:Chicana feminism
11061:Chicano Movement
10955:Mexican American
10935:Mexican American
10924:
10917:
10910:
10901:
10900:
10686:Tongan Americans
10681:Samoan Americans
10671:Native Hawaiians
10651:Fijian Americans
10553:Central America
10113:Native Americans
10058:Slovak Americans
10031:Danish Americans
10001:Polish Americans
9914:German Americans
9897:French Americans
9875:Lezgin Americans
9793:Basque Americans
9736:Jewish Americans
9704:Yemeni Americans
9699:Syrian Americans
9689:Qatari Americans
9625:Romani Americans
9533:Sindhi Americans
9506:Telugu Americans
9496:Sindhi Americans
9471:Indian Americans
9437:Korean Americans
9369:Uyghur Americans
9354:Kyrgyz Americans
9349:Kazakh Americans
9344:Baloch Americans
9332:Afghan Americans
9280:Libyan Americans
9270:Berber Americans
9263:Coptic Americans
9244:Somali Americans
9220:Yoruba Americans
9193:Malian Americans
9099:Kenyan Americans
8943:
8942:
8936:By continent and
8707:Household income
8650:
8643:
8636:
8627:
8626:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8503:
8502:
8489:
8488:
8479:
8478:
8468:
8465:
8417:Washington, D.C.
8295:Religious groups
8120:Central American
8084:
8083:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7965:
7964:
7878:The Spanish West
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7594:. Archived from
7584:
7578:
7571:
7565:
7558:
7552:
7545:
7539:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7510:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7481:
7475:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7446:
7440:
7433:
7427:
7420:
7414:
7407:
7401:
7394:
7377:
7363:
7357:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7319:
7310:
7309:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7217:
7211:
7204:
7185:
7178:
7172:
7155:
7146:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7124:
7122:
7111:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7080:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7058:. Archived from
7048:
7042:
7041:
7033:
7027:
7026:
7002:
6985:
6984:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6937:Robinson, p. 100
6935:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6833:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6787:
6781:
6778:F868.R6 H83 1981
6772:
6738:
6732:
6725:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6700:Mark J. Denger.
6697:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6675:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6606:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6571:
6565:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6524:
6518:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6341:10.2307/25161666
6324:
6318:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6259:
6253:
6244:
6238:
6231:
6225:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6199:
6098:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6015:FermĂn de LasuĂ©n
5958:Military figures
5857:Ysabel del Valle
5642:and namesake of
5518:Rancho Dominguez
5496:, signer of the
5490:Manuel Dominguez
5470:and namesake of
5457:and namesake of
5421:and namesake of
5345:Romualdo Pacheco
5301:, member of the
5267:Law and politics
5089:ad valorem taxes
5051:San Buenaventura
4990:Spanish colonial
4953:Native Americans
4764:William Hartnell
4585:Spanish colonial
4502:of 1769 and the
4322:Romualdo Pacheco
4121:JoaquĂn Murrieta
3933:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3870:
3846:
3838:
3706:Stephen Kearny's
3692:near Los Angeles
3394:Pacific Squadron
3375:California Trail
3359:Bear Flag Revolt
3339:Bear Flag Revolt
3337:, following the
3259:Pacific Squadron
3014:
3003:
2927:Sonora y Sinaloa
2837:Mission San José
2692:led the 1775â76
2680:Pacific Squadron
2510:Mexican American
2493:and created the
2422:Mexican-American
2418:Spanish-American
2386:Spanish-speaking
2363:
2356:
2349:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2309:Latino Americans
2005:Chicano Movement
1825:Latino Americans
1814:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1709:
1708:
1584:
1583:
1441:
1440:
1344:Teatro Campesino
1269:
1268:
1170:Brown, Not White
1111:Chicana feminism
1099:
1098:
978:Mexican WhiteBoy
950:Bless Me, Ultima
906:Autobiographical
875:
874:
839:Lowrider bicycle
713:
712:
680:Murder of Selena
591:Raza Unida Party
451:Chicano Movement
386:Bloody Christmas
316:
315:
242:
241:
231:
208:
207:
71:American Spanish
49:Total population
39:
32:
28:
11849:
11848:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11839:
11838:
11824:The Californias
11779:
11778:
11777:
11772:
11754:
11698:
11552:
11454:
11398:
11384:Tex-Mex cuisine
11252:
11242:Proposition 187
11191:Arizona SB 1070
11153:
11055:
11051:Zoot Suit Riots
11011:Bracero program
11001:1917 Bath riots
10989:
10938:
10928:
10898:
10889:
10836:
10778:
10707:
10627:
10594:Cuban Americans
10235:Mission Indians
10101:
10080:Swiss Americans
9929:Irish Americans
9919:Greek Americans
9882:Dutch Americans
9865:Czech Americans
9838:Welsh Americans
9773:White Americans
9759:
9694:Saudi Americans
9679:Omani Americans
9659:Iraqi Americans
9581:Hmong Americans
9564:Karen Americans
9545:Tamil Americans
9501:Tamil Americans
9411:Hoklo Americans
9401:Hakka Americans
9374:Uzbek Americans
9359:Tajik Americans
9315:Asian Americans
9303:
9230:Horn of Africa
8938:ethnic ancestry
8937:
8930:
8896:Native American
8884:Nation of Islam
8874:Five Percenters
8798:
8767:Racial wage gap
8757:Race and health
8742:Personal income
8674:
8668:
8659:
8654:
8624:
8619:
8536:
8530:
8500:
8495:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8421:
8316:
8290:
8264:
8221:
8156:
8115:
8082:
8027:
7997:
7992:
7946:Wayback Machine
7926:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7622:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7601:
7599:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7572:
7568:
7559:
7555:
7546:
7542:
7533:
7529:
7519:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7502:
7492:
7482:
7478:
7469:
7465:
7455:
7453:
7452:. History World
7448:
7447:
7443:
7434:
7430:
7421:
7417:
7408:
7404:
7395:
7380:
7364:
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7306:
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7274:
7245:
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7205:
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7175:
7156:
7149:
7140:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7120:10022/AC:P:8417
7118:
7112:
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7092:
7090:
7082:
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7074:
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7003:
6988:
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6974:
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6941:
6936:
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6900:
6890:
6888:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6753:
6739:
6735:
6727:Marley, David;
6726:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6664:Marley, David;
6663:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6597:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6572:
6568:
6556:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6504:
6500:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6455:
6451:
6436:
6432:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6395:
6391:
6376:
6372:
6360:
6356:
6325:
6321:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6245:
6241:
6232:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6200:
6189:
6184:
6152:
6105:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6002:
5960:
5929:Myrtle Gonzalez
5875:
5819:Lachryma Montis
5762:(c.1766â1878),
5741:
5703:and founder of
5435:and founder of
5395:and founder of
5375:Alta California
5307:Alta California
5269:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5152:motion pictures
5118:Dolores del RĂo
5097:
5007:Longhorn cattle
4973:
4957:hunter gatherer
4922:
4888:and Pueblos at
4849:
4820:
4802:, a compulsory
4792:
4754:that are today
4734:Mission Indians
4722:Alta California
4691:Mission Indians
4683:Mission Indians
4640:
4634:
4581:
4553:
4513:
4395:
4363:
4308:Manuel Victoria
4268:Alta California
4239:
4234:
4209:
4172:
4114:
3993:Alta California
3966:William M. Gwin
3954:John C. Frémont
3944:Signing of the
3934:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3847:
3836:
3638:
3632:
3305:John C. Frémont
3279:Pacific Station
3263:Alta California
3224:
3216:Main articles:
3214:
3182:peoples on the
3122:Rancho Petaluma
3092:The Californio
3063:mission Indians
3055:Catholic Church
3043:Catholic Church
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2993:
2781:Francisco PalĂłu
2763:and the pueblo
2694:Anza expedition
2656:Mission Indians
2640:Las Californias
2622:Las Californias
2583:
2578:
2537:Alta California
2530:Merriam-Webster
2522:
2450:Las Californias
2367:
2329:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1870:Cuban Americans
1834:
1824:
1808:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1726:Chicano rappers
1706:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1647:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1545:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1391:
1353:
1310:Art Collectives
1305:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1189:
1148:
1120:
1116:Chicanafuturism
1096:
1094:Chicano studies
1086:
1085:
1080:
1032:
1013:So Far from God
935:
901:
872:
864:
863:
858:
810:
777:
768:Tex-Mex cuisine
749:
735:Chicano English
710:
702:
701:
696:
686:Proposition 187
635:Arizona SB 1070
600:
481:Centro Cultural
445:
441:Zoot Suit Riots
391:Bracero program
376:1917 Bath riots
362:
313:
303:
302:
239:
199:
191:
159:
151:
139:
132:
87:Chicano English
75:Mexican Spanish
44:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11847:
11837:
11836:
11831:
11826:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11770:
11765:
11759:
11756:
11755:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11722:
11717:
11712:
11706:
11704:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11696:
11689:
11682:
11681:
11680:
11675:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11655:
11650:
11643:
11640:Nuevomexicanos
11636:
11629:
11622:
11615:
11610:
11603:
11596:
11589:
11571:
11570:
11569:
11560:
11558:
11554:
11553:
11551:
11550:
11543:
11536:
11529:
11522:
11515:
11508:
11501:
11494:
11487:
11480:
11473:
11465:
11463:
11456:
11455:
11453:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11420:Gringo justice
11417:
11412:
11406:
11404:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11294:Chicano poetry
11291:
11286:
11281:
11279:Chicano cinema
11276:
11271:
11266:
11260:
11258:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11250:
11245:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11211:
11206:
11199:
11194:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11161:
11159:
11155:
11154:
11152:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11065:
11063:
11057:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10991:
10990:
10988:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10939:
10927:
10926:
10919:
10912:
10904:
10895:
10894:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10834:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10814:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10788:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10715:
10713:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10705:
10704:
10703:
10698:
10690:
10689:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10637:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10616:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10536:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10488:Alaska Natives
10485:
10484:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10466:Tohono OÊŒodham
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10426:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10370:
10369:
10364:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10232:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9828:Manx Americans
9825:
9820:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9769:
9767:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9644:Arab Americans
9635:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9611:Thai Americans
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9567:
9566:
9554:Southeast Asia
9551:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9530:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9509:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9468:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9446:
9445:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9393:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9311:
9309:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9267:
9266:
9265:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9217:
9216:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9118:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9091:
9089:Igbo Americans
9086:
9084:Fula Americans
9081:
9080:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8949:
8947:
8940:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8916:Scientologists
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8889:Value Creators
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8819:
8814:
8808:
8806:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8737:Middle classes
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8702:Home-ownership
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8678:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8653:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8630:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8605:Canary Islands
8602:
8600:Basque Country
8597:
8588:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8555:
8550:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8529:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8506:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8483:
8470:
8469:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8330:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8298:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8229:
8227:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8168:
8166:
8165:South American
8162:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8112:
8111:
8101:
8096:
8090:
8088:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8032:North American
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7991:
7990:
7983:
7976:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7955:
7935:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7914:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7900:External links
7898:
7896:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7858:
7842:
7822:
7811:
7795:
7781:
7767:
7751:
7740:
7724:
7708:
7692:
7678:
7664:
7650:
7641:
7623:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7579:
7566:
7553:
7540:
7527:
7500:
7476:
7463:
7441:
7428:
7415:
7402:
7378:
7365:Harrow, Neal;
7358:
7345:
7338:
7311:
7304:
7284:
7272:
7239:
7232:
7212:
7186:
7173:
7147:
7134:
7125:
7099:
7072:
7043:
7028:
7021:
6986:
6972:
6960:
6948:
6939:
6930:
6907:
6898:
6872:
6865:
6847:
6840:
6818:
6815:. May 5, 2002.
6803:
6782:
6751:
6733:
6715:
6692:
6670:
6668:[1998); p. 504
6657:
6645:
6638:
6620:
6613:
6591:
6579:
6566:
6550:
6537:
6532:CA State Parks
6519:
6498:
6476:
6469:
6449:
6430:
6416:
6409:
6389:
6370:
6354:
6319:
6304:
6289:
6272:
6254:
6239:
6226:
6213:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6085:
6071:
6057:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6027:
6021:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5945:
5943:The Lambs Club
5935:William Gaxton
5932:
5926:
5920:
5917:Esteban MunrĂĄs
5914:
5908:
5888:, namesake of
5874:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5861:Rancho Camulos
5854:
5844:
5834:
5825:
5812:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5726:
5717:
5707:
5690:
5681:
5668:
5659:
5646:
5636:AgustĂn Olvera
5633:
5616:
5607:
5590:
5581:
5568:
5555:
5542:
5529:
5520:
5512:, namesake of
5487:
5474:
5461:
5451:Bernardo Yorba
5448:
5439:
5426:
5412:
5399:
5389:Salvio Pacheco
5386:
5377:
5364:
5355:
5342:
5325:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5216:
5213:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5177:
5170:Joseph Chapman
5167:
5155:
5136:
5096:
5093:
4972:
4969:
4921:
4918:
4848:
4845:
4819:
4816:
4791:
4788:
4784:Rancho Refugio
4636:Main article:
4633:
4630:
4621:rude and crude
4580:
4577:
4552:
4549:
4512:
4509:
4494:detachment of
4440:ancestry were
4394:
4391:
4362:
4359:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4208:
4205:
4171:
4168:
4123:, called the "
4113:
4110:
4063:San Bernardino
3960:in California.
3948:by Californio
3936:
3935:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3784:
3777:Stephen Kearny
3770:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3736:
3695:
3631:
3628:
3363:William B. Ide
3213:
3210:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2956:gente de razĂłn
2936:Colorado River
2903:Felipe de Neve
2728:Texas Longhorn
2658:away from the
2644:Carmel Mission
2618:JunĂpero Serra
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2521:
2518:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
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2322:
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2317:
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2306:
2300:
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2276:
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2239:
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2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
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2138:
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2110:
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2098:
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2067:
2062:
2057:
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2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
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1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:Nuevomexicanos
1668:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
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1529:
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1494:
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1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:Estrada Courts
1412:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1291:Chicano cinema
1288:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1213:Gringo justice
1210:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1154:
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1149:
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1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
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1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
945:
942:
941:
937:
936:
934:
933:
926:
919:
916:Always Running
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
900:
899:
897:Chicano poetry
894:
889:
883:
880:
879:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
776:
775:
770:
765:
759:
756:
755:
751:
750:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
718:
717:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
698:
697:
695:
694:
689:
682:
677:
672:
667:
660:
655:
648:
643:
638:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:Huelga schools
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
454:
453:
447:
446:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
328:Josefa Segovia
324:
321:
320:
314:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
298:
297:
296:
288:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
247:
246:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
224:
223:
213:
212:
204:
203:
149:Nuevomexicanos
124:
123:
119:
118:
116:Roman Catholic
114:Predominantly
111:
110:
106:
105:
63:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
40:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11846:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11786:
11784:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11757:
11751:
11748:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11715:Chicano poets
11713:
11711:
11710:Chicano films
11708:
11707:
11705:
11701:
11694:
11690:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11670:
11669:
11666:
11662:
11659:
11658:
11657:Pennsylvania
11656:
11654:
11651:
11648:
11647:New York City
11644:
11641:
11637:
11634:
11630:
11627:
11623:
11620:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11608:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11594:
11590:
11587:
11583:
11582:San Francisco
11579:
11575:
11572:
11568:
11565:
11564:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11555:
11549:
11548:
11544:
11542:
11541:
11537:
11535:
11534:
11530:
11528:
11527:
11523:
11521:
11520:
11516:
11514:
11513:
11509:
11507:
11506:
11505:Plyler v. Doe
11502:
11500:
11499:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11488:
11486:
11485:
11481:
11479:
11478:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11467:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11460:Supreme Court
11457:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11430:New tribalism
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11410:Barrioization
11408:
11407:
11405:
11401:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11314:Cinco de Mayo
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11289:Chicano names
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11267:
11265:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11243:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11216:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11192:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11162:
11160:
11156:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11058:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10992:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10936:
10932:
10925:
10920:
10918:
10913:
10911:
10906:
10905:
10902:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10875:
10871:
10868:
10867:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10781:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10712:South America
10710:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10684:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10643:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10630:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10317:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10108:
10106:North America
10104:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9903:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9876:
9873:
9872:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9774:
9771:
9770:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9555:
9552:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9447:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9419:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
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9068:
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9063:
9060:
9059:
9058:
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9050:
9046:
9045:Black Indians
9043:
9041:
9038:
9034:
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9019:
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8927:
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8919:
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8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8906:Non-religious
8904:
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8365:Massachusetts
8363:
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8348:
8344:
8343:San Francisco
8341:
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8269:Ethnic groups
8267:
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8074:
8073:Nuevomexicano
8071:
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7853:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7815:The Gold Rush
7812:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7794:
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7655:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7642:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7598:on 2021-07-20
7597:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7576:
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7563:
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7531:
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7507:
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7496:
7489:
7488:
7480:
7473:
7467:
7451:
7445:
7438:
7435:Walton Bean,
7432:
7425:
7419:
7412:
7409:Walton Bean,
7406:
7399:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7355:
7349:
7341:
7339:0-8166-2559-X
7335:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7318:
7316:
7307:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7288:
7281:
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7209:
7203:
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7191:
7183:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7169:1-57958-337-7
7166:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7144:
7138:
7129:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7089:
7085:
7079:
7077:
7062:on 2016-12-10
7061:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7039:
7032:
7024:
7022:0-8166-2559-X
7018:
7014:
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6999:
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6993:
6991:
6982:
6976:
6969:
6964:
6957:
6952:
6943:
6934:
6918:
6911:
6905:Walker p. 246
6902:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6868:
6866:9780815411642
6862:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6841:0-312-86685-2
6837:
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6807:
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6515:0-89658-492-5
6512:
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6117:
6115:
6112:
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6107:
6106:
6097:
6086:
6083:
6072:
6069:
6068:Mexico portal
6058:
6055:
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6035:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5953:
5952:poet laureate
5949:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:(1893-1963),
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5902:José Figueroa
5900:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5867:
5866:Modesta Ăvila
5864:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5752:San Francisco
5749:
5745:
5739:Notable women
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:(born 1970),
5721:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:and the last
5676:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:(1838-1917),
5663:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5651:(1825-1881),
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5621:(1819-1874),
5620:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5595:(1817-1894),
5594:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5560:(1808-1880),
5559:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5547:(1808-1869),
5546:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5534:(1808-1850),
5533:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5500:, founder of
5499:
5495:
5492:(1803-1882),
5491:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5479:(1803-1852),
5478:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5431:(1798-1853),
5430:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:(1797-1865),
5416:
5415:Antonio Suñol
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:(1796-1862),
5403:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5391:(1793-1876),
5390:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:U.S. conquest
5350:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5334:, founder of
5333:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5289:
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5283:
5277:
5273:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
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5249:
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5234:
5232:
5229:
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5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5148:short stories
5145:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5063:import tariff
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5023:grizzly bears
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4982:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4917:
4915:
4914:San Francisco
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4858:was the last
4857:
4853:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4832:Santa Barbara
4829:
4824:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:Rancho Soquel
4773:
4769:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4744:Pacheco Adobe
4741:
4737:
4735:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
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4672:
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4605:
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4404:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4338:U.S. Congress
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4280:Spanish Crown
4277:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:Euro-American
4189:
4181:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4164:Sierra Nevada
4161:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:Sutter's Mill
4146:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:Santa Barbara
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:public domain
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3952:and American
3951:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3929:
3921:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879: â
3878:
3877:"Californios"
3874:
3873:Find sources:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3851:This article
3849:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3810:brokered the
3809:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3717:Mojave Desert
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
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3654:
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3646:
3642:
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3627:
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3618:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
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3444:San Francisco
3441:
3438:and captured
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3422:
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3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
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3390:John D. Sloat
3386:
3384:
3383:Sierra Nevada
3380:
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3371:Sutter's Fort
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3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:Prior to the
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3209:
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3167:Rancho Suscol
3163:
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3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:José Figueroa
3127:
3126:Rancho Suscol
3123:
3119:
3115:
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2940:Yuma Crossing
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2857:
2854:in 1781. The
2853:
2849:
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2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2813:on the first
2812:
2808:
2805:(The Town of
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2607:
2599:
2595:
2592:led the 1769
2591:
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2538:
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2527:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:Rancho system
2492:
2488:
2487:landed gentry
2484:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:of California
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:United States
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:of Texas and
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
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2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:Puerto Ricans
2255:
2253:
2252:Nuevomexicano
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:Ethnic groups
2222:
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2023:Organizations
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:Puerto Ricans
1983:
1981:
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1734:
1732:
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1727:
1724:
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1721:Chicano poets
1719:
1717:
1716:Chicano films
1714:
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1491:Plyler v. Doe
1488:
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1350:
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1324:Culture Clash
1322:
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1228:New tribalism
1226:
1224:
1221:
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1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
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1203:Barrioization
1201:
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1129:
1128:
1125:Organizations
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757:
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752:
746:
743:
741:
740:Chicano names
738:
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733:
731:
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723:
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720:
719:
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714:
706:
705:
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603:
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584:
582:
579:
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572:
569:
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557:
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552:
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517:
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482:
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389:
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379:
377:
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366:
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359:
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351:
349:
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344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
323:
322:
318:
317:
312:
307:
306:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
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186:
182:
178:
174:
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166:
162:
158:
156:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
135:United States
131:
125:
120:
117:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
22:
11740:Bibliography
11661:Philadelphia
11638:New Mexico (
11591:California (
11545:
11538:
11531:
11524:
11517:
11510:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11475:
11468:
11435:Rasquachismo
11389:Tortilla art
11379:Tejano music
11304:Chicano rock
11299:Chicano Park
11240:
11213:
11201:
11189:
10072:
9327:Central Asia
8926:Zoroastrians
8774:Social class
8589:
8463:
8104:Puerto Rican
8038:
8023:Demographics
7949:
7930:
7891:
7884:
7877:
7861:
7845:
7825:
7814:
7813:PBS (2006).
7798:
7784:
7770:
7754:
7747:
7727:
7711:
7695:
7681:
7667:
7653:
7644:
7627:
7614:Bibliography
7600:. Retrieved
7596:the original
7591:
7582:
7577:, pp. 83â102
7574:
7569:
7561:
7556:
7543:
7535:
7530:
7518:. Retrieved
7486:
7479:
7471:
7466:
7454:. Retrieved
7444:
7436:
7431:
7423:
7418:
7410:
7405:
7397:
7366:
7361:
7353:
7348:
7324:
7294:
7287:
7262:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7242:
7222:
7215:
7207:
7181:
7176:
7162:
7158:
7142:
7137:
7128:
7091:. Retrieved
7087:
7064:. Retrieved
7060:the original
7055:
7046:
7037:
7031:
7007:
6975:
6963:
6951:
6942:
6933:
6921:. Retrieved
6910:
6901:
6889:. Retrieved
6885:
6875:
6856:
6850:
6829:
6821:
6812:
6806:
6794:. Retrieved
6785:
6742:
6736:
6728:
6706:. Retrieved
6695:
6683:. Retrieved
6673:
6665:
6660:
6648:
6629:
6623:
6602:
6594:
6582:
6574:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6540:
6531:
6522:
6506:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6459:
6452:
6443:
6433:
6419:
6399:
6392:
6383:
6373:
6357:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6307:
6292:
6275:
6266:
6257:
6247:
6242:
6234:
6229:
6221:
6216:
6207:
6114:Neomexicanos
6082:Spain portal
5923:Leo Carrillo
5886:Leo Carrillo
5843:, BC, Mexico
5832:Santa Monica
5786:Redwood City
5729:Gil Cisneros
5720:Sam Liccardo
5698:
5675:Santa Monica
5644:Calle Olvera
5603:, and first
5281:
5196:
5181:
5173:
5161:
5126:
5103:
5082:
5066:
5019:cowhide bags
5000:
4986:
4962:
4946:
4938:
4869:
4837:
4812:
4793:
4771:
4761:
4731:
4719:
4676:
4653:
4620:
4617:
4604:Adobe Flores
4582:
4573:
4560:The Fandango
4559:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4524:photographer
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4387:Isaac Graham
4371:Abel Stearns
4368:
4364:
4343:
4328:to serve as
4304:
4296:
4284:
4265:
4249:
4226:
4222:
4201:
4185:
4157:
4142:
4107:
4094:
4087:
4055:Los Alamitos
4043:San Fernando
4028:
4024:
4020:
3982:
3963:
3924:
3915:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3872:
3860:Please help
3855:verification
3852:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3731:âbrother of
3670:
3625:
3606:
3567:
3547:
3538:
3526:
3492:. Commodore
3479:
3473:
3463:
3459:
3430:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3387:
3379:Donner Party
3356:
3344:
3299:
3271:U.S. Marines
3256:
3241:
3176:
3154:
3091:
3067:
3036:
2987:) settlers.
2980:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:Christianity
2954:
2946:
2944:
2912:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2855:
2845:
2824:
2814:
2807:Saint Joseph
2800:
2750:
2699:
2674:
2630:
2603:
2570:
2562:Luisa Moreno
2558:Cesar Chavez
2551:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2523:
2503:
2480:
2478:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2414:Neomexicanos
2377:
2373:
2372:
2185:Puerto Rican
1957:
1823:Hispanic and
1741:Bibliography
1602:California (
1560:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1410:Chicano Park
1382:Precita Eyes
1301:Tortilla art
1233:Rasquachismo
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1054:I Am Joaquin
1052:
1045:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
999:The Rain God
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
964:Desert Blood
962:
955:
948:
928:
921:
914:
849:Pancho Claus
824:Cal-Style VW
806:Tejano music
801:Chicano soul
796:Chicano rock
684:
670:Farah strike
662:
650:
633:
471:Brown Berets
192:
152:
127:
54:
26:Ethnic group
11789:Californios
11593:Californios
11578:Los Angeles
11309:Chicano rap
11274:Chicano art
11236:Party crews
11197:Castro 2020
11185:Abolish ICE
10865:2010 census
10784:Multiethnic
10073:Californios
9939:before 1880
8842:Protestants
8804:By religion
8717:Immigration
8673:By economic
8585:Puerto Rico
8535:by location
8438:In politics
8127:Costa Rican
7056:www.pbs.org
6006:Juan CrespĂ
5990:Andrés Pico
5640:Los Angeles
5472:Pico Rivera
5459:Yorba Linda
5446:San Leandro
5059:Yerba Buena
5053:(Ventura),
4910:Yerba Buena
4890:Los Angeles
4646:Californio
4492:Pedro Fages
4426:Californios
4355:Los Angeles
4324:, the only
4246:Andrés Pico
4131:during the
3985:Andrés Pico
3950:Andrés Pico
3729:Andrés Pico
3649:Andrés Pico
3634:Main page:
3609:Los Angeles
3474:Collingwood
3442:(now named
3440:Yerba Buena
3162:Yerba Buena
3134:Rancho Napa
3114:Mare Island
2852:Los Angeles
2833:Santa Clara
2779:and Father
2733:Yerba Buena
2675:Californian
2566:Bert Corona
2520:Definitions
2499:Catholicism
2491:land grants
2374:Californios
2314:Puerto Rico
2180:New Mexican
1666:Californios
1652:Multiethnic
1604:Los Angeles
1405:Balmy Alley
1286:Chicano art
1281:Chicana art
1218:Nahui Ollin
791:Chicano rap
641:Castro 2020
629:Abolish ICE
30:Californios
11783:Categories
11645:New York (
11631:Nebraska (
11624:Michigan (
11617:Maryland (
11605:Illinois (
11598:Colorado (
11574:California
11084:Chicanismo
11021:La Matanza
11016:Korean War
10792:Afro-Asian
10414:Potawatomi
10245:Chemehuevi
9449:South Asia
8911:Rastafaris
8869:Ahmadiyyas
8822:Christians
8697:Emigration
8675:and social
8568:New Mexico
8548:California
8380:New Mexico
8375:New Jersey
8333:California
8302:Christians
8217:Venezuelan
8202:Paraguayan
8197:Ecuadorian
8152:Salvadoran
8147:Panamanian
8142:Nicaraguan
8132:Guatemalan
8056:Floridanos
8039:Californio
7618:See also:
7602:2021-07-20
7250:; Gostin,
7093:2015-12-12
7066:2015-12-12
6923:August 24,
6796:August 24,
6182:References
6144:Floridanos
5974:, and the
5939:Vaudeville
5851:West Coast
5777:Santa Rosa
5697:President
5483:and first
5351:since the
5280:President
4902:Santa Cruz
4881:Franciscan
4768:Santa Cruz
4579:Settlement
4442:Franciscan
4430:Peninsular
4361:Foreigners
4332:since the
4299:Franciscan
4237:Government
4182:or miners.
4125:Robin Hood
4105:in 1910).
3918:April 2012
3888:newspapers
3795:Montebello
3721:Kit Carson
3713:New Mexico
3702:US Cavalry
3582:Juan Flaco
3469:man-of-war
3431:Portsmouth
3276:Royal Navy
3059:Franciscan
3039:Presidents
2864:Anza trail
2856:pobladores
2706:Gila River
2614:Franciscan
2445:Californio
2434:West Coast
2378:Californio
2376:(singular
2242:Floridanos
2232:Californio
2207:Portuglish
2202:Portuguese
2115:Literature
1623:Nebraska (
1616:Michigan (
1609:Illinois (
1580:Population
1272:Visual Art
1265:Visual art
878:Literature
871:Literature
586:Quinto Sol
486:Chicanismo
411:La Matanza
353:Sonoratown
343:Mutualista
141:Floridanos
55:1 million+
11619:Baltimore
11586:San Diego
11445:VergĂŒenza
11394:Zoot suit
11369:Skull art
10822:Melungeon
10797:Amerasian
10523:Tsimshian
10330:Chochenyo
10275:Kitanemuk
10225:Menominee
10208:Tuscarora
10143:Chickasaw
10128:Blackfeet
9639:West Asia
9381:East Asia
8901:Neopagans
8827:Catholics
8817:Buddhists
8682:Affluence
8610:Catalonia
8558:Louisiana
8338:San Diego
8321:By region
8212:Uruguayan
8192:Colombian
8182:Brazilian
8172:Argentine
8109:Nuyorican
8099:Dominican
8087:Caribbean
6708:March 15,
6685:March 17,
6528:"HTTP404"
6109:Hispanics
5882:Hollywood
5795:Palo Alto
5764:mayordoma
5502:San Pedro
5455:Santa Ana
5116:starring
5047:San Pedro
5039:San Diego
4894:San Diego
4707:fandangos
4393:Ethnicity
4383:Tennessee
4143:In 1848,
4039:San Diego
4035:Santa Ana
3781:battalion
3725:San Diego
3599:The 1847
3590:San Pedro
3537:USS
3529:San Diego
3517:San Pedro
3502:U.S. Army
3490:U.S. flag
3486:Bear Flag
3472:HMS
3462:HMS
3429:USS
3425:U.S. flag
3421:U.S. Navy
3403:with the
3398:USS
3352:Bear Flag
3327:Bear Flag
3313:U.S. Army
3291:artillery
3267:U.S. Navy
3071:presidios
2971:from the
2872:españoles
2746:pronghorn
2716:New Spain
2604:In 1769,
2467:presidios
2443:The term
2262:Nuyorican
2197:Spanglish
2148:Languages
1661:Blaxicans
1595:Arizona (
1396:Locations
1243:VergĂŒenza
1075:The Moths
1047:Emplumada
957:Caballero
854:Zoot suit
173:Spaniards
91:Spanglish
61:Languages
11653:Oklahoma
11563:Arizona
11425:Nepantla
11324:Lowrider
10980:Blaxican
10802:Blaxican
10614:Chicanos
10508:Gwich'in
10456:Shoshone
10446:Seminole
10374:Muscogee
10347:Tataviam
10310:Suisunes
10260:Diegueño
10240:Cahuilla
10198:Onondaga
10178:Iroquois
10158:Comanche
10153:Colville
10138:Cheyenne
10133:Cherokee
8727:Language
8595:Asturias
8481:Category
8393:Portland
8385:New York
8360:Maryland
8350:Colorado
8258:Galician
8248:Canarian
8238:Asturian
8226:European
8207:Peruvian
8177:Bolivian
8137:Honduran
7942:Archived
7520:April 2,
7254:; Haas,
6891:14 March
6761:81053017
6731:; p. 510
6349:25161666
6124:Chicanos
6040:See also
5614:PĂo Pico
5464:PĂo Pico
5437:Milpitas
5055:Monterey
4906:San Jose
4898:Monterey
4790:Taxation
4772:invĂĄlido
4715:roundups
4695:hidalgos
4671:vaqueros
4650:in 1875.
4648:vaqueros
4564:fandango
4379:Alvarado
4351:Pio Pico
4326:Hispanic
4292:Monterey
4197:Jim Crow
4180:vaqueros
4075:Mariposa
4051:Monterey
4047:San Jose
3997:PĂo Pico
3755:Temecula
3751:massacre
3743:Cahuilla
3733:Pio Pico
3715:and the
3709:dragoons
3704:General
3564:in 1846.
3523:in 1846.
3400:Savannah
3287:infantry
3252:PĂo Pico
3230:General
3189:vaqueros
3184:missions
3180:Kumeyaay
3145:PĂo Pico
3112:, owned
3075:missions
2977:PĂo Pico
2909:in 1781.
2905:and the
2868:Quechans
2825:presidio
2765:San Jose
2742:Tule Elk
2724:presidio
2720:missions
2654:and its
2506:Hispanic
2438:Chicanos
2432:and the
2402:Mestizos
2398:criollos
2130:Religion
1970:Hispanic
1771:Category
1334:Los Four
1223:Nepantla
834:Lowrider
716:Language
286:Concepts
245:Identity
217:Chicanos
169:Mexicans
165:Chicanos
157:peoples:
109:Religion
11730:Writers
11686:Tejanos
11684:Texas (
11678:Houston
11626:Detroit
11607:Chicago
11257:Culture
10970:Pachuco
10960:La Raza
10950:Chicano
10931:Chicano
10827:Mulatto
10633:Oceania
10528:Tlingit
10518:Iñupiat
10503:Alutiiq
10451:Shawnee
10436:Quechan
10320:Awaswas
10305:Serrano
10300:Salinan
10280:Luiseño
10270:Juaneño
10265:Esselen
10250:Chumash
10148:Choctaw
10118:Abenaki
8864:Muslims
8837:Mormons
8832:Coptics
8812:Baha'is
8747:Poverty
8615:Galicia
8553:Florida
8491:Commons
8405:Houston
8389:Oregon
8355:Florida
8328:Arizona
8312:Muslims
8253:Catalan
8233:Spanish
8187:Chilean
8066:Chicano
8061:Mexican
7456:July 7,
7330:210â220
7246:Mason,
7013:286â290
6769:8262626
6517:, p. 17
6139:Isleños
6119:Tejanos
5823:Benicia
5699:pro tem
5510:Compton
5397:Concord
5340:Vallejo
5290:(UCLA).
5282:pro tem
5174:ranchos
5011:cowhide
4949:mestizo
4886:ranchos
4826:Modern
4796:tariffs
4703:fiestas
4632:Ranchos
4589:Mexican
4504:de Anza
4485:castizo
4473:europeo
4465:mestizo
4461:mulatto
4453:europeo
4438:Spanish
4434:Criollo
4412:Mestizo
4403:vaquero
4276:Viceroy
4251:vaquero
4151:, near
4031:pueblos
3902:scholar
3747:Luiseño
3674:militia
3621:lancers
3238:, 1846.
3197:ranchos
3193:cowboys
3047:priests
2985:mulatto
2973:barbaro
2883:mestizo
2866:as the
2841:Fremont
2821:mission
2767:in the
2652:mission
2616:friars
2576:History
2482:Vaquero
2410:Tejanos
2394:Mexican
2390:Spanish
2237:Chicano
2175:Mexican
2160:Spanish
2155:English
2135:Studies
2108:Culture
1980:Mexican
1953:History
1736:Writers
1676:Tejanos
1641:Houston
1618:Detroit
1611:Chicago
815:Symbols
709:Culture
311:History
273:Pinta/o
268:Pachuco
263:Pachuca
258:La Raza
253:Chola/o
145:Tejanos
133:of the
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11691:Utah (
11613:Kansas
11600:Denver
11567:Tucson
11248:Xicanx
11165:AztlĂĄn
11069:AztlĂĄn
10985:Xicanx
10937:topics
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10807:Cajuns
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10419:Pueblo
10404:Pawnee
10399:Paiute
10384:Ojibwe
10379:Navajo
10367:Yokuts
10362:Wintun
10352:Tongva
10340:Tamyen
10335:Karkin
10325:Chalon
10315:Ohlone
10290:Patwin
10255:Cupeño
10230:Mohave
10220:Lenape
10203:Seneca
10193:Oneida
10188:Mohawk
10183:Cayuga
10123:Apache
9902:Cajuns
9765:Europe
8946:Africa
8849:Hindus
8789:Wealth
8580:Hawaii
8562:Isleño
8370:Nevada
8243:Basque
8078:Tejano
8049:Isleño
8016:Latino
7870:
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7838:
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7791:
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7688:
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5970:, the
5894:Malibu
5508:, and
5506:Carson
5336:Sonoma
5144:novels
5128:Ramona
5105:Ramona
5015:tallow
5003:rancho
4995:whaler
4965:riatas
4941:steaks
4872:rancho
4864:Sonoma
4828:charro
4800:diezmo
4711:rodeos
4687:rancho
4685:, the
4593:Sonora
4481:coyote
4477:mulato
4457:coyote
4424:, few
4188:Sonora
4153:Coloma
4129:outlaw
3904:
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3412:Levant
3367:Oregon
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3236:Sonoma
3106:Sonoma
3051:friars
2981:mulato
2969:Indios
2890:, and
2860:Sonora
2816:pueblo
2722:, one
2713:Sonora
2665:tariff
2380:) are
2269:Tejano
2247:Isleño
2170:Isleño
2125:Poetry
2050:MALDEF
1597:Tucson
1194:Theory
1102:Fields
940:Novels
829:Homies
461:AztlĂĄn
278:Xicanx
193:Other
153:Other
11703:Lists
11668:Texas
11633:Omaha
11462:cases
10975:Pinto
10965:Cholo
10943:Terms
10533:Yupik
10513:Haida
10498:Aleut
10481:Yaqui
10461:Sioux
10394:Odawa
10389:Osage
10357:Wappo
10285:Miwok
10215:Kiowa
10173:Houma
8921:Sikhs
8854:Jains
8573:Texas
8426:Other
8400:Texas
8286:White
8281:Black
8276:Asian
8094:Cuban
8006:Index
7948:, in
7924:Other
6577:, 43.
6345:JSTOR
6284:(PDF)
5423:Sunol
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4971:Trade
4912:(now
4841:chaff
4804:tithe
4699:Spain
4625:adobe
4469:indio
4421:Zorro
4137:Zorro
4095:Indio
4083:Indio
4079:Hemet
4071:Arvin
3909:JSTOR
3895:books
3762:1847
3680:1846
3548:Cyane
3539:Cyane
3500:with
3406:Cyane
3282:ships
2965:Indio
2951:caste
2947:casta
2923:Negro
2892:negro
2888:indio
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2737:armor
2709:trail
2646:, in
2297:Lists
2165:Cuban
2120:Music
2095:USHCC
2065:NALFO
2060:NALEO
2055:MEChA
2045:LULAC
1965:Cuban
1776:Index
1705:Lists
1631:Texas
1625:Omaha
1153:Texts
1139:NACCS
782:Music
745:Ărale
561:MEChA
238:Terms
11359:Paño
11269:CalĂł
11215:IRCA
11203:DACA
11109:PCUN
10933:and
10812:Hapa
10429:Zuni
10409:Pima
10295:Pomo
10168:Crow
10163:Cree
9308:Asia
8859:Jews
8732:LGBT
8412:Utah
8307:Jews
7868:ISBN
7852:ISBN
7836:ISBN
7805:ISBN
7789:ISBN
7775:ISBN
7761:ISBN
7734:ISBN
7718:ISBN
7702:ISBN
7686:ISBN
7672:ISBN
7658:ISBN
7634:ISBN
7522:2011
7458:2011
7371:ISBN
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7300:ISBN
7268:ISBN
7228:ISBN
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6925:2014
6893:2019
6861:ISBN
6836:ISBN
6798:2014
6765:OCLC
6757:LCCN
6747:ISBN
6710:2009
6687:2009
6634:ISBN
6609:ISBN
6511:ISBN
6465:ISBN
6405:ISBN
5705:UCLA
5655:and
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3663:The
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3453:The
3409:and
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