716:, the Kurdish-Yazidi style of bardic chanting, often incorporates overtones as part of the chant, and in a way which is distinct from other forms of overtone singing. There is an article 'Dengbêj - Kurdish long song and overtone singing' by Nick Hobbs in 2020 where he discusses the use of overtones in dengbêj in some detail. Dengbêj is largely a traditional style of Turkish Kurdistan and practitioners are mostly Anatolian. Dengbêj singers often also sing Kurdish folk song but overtones can rarely be heard in Kurdish traditional music outside of dengbêj.
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1132:, from Germany, is considered one of the major teachers/performers of "polyphonic overtone singing" in Europe. Formerly trained as a classical baritone, his unique skills make him instantly recognizable. He's also a renowned composer and arranger of polyphonic overtone singing music for solo voice and choirs.
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Starting in the 1960s, some musicians in the West either have collaborated with traditional throat singers or ventured into the realm of throat singing and overtone singing, or both. Some made original musical contributions and helped this art rediscover its transcultural universality. As harmonics
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MuOM Ecstatic Voices is another unique and peculiar overtone singing choir, as it combines in its own compositions
Western overtone singing and Tuvan/Mongolian throat singing techniques (such as kargyraa, khoomei, sygyt, ezengiler, bonbarnadyr, among others). Created in Barcelona in 2008, with 8
136:
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Tran Quang Hai, a researcher on overtone singing since 1969 in Paris, France, has published many articles, videos on overtone singing from 1971. His film "The Song of
Harmonics" directed by Hugo Zemp in 1989 obtained 4 international prizes in Estonia (1990) France (1990) and Canada (1991).
821:
as an intangible world heritage. The most well known groups who perform the singing a Tenore are from Bitti, Orosei, Oniferi, and
Neoneli. Each town has usually more than one group, and their name is based on a specific place, or monument, and then their hometown: for example: Tenore Su
133:
1146:
The
Overtone Choir Spektrum from Prague, Czech Republic, is unique among overtone choirs, particularly because it connects traditional choir singing with overtone techniques. It is the only one of its kind in the Czech Republic, and one of only a few in the
1125:
David Hykes, a pioneer in new music, contemplative chant and healing sounds, founded
Harmonic Chant in New York in 1975, the year he also founded his legendary group, The Harmonic Choir, considered to be one of the world's pre-eminent overtone ensembles.
353:
The Tuvan way of singing overtones is based on appreciation of complex sounds with multiple layers or textures, which is how the Tuvans developed a wide range of rhythmic and melodic styles during the centuries. Most of the styles are sung with
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masters a rare type of multiphonic overtone singing which allows her to "split" her voice and sing several notes at the same time. Hathaway earned her first career GRAMMY for 2013 for Best R&B Performance for "Something" with
1180:(b.1944), a French national of Vietnamese origin, created the composition "Ve Nguon" with the collaboration of Vietnamese composer Nguyen Van Tuong in 1975, in Paris. "Past Life Melodies" for SATB chorus by Australian composer
1067:, which tells the story of his pilgrimage to Tuva to compete in their annual throat singing competition. The film won the documentary award at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival, and was nominated for an Oscar in 2000.
206:. That resonant tuning allows singers to create more than one pitch at the same time (the fundamental and one or more selected overtones) and usually generates a single fundamental frequency with their vocal folds.
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singers on average, it has specialised in the creation of overtone polyphonies, (each singer is emitting an overtone) in addition to the polyphony of the fundamentals, creating two distinguishable sound planes.
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singers often include overtonal colour at the end of phrases. Perhaps originating as a way of facilitating sustain, and then becoming an appreciated ornamentation in its own right. There are many examples but
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Hefele, Eklund & McAllister (2019). "Polyphonic
Overtone Singing: An Acoustic and Physiological (MRI) Analysis and a First-person Description of a Unique Mode of Singing". In: Mattias Heldner (ed.):
690:, after Kazakhs believed that this form of throat singing might have been died out because of Russian conquest or rarely practiced or didn't know them at all due to lack of documentings of this practice.
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incorporates overtones into his experimental work. They can be heard on his solo album
Emanuel Vigeland, the Black Paintings album Screams and Silence and the Hoca Nasreddin album A Headful of Birds.
248:
region. Nowadays, overtone singing is found throughout the country and
Mongolia is often considered the most active center of overtone singing in the world. The most commonly practiced style, called
1893:
517:) perform in kargyraa, khöömei, and sygyt styles, which are similar to those in Tuva. They also have their own style, a very high harmonics, emerging from kargyraa. Variations of kai are:
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has commented on her "amazing ability" and her singing being "utterly bizarre". On 10 October 2014, she was number two on The
Guardian's Viral Video Chart, with one online video titled
2010:
1426:
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Sherden
Overtone Choir was founded in 2016 in Sardinia by Ilaria Orefice and Giovanni Bortoluzzi. The choir combines Tuvan Throat Singing Styles with Sardinian Throat singing.
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Contemporary multi-instrumentalist performer The Suitcase Junket employs a self-taught overtone singing, or throat singing technique in his live and recorded performances.
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682:
Besides zhirau, there is another form of throat singing called "Kömeimen än aituw (Көмеймен ән айту)" in Kazakhstan. This technique is similar to throat singing in
1390:
Dr. Dave Dargie "Some recent developments in Xhosa music : activities of the Ngqoko Traditional Xhoa Music Ensemble, and at the University of Fort Hare".
1413:
Dargie, Dave. "Xhosa Overtone Singing" The world of South African music: A reader. Cambridge Scholars Press, 2005. 152–155 Google Books Web. 23 Apr. 2014.
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are universal to all physical sounds, the notion of authenticity is best understood in terms of musical quality. Musicians of note in this genre include
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region. Most often the chants hold to the lower pitches possible in throat singing. Various ceremonies and prayers call for throat singing in
1223:, which features Hefele as she demonstrates and explains overtones. As of February 2023, this video has received more than 20 million views.
213:, although many throat singing techniques include overtone singing. As mentioned, overtone singing involves the careful manipulations of the
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2047:
1849:
Tran Quang Hai (2018) "50 Years of Research in Vietnamese Traditional Music and Overtone Singing". 462p, Tu Sach Khai Tri, California, USA,
1035:(specializing in jazz/ world beat genres and composing for overtone choirs). Others include composer Baird Hersey and his group Prana with
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954:
have a low, rhythmic style of throat-singing, similar to the Tuvan Kargyraa style, that is called umngqokolo. It is often accompanied by
2294:
747:, one of the two different styles of polyphonic singing is marked by the use of throat singing. This kind of choir is called "singing
2000:
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is one of the ancient forms of overtone singing and is still popular in parts of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan – especially in the
858:. While overtone techniques are not a defining feature of yoik, individuals sometimes utilize overtones in the production of yoik.
1346:
Margarethe, Adams (2013). "The Fiddle's Voice: Timbre, Musical Learning, and Collaborative Ethnography in Central and Inner Asia".
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188:
of the vocal tract to arouse the perception of additional separate notes beyond the fundamental frequency that is being produced.
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1975:
1758:
Pariser, David, and Enid Zimmerman (2004). "Learning in the Visual Arts: Characteristics of Gifted and Talented Individuals," in
757:, does not use throat singing. Cantu a Tenore is practiced by groups of four male singers, each of whom has a distinct role; the
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singers believe that the ability to throat-sing is an innate gift of selected Kazakhs, and that it cannot be taught.
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395:(which also uses a second sound source made by false vocal folds. This technique is called "false-folds-diplophony")
2040:
1192:, the soprano and bass soloists sing in a variety of techniques including overtone singing of the Mongolian style.
1953:
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have also merged their music with throat singing, overtone singing, or with the theory of harmonics behind it.
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sings with the use of the false vocal folds, just like the Tuvan Khoomei and Kargyraa techniques. In 2005,
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The melodies are traditionally created by using the 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 13th and sometimes the 16th
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Observation of the Laryngeal Movements for Throat Singing: Vibration of two pairs of folds in human larynx
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995:, but his ability to shift from guttural grunting noises to a soft lullaby is suggestive of the tonal
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686:. The Kömeimen än aituw is now being revived by famous Kazakh ethno-folk musical bands HasSak and
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Dr. Dave Dargie "UMNGQOKOLO – Thembu Xhosa – OVERTONE SINGING filmed 1985–1998 in South Africa".
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1274:
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1600:"German Musician Anna-Maria Hefele Demonstrates Polyphonic Overtone Singing, And It's Amazing"
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Several contemporary classical composers have incorporated overtone singing into their works.
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is a subgenre of throat singing, mainly practiced by monks of Tibet, including Khokhonor (
8:
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889:), which has nearly died out. In addition, Bashkorts also sing uzlyau while playing the
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1031:(mixing the traditional Tuvan style with that of American Blues), Steve Sklar, and
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449:
2017:– articles, video clips on overtone singing in Tuva, Mongolia, South Africa, Tibet
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1216:
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Proceedings from Fonetik 2019, 10–12 June 2019, Stockholm, Sweden. PERILUS XXVII
1683:. México, D. F.: Radio Educación – Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes.
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Overtone singing used in choir music – Overtone Choir Spektrum & Jan Stanek
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1204:, where she displayed this ability. Hathaway also demonstrated this talent on
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2020:
1959:
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669:, employ throat singing in their epic poetry recitations, accompanied by the
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202:: the dimensions and the shape of the resonant cavities of the mouth and the
1808:
Reprinted Iowa City: National Center for Voice and Speech, 2000. (NCVS.org)
1492:"Snarky Puppy feat. Lalah Hathaway – Something (Family Dinner – Volume One)"
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Radiant Healing: The Many Paths to Personal Harmony and Planetary Wholeness
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1143:) performances. He merged throat singing together with a cappella dubstep.
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in the extreme northeast of Russia also practice a form of throat singing.
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It is thought that the art of overtone singing originated in southwestern
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440:(a unique type of vibrato, mainly applied to khöömei and kargyraa styles)
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2015:
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1828:
Overtone Singing: Physics and Metaphysics of Harmonics in East and West
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1136:
1020:
898:
184:, is a set of singing techniques in which the vocalist manipulates the
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1971:
Types of Throat Singing with Tips /Tuvan Throat-Singing by Steve Sklar
1466:""Overtones & Polyphonic Singing" Lalah Hathaway Interview Part 8"
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1574:"Jennifer Hudson Blown Away Heating Lalah Hathaway 'Split' Her Voice"
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1058:
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to the northwest, have developed forms of throat singing called kai (
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185:
1039:(overtone singing and Hindu mantra), as well as Canadian songwriter
31:
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2228:
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1995:
1900:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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1273:
Welch, Graham; Sundberg, Johan (2002), Parncutt; McPherson (eds.),
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1939:
Overtone singing in a water tower – Jim Cole & Spectral Voices
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went viral on YouTube with her "polyphonic overtone" singing. The
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flute, a national instrument. This technique of vocalizing into a
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1985:
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From a fundamental pitch, made by the human voice, the belonging
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1980:
1943:
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372:'sing'), literally 'to sing with chest voice'. Styles include:
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578:
1986:
www.overtonesinging.com Overtone Singing with Rollin Rachele
991:, also of Texas, is not a true overtone singer according to
217:, and throat singing is mostly related to the voice source.
2414:
1156:
1044:
855:
347:
158:
1129:
2022:– articles, video clips on overtone singing in the world.
659:
The poet-musicians of Kazakhstan and the Uzbek region of
1996:
Kiva's audio samples and information on overtone singing
674:
664:
452:, so the 7th and 11th harmonics are carefully skipped.
346:
Tuvan overtone singing is practiced in the Republic of
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321:
308:
300:
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284:
276:
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249:
641:
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Mongolians also use many other singing styles such as
1728:
Levin, Theodore C., and Michael E. Edgerton (1999). "
789:("bass") – listed in descending pitch order – form a
2006:
Chukchi throat singing (Zoïa Tagrin'a, Olga Letykaï)
1263:
Titze 2008; Titze 1994; Pariser & Zimmerman 2004
1139:
also exhibited overtone singing during his group's (
1043:, who has become an adept throat singer and teaches
966:
505:
performance, to the instrumental accompaniment of a
455:
The most peculiar melody, from Tuvan tradition, is "
264:), can be divided up into the following categories:
1522:"Lalah Hathaway Does the Impossible and So Can You"
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56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1884:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
1669:. Buddina, Queensland (Australia): Joshua Books.
1279:The Science & Psychology of Music Performance
874:, Russia have a style of overtone singing called
693:
2557:
1790:Sklar, Steve (2005). "Types of throat singing" "
1761:Handbook of Research and Policy in Art Education
1007:(who first began using this technique in 1968),
629:), which uses the lowest pitch of voice; Dzoke (
554:The first well-known kai-chi was Alexei Kalkin.
1966:Scientific American: The Throat Singers of Tuva
1819:Titze, Ingo R. (2008). "The Human Instrument".
259:
2041:
1281:, Oxford University Press, pp. 252–268,
1272:
209:Overtone singing should not be confused with
198:can be selectively amplified by changing the
1944:Audio samples of overtone and throat singing
1665:Bellamy, Isabel, and Donald MacLean (2005).
1418:
1354:(1). University of Nebraska Press: 149–169.
1184:(b. 1958) also calls for this technique. In
654:
1681:Demetrio Stratos: en busca de la voz-música
2295:Bowed string instrument extended technique
2048:
2034:
1548:"How did Lalah Hathaway make 'Something'?"
1345:
1962:– acoustical measurements and explanation
1920:Learn how and when to remove this message
1779:. Schönau im Odenwald: Traumzeit-Verlag.
1747:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1656:Il canto a tenore: dai nuraghi all'Unesco
1624:
1323:
1287:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195138108.003.0016
961:
469:Tuva's neighbouring Russian regions, the
232:Music of Mongolia § Overtone singing
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1618:
773:, "voice") is the solo voice, while the
225:
149:
127:
2545:Category:Musical performance techniques
1800:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1317:
461:", mostly performed in kargyraa style.
16:Style of singing multiple notes at once
2558:
2055:
2001:Read in Serbian on muzickacentrala.com
1625:Perraudin, Frances (10 October 2014).
464:
2029:
1823:298, no. 1 (July):94–101. PM 18225701
958:vocals and complicated poly-rhythms.
501:). In Altai, this is used mostly for
1864:
557:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1960:Harmonic singing vs. normal singing
13:
1592:
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825:
743:), especially in the subregion of
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1949:Online overtone singing generator
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967:Canada, United States, and Europe
805:sing in a regular voice, whereas
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2539:
1869:
1662:2, no.3 (July–September): 16–21.
1061:was featured in the documentary
861:
822:Remediu(place) de Orosei(Town).
30:
1981:Audio samples of throat singing
1745:Where Rivers and Mountains Sing
1566:
1540:
1514:
1502:from the original on 2021-12-12
1484:
1458:
1449:
1324:Deschênes, Bruno (2002-03-04).
1186:Water Passion after St. Matthew
938:
604:, and various locations in the
457:
305:/ chest cavity, stomach khöömii
41:needs additional citations for
1826:Tongeren, Mark C. van (2002).
1798:Principles of Voice Production
1736:281, no. 3 (September): 80–87.
1455:Bellamy and MacLean 2005, 515.
1407:
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1383:
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1339:
1308:
1266:
1257:
1226:Istanbul-based British singer
1102:has written a piece using the
930:often incorporate overtones.
694:Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan
1:
1991:Tuva throat singers on Flickr
1648:
753:". The other style, known as
157:performing various styles of
1348:Collaborative Anthropologies
912:
854:have a singing genre called
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350:(southern Siberia, Russia).
146:, performed by Wolfgang Saus
140:Polyphonic overtone singing
7:
2591:Culture of the Soviet Union
2581:Mongolian traditional music
1233:
1221:Polyphonic Overtone Singing
1170:was one of the first, with
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647:
636:
625:
328:
326:(literally 'growling') and
322:
310:Turlegt, khosmoljin khöömii
309:
302:Tseejiin khondiin, khevliin
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
250:
178:polyphonic overtone singing
10:
2607:
1956:Overtone singing research.
1730:The Throat Singers of Tuva
1679:Haouli, Janete El (2006).
1245:List of overtone musicians
728:
482:
399:Other sub-styles include:
339:
229:
18:
2535:
2519:
2474:
2431:
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2247:Piano extended techniques
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2174:
2063:
933:
834:of the northern parts of
719:
655:Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan
642:
631:
617:
297:/ glottal, throat khöömii
260:
2484:Extended vocal technique
2287:Bowed string instruments
1427:"Overtone Singing Music"
1404:Retrieved on 2014-04-23.
1392:Retrieved on 2014-04-23.
1250:
1206:the Jennifer Hudson Show
975:singer of cowboy songs,
573:
313:/ khöömii combined with
19:Not to be confused with
1796:Titze, Ingo R. (1994).
1775:Saus, Wolfgang (2004).
1654:Bandinu, Omar (2006). "
592:area, Tibetan monks of
494:
448:, which form the major
335:
220:
2011:Overtone singing music
1723:10.5281/zenodo.3246011
1717:(electronic version),
1498:. September 23, 2013.
1326:"Inuit Throat-Singing"
1211:In 2014 German singer
1074:has collaborated with
962:Non-traditional styles
162:
147:
23:of the Inuit and Ainu.
1830:. Amsterdam: Fusica.
1739:Levin, Theodore, and
1360:10.1353/cla.2013.0010
1168:Karlheinz Stockhausen
1094:have worked with the
1005:Collegium Vocale Köln
999:of overtone singing.
985:country western music
897:can also be found in
294:Bagalzuuryn, khooloin
226:Mongolia and Buryatia
153:
139:
2441:Snare drum technique
2262:Three-hand technique
1890:improve this article
1528:. November 11, 2014
989:Blind Willie Johnson
793:(another meaning of
342:Tuvan throat singing
50:improve this article
2209:Harmonica technique
2184:Saxophone technique
2101:Finger substitution
1954:Ken-Ichi Sakakibara
1902:footnote references
1821:Scientific American
1734:Scientific American
1627:"Viral Video Chart"
1431:National Geographic
993:National Geographic
901:as far west as the
878:(sometimes spelled
509:. Altai narrators (
465:Altai and Khakassia
2586:Singing techniques
2189:Circular breathing
2091:Extended technique
2057:Musical techniques
1135:A cappella singer
1110:and performers of
1106:style of singing.
1078:musicians such as
1072:Sainkho Namtchylak
1047:throat singing in
703:Sulaiman Mountains
588:) province in the
163:
148:
65:"Overtone singing"
2553:
2552:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1855:978-1-7902-3908-5
1814:978-0-87414-122-1
1806:978-0-13-717893-3
1770:978-0-8058-4972-1
1741:Valentina Süzükei
1725:, pp. 91–96.
1715:978-91-7797-985-2
1709:(print version),
1707:978-91-7797-984-5
1296:978-0-19-513810-8
1213:Anna-Maria Hefele
956:call-and-response
785:("against"), and
735:On the island of
582:Buddhist chanting
568:Chukchi Peninsula
558:Chukchi Peninsula
281:/ palatal khöömii
170:overtone chanting
143:Pachelbel's Canon
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126:
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2520:Related articles
2499:Overtone singing
2300:Violin technique
2199:Flutter-tonguing
2176:Wind instruments
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1606:. 7 October 2014
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1472:. March 10, 2024
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781:("half voice"),
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610:Tibetan Buddhism
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182:diphonic singing
174:harmonic singing
168:, also known as
166:Overtone singing
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1437:on May 26, 2012
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1217:Huffington Post
1092:Ornette Coleman
969:
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828:
826:Northern Europe
733:
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699:Balochi Nur Sur
696:
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590:Tibetan plateau
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289:/ nasal khöömii
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161:throat singing.
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1910:September 2015
1882:external links
1877:
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1862:
1861:External links
1859:
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1777:Oberton Singen
1773:
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1554:. May 15, 2017
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1197:Lalah Hathaway
1178:Tran Quang Hai
1084:Ned Rothenberg
1013:Tran Quang Hai
1009:Michael Vetter
968:
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924:Carmen Linares
917:In Flamenco's
914:
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863:
860:
848:Kola Peninsula
827:
824:
819:cantu a tenore
731:Cantu a tenore
729:Main article:
726:
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688:Turan Ensemble
684:Altai Republic
661:Karakalpakstan
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242:Khovd Province
230:Main article:
227:
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2219:Slap tonguing
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1898:inappropriate
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1844:90-807163-1-6
1841:
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1785:3-933825-36-9
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1753:0-253-34715-7
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1580:. May 8, 2023
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1380:Bandinu 2006.
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1224:
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1100:Eleanor Hovda
1097:
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1073:
1070:Tuvan singer
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:Genghis Blues
1060:
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1050:
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1042:
1041:Nathan Rogers
1038:
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67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2510:Sprechgesang
2508:
2498:
2461:Stevens grip
2451:Cymbal choke
2400:Third bridge
2320:Bartók pizz.
2272:String piano
2151:Stopped note
2071:Articulation
1916:
1907:
1892:by removing
1879:
1827:
1820:
1797:
1776:
1760:
1744:
1733:
1689:
1680:
1666:
1659:
1634:. Retrieved
1631:The Guardian
1630:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1460:
1451:
1441:February 20,
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1430:
1420:
1409:
1397:
1385:
1376:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1300:, retrieved
1278:
1275:"Solo Voice"
1268:
1259:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1202:Snarky Puppy
1194:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1088:Lester Bowie
1069:
1062:
1057:
1023:, Jim Cole,
1001:
977:Arthur Miles
970:
952:South Africa
942:
939:South Africa
916:
886:
879:
875:
865:
829:
818:
817:classed the
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
782:
778:
774:
765:(pronounced
762:
758:
754:
749:
734:
712:
697:
681:
658:
577:
561:
553:
498:
486:
468:
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405:Borbangnadyr
398:
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181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
141:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2576:Tuvan music
2566:Inuit music
2494:Death growl
2476:Human voice
2446:Burton grip
2375:Flatpicking
2370:Fingerstyle
2365:Downpicking
2332:Free bowing
2214:Overblowing
2126:Multiphonic
2086:Double stop
1314:Sklar, 2005
1240:Human voice
1080:Evan Parker
1037:Krishna Das
1017:David Hykes
919:Cante Jondo
832:Sami people
775:mesu 'oche
663:, known as
503:epic poetry
489:) or khai (
458:Artii Sayir
421:Dumchuktaar
240:in today's
215:vocal tract
200:vocal tract
155:Chirgilchin
2560:Categories
2489:Beatboxing
2433:Percussion
2277:Tack piano
2224:Split tone
2194:Embouchure
2121:Intonation
1649:References
1636:12 October
1610:12 October
1552:Grammy.com
1332:2008-11-27
1302:2021-10-03
1141:Pentatonix
1137:Avi Kaplan
1021:Jill Purce
971:The 1920s
899:folk music
846:, and the
803:mesu boche
779:mesu boche
626:rgyud skad
618:རྒྱུད་སྐད་
429:Ezengileer
366:'chest' +
246:Govi Altai
186:resonances
76:newspapers
2504:Screaming
2456:Drum roll
2327:Col legno
2315:Pizzicato
2310:Bariolage
2136:Pizzicato
2116:Harmonics
2111:Glissando
2096:Fingering
1894:excessive
1787:(German).
1699:0282-6690
1584:April 12,
1558:March 28,
1532:April 12,
1506:April 26,
1476:April 12,
1368:191364601
1176:in 1968.
1076:free jazz
1059:Paul Pena
1029:Paul Pena
1025:Ry Cooder
981:yodelling
950:women of
913:Andalusia
709:Kurdistan
637:mdzo skad
606:Himalayan
475:Khakassia
446:harmonics
413:Chylandyk
357:korekteer
323:karkhiraa
315:long song
196:overtones
106:June 2022
2347:Two bows
2342:Spiccato
2229:Tonguing
2204:Growling
2146:Slapping
2141:Position
2131:Phrasing
1846:(cloth).
1743:(2006).
1526:HuffPost
1500:Archived
1234:See also
1173:Stimmung
1053:Manitoba
1049:Winnipeg
928:Duquende
884:Bashkort
868:Bashkirs
755:cuncordu
750:a tenore
745:Barbagia
737:Sardinia
725:Sardinia
632:མཛོ་སྐད་
392:Kargyraa
256:Cyrillic
238:Mongolia
193:harmonic
2466:Rimshot
2395:Tambour
2380:Picking
2337:Martelé
2257:Luthéal
2166:Vibrato
2161:Tremolo
2081:Damping
2064:General
1888:Please
1880:use of
1838:(pbk),
1578:YouTube
1496:YouTube
1470:YouTube
1190:Tan Dun
1116:The KLF
997:timbres
907:Hungary
903:Balkans
844:Finland
714:Dengbêj
586:Qinghai
579:Tibetan
566:of the
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