312:. To be termed osseointegration the connection between the bone and the implant need not be 100%, and the essence of osseointegration derives more from the stability of the fixation than the degree of contact in histologic terms. In short it is a process where clinically asymptomatic rigid fixation of alloplastic materials is achieved, and maintained, in bone during functional loading. Implant healing time and initial stability are a function of implant characteristics. For example, implants using a screw-root form design achieve high initial mechanical stability through the action of their screws against bone. Following placement of the implant, healing typically takes several weeks or months before the implant is fully integrated into the bone. First evidence of integration occurs after a few weeks, while more robust connection is progressively effected over the next months or years. Implants that have a screw-root form design result in bone resorption followed by interfacial bone remodeling and growth around the implant.
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bone tissues to titanium, or titanium coated with calcium phosphate derivatives. It was previously thought that titanium implants were retained in bone through the action of mechanical stabilization or interfacial bonding. Alternatively, calcium phosphate coated implants were thought to be stabilized via chemical bonding. It is now known that both calcium phosphate coated implants and titanium implants are stabilized chemically with bone, either through direct contact between calcium and titanium atoms, or by the bonding to a cement line-like layer at the implant/bone interface. While there are some differences (e.g. like the lack of chondrogenic progenitors), osseointegration occurs through the same mechanisms as bone fracture healing.
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strength, and its hardness, it had great potential to be used as future prosthesis material. Gottlieb
Leventhal later described osseointegration in 1951. Leventhal placed titanium screws in rat femurs and said, "At the end of 6 weeks, the screws were slightly tighter than when originally put in; at 12 weeks, the screws were more difficult to remove; and at the end of 16 weeks, the screws were so tight that in one specimen the femur was fractured when an attempt was made to remove the screw. Microscopic examinations of the bone structure revealed no reaction to the implants, the trabeculation appeared to be perfectly normal." The reactions described by Leventhal and Bothe et al. would later be coined into the term "osseointegration" by
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patients. Eventually an emerging breed of young academics started to notice the work being done in Sweden. Toronto's George Zarb, a
Maltese-born Canadian prosthodontist, was instrumental in bringing the concept of osseointegration to the wider world. The 1983 Toronto Conference is generally considered to be the turning point, when finally the worldwide scientific community accepted BrĂĄnemark's work. Osseointegration is now a highly predictable and common treatment modality. Since 2010,
435:. This means that, rather than just feeling mechanical influences on the device, users also hear the movements of their prosthesis. This joint mechanical and auditory sensory perception is likely responsible for the improved environment perception of users of osseointegrated prostheses compared to traditional socket suspended devices. It is not clear, however, to what extent this implicit sensory feedback actually influences prosthesis users in everyday life.
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Osseointegration is a dynamic process in which characteristics of the implant (i.e. macrogeometry, surface properties, etc.) play a role in modulating molecular and cellular behavior. While osseointegration has been observed using different materials, it is most often used to describe the reaction of
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Osseointegration was first observed—albeit not explicitly stated—by Bothe, Beaton, and
Davenport in 1940. Bothe et al. were the first researchers to implant titanium in an animal and remarked how it tended to fuse with bone. Bothe et al. reported that due to the elemental nature of the titanium, its
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Though the osseointegrated interface becomes resistant to external shocks over time, it may be damaged by prolonged adverse stimuli and overload, which may cause implant failure. In studies done using "Mini dental implants," it was noted that the absence of micromotion at the bone-implant interface
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of Sweden. In 1952, BrĂĄnemark did an experiment where he used a titanium implant chamber to study blood flow in rabbit bone. At the end of the experiment, when it became time to remove the titanium chambers from the bone, he discovered that the bone had integrated so completely with the implant that
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Another method is a reverse torque test, in which the implant carrier is unscrewed. If it fails to unscrew under the reverse torque pressure, the implant is stable. If the implant rotates under the pressure it is deemed a failure and removed. This method comes at the risk of fracturing bone that is
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is that mechanical events at the prosthesis (e.g. touch) are transferred as vibrations through the bone. This "osseoperception" means that the prosthesis user regains a more accurate sense of how the prosthesis is interacting with the world. Users of bone-anchored lower limb prostheses report, for
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Implants using a plateau-root form design (or screw-root form implants with a wide enough gap between the pitch of the screws) undergo a different mode of peri-implant ossification. Unlike the aforementioned screw-root form implants, plateau-root form implants exhibit de novo bone formation on the
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There are a number of methods used to gauge the level of osseointegration and the subsequent stability of an implant. One widely used diagnostic procedure is percussion analysis, where a dental instrument is tapped against the implant carrier. The nature of the ringing that results is used as a
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in Sydney, Australia, used a high tensile strength titanium implant with plasma sprayed surface as an intramedullary prosthesis that is inserted into the bone residuum of amputees and then connect through an opening in the skin to a robotic limb prosthesis. This lets amputees mobilize with more
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BrĂĄnemark spent almost 30 years fighting the scientific community for acceptance of osseointegration as a viable treatment. In Sweden he was often openly ridiculed at science conferences. His university stopped funding for his research, forcing him to open a private clinic to continue treating
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comfort and less energy consumption. Al
Muderis also published the first series of combining osseointegration prosthesis with Joint replacement enabling below knee amputees with knee arthritis or short residual bone to walk without needing a socket prosthesis.
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fibers. This is normally the case due to the absence of cementum progenitor cells in the area receiving the implant. However, when such cells are present, cement may form on or around the implant surface, and a functional collagen attachment may attach to it.
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Holmgren EP, Seckinger RJ, Kilgren LM, Mante F (1998). "Evaluating parameters of osseointegrated dental implants using finite element analysis--a two-dimensional comparative study examining the effects of implant diameter, implant shape, and load direction".
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to manufacture dental implants and the instrumentation required for their placement. Eventually an offshoot of Bofors, Nobel Pharma, was created to concentrate on this product line. Nobel Pharma subsequently became Nobel
Biocare.
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mid-way in the process of osseointegration. It is also unreliable in determining the osseointegration potential of a bone region, as tests have yielded that a rotating implant can go on to be successfully integrated.
267:. In the first stage, doctors at Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Hospital embedded a titanium stud in the femur of each patient. About six weeks later, they went back and attached the docking mechanism for the prosthesis.
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407:(RFA). A resonance frequency analyzer device prompts vibrations in a small metal rod temporarily attached to the implant. As the rod vibrates, the probe reads its resonance frequency and translates it into an
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411:(ISQ), which ranges from 1–100, with 100 indicating the highest stability state. Values ranging between 57 and 82 are generally considered stable, though each case must be considered independently.
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was needed to enable proper osseointegration. It was also noted that there is a critical threshold of micromotion above which a fibrous encapsulation process occurs, rather than osseointegration.
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qualitative measure of the implant's stability. An integrated implant will elicit a higher pitched "crystal" sound, whereas a non-integrated implant will elicit a dull, low-pitched sound.
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Albrektsson, T; Branemark, PI; Hansson, HA; Lindstrom, J (1981). "Osseointegrated titanium implants. Requirements for ensuring a long-lasting, direct bone-to- implant anchorage in man".
344:. Clinical studies on mammals have shown that porous metals, such as titanium foam, may allow formation of vascular systems within the porous area. For orthopedic uses, metals such as
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Szmukler-Moncler S, Salama H, Reingewirtz Y, Dubruille JH (1998). "Timing of loading and effect of micromotion on bone-dental implant interface: review of experimental literature".
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Albrektsson, Tomas; Berglundh, Tord; Lindhe, Jan (2003). "Osseointegration: Historic
Background and Current Concepts". In Lindhe, Jan; Karring, Thorkild; Lang, Niklaus P. (eds.).
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Albrektsson, Tomas; Berglundh, Tord; Lindhe, Jan (2003). "Osseointegration: Historic
Background and Current Concepts". In Lindhe, Jan; Karring, Thorkild; Lang, Niklaus P. (eds.).
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Clemente, Francesco; Håkansson, Bo; Cipriani, Christian; Wessberg, Johan; Kulbacka-Ortiz, Katarzyna; Brånemark, Rickard; Fredén
Jansson, Karl-Johan; Ortiz-Catalan, Max (2017).
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Rudy, Robert; Levi, Paul A; Bonacci, Fred J; Weisgold, Arnold S; Engler-Hamm, Daniel (2008). "Intraosseous anchorage of dental prostheses: an early 20th century contribution".
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defined as "an endosteal implant containing pores into which osteoblasts and supporting connective tissue can migrate". Applied to oral implantology, this refers to
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Apse P, Zarb GA, Schmitt A, Lewis DW (1991). "The longitudinal effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants. The
Toronto Study: peri-implant mucosal response".
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Zarb GA, Schmitt A (July 1990). "The longitudinal clinical effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants: the
Toronto Study. Part II: The prosthetic results".
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Bernard, George W.; Carranza, Ferritin A.; Jovanovic, Sascha A. (1996). "Biologic Aspects of Dental Implants". In Carranza, FermĂn A.; Newman, Michael G. (eds.).
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the chamber could not be removed. BrĂĄnemark called this "osseointegration", and, like Bothe et al. and Leventhal before him, saw the possibilities for human use.
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the implementation of osseointegration started in the mid-1960s as a result of BrĂĄnemark's work. In 1965 BrĂĄnemark, who was at the time Professor of Anatomy at
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Mishra, Sunil Kumar; Chowdhary, Ramesh; Chrcanovic, Bruno Ramos; BrĂĄnemark, Per-Ingvar (April 2016). "Osseoperception in Dental Implants: A Systematic Review".
106:
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Colnot, C; Romero, DM; Huang, S; Rahman, J; Currey, JA; Nanci, A; Brunski, JB; Helms, JA (2007). "Molecular analysis of healing at a bone-implant interface".
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Chaytor DV, Zarb GA, Schmitt A, Lewis DW (1991). "The longitudinal effectiveness of osseointegrated dental implants. The Toronto Study: bone level changes".
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Hultin M, Gustafsson A, Klinge B (February 2000). "Long-term evaluation of osseointegrated dental implants in the treatment of partly edentulous patients".
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Dexterous Transradial Osseointegrated Prosthesis with neural control and sensory feedback, Horizon 2020 EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation
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939:"Osseointegration for Amputees: Past, Present and Future: Basic Science, Innovations in Surgical Technique, Implant Design and Rehabilitation Strategies"
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The process and resultant apparent direct connection of the endogenous material surface and the host bone tissues without intervening connective tissue.
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On December 7, 2015, two Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans, Bryant Jacobs and Ed Salau, became the first in America to get a
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Pauletto N, Lahiffe BJ, Walton JN (1999). "Complications associated with excess cement around crowns on osseointegrated implants: a clinical report".
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Hagberg K, Brånemark R (2009). "One hundred patients treated with osseointegrated transfemoral amputation prostheses—rehabilitation perspective".
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Barber AJ, Butterworth CJ, Rogers SN (January 2010). "Systematic review of primary osseointegrated dental implants in head and neck oncology".
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Ivanoff, C. J.; Sennerby, L.; Lekholm, U. (1997-08-01). "Reintegration of mobilized titanium implants. An experimental study in rabbit tibia".
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BrĂĄnemark, R.; BrĂĄnemark, PI. J.; Rydevik, B.; Myers, RR. (2001). "Osseointegration in skeletal reconstruction and rehabilitation: a review".
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Isidor F (June 1996). "Loss of osseointegration caused by occlusal load of oral implants. A clinical and radiographic study in monkeys".
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Osseointegration is also defined as: "the formation of a direct interface between an implant and bone, without intervening soft tissue".
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Recent research on users of bone-anchored upper and lower limb prostheses showed that this osseoperception is not only mediated by
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implant surface. The type of bone healing exhibited by plateau-root form implants is known as intramembranous-like healing.
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524:
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Olivé, Jordi; Aparicio, Carlos (1990). "The periotest implant as a measure of osseointegrated oral implant stability".
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Coelho, P; Jimbo, R (2014). "Osseointegration of metallic devices: current trends based on implant hardware design".
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into the first human patient—Gösta Larsson. This patient had a cleft palate defect and needed implants to support a
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Brunski JB (June 1999). "In vivo bone response to biomechanical loading at the bone/dental-implant interface".
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Zarb, George A.; Albrektsson, Tomas (1991). "Osseointegration: A requiem for the periodontal ligament?".
367:. The porous bone-like properties of the metal foam contribute to extensive bone infiltration, allowing
1905:"From osseoperception to implant-mediated sensory-motor interactions and related clinical implications*"
101:(bone adherence)", where new bone is laid down directly on the implant surface and the implant exhibits
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239:. Gösta Larsson died in 2005, with the original implants still in place after 40 years of function.
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In the mid-1970s BrĂĄnemark entered into a commercial partnership with the Swedish defense company
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activity to take place. In addition, the porous structure allows for soft tissue adherence and
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Engelman MJ, Sorensen JA, Moy P (April 1988). "Optimum placement of osseointegrated implants".
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Bothe, RT; Beaton, KE; Davenport, HA (1940). "Reaction of bone to multiple metallic implants".
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Basic Science, Innovations in Surgical Technique, Implant Design and Rehabilitation Strategies.
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Other complications may arise even in the absence of external impact. One issue is growth of
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example, that they can tell which type of soil they are walking on due to osseoperception.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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and implant surface. The direct contact of bone and implant surface can be verified
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Since 2005, a number of orthopedic device makers have introduced products with
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In 2021 Professor Al Muderis published a thesis for the requirements for the
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BrĂĄnemark, Per-Ingvar; Zarb, George Albert; Albrektsson, Tomas (1985).
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Titanium implant (black) integrated into bone (red): Histologic section
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to an inert alloplastic material without intervening connective tissue.
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Connection between living bone and the surface of an artificial implant
1969:
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The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry
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The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry
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Close to the Edge - BrĂĄnemark and the Development of Osseointegration
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The process of osseointegration in metal foams is similar to that in
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Osseous integration, the apparent direct attachment or connection of
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98:
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Khemka A, Frossard L, Lord SJ, Bosley B, Al Muderis M (Jul 2015).
542:, reduction and internal fixation, which may use wires or implants
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perceive color through sound waves (sound conduction through bone)
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International Journal of Periodontology and Restorative Dentistry
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A non-invasive and increasingly implemented diagnostic method is
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Swami, Vasanthi; Vijayaraghavan, Vasantha; Swami, Vinit (2016).
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The Branemark implant system: clinical and laboratory procedures
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within the implant. These materials are currently deployed in
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The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants
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Osseointegration with Titanium Foam in Rabbit Femur, YouTube:
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The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants
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918:"Veteran amputees to undergo first ever prosthetic implants"
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10.1563/1548-1336(1998)024<0080:EPOODI>2.3.CO;2
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1809:"Methods used to assess implant stability: current status"
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Berglundh, T; Abrahamsson, I; Lang, N; Lindhe, J (2003).
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1220:. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. pp. 69–87.
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International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
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607:
Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary
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Osseointegration for Amputees: Past, Present and Future
2213:
1840:
1013:"Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration"
1937:
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Clinical research on osseointegrated dental implants
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Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development
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The interface between alloplastic material and bone.
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2070:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
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858:, edited by Elaine McClarence, Quintessence 2003.
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160:surface without interposed soft tissue layer. No
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2067:
473:Bone anchored hearing conduction amplification (
113:). Osseointegration has enhanced the science of
97:et al.) defines osseointegration as "functional
1724:Implant Dentistry — A Rapidly Evolving Practice
1685:"Cancellous-Structured Titanium Porous Coating"
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671:
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575:Miller, Benjamin F.; Keane, Claire B. (1992).
336:Advances in materials engineering: metal foams
93:et al. in 1981). A more recent definition (by
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2242:
1758:"Current trends to measure implant stability"
1466:. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. p. 816.
1464:Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry
1354:. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. p. 815.
1352:Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry
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801:Albrektsson, Tomas; Zarb, George A. (1989).
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459:such as an artificial ear (ear prosthesis),
419:One of the peculiarities of osseointegrated
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1946:"Touch and Hearing Mediate Osseoperception"
1703:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hdscnna5r1Q
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1292:"Implant Surgical Guides: State of the Art"
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352:are often used, as these metals have high
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530:European Association for Osseointegration
183:Osseointegration may also be defined as:
2609:Index of oral health and dental articles
2378:Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
1903:Jacobs, R.; Van Steenberghe, D. (2006).
1567:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
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688:
610:. St. Louis: Mosby. 2002. p. 1240.
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356:and corrosion resistance with excellent
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105:(i.e., resistance to destabilization by
1762:Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society
1074:10.1002/j.0022-0337.2003.67.8.tb03681.x
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1653:"Regenerex® Porous Titanium Construct"
1215:
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2537:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
2517:American Association of Orthodontists
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1714:
1712:
1710:
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1011:Albrektsson, T; Johansson, C (2001).
803:The Branemark osseointegrated implant
390:
2614:Outline of dentistry and oral health
2228:10.1034/j.1600-051x.2000.027002128.x
1669:. Zimmer Orthopedics. Archived from
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826:Beumer, John; Lewis, Steven (1989).
525:British Society of Oral Implantology
29:
2116:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
1807:Atsumi M, Park SH, Wang HL (2007).
830:. St. Louis: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica.
741:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
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2216:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
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1707:
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85:and the surface of a load-bearing
14:
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2294:
1501:10.1034/j.1600-0501.1996.070208.x
805:. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
2542:Dental Technologists Association
2527:British Dental Health Foundation
2368:Oral and maxillofacial radiology
2363:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2267:The Journal of Oral Implantology
1922:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01621.x
1432:10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00972.x
718:10.2106/00004623-195133020-00021
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2018:
1994:
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1721:Turkyilmaz, Ilser, ed. (2011).
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1234:
1216:Natali, Arturo N., ed. (2003).
1209:
955:
931:
910:
861:
702:"Titanium, a metal for surgery"
438:
172:fibers are present between the
2871:Orthopedic surgical procedures
2866:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2373:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1909:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
1816:Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants
819:
794:
767:
732:
568:
535:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
136:
89:("load-bearing" as defined by
1:
2340:
1855:10.1016/s0901-5027(97)80878-8
886:10.3109/17453674.2015.1068635
753:10.1016/S0022-3913(83)80101-2
562:
470:Bone anchored limb prostheses
2634:History of dental treatments
2128:10.1016/0022-3913(90)90153-4
1667:"Trabeluar Metal Technology"
1631:. Saunders. pp. 685–9.
1536:10.1177/08959374990130012301
1329:10.1016/0022-3913(88)90044-3
1270:10.1016/0022-3913(87)90371-4
981:10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.018
700:Leventhal, Gottlieb (1951).
467:), or nose (nose prosthesis)
405:resonance frequency analysis
299:
284:
7:
2532:British Orthodontic Society
2199:10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.12.007
2102:Trabecular Metal Technology
1524:Advances in Dental Research
496:
452:) are fields of application
253:Professor Munjed Al Muderis
10:
2887:
2522:British Dental Association
1152:10.1177/154405910708600911
581:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
444:Prosthetic Implants (e.g.
409:implant stability quotient
288:
201:
18:
2805:
2787:
2769:
2709:
2601:
2565:
2552:Indian Dental Association
2509:
2441:
2348:
2082:10.1682/JRRD.2008.06.0080
2027:Journal of Prosthodontics
1392:10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.033
1195:10.3109/17453678108991776
780:. Chicago: Quintessence.
475:bone anchored hearing aid
342:porous metal construction
291:Titanium biocompatibility
272:Doctor of Medical Science
43:This article needs to be
2471:Scaling and root planing
1775:10.4103/0972-4052.176539
1687:. Zimmer. Archived from
644:Compend Contin Educ Dent
229:University of Gothenburg
2557:National Health Service
1629:Clinical Periodontology
1419:Clin. Oral Implants Res
457:craniofacial prosthesis
146:osseointegrated implant
2646:Infant oral mutilation
2547:General Dental Council
211:
156:grown right up to the
121:techniques as well as
2846:Restorative dentistry
2418:Restorative dentistry
1655:. Biomet Orthopedics.
1029:10.1007/s005860100282
463:reconstruction, eye (
209:
2398:Dental public health
1380:Arch Biochem Biophys
706:J Bone Joint Surg Am
520:Abutment (dentistry)
304:For osseointegrated
217:Per-Ingvar BrĂĄnemark
107:mechanical agitation
103:mechanical stability
2851:Implants (medicine)
2761:Periosteal reaction
2496:Socket preservation
2428:Dental traumatology
2423:Forensic odontology
2413:Geriatric dentistry
2408:Dental implantology
2383:Pediatric dentistry
1962:2017NatSR...745363C
1218:Dental biomechanics
1109:2014NanoL..14.4220K
678:Surg Gynecol Obstet
2624:Dental instruments
2461:Root canal therapy
2433:Holistic dentistry
2403:Cosmetic dentistry
2039:10.1111/jopr.12310
2006:www.eurekalert.org
1950:Scientific Reports
968:Acta Biomaterialia
943:scholar.google.com
465:orbital prosthesis
433:auditory receptors
391:Testing procedures
212:
87:artificial implant
21:osseoincorporation
2828:
2827:
2664:
2663:
2451:Dental extraction
1970:10.1038/srep45363
1742:978-953-307-658-4
1638:978-0-7216-6728-7
1227:978-0-415-30666-9
1183:Acta Orthop Scand
1117:10.1021/nl501564f
812:978-0-86715-208-1
787:978-0-86715-129-9
237:palatal obturator
119:joint replacement
64:
63:
2878:
2739:Osseointegration
2691:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2651:Mouth assessment
2466:Root end surgery
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2290:
2260:
2239:
2210:
2181:
2160:
2139:
2094:
2093:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1813:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1718:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1008:
1002:
1001:
983:
959:
953:
952:
950:
949:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
914:
908:
907:
897:
865:
859:
853:
842:
841:
823:
817:
816:
798:
792:
791:
771:
765:
764:
736:
730:
729:
697:
686:
685:
673:
660:
659:
639:
622:
621:
602:
593:
592:
572:
513:
508:
507:
506:
429:mechanoreceptors
381:knee replacement
358:biocompatibility
354:tensile strength
263:osseointegrated
67:Osseointegration
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2801:
2797:Range of motion
2783:
2765:
2734:Bone resorption
2724:Bone remodeling
2705:
2695:
2665:
2660:
2629:Dental material
2597:
2561:
2505:
2491:Tooth bleaching
2486:Tooth polishing
2437:
2344:
2339:
2297:
2110:
2108:Further reading
2097:
2066:
2062:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1942:
1938:
1901:
1897:
1874:
1870:
1839:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1719:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1665:
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1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1598:
1594:
1563:
1559:
1520:
1516:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1411:
1407:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1348:
1344:
1317:J Prosthet Dent
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1258:J Prosthet Dent
1254:
1250:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1214:
1210:
1179:
1175:
1136:
1132:
1093:
1089:
1058:
1054:
1023:(2): S96–S101.
1009:
1005:
960:
956:
947:
945:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
916:
915:
911:
866:
862:
854:
845:
838:
824:
820:
813:
799:
795:
788:
772:
768:
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733:
698:
689:
674:
663:
640:
625:
618:
604:
603:
596:
589:
573:
569:
565:
560:
511:Medicine portal
509:
504:
502:
499:
491:Hip replacement
455:Retention of a
450:Dental Implants
441:
417:
415:Osseoperception
393:
377:hip replacement
373:vascularization
338:
306:dental implants
302:
293:
287:
233:dental implants
204:
178:microscopically
139:
123:dental implants
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2820:Cementogenesis
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2779:Chondrogenesis
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2697:Physiology of
2694:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2588:United Kingdom
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2501:Dental implant
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Dental bonding
2478:
2476:Teeth cleaning
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2443:Dental surgery
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Prosthodontics
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2292:
2291:
2261:
2251:(4): 390–400.
2240:
2211:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2060:
2033:(3): 185–195.
2017:
1993:
1936:
1915:(4): 282–292.
1895:
1884:(2): 175–181.
1868:
1833:
1822:(5): 743–754.
1799:
1768:(2): 124–130.
1748:
1741:
1706:
1694:
1691:on 2011-07-18.
1676:
1673:on 2011-07-18.
1658:
1644:
1637:
1619:
1592:
1573:(2): 192–203.
1557:
1514:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1425:(3): 251–262.
1405:
1367:
1360:
1342:
1323:(4): 467–473.
1307:
1283:
1264:(6): 719–722.
1248:
1233:
1226:
1208:
1189:(2): 155–170.
1173:
1146:(9): 109–118.
1130:
1087:
1068:(8): 932–949.
1052:
1003:
954:
930:
909:
860:
843:
836:
818:
811:
793:
786:
766:
747:(3): 399–410.
731:
687:
661:
623:
616:
594:
587:
566:
564:
561:
559:
558:
553:
551:Prosthodontics
548:
546:Periodontology
543:
540:Osteosynthesis
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
515:
514:
498:
495:
494:
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484:
478:
471:
468:
453:
440:
437:
416:
413:
392:
389:
385:dental implant
337:
334:
301:
298:
286:
283:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:osseous tissue
138:
135:
125:and improving
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
25:osteosynthesis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2867:
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2859:
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2727:
2726:
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2720:
2717:
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2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
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2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2593:United States
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:Organisations
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Tooth filling
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
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2356:
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2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:(2): 128–33.
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:(2): 112–25.
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(2): 94–111.
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2076:(3): 331–44.
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1717:
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1713:
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1704:
1698:
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1672:
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1640:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
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1607:
1603:
1596:
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1576:
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1568:
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1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:(2): 143–52.
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1473:1-4051-0236-5
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
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1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
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1361:1-4051-0236-5
1357:
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1338:
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1322:
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1297:
1293:
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1200:
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1192:
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1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:(8): 4220–3.
1102:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1039:
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896:
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857:
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850:
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837:0-912791-62-4
833:
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707:
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670:
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601:
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588:0-7216-3456-7
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461:maxillofacial
458:
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148:is a type of
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2388:Periodontics
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2358:Endodontics
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1017:Eur Spine J
874:Acta Orthop
387:surgeries.
365:bone grafts
274:discussing
162:scar tissue
137:Definitions
127:prosthetics
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2835:Categories
2749:Osteolysis
2566:By country
2011:2019-04-10
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1301:2019-11-06
1140:J Dent Res
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924:2015-12-04
684:: 598–602.
563:References
556:Prosthesis
421:prostheses
369:osteoblast
289:See also:
265:prosthesis
2841:Dentistry
2771:Cartilage
2703:cartilage
2342:Dentistry
1097:Nano Lett
990:1742-7061
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300:Technique
285:Mechanism
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166:cartilage
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