Organ transplantation

865:, all members of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, are responsible for the identification of suitable donors and collection of the donated organs. UNOS then allocates organs based on the method considered most fair by the leadership in the field. The allocation methodology varies somewhat by organ, and changes periodically. For example, liver allocation is based partially on MELD score (Model of End-Stage Liver Disease), an empirical score based on lab values indicative of the sickness of the person from liver disease. In 1984, the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) was passed; it gave way to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, which maintains the organ registry and ensures equitable allocation of organs. The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was also established to conduct ongoing studies into the evaluation and clinical status of organ transplants. In 2000 the Children's Health Act passed and required NOTA to consider special issues around pediatric patients and organ allocation. 1678:, who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work. The success of this transplant was mostly due to the family relation between the recipient, a Richard Herrick of Maine, and his donor and identical twin brother Ronald. Richard Herrick was in the Navy and became severely ill with acute renal failure. His brother Ronald donated his kidney to Richard, and Richard lived on for another eight years. Prior to this case, transplant recipients did not survive for more than thirty days. Their close family relation meant there was no need for anti-rejection medications, which was not known until this time, so the case shed light on the cause of rejection and of possible anti-rejection medicine. 1427:, there is a severe organ shortage due to religious objections by some rabbis who oppose all organ donations and others who advocate that a rabbi participate in all decision making regarding a particular donor. One-third of all heart transplants performed on Israelis are done in China; others are done in Europe. Dr. Jacob Lavee, head of the heart-transplant unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, believes that "transplant tourism" is unethical and Israeli insurers should not pay for it. The organization HODS (Halachic Organ Donor Society) is working to increase knowledge and participation in organ donation among Jews throughout the world. 551:

integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6), predisposing them to heightened risks of complications such as graft-versus-host disease and allograft rejections. Recent case studies underscore the significance of HHV-6 reactivation, demonstrating its ability to infect liver grafts and impact recipient outcomes. Clinical management involves early detection, targeted antiviral therapy, and vigilant monitoring post-transplantation, with future research aimed at optimizing preventive measures and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the impact of HHV-6 reactivation on pediatric liver transplant outcomes.

789:, which, in turn, maintains heartbeat. Once brain death has been declared, the person can be considered for organ donation. Criteria for brain death vary. Because less than 3% of all deaths in the US are the result of brain death, the overwhelming majority of deaths are ineligible for organ donation, resulting in severe shortages. It is important to note currently that patients that have been pronounced brain dead are one of the most common and ideal donors, since often these donors are young and healthy, thus leading to high quality organs. 876:, Steven Tsui, the head of the transplant team at Papworth Hospital in the UK, is quoted in raising the ethical issue of not holding out false hope. He stated, "Conventionally we would say if people's life expectancy was a year or less we would consider them a candidate for a heart transplant. But we also have to manage expectations. If we know that in an average year we will do 30 heart transplants, there is no point putting 60 people on our waiting list, because we know half of them will die and it's not right to give them false hope." 2559:(S$ 22,200). The Transplant Ethics Committee must approve living donor kidney transplants. Organ trading is banned in Singapore and in many other countries to prevent the exploitation of "poor and socially disadvantaged donors who are unable to make informed choices and suffer potential medical risks." Toni, 27, the other accused, donated a kidney to an Indonesian patient in March, alleging he was the patient's adopted son, and was paid 186 million rupiah (US$ 20,200). Upon sentence, both would suffer each, 12 months in jail or 10,000 925:. For example, a spouse may be willing to donate a kidney to their partner but cannot since there is not a biological match. The willing spouse's kidney is donated to a matching recipient who also has an incompatible but willing spouse. The second donor must match the first recipient to complete the pair exchange. Typically the surgeries are scheduled simultaneously in case one of the donors decides to back out and the couples are kept anonymous from each other until after the transplant. Paired-donor exchange, led by work in the 1067:. In 2007, two major European conferences recommended against the sale of organs. Recent development of websites and personal advertisements for organs among listed candidates has raised the stakes when it comes to the selling of organs, and have also sparked significant ethical debates over directed donation, "good-Samaritan" donation, and the current US organ allocation policy. Bioethicist Jacob M. Appel has argued that organ solicitation on billboards and the internet may actually increase the overall supply of organs. 823:

potential pool of donors as demand for transplants continues to grow. Prior to the legal recognition of brain death in the 1980s, all deceased organ donors had died of circulatory death. These organs have inferior outcomes to organs from a brain-dead donor. For instance, patients who underwent liver transplantation using donation-after-circulatory-death allografts have been shown to have significantly lower graft survival than those from donation-after-brain-death allografts due to biliary complications and

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probably because they were contracted within three weeks before the donor's death, so antibodies would not have existed in high enough numbers to detect. The crisis has caused many to call for more sensitive screening tests, which could pick up antibodies sooner. Currently, the screens cannot detect the small number of antibodies produced in HIV infections within the last 90 days or Hepatitis C infections within the last 18–21 days before a donation is made.

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suddenly collapsed and died. It was assumed that she died from an acute electrolyte disturbance. At autopsy, the kidneys had not been rejected nor was there any other obvious cause of death. One source states this patient died from pneumonia. Tom Starzl and his team in Colorado used baboon kidneys with six human patients who lived one or two months, but with no longer term survivors. Others in the United States and France had limited experiences.

914: 9561: 9571: 1186: 2528:. Despite these efforts, illegal organ trafficking continues to thrive and can be attributed to corruption in healthcare systems, which has been traced as high up as the doctors themselves in China and Ukraine, and the blind eye economically strained governments and health care programs must sometimes turn to organ trafficking. Some organs are also shipped to Uganda and the Netherlands. This was a main product in the 9551: 1899:. Fourteen of his patients were dead within six months. By 1984 two-thirds of all heart transplant patients survived for five years or more. With organ transplants becoming commonplace, limited only by donors, surgeons moved on to riskier fields, including multiple-organ transplants on humans and whole-body transplant research on animals. On 9 March 1981, the first successful heart-lung transplant took place at 1532: 9541: 2690:

stage, but shows great promise in alleviating the long waiting lists for organ transplants and the number of people in need of transplants outweighs the amount of organs donated. Trials are being done to prevent the pig organ transplant to enter a clinical trial phase until the potential disease transfer from pigs to humans can be safely and satisfactorily managed (Isola & Gordon, 1991).

456:" kidney is transplanted into one of the other recipients, whose donor in turn donates his or her kidney to an unrelated recipient. This method allows all organ recipients to get a transplant even if their living donor is not a match for them. This further benefits people below any of these recipients on waiting lists, as they move closer to the top of the list for a deceased-donor organ. 1582:

particular symptoms that we today have learned to associate with a lack of thyroid hormone. Kocher reversed these symptoms by implanting thyroid tissue to these people and thus performed the first organ transplant. In the following years Kocher and other surgeons used thyroid transplantation also to treat thyroid deficiency that appeared spontaneously, without a preceding organ removal.

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determined by autopsy, 90% of the synthetic windpipe had come loose. He allegedly made several trips to see Macchiarini for his complications, and at one point had surgery again to have his synthetic windpipe replaced, but Macchiarini was notoriously difficult to get an appointment with. According to the autopsy, the old synthetic windpipe did not appear to have been replaced.

429:(CF), where both lungs need to be replaced, it is a technically easier operation with a higher rate of success to replace both the heart and lungs of the recipient with those of the donor. As the recipient's original heart is usually healthy, it can then be transplanted into a second recipient in need of a heart transplant, thus making the person with CF a living heart donor. 797:

meaning they can be "banked." Also, more than 60 grafts may be obtained from a single tissue donor. Because of these three factors – the ability to recover from a non-heart-beating donor, the ability to bank tissue, and the number of grafts available from each donor – tissue transplants are much more common than organ transplants. The

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these add additional cost and logistical complexity to the organ retrieval, preservation and transplant process, but early results suggest it may well be worth it. Hypothermic perfusion is in clinical use for transplantation of kidneys and liver whilst normothermic perfusion has been used effectively in the heart, lung, liver and, less so, in the kidney.

1438:, nearly 35,000 organ transplants were done in 2017, a 3.4 percent increase over 2016. About 18 percent of these were from living donors – people who gave one kidney or a part of their liver to someone else. But 115,000 Americans remain on waiting lists for organ transplants. By September 2022, the US had reached one million organ transplants overall. 987:

donor's motive, so altruistic donation is not a requirement. Some people choose to do this out of a personal need to donate. Some donate to the next person on the list; others use some method of choosing a recipient based on criteria important to them. Websites are being developed that facilitate such donation. Over half of the members of the

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100 people, mostly women, sold their kidneys for 40,000–60,000 rupees ($ 900–1,350). Thilakavathy Agatheesh, 30, who sold a kidney in May 2005 for 40,000 rupees said, "I used to earn some money selling fish but now the post-surgery stomach cramps prevent me from going to work." Most kidney sellers say that selling their kidney was a mistake.

978:. Surgical teams led by Johns Hopkins continue to pioneer this field with more complex chains of exchange, such as an eight-way multihospital kidney exchange. In December 2009, a 13 organ 13 recipient matched kidney exchange took place, coordinated through Georgetown University Hospital and Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC. 2626:. There is also a powerful opposing view, that trade in organs, if properly and effectively regulated to ensure that the seller is fully informed of all the consequences of donation, is a mutually beneficial transaction between two consenting adults, and that prohibiting it would itself be a violation of Articles 3 and 29 of the 2399: 2665:

3,000 ventricular assist devices were inserted in the United States, as compared to approximately 2,500 heart transplants. The use of airbags in cars as well as greater use of helmets by bicyclists and skiers has reduced the number of persons with fatal head injuries, which is a common source of donors hearts.

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Transplantation rates also differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with people beginning long term dialysis showed that the sociodemographic barriers to renal transplantation present themselves even before patients are on the transplant list. For example, different groups express definite

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According to former Chinese Deputy Minister of Health, Huang Jiefu, the practice of transplanting organs from executed prisoners is still occurring as of February 2017. World Journal reported Huang had admitted approximately 95% of all organs used for transplantation are from executed prisoners.

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There have been concerns that certain authorities are harvesting organs from people deemed undesirable, such as prison populations. The World Medical Association stated that prisoners and other individuals in custody are not in a position to give consent freely, and therefore their organs must not be

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by James Stacey Taylor: (Ashgate Press, 2005), advocate using markets to increase the supply of organs available for transplantation. In a 2004 journal article economist Alex Tabarrok argues that allowing organ sales, and elimination of organ donor lists will increase supply, lower costs and diminish

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An isograft is a subset of allograft in which organs or tissues are transplanted from a donor to a genetically identical recipient (such as an identical twin). Isografts are differentiated from other types of transplants because while they are anatomically identical to allografts, they do not trigger

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issues, including the definition of death, when and how consent should be given for an organ to be transplanted, and payment for organs for transplantation. Other ethical issues include transplantation tourism (medical tourism) and more broadly the socio-economic context in which organ procurement or

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examined the impact of direct consent laws on transplant organ availability. Tabarrok found that social pressures resisting the use of transplant organs decreased over time as the opportunity of individual decisions increased. Tabarrok concluded his study suggesting that gradual elimination of organ

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In the United States, tissue transplants are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which sets strict regulations on the safety of the transplants, primarily aimed at the prevention of the spread of communicable disease. Regulations include criteria for donor screening and testing as

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Organ donation is possible after cardiac death in some situations, primarily when the person is severely brain-injured and not expected to survive without artificial breathing and mechanical support. Independent of any decision to donate, a person's next-of-kin may decide to end artificial support.

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According to information uncovered by the Swedish documentary "Dokument Inifrån: Experimenten" (Swedish: "Documents from the Inside: The Experiments") the patient, Andemariam went on to develop an increasingly terrible and eventually bloody cough to dying, incubated, in the hospital. At that point,

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or exploit the poor, to have unintended health consequences, and to provide unequal access to services, all of which ultimately may cause harm. Regardless of the "gift of life", in the context of developing countries, this might be coercive. The practice of coercion could be considered exploitative

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has taken place since the 1960s, and China has one of the largest transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year by 2004. Organ donation, however, is against Chinese tradition and culture, and involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law. China's transplant

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estimates 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008. However 2016 reports updated the death toll of the 15-year period since the persecution of Falun Gong began putting the death toll at 150,000 to 1.5 million. In December 2006, after not getting assurances from

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MMX Bioprinter for 3D bioprinting. Organovo anticipates that the bioprinting of human tissues will accelerate the preclinical drug testing and discovery process, enabling treatments to be created more quickly and at lower cost. Additionally, Organovo has long-term expectations that this technology

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In May 2008, two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their requests for "the Chinese government to fully explain the allegation of taking vital organs from Falun Gong practitioners and the source of organs for the sudden increase in organ transplants that has been going on in China since

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conference. Pakistani donors are offered $ 2,500 for a kidney but receive only about half of that because middlemen take so much. In Chennai, southern India, poor fishermen and their families sold kidneys after their livelihoods were destroyed by the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004. About

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An example of "line jumping" occurred in 2003 at Duke University when doctors attempted to correct an initially incorrect transplant. An American teenager received a heart-lung donation with the wrong blood type for her. She then received a second transplant even though she was then in such poor

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A further area of active research is concerned with improving and assessing organs during their preservation. Various techniques have emerged which show great promise, most of which involve perfusing the organ under either hypothermic (4–10 °C) or normothermic (37 °C) conditions. All of

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Left ventricular assist devices are often used as a "bridge" to provide additional time while a patient waits for a transplant. For example, former US vice-president Dick Cheney had such a device implanted in 2010 and then 20 months later received a heart transplant in 2012. In year 2012, about

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24 states have no law preventing discrimination against potential organ recipients based on cognitive ability, including children. A 2008 study found that of the transplant centers surveyed in those states 85 percent considered disability when deciding transplant list and forty four percent would

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has had difficulty tracking the flourishing organ black market in their country, but in recent times it has amended its organ transplant law to make punishment more stringent for commercial dealings in organs. It has also included new clauses in the law to support deceased organ donation, such as

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Both developing and developed countries have forged various policies to try to increase the safety and availability of organ transplants to their citizens. However, whilst potential recipients in developing countries may mirror their more developed counterparts in desperation, potential donors in

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being simultaneously transferred through an organ transplant. The donor was a 38-year-old male, considered "high-risk" by donation organizations, and his organs transmitted HIV and Hepatitis C to four organ recipients. Experts say that the reason the diseases did not show up on screening tests is

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In Cyprus in 2010, police closed a fertility clinic under charges of trafficking in human eggs. The Petra Clinic, as it was known locally, brought in women from Ukraine and Russia for egg harvesting and sold the genetic material to foreign fertility tourists. This sort of reproductive trafficking

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One of the more publicized cases of this type was the 1994 Chester and Patti Szuber transplant. This was the first time that a parent had received a heart donated by one of their own children. Although the decision to accept the heart from his recently killed child was not an easy decision, the

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Experiencing somewhat increased popularity, but still very rare, is directed or targeted donation, in which the family of a deceased donor (often honoring the wishes of the deceased) requests an organ be given to a specific person, subverting the allocation system. In the United States, there are

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In living donors, the donor remains alive and donates a renewable tissue, cell, or fluid (e.g., blood, skin), or donates an organ or part of an organ in which the remaining organ can regenerate or take on the workload of the rest of the organ (primarily single kidney donation, partial donation of

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Tissues may be recovered from donors who die of either brain or circulatory death. In general, tissues may be recovered from donors up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. In contrast to organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years,

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which had led to a dangerously abnormal rhythm. The dual operations required three surgical teams, including one to remove the heart and lungs from a recently deceased initial donor. The two living recipients did well and had an opportunity to meet six weeks after their simultaneous operations.

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In a 2016 case at Stanford Medical Center, a woman who was needing a heart-lung transplant had cystic fibrosis which had led to one lung expanding and the other shrinking, thereby displacing her heart. The second patient who in turn received her heart was a woman with right ventricular dysplasia

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Nasralla, David; Coussios, Constantin C.; Mergental, Hynek; Akhtar, M. Zeeshan; Butler, Andrew J.; Ceresa, Carlo D. L.; Chiocchia, Virginia; Dutton, Susan J.; García-Valdecasas, Juan Carlos; Heaton, Nigel; Imber, Charles; Jassem, Wayel; Jochmans, Ina; Karani, John; Knight, Simon R.; Kocabayoglu,

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edited and with chapters by David K.C. Cooper, Ejvind Kemp, Keith Reemtsma, and D.J.G. White; Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991. Please see Case 2 on page 19 for discussion of the 1964 case of the 23-year-old school teacher who lived nine months after receiving a transplant of

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and his colleagues at Tulane University in New Orleans attempted transplants of chimpanzee kidneys into 13 human patients. Most of these patients only lived one to two months. However, in 1964, a 23-year-old woman lived for nine months and even returned to her job as a school teacher until she

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to an extent that he was able to remove the whole organ without the person dying from the operation. Kocher carried out the total removal of the organ in some cases as a measure to prevent recurrent goiter. By 1883, the surgeon noticed that the complete removal of the organ leads to a complex of

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the donor rate is 40–100 per million per year, similar to that of developed countries. However, in Uruguay, Cuba, and Chile, 90% of organ transplants came from cadaveric donors. Cadaveric donors represent 35% of donors in Saudi Arabia. There is continuous effort to increase the utilization of

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Organ donors may be living or may have died of brain death or circulatory death. Most deceased donors are those who have been pronounced brain dead. Brain dead means the cessation of brain function, typically after receiving an injury (either traumatic or pathological) to the brain, or otherwise

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Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation emerges as a notable concern in pediatric liver transplantation, potentially influencing both graft and recipient health. HHV-6, prevalent in a substantial portion of the population, can manifest in liver transplant recipients with inherited chromosomally

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Another area of research being explored is the use of genetically engineered animals for transplants. Similar to human organ donors, scientists have developed a genetically engineered pig with the aim of reducing rejection to pig organs by human patients. This is currently at the basic research

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inhibitors, and other means of weaning drugs based on patient outcome and function. While short-term outcomes appear promising, long-term outcomes are still unknown, and in general, reduced immunosuppression increases the risk of rejection and decreases the risk of infection. The risk of early

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Good Samaritan or "altruistic" donation is giving a donation to someone that has no prior affiliation with the donor. The idea of altruistic donation is to give with no interest of personal gain, it is out of pure selflessness. On the other hand, the current allocation system does not assess a

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titers are 1:4 or below, and if there is no matching ABOc recipient. Studies have shown that the period under which a recipient may undergo ABOi transplantation may be prolonged by exposure to nonself A and B antigens. Furthermore, should the recipient (for example, type B-positive with a type

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Because very young children (generally under 12 months, but often as old as 24 months) do not have a well-developed immune system, it is possible for them to receive organs from otherwise incompatible donors. This is known as ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation. Graft survival and people's

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Starting on 1 May 2007, doctors involved in commercial trade of organs will face fines and suspensions in China. Only a few certified hospitals will be allowed to perform organ transplants in order to curb illegal transplants. Harvesting organs without donor's consent was also deemed a crime.

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surgeon Dr. Peter Vasil'evič Kolesnikov. The donor was a convicted murderer, one Ilija Krajan, whose death sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment, and he was led to believe that it was done because he had donated his testis to an elderly medical doctor. Both the donor and the receiver

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In addition to the citizens waiting for organ transplants in the US and other developed nations, there are long waiting lists in the rest of the world. More than 2 million people need organ transplants in China, 50,000 waiting in Latin America (90% of whom are waiting for kidneys), as well as

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Matevossian E, Kern H, Hüser N, Doll D, Snopok Y, Nährig J, Altomonte J, Sinicina I, Friess H, Thorban S (December 2009). "Surgeon Yurii Voronoy (1895–1961) – a pioneer in the history of clinical transplantation: in memoriam at the 75th anniversary of the first human kidney transplantation".

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or other mechanical mechanisms until they can be excised for transplantation. Apart from brainstem-dead donors, who have formed the majority of deceased donors for the last 20 years, there is increasing use of after-circulatory-death donors (formerly non-heart-beating donors) to increase the

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Thyroid transplantation became the model for a whole new therapeutic strategy: organ transplantation. After the example of the thyroid, other organs were transplanted in the decades around 1900. Some of these transplants were done in animals for purposes of research, where organ removal and

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to non-human primate) transplant of pancreatic islets. The latter research study was intended to pave the way for potential human use if successful. However, xenotransplantation is often an extremely dangerous type of transplant because of the increased risk of non-functional compatibility,

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Ejzenberg, Dani; Andraus, Wellington; Baratelli Carelli Mendes, Luana Regina; Ducatti, Liliana; Song, Alice; Tanigawa, Ryan; Rocha-Santos, Vinicius; Macedo Arantes, Rubens; Soares, José Maria; Serafini, Paulo Cesar; Bertocco de Paiva Haddad, Luciana; Pulcinelli Francisco, Rossana; Carneiro

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Many countries have different approaches to organ donation such as the opt-out approach and many advertisements of organ donors, encouraging people to donate. Although these laws have been implemented in a certain country they are not forced upon everyone as it is an individual decision.

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Bernat, James L.; Capron, Alexander M.; Bleck, Thomas P.; Blosser, Sandralee; Bratton, Susan L.; Childress, James F.; DeVita, Michael A.; Fulda, Gerard J.; Gries, Cynthia J.; Mathur, Mudit; Nakagawa, Thomas A.; Rushton, Cynda Hylton; Shemie, Sam D.; White, Douglas B. (March 2010). "The

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as the recipient. Washkansky survived for eighteen days amid what many saw as a distasteful publicity circus. The media interest prompted a spate of heart transplants. Over a hundred were performed in 1968–1969, but almost all the people died within 60 days. Barnard's second patient,

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Limited success has been achieved in ABO-incompatible heart transplants in adults, though this requires that the adult recipients have low levels of anti-A or anti-B antibodies. Renal transplantation is more successful, with similar long-term graft survival rates to ABOc transplants.

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approve and advocate a legal market elsewhere. They argued that if 0.06% of Americans between 19 and 65 were to sell one kidney, the national waiting list would disappear (which, the Economist wrote, happened in Iran). The Economist argued that donating kidneys is no more risky than

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In an experimental survey, Elias, Lacetera and Macis (2019) find that preferences for compensation for kidney donors have strong moral foundations; participants in the experiment especially reject direct payments by patients, which they find would violate principles of fairness.

943:. A paired exchange is the simplest case of a much larger exchange registry program where willing donors are matched with any number of compatible recipients. Transplant exchange programs have been suggested as early as 1970: "A cooperative kidney typing and exchange program." 938:

article "Ethics of a paired-kidney-exchange program" in 1997 by L.F. Ross. It was also proposed by Felix T. Rapport in 1986 as part of his initial proposals for live-donor transplants "The case for a living emotionally related international kidney donor exchange registry" in

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This term also refers to a series of living donor transplants in which one donor donates to the highest recipient on the waiting list and the transplant center utilizes that donation to facilitate multiple transplants. These other transplants are otherwise impossible due to

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These institutes all call upon Muslims to donate organs for transplantation:the Shariah Academy of the Organisation of Islamic Conference (representing all Muslim countries), the Grand Ulema Council of Saudi Arabia, the Iranian Religious Authority, the Al-Azhar Academy of

266:, nerves and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed by the liver and then the heart. Corneae and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. 1162:

the Chinese government about allegations relating to Chinese prisoners, the two major organ transplant hospitals in Queensland, Australia stopped transplantation training for Chinese surgeons and banned joint research programs into organ transplantation with China.

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at the age of 18, which is around the age of military conscription. The Organ Donor Registry maintains two types of information, firstly people of Singapore that donate their organs or bodies for transplantation, research or education upon their death, under the

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Living related donors donate to family members or friends in whom they have an emotional investment. The risk of surgery is offset by the psychological benefit of not losing someone related to them, or not seeing them suffer the ill effects of waiting on a list.

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Peri; Malagò, Massimo; Mirza, Darius; Morris, Peter J.; Pallan, Arvind; Paul, Andreas; Pavel, Mihai; Perera, M. Thamara P. R.; Pirenne, Jacques; Ravikumar, Reena; Russell, Leslie; Upponi, Sara; Watson, Chris J. E.; Weissenbacher, Annemarie; et al. (2018).

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well as strict regulations on the processing and distribution of tissue grafts. Organ transplants are not regulated by the FDA. It is essential that the HLA complexes of both the donor and recipient be as closely matched as possible to prevent graft rejection.

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rejection, and disease carried in the tissue. In the opposite direction, attempts are being made to devise a way to transplant human fetal hearts and kidneys into animals for future transplantation into human patients to address the shortage of donor organs.

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and kidney. By 1900, the idea that one can successfully treat internal diseases by replacing a failed organ through transplantation had been generally accepted. Pioneering work in the surgical technique of transplantation was made in the early 1900s by the

4726: 2654:, in Sweden performed the first implantation of a synthetic trachea in July 2011, for a 36-year-old patient who had cancer. Stem cells taken from the patient's hip were treated with growth factors and incubated on a plastic replica of his natural trachea. 1032:

In the illegal black market the donors may not get sufficient after-operation care, the price of a kidney may be above $ 160,000, middlemen take most of the money, the operation is more dangerous to both the donor and receiver, and the receiver often gets

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in fear of organ traffickers. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent. However, doctors in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, have accused China of abusing its

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believe body desecration in life or death to be forbidden, and thus many reject organ transplant. However most Muslim authorities nowadays accept the practice if another life will be saved. As an example, it may be assumed in countries such as

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Even within developed countries there is concern that enthusiasm for increasing the supply of organs may trample on respect for the right to life. The question is made even more complicated by the fact that the "irreversibility" criterion for

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In most countries there is a shortage of suitable organs for transplantation. Countries often have formal systems in place to manage the process of determining who is an organ donor and in what order organ recipients receive available organs.

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If the person is expected to expire within a short period of time after support is withdrawn, arrangements can be made to withdraw that support in an operating room to allow quick recovery of the organs after circulatory death has occurred.

861:, or UNOS. (UNOS does not handle donor cornea tissue; corneal donor tissue is usually handled by multiple eye banks with guidance from the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Individual regional 7654:

Richards, Christopher T.; Crawley, LaVera M.; Magnus, David (November 2009). "Use of neurodevelopmental delay in pediatric solid organ transplant listing decisions: Inconsistencies in standards across major pediatric transplant centers".

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In Pakistan, 40 percent to 50 percent of the residents of some villages have only one kidney because they have sold the other for a transplant into a wealthy person, probably from another country, said Dr. Farhat Moazam of Pakistan, at a

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Non-vascular and vascular complications can occur in the initial post-transplant phase and at later stages. Overall postoperative complications after kidney transplantation occur in approximately 12% to 25% of kidney transplant patients.

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various lengths of waiting times due to the different availabilities of organs in different UNOS regions. In other countries such as the UK, only medical factors and the position on the waiting list can affect who receives the organ.

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Cyranoski, David; Gaind, Nisha; Gibney, Elizabeth; Masood, Ehsan; Maxmen, Amy; Reardon, Sara; Schiermeier, Quirin; Tollefson, Jeff; Witze, Alexandra (19 December 2019). "Nature's 10: Ten people who mattered in science in 2019".

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Autografts are the transplant of tissue to the same person. Sometimes this is done with surplus tissue, tissue that can regenerate, or tissues more desperately needed elsewhere (examples include skin grafts, vein extraction for

273:, or dead via circulatory death. Tissue may be recovered from donors who die of circulatory death, as well as of brain death – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of 1846:

The heart was a major prize for transplant surgeons. But over and above rejection issues, the heart deteriorates within minutes of death, so any operation would have to be performed at great speed. The development of the

6775:, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Bruce Coleman, 13 May 2013. " ... Rowland Medical Library ... restored film in canister No. 97 ... footage of Hardy's initial lung transplant follows – in vivid color. . " 494:

mortality are approximately the same between ABOi and ABO-compatible (ABOc) recipients. While focus has been on infant heart transplants, the principles generally apply to other forms of solid organ transplantation.

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Oberholzer J, Giulianotti P, Danielson KK, Spaggiari M, Bejarano-Pineda L, Bianco F, Tzvetanov I, Ayloo S, Jeon H, Garcia-Roca R, Thielke J, Tang I, Akkina S, Becker B, Kinzer K, Patel A, Benedetti E (March 2013).

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Yacoub, M. H.; Banner, N. R.; Khaghani, A.; Fitzgerald, M.; Madden, B.; Tsang, V.; Radley-Smith, R.; Hodson, M. (1990). "Heart-lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis and subsequent domino heart transplantation".

6832:' . . made no mention of the fact that an animal heart might be used for the procedure. Such was the medicolegal situation at that time that this "informed" consent was not considered in any way inadequate. . . ' 5628: 1918:

make transplants more common, the need for more organs has become critical. Transplants from living donors, especially relatives, have become increasingly common. Additionally, there is substantive research into

5592: 1667:, various strategies of matching donor and recipient, and the use of different agents for immune suppression did not result in substantial improvement so that organ transplantation was largely abandoned after 1166:

the year 2000". People in other parts of the world are responding to this availability of organs, and a number of individuals (including US and Japanese citizens) have elected to travel to China or India as

1024:

In compensated donation, donors get money or other compensation in exchange for their organs. This practice is common in some parts of the world, whether legal or not, and is one of the many factors driving

6046: 3847:

Verloh, Niklas; Doppler, Michael; Hagar, Muhammad Taha; Kulka, Charlotte; von Krüchten, Ricarda; Neubauer, Jakob; Weiß, Jakob; Röthele, Elvira; Schneider, Johanna; Jänigen, Bernd; Uller, Wibke (June 2023).

7848: 5212: 2519:

making it mandatory to request for organ donation in case of brain death. Other countries victimized by illegal organ trade have also implemented legislative reactions. Moldova has made international

4224:, Cory Franklin, 5 March 2003. " . . While other physicians pledge to do their utmost to help the patient in front of them, transplant surgeons must pursue the optimal use of a scarce resource, . . " 3822: 3556:

Tydén, G., Hagerman, I., Grinnemo, K.-H., Svenarud, P., van der Linden, J., Kumlien, G., Wernerson, A. (2012). "Intentional ABO-incompatible heart transplantation: a case report of 2 adult patients".

1090:

Iran has had a legal market for kidneys since 1988. The donor is paid approximately US$ 1200 by the government and also usually receives additional funds from either the recipient or local charities.

1590:

in 1909 for the discovery of the function of the thyroid gland. At the same time, organs were also transplanted for treating diseases in humans. The thyroid gland became the model for transplants of

1153:

stated, "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and "we believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling

7050: 1497:. Most accounts have the saints performing the transplant in the 4th century, many decades after their deaths; some accounts have them only instructing living surgeons who performed the procedure. 1185: 6016: 4040:

Ledinh, H.; Bonvoisin, C.; Weekers, L.; de Roover, A.; Honoré, P.; Squifflet, J.P.; Meurisse, M.; Detry, O. (September 2010). "Results of Kidney Transplantation From Donors After Cardiac Death".

3125: 1382:. Due to a diversity in mindsets and religious viewpoints, while Muslims on this island are generally not expected to donate their organs even upon death, youth in Singapore are educated on the 810:

liver, lung lobe, small bowel). Regenerative medicine may one day allow for laboratory-grown organs, using person's own cells via stem cells, or healthy cells extracted from the failing organs.

6906:, edited by Giuseppe Orlando, Giuseppe Remuzzi, David F. Williams, "Ch. 84.5 Xenotransplantation" by Kazuhiko Yamada, Masayuki Tasaki, Adam Griesemar, Jigesh Shah, London: Academic Press, 2017. 195:

is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may be transported from a

4630: 2432:

2018: Skin gun invented, which takes a small amount of healthy skin to be grown in a lab, then is sprayed onto burnt skin. This way skin will heal in days instead of months and will not scar.

1417:

removed from the corpses of executed criminals being commercially traded. In 2006 it became clear that about 41,500 organs had been sourced from Falun Gong practitioners in China since 2000.

444:

that damages other organs. The recipient's liver can then be transplanted into an older person for whom the effects of the disease will not necessarily contribute significantly to mortality.

404:

A xenograft is a transplant of organs or tissue from one species to another. An example is porcine heart valve transplant, which is quite common and successful. Another example is attempted

297:

to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through

5698: 1431:

interest and complete pretransplant workup at different rates. Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies had focused on people currently on the transplantation waiting list.

4191: 5549:"Average number of Falun Gong in Laogai System at any given time" Low estimate 450,000, High estimate 1,000,000 p. 320. "Best estimate of Falun Gong harvested 2000 to 2008" 65,000 p. 322. 7395:"University of Maryland School of Medicine Faculty Scientists and Clinicians Perform Historic First Successful Transplant of Porcine Heart into Adult Human with End-Stage Heart Disease" 472:

have received significant attention for pioneering transplants of this kind. In February 2012, the last link in a record 60-person domino chain of 30 kidney transplants was completed.

7771: 3681:

Hannolainen, Leo; Pyöriä, Lari; Pratas, Diogo; Lohi, Jouko; Skuja, Sandra; Rasa-Dzelzkaleja, Santa; Murovska, Modra; Hedman, Klaus; Jahnukainen, Timo; Perdomo, Maria Fernanda (2024).

1524:, offering the first suggestion of rejection centuries before that mechanism could possibly be understood. He attributed it to the "force and power of individuality" in his 1596 work 1060: 5608: 1052:

could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($ 15,000) and human livers ($ 32,000).

6147: 3889:

Sibai, Rayan El; Freedman, Sari R.; Gatz, J. David (May 2023). "A Narrative Review of the Evaluation and Management of Liver Transplant Complications in the Emergency Department".

2333:

2008: First baby born from transplanted ovary. The transplant was carried out by Dr Sherman Silber at the Infertility Centre of St Louis in Missouri. The donor is her twin sister.

1375: 6916:

Stabzl, T. E.; Marchioro, T. L.; Peters, G. N.; Kiekpatrick, C. H.; Wilson, W. E. C.; Porter, K. A.; Rifkind, D.; Ogden, D. A.; Hitchcock, C. R.; Waddell, W. R. (November 1964).

6903: 6772: 1957:

promises to solve the problem of organ transplant rejection by regrowing organs in the lab, using person's own cells (stem cells or healthy cells extracted from the donor site).

7006:

Hardy James D., Chavez Carlos M., Kurrus Fred D., Neely William A., Eraslan Sadan, Turner M. Don, Fabian Leonard W., Labecki Thaddeus D. (1964). "Heart Transplantation in Man".

3510:

Fan X, Ang A, Pollock-Barziv SM, Dipchand AI, Ruiz P, Wilson G, Platt JL, West LJ (2004). "Donor-specific B-cell tolerance after ABO-incompatible infant heart transplantation".

5766:"Compliance with ethical standards in the reporting of donor sources and ethics review in peer-reviewed publications involving organ transplantation in China: a scoping review" 343:

is used to replace a more proximal one; typically a foot or ankle joint is used to replace a knee joint. The person's foot is severed and reversed, the knee removed, and the

6842:

Reemtsma, Keith; McCracken, B. H.; Schlegel, J. U.; Pearl, M. A.; Pearce, C. W.; DeWitt, C. W.; Smith, P. E.; Hewitt, R. L.; Flinner, R. L.; Creech, Oscar (September 1964).

3609: 1941:

Recently, researchers have been looking into means of reducing the general burden of immunosuppression. Common approaches include avoidance of steroids, reduced exposure to

1461:

Several apocryphal accounts of transplants exist well prior to the scientific understanding and advancements that would be necessary for them to have actually occurred. The

1021:(minimal reimbursement is offered in the case of other forms of organ harvesting by Singapore). Kidney disease organizations in both countries have expressed their support. 3776:

D'Albuquerque, Luiz Augusto; Chada Baracat, Edmund (December 2018). "Livebirth after uterus transplantation from a deceased donor in a recipient with uterine infertility".

827:. However, given the scarcity of suitable organs and the number of people who die waiting, any potentially suitable organ must be considered. Jurisdictions with medically 6453: 5363: 1392: 1383: 476: 6072: 5625: 7505: 7005: 5583: 5816:

White, SL; Hirth, R; Mahíllo, B; Domínguez-Gil, B; Delmonico, FL; Noel, L; Chapman, J; Matesanz, R; Carmona, M; Alvarez, M; Núñez, JR; Leichtman, A (1 November 2014).

2575:

donation restrictions and move to a free market in organ sales will increase supply of organs and encourage broader social acceptance of organ donation as a practice.

7242:

Hu, W; Lu, J; Zhang, L; Wu, W; Nie, H; Zhu, Y; Deng, Z; Zhao, Y; Sheng, W; Chao, Q; Qiu, X; Yang, J; Bai, Y (2006). "A preliminary report of penile transplantation".

1347:

cadaveric donors in Asia; however, the popularity of living, single kidney donors in India yields a cadaveric donor prevalence of less than 1 per million population.

4458: 3177: 6890: 6050: 1736:

survived, but charges were brought in a court of law by the public prosecutor against Dr. Kolesnikov, not for performing the operation, but for lying to the donor.

1674:

In 1954, the first ever successful transplant of any organ was done at the Brigham & Women's Hospital in Boston. The surgery was performed by American surgeon

7944:

Isola, L. M., & Gordon, J. W. (1991). Transgenic animals: a new era in developmental biology and medicine. Biotechnology (Reading, Mass.), 16, 3–20.

6350: 2445:

2022: First successful heart transplant from a pig to a human patient. (US) The recipient later died as the pig's heart was infected with porcine cytomegalovirus.

2046:

1964: Human patient lived nine months with chimpanzee kidneys, twelve other human patients only lived one to two months, Keith Reemtsma and team (New Orleans, US)

8454: 5220: 3196: 2505:

is now being done by many organ procurement organizations and is able to detect HIV and hepatitis C directly within seven to ten days of exposure to the virus.

7376: 5522: 5336: 3076: 752:

Pancreatic transplantation is a complex surgical procedure performed in patients with severe chronic diabetes, often in association with renal transplantation.

373:

will identify the organ as foreign and attempt to destroy it, causing transplant rejection. The risk of transplant rejection can be estimated by measuring the

289:

Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of

4234: 3813: 5542: 2520: 7506:

Len O, Garzoni C, Lumbreras C, Molina I, Meije Y, Pahissa A, Grossi P; The ESCMID Study Group of Infection in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) (29 January 2014).

755:

Heart transplantation is increasingly performed in patients with end-stage heart failure, most often related to ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies.

7827: 6679:

Hardy, James D.; Webb, Watts R.; Dalton, Martin L.; Walker, George R. (21 December 1963). "Lung Homotransplantation in Man: Report of the Initial Case".

6020: 5764:

Rogers, Wendy; Robertson, Matthew P; Ballantyne, Angela; Blakely, Brette; Catsanos, Ruby; Clay-Williams, Robyn; Fiatarone Singh, Maria (February 2019).

929:

as well as at Johns Hopkins University and the Ohio organ procurement organizations, may more efficiently allocate organs and lead to more transplants.

7121: 5415: 3129: 2540: 1391:(MTERA), and secondly people that object to the removal of kidneys, liver, heart and corneas upon death for the purpose of transplantation, under the 3463:"Impact of ABO-Incompatible Listing on Wait-List Outcomes Among Infants Listed for Heart Transplantation in the United States: A Propensity Analysis" 3420:

Urschel S, Larsen IM, Kirk R, Flett J, Burch M, Shaw N, Birnbaum J, Netz H, Pahl E, Matthews KL, Chinnock R, Johnston JK, Derkatz K, West LJ (2013).

1863:

heart, which beat in his patient's chest for approximately one hour and then failed. The first partial success was achieved on 3 December 1967, when

749:

Liver transplantation is the only curative therapy for end-stage liver disease, and the liver is the second most frequently transplanted solid organ.

7508:"Recommendations for Screening of Donor and Recipient Prior to Solid Organ Transplantation and to Minimize Transmission of Donor-Derived Infections" 6094: 5251: 3044: 7547: 7033: 5706: 4176: 3591: 3321: 3266: 8047: 6751:, Jayashree Sood, Vijay Vohra, New Delhi, London, Panama City, Philadelphia: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing, 2014, page 4, "Lung Transplant." 2552: 1744: 5434: 2872: 8690: 2852: 1713:. In 1962, the first successful replantation surgery was performed – re-attaching a severed limb and restoring (limited) function and feeling. 6748: 2677:, designs and develops functional, three dimensional human tissue for medical research and therapeutic applications. The company utilizes its 1697:. Among his advances was the tubed pedicle graft, which maintained a flesh connection from the donor site until the graft established its own 1450:

have a relatively long history of operative skills that were present long before the necessities for post-operative survival were discovered.

5951: 1938:. However, there are still many problems that would need to be solved before they would be feasible options in people requiring transplants. 1388: 850: 542:. As of January 2014, over 100 people who would otherwise have been turned down because of their weight have successfully been transplanted. 369:. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. Due to the genetic difference between the organ and the recipient, the recipient's 332: 7775: 7124:, EBMT Meeting, France, March 2007 C. Paillet, Pharmacist, Pharm D. C. Renzullo, Pharmacist, Pharm D. Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France 6511:

Androutsos, G.; Diamantis, A.; Vladimiros, L. (2008). "The first leg transplant for the treatment of a cancer by Saints Cosmas and Damian".

5605: 5520:"Face The Slaughter: The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem, by Ethan Gutmann" 3387: 1473:

between a man of strong spirit but weak will with one of a man of weak spirit but strong will in an attempt to achieve balance in each man.

8289: 3997:

Ackerman, Adam; Clark, David; Lipinska, Judyta; Chung, Bruce; Whiting, James (July 2019). "Organ donation after trauma: A 30-year review".

1923:, or transgenic organs; although these forms of transplant are not yet being used in humans, clinical trials involving the use of specific 7394: 6186: 5462: 2398:

2012: First simultaneous robotic bariatric surgery (sleeve gastrectomy) and kidney transplantation (university of Illinois at Chicago). (

1367:

governing body is formed to look after the interests of Singapore's Muslim community over issues that includes their burial arrangements.

7606: 2609:

concerns. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of

1552: 4755: 4610: 9060: 2487: 7583: 7481: 6116: 5865: 5560: 3555: 2833: 9401: 4878: 1056: 159: 7413: 4293:

Ross LF, Rubin DT, Siegler M, Josephson MA, Thistlethwaite JR, Woodle ES (June 1997). "Ethics of a paired-kidney-exchange program".

950:. The first complex multihospital kidney exchange involving 12 people was performed in February 2009 by The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 2661:

Macchiarini's academic credentials have been called into question and he has recently been accused of alleged research misconduct.

2403: 2152: 1814: 331:, etc.). Sometimes an autograft is done to remove the tissue and then treat it or the person before returning it (examples include 5918: 4404:

Horisberger B, Jeannet M, De Weck A, Frei PC, Grob P, Thiel G (October 1970). "A cooperative kidney typing and exchange program".

3605: 3422:"ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in early childhood: An international multicenter study of clinical experiences and limits" 3224: 9000: 8110: 6463: 3750: 1779: 5367: 5014:

Elías, Julio J.; Lacetera, Nicola; Macis, Mario (August 2019). "Paying for Kidneys? A Randomized Survey and Choice Experiment".

764:

The main complications are procedural complications, infection, acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy and malignancy.

5968: 2999: 3057: 614:(deceased-donor, which enables donation of a whole liver; and living-donor, where each donor can provide up to 70% of a liver) 7134: 6897: 6275: 4571: 4343: 2627: 2623: 2388:

2010: First full facial transplant by Dr. Joan Pere Barret and team (Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron on 26 July 2010, in

2383: 2279: 2273: 2253: 2247: 2226: 2202: 1636: 531: 340: 3058:"Mayo Clinic Performs First 'Domino' Transplant in Arizona; Rare Procedure Saves Two Lives at Once, Optimizing Organ Supply" 9300: 6380: 798: 6324: 1562:

The first transplant in the modern sense – the implantation of organ tissue in order to replace an organ function – was a

8552: 8433: 8428: 8040: 4909: 2442:

2021: First transplant of both arms and shoulders performed on an Icelandic patient at the Édouard Herriot Hospital. (FR)

1123: 3225:

West, L. J., Pollock-Barziv, S. M., Dipchand, A. I., Lee, K.-J. J., Cardella, C. J., Benson, L. N.; et al. (2001).

2459:

Since 2000, there have been approximately 2,200 lung transplants performed each year worldwide. From 2000 to 2006, the

9436: 8778: 6358: 4941: 4842:

Tober, Diane M. (September 2007). "Kidneys and Controversies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: The Case of Organ Sale".

2201:

1997: Illinois' first living donor kidney-pancreas transplant and first robotic living donor pancreatectomy in the US.

2077: 1335:

shows the highest worldwide rate of 35.1 donors per million population in 2005 and 33.8 in 2006. In 2011, it was 35.3.

1170:

to receive organ transplants which may have been sourced in what might be considered elsewhere to be unethical manner.

1013:

Monetary compensation for organ donors, in the form of reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses, has been legalised in

534:

performed the first robotic renal transplantation in an obese recipient and have continued to transplant people with a

7865: 3152: 2617:

argues that transplantations promote health, but the notion of "transplantation tourism" has the potential to violate

2073:

team led by Josep Maria Gil-Vernet and Antoni Caralps. The patient, a woman, had a very long life since the procedure.

1139: 818:

Deceased donors (formerly cadaveric) are people who have been declared brain-dead and whose organs are kept viable by

8097: 7296: 3718:

Nowogrodzki, Julian (9 September 2024). "World's first whole-eye transplant: the innovations that made it possible".

3200: 1500:

The more likely accounts of early transplants deal with skin transplantation. The first reasonable account is of the

1189:

Distribution of solid organ transplantation activity, by region used in the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2006–2011

1149:

The lack of a public organ donation program in China is used as a justification for this practice. In July 2006, the

560: 277:) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be "banked". Transplantation raises a number of 17: 6204: 5519: 5340: 4431: 8359: 8344: 8075: 7798: 5539: 5499: 4359:

Rapaport FT (June 1986). "The case for a living emotionally related international kidney donor exchange registry".

4238: 884:

Szuber family agreed that giving Patti's heart to her father would have been something that she would have wanted.

858: 824: 514:

AB-positive graft) require eventual retransplantation, the recipient may receive a new organ of either blood type.

506: 488: 7357: 4217: 3634:"Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation" 746:

Kidney transplantation is becoming increasingly common and is the preferred treatment for end-stage renal failure.

8473: 6904:

Kidney Transplantation, Bioengineering, and Regeneration: Kidney Transplantation in the Regenerative Medicine Era

5672: 2592: 1421: 1332: 1178:

Some estimates of the number of transplants performed in various regions of the world have been derived from the

934: 849:

The overwhelming majority of deceased-donor organs in the United States are allocated by federal contract to the

437: 2054: 9601: 9554: 9426: 8860: 8478: 8449: 8423: 8033: 7629: 4485: 2471: 2327: 2301: 1398: 1379: 1179: 975: 862: 469: 153: 7823: 6351:"The Bellagio Task Force Report on Transplantation, Bodily Integrity, and the International Traffic in Organs" 5914: 2891: 8354: 8334: 6539: 5879: 5673:"Patients seeking transplants turn to China / Rights activists fear organs are taken from executed prisoners" 3461:

Almond CS, Gauvreau K, Thiagarajan RR, Piercey GE, Blume ED, Smoot LB, Fynn-Thompson F, Singh TP (May 2010).

3080: 2240: 1586:

transplantation became a successful strategy of investigating the function of organs. Kocher was awarded his

1048:

and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" said that a

963: 365:

An allograft is a transplant of an organ or tissue between two genetically non-identical members of the same

7749: 5646: 5419: 5045: 4192:"An Ontario man chose a medically assisted death at home. In a world first, he was able to donate his lungs" 1782:, improved the understanding of rejection. Identifying the immune reactions in 1951, Medawar suggested that 436:

Another example of this situation occurs with a special form of liver transplant in which the recipient has

9406: 8392: 8319: 4386: 4129:"Liver Transplantation Using Donation After Cardiac Death Donors: Long-Term Follow-Up from a Single Center" 3924:

Mervak, Benjamin M.; Roseland, Molly E.; Wasnik, Ashish P. (September 2023). "Pancreatic Transplantation".

1364: 854: 530:

were not considered appropriate candidate donors for renal transplantation. In 2009, the physicians at the

7987: 7216: 620:(deceased-donor only; a very severe type of diabetes ensues if a live person's entire pancreas is removed) 9050: 8397: 5243: 3462: 2639: 2525: 2474:, a kidney transplant operation runs for around $ 70,000, liver for $ 160,000, and heart for $ 120,000. 1395:(HOTA). The Live On social awareness movement is also formed to educate Singaporeans on organ donation. 545: 9030: 8402: 8258: 8180: 7323: 5925: 5893: 5497:

An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China

3683:"Reactivation of a transplant recipient's inherited human herpesvirus 6 and implications to the graft" 2869: 2252:

2004: First liver and small bowel transplants from same living donor into same recipient in the world

1966:

1869: First skin autograft-transplantation by Carl Bunger, who documented the first modern successful

9459: 8745: 8284: 8155: 8150: 7965: 6766: 5185: 3962:

Wu, Markus Y.; Ali Khawaja, Ranish Deedar; Vargas, Daniel (September 2023). "Heart Transplantation".

3103:"Good Morning America Video on four-way domino 47674874 transplant at Northwestern Memorial Hospital" 2849: 2614: 1110: 623: 5081: 4537: 921:

A "paired-exchange" is a technique of matching willing living donors to compatible recipients using

9251: 9173: 9168: 9088: 8848: 8349: 8175: 5540:

The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem

5274: 4559: 4261: 2160: 2130: 1855:

was prepared to attempt a human heart transplant in 1964, but when a premature failure of comatose

1482: 1339:

thousands more in the less documented continent of Africa. Donor bases vary in developing nations.

926: 801:

estimates that more than one million tissue transplants take place in the United States each year.

617: 235: 55: 7063:

Haller, Maria C; Royuela, Ana; Nagler, Evi V; Pascual, Julio; Webster, Angela C (22 August 2016).

5939: 4747: 3391: 1891:

that altered transplants from research surgery to life-saving treatment. In 1968 surgical pioneer

27:

Medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient

9231: 9205: 8516: 8461: 8212: 8120: 7424: 5940:"La ONT estima en 94.500 los transplantes de órganos solidos realizados en 2006 en todo el mundo" 4808:"Human Organ Donations Under the 'Iranian Model': A Rewarding Scheme for U.S. Regulatory Reform?" 4510: 2596: 2413: 1577:. In the preceding decades Kocher had perfected the removal of excess thyroid tissue in cases of 1127: 465: 374: 302: 255: 7049:, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006, see Chapter 7 "Mississippi Gambling," 4587: 4335: 4329: 3102: 8823: 8771: 8740: 8725: 8466: 8324: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8160: 7338: 5468: 2714: 1783: 1710: 1616: 967: 951: 947: 701: 605: 593: 457: 263: 247: 243: 223: 8646: 7614: 6265: 3282:"Does ABO-incompatible and ABO-compatible neonatal heart transplant have equivalent survival?" 2315:(later reversed after 15 days due to 44-year-old recipient's wife's psychological rejection) ( 685: 479:

performed the first domino heart transplantation in a baby, eventually saving two baby girls.

211:. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called 9474: 9333: 9306: 9258: 9212: 8730: 8667: 8614: 8578: 8506: 8187: 8165: 8145: 7541: 7027: 6760: 5390: 5068: 4170: 3585: 3315: 3260: 2724: 2704: 2395:

2011: First double leg transplant by Dr. Cavadas and team (Valencia's Hospital, La Fe, Spain)

2215: 2191:

1997: First successful allogeneic vascularized transplantation of a fresh and perfused human

2040: 2033: 1954: 1896: 1852: 1810: 1064: 647: 611: 581: 239: 227: 219: 7160: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 2173:

1992: First successful combined liver-kidney transplantation from a living-related donor by

1990:

1908: First skin allograft-transplantation of skin from a donor to a recipient (Switzerland)

869:

physical shape that she normally would not be considered a good candidate for a transplant.

9494: 9454: 9321: 9135: 9130: 9110: 9045: 8897: 8537: 8294: 8170: 8135: 7956: 7905: 6486: 6124: 2830: 2729: 2610: 2602: 2181: 1931: 1818: 1756: 1656: 1508:

in the 2nd century BC, who used autografted skin transplantation in nose reconstruction, a

1451: 1150: 695: 660: 587: 290: 231: 112: 5928:

already supports our claim. This link is "dead cold" – archive.is, WayBack, WebCite, etc.)

4886: 4235:"Saved By His Daughter's Heart. Man Dying From Heart Disease Gets Gift From Late Daughter" 4077:"Donation After Cardiac Death as a Strategy to Increase Deceased Donor Liver Availability" 2622:

of the poor population, violating basic human rights according to Articles 3 and 4 of the

8: 9574: 9516: 9499: 9158: 8875: 8630: 8125: 8087: 8082: 8070: 7630:"It's Perfectly Legal in Many States to Deny People With Down Syndrome Organ Transplants" 7278: 7161:"A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: First successful kidney transplant performed" 6884: 6778: 4780: 4075:

Merion, R. M.; Pelletier, S. J.; Goodrich, N.; Englesbe, M. J.; Delmonico, F. L. (2006).

2734: 2208: 2088: 1920: 1900: 1659:, which remained insurmountable for decades. The discovery of transplant immunity by the 1517: 1447: 399: 360: 319: 7994: 7909: 6742: 6298: 5818:"The global diffusion of organ transplantation: trends, drivers and policy implications" 2246:

2000: First robotic donor nephrectomy for a living-donor kidney transplant in the world

571:

Eyeball (First successful transplantation of a non-functional eye was performed in 2024)

509:(UNOS) regulations allow for ABOi transplantation in children under two years of age if 9464: 9421: 9411: 9200: 9153: 9120: 9115: 8865: 8843: 8501: 7929: 7799:"The Celebrity Surgeon Who Used Love, Money, and the Pope to Scam an NBC News Producer" 7726: 7699: 7680: 7457: 7432: 7099: 7064: 6983: 6966: 6942: 6917: 6868: 6843: 6818: 6793: 6661: 6229: 6178: 5942:[The ONT estimated 94,500 solid organ transplants performed in 2006 worldwide] 5842: 5817: 5790: 5765: 5162: 5137: 4996: 4971:

Appel JM, Fox MD (2005). "Organ solicitation on the Internet: every man for himself?".

4859: 4668: 4158: 4101: 4092: 4076: 4053: 4022: 3658: 3633: 3535: 3487: 3361: 3336: 2975: 2950: 2829:

See WHO Guiding Principles on human cell, tissue and organ transplantation, Annexed to

2567: 2412:

2013: First successful entire face transplantation as an urgent life-saving surgery at

2337: 2196: 2106: 1864: 1848: 1097: 971: 819: 147: 7893: 7561: 6166: 3789: 3478: 1953:

Many other new drugs are under development for transplantation. The emerging field of

1512:. Success or failure of these procedures is not well documented. Centuries later, the 9560: 9534: 9416: 9386: 9365: 9328: 9311: 9226: 9190: 9180: 9075: 8995: 8939: 8902: 8887: 8828: 8795: 8764: 8735: 8715: 8710: 8609: 8511: 8263: 7921: 7731: 7672: 7668: 7529: 7462: 7259: 7104: 7019: 6988: 6947: 6933: 6873: 6859: 6823: 6731: 6727: 6696: 6692: 6653: 6649: 6520: 6435: 6271: 6234: 6170: 5947: 5900: 5873: 5847: 5795: 5746: 5318: 5167: 5118: 5000: 4988: 4863: 4709: 4704: 4687: 4660: 4567: 4413: 4368: 4339: 4310: 4150: 4145: 4128: 4106: 4057: 4026: 4014: 3979: 3941: 3906: 3871: 3854:

RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren

3793: 3731: 3700: 3663: 3573: 3527: 3492: 3443: 3366: 3303: 3248: 3027: 2980: 2931: 2812: 2776: 2709: 2651: 2515: 2502: 2341: 2001: 1915: 1860: 1835:

attempted a liver transplant in the same year, but he was not successful until 1967.

1764: 1702: 1595: 1544: 1328: 840: 711: 669: 546:

Impact of Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Reactivation on Pediatric Liver Transplantation

283: 7849:

Cheney, helped for many months by a mechanical heart, is "terrific" after transplant

7684: 6665: 6182: 5626:

China's Organ Harvesting Questioned Again by UN Special Rapporteurs: FalunHR Reports

4672: 4459:"Johns Hopkins Leads First 12-Patient, Multicenter "Domino Donor" Kidney Transplant" 3539: 1631:

operations and the new suturing techniques laid the groundwork for later transplant

962:. Another 12-person multihospital kidney exchange was performed four weeks later by 9544: 9236: 9221: 9098: 8973: 8929: 8557: 8115: 8000: 7933: 7913: 7721: 7711: 7664: 7519: 7452: 7444: 7251: 7094: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7015: 6978: 6937: 6929: 6863: 6855: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6723: 6688: 6645: 6615: 6425: 6224: 6216: 6162: 5837: 5829: 5785: 5777: 5738: 5310: 5157: 5149: 5108: 5023: 4980: 4851: 4819: 4699: 4652: 4302: 4162: 4140: 4096: 4088: 4049: 4006: 3971: 3933: 3902: 3898: 3861: 3785: 3723: 3690: 3653: 3645: 3565: 3519: 3482: 3474: 3433: 3356: 3348: 3293: 3238: 3178:"Groundbreaking 'domino' heart surgery at NYC hospital saves lives of 2 baby girls" 3061: 2970: 2962: 2921: 2804: 2766: 2699: 2560: 2529: 2376: 2312: 1974:

by grafting flesh from the inner thigh to the nose, in a method reminiscent of the

1876: 1414: 1008: 988: 828: 510: 498: 204: 8006: 5299:

Rothman DJ (October 2002). "Ethical and social consequences of selling a kidney".

3751:"In a first, a woman with a uterus transplanted from a deceased donor gives birth" 9564: 9509: 9370: 9355: 9338: 9278: 9273: 9217: 9195: 8892: 8838: 8818: 8542: 8382: 8240: 8222: 8140: 8130: 7255: 6328: 5632: 5612: 5546: 5526: 5503: 4937: 4733: 4266: 3850:"Interventional Management of Vascular Complications after Renal Transplantation" 3569: 3438: 3421: 2876: 2856: 2837: 2808: 2439:

of a donated kidney, that was then successfully transplanted into a patient. (US)

2372: 2352: 2266: 2081: 2012: 1935: 1881: 1798:

in 1970 that transplant surgery found a sufficiently powerful immunosuppressive.

1759:

performed the first successful transplant, a kidney transplant between identical

1682: 1474: 1410: 1167: 1026: 888: 733: 689: 673: 539: 535: 426: 294: 200: 192: 61: 7414:"Man who received landmark pig heart transplant died of pig virus, surgeon says" 6388: 5781: 5153: 4688:"Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities" 4306: 4126: 4010: 3243: 3226: 1664: 9396: 9350: 9163: 9093: 8912: 8604: 8521: 8314: 8250: 6416: 6412:"Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among blacks, women, and the poor" 6220: 5742: 5515: 5301: 3774: 3727: 2719: 2436: 2297: 2258:

2005: First successful ovarian transplant by Dr. P. N. Mhatre (Wadia Hospital,

2174: 2167: 2156: 2126: 1947: 1924: 1839: 1822: 1771: 1694: 1686: 1574: 1571: 1556: 1462: 453: 336: 301:

to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of

196: 7917: 6891:

Xenotransplantation: The Transplantation of Organs and Tissues Between Species

6672: 5994: 4643:

Bland B (2008). "Singapore legalises compensation payments to kidney donors".

3975: 3937: 3298: 3281: 2409:

2012: First Robotic Alloparathyroid transplant. University of Illinois Chicago

9595: 9479: 9268: 9263: 9125: 9065: 8968: 8672: 8662: 8583: 8547: 8377: 8235: 8230: 8192: 8105: 6430: 6411: 5969:"España alcanza un récord histórico de trasplantes en 2011 / Noticias / SINC" 5488: 5314: 4910:"Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations" 4855: 4486:"Kidney donations connect strangers in "Chain of Life" forged by transplants" 3695: 3682: 2966: 2579: 2571: 2305: 2278:

2006: Illinois' first paired donation for ABO incompatible kidney transplant

2236: 2141: 2099: 1892: 1828: 1775: 1752: 1675: 1612: 1608: 1591: 1539:

The first successful corneal allograft transplant was performed in 1837 in a

1501: 1158: 1092: 959: 721: 715: 370: 286:. There is also the ethical issue of not holding out false hope to patients. 259: 251: 41: 8012: 7772:"Dokument inifrån: Experimenten – Avsnitt 2: Varje kirurg har sin kyrkogård" 7524: 7507: 5971:[Spain achieved a new record of transplants in 2011 / News / SINC]. 5584:"China kills millions of innocent meditators for their organs, report finds" 4949: 3352: 3000:"How House Republicans Derailed a Scientist Whose Research Could Save Lives" 2018:

1954: Brazil's first successful corneal transplant, the first liver (Brazil)

1130:

explored illicit fertility networks in Spain, the United States and Israel.

9484: 9469: 9295: 9020: 8870: 8855: 8801: 8599: 8573: 7925: 7869: 7735: 7676: 7533: 7482:"Questions about Tissues – Tissue and Tissue Product Questions and Answers" 7466: 7263: 7108: 7089: 6951: 6877: 6827: 6735: 6700: 6657: 6524: 6238: 6174: 5851: 5799: 5750: 5322: 5171: 5122: 4992: 4713: 4664: 4432:"The Johns Hopkins Hospital | Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, MD" 4196: 4154: 4110: 4061: 4018: 3983: 3945: 3910: 3875: 3797: 3735: 3704: 3667: 3577: 3531: 3496: 3447: 3370: 3307: 3252: 2984: 2935: 2926: 2909: 2816: 2780: 2618: 1908: 1888: 1875:, performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant with patient 1872: 1791: 1706: 1567: 1478: 1119: 786: 664: 47: 7894:"A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation" 7358:"First drone delivery of a donated kidney ends with successful transplant" 6992: 6439: 6242: 5917:[Organ Donors in Spain. Total number and annual rate (p. m. p.)]. 5833: 4984: 4417: 4372: 4314: 3337:"Current status of paediatric heart, lung, and heart-lung transplantation" 3031: 2887: 2885: 2583:

deny an organ transplant to a child with a neurodevelopmental disability.

2423:

2014: First successful uterine transplant resulting in live birth (Sweden)

2166:

1990: First successful adult segmental living-related liver transplant by

1084:

Stakes and Kidneys: Why Markets in Human Body Parts are Morally Imperative

9343: 9288: 9185: 9040: 9015: 8833: 8677: 8329: 8268: 7448: 6918:"RENAL HETEROTRANSPLANTATION FROM BABOON TO MAN: EXPERIENCE WITH 6 CASES" 6381:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Halachic Organ Donor (HOD) Society" 5492: 5113: 5096: 5027: 3606:"Robotic transplant an option for obese kidney patients | UIC Today" 3279: 2771: 2754: 2635: 2495: 2293: 2119: 2022: 1984: 1942: 1904: 1806: 1795: 1739:

The first attempted human deceased-donor transplant was performed by the

1732: 1668: 1628: 1587: 1548: 1509: 1455: 1049: 1045: 1004: 1000: 991:, an Australian religious group, have donated kidneys in such a fashion. 782: 727: 676: 626:(deceased-donor and living-donor; normally refers to the small intestine) 270: 8025: 7185: 7040: 6620: 6603: 3866: 3849: 2225:

1998: United States' first adult-to-adult living donor liver transplant

1950:

immunosuppression are avoided or withdrawn after renal transplantation.

1041:. In legal markets of Iran the price of a kidney is $ 2,000 to $ 4,000. 9431: 9316: 9283: 9055: 9005: 8990: 8985: 8978: 8963: 8953: 6773:

Medical Center marks 50th anniversary of momentous surgical achievement

5496: 4824: 4807: 3630: 2882: 2145: 1967: 1838:

In the early 1960s and prior to long-term dialysis becoming available,

1535:

Alexis Carrel: 1912's Nobel Prize for his work on organ transplantation

1521: 1520:

performed successful skin autografts; he also failed consistently with

1454:

and the side effects of preventing rejection (especially infection and

1406: 1154: 681: 449: 387: 278: 212: 7205:

Roy Calne. Essay History of transplantation. Lancet 2006; 368: S51–S52

6267:

Autonomy and Human Rights in Health Care: An International Perspective

6263: 5644: 5435:"China may still be using executed prisoners' organs, official admits" 5097:"Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation" 4656: 3649: 2601:

The existence and distribution of organ transplantation procedures in

1821:. The patient John Russell survived for eighteen days before dying of 1721: 1531: 1493:

leg of the Roman deacon Justinian with the leg of a recently deceased

71: 9504: 9246: 9241: 9105: 9083: 8958: 8922: 7377:"Double greffe des bras et des épaules à Lyon, une première mondiale" 5915:"Donantes de órganos en España. Número total y tasa anual (p. m. p.)" 2605:, while almost always beneficial to those receiving them, raise many 2544: 2389: 2345: 2316: 2185: 2092: 2062: 2058: 1994: 1976: 1868: 1856: 1787: 1690: 1490: 1356: 1102: 1034: 1018: 1014: 955: 705: 461: 208: 6894:

chimpanzee kidneys, which was written by her surgeon Keith Reemtsma.

6567:

The Origins of Organ Transplantation: Surgery and Laboratory Science

6205:"The Falun Gong, organ transplantation, the holocaust and ourselves" 5467:[World Journal – mainland news] (in Chinese). Archived from 4081:

Transactions of the ... Meeting of the American Surgical Association

1017:, and strictly only in the case of kidney transplant in the case of 913: 497:

The most important factors are that the recipient not have produced

9010: 8787: 8720: 8407: 7716: 3523: 3390:. United Network for Organ Sharing. 31 January 2013. Archived from 3199:. American Society of Transplantation. 30 July 2009. Archived from 2795:

circulatory–respiratory determination of death in organ donation".

2674: 2351:

2008: First successful transplantation of near total area (80%) of

1971: 1748: 1729: 1720:(testis) from a living donor was carried out in early July 1926 in 1603: 1505: 1494: 1486: 1466: 922: 778: 641: 298: 176: 124: 7065:"Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients" 6754: 2910:"The effect of HLA-C matching on acute renal transplant rejection" 2382:

2009: Worlds' first robotic kidney transplant in an obese patient

2115:

1981 Use of monoclonal antibodies to lymphocytes in organ grafting

9489: 8949: 8917: 8810: 7584:"Two Indonesians plead guilty in Singapore midorgan trading case" 7047:

Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart

5391:"Unpacking the Global Human Egg Trade | Human Eggs for Sale" 2678: 2606: 2548: 2463:

survival period for lung transplant patients has been 5.5 years.

2417: 2326:

transplant by Edgar Biemer, Christoph Höhnke and Manfred Stangl (

2232: 2134: 2070: 2005: 1740: 1660: 1632: 1563: 1540: 1360: 629: 527: 502: 441: 409: 366: 128: 8007:"Overcoming the Rejection Factor: MUSC's First Organ Transplant" 6915: 6580: 5763: 4511:"First 16-patient, Multicenter 'Domino Donor' Kidney Transplant" 4390: 3460: 1927:

types have been conducted with promising results, such as using

887:

Access to organ transplantation is one reason for the growth of

7890: 4074: 4039: 2673:

An early-stage medical laboratory and research company, called

2556: 2460: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2259: 2076:

1965: Australia's first successful (living) kidney transplant (

1832: 1725: 1652: 1644: 1620: 1578: 1063:

first made organ sales illegal, and has been superseded by the

635: 274: 207:

that are transplanted within the same person's body are called

180: 6841: 5995:"Prime Minister Organ Donation Compulsion Will Affect Muslims" 5815: 4483: 3077:"Seattle Times Article on domino transplants at Johns Hopkins" 3045:

After rare procedure, woman can hear her heart beat in another

3016: 1794:

was identified in 1959, but it was not until the discovery of

608:(deceased-donor and living-donor; porcine xenograft attempted) 215:. Allografts can either be from a living or cadaveric source. 6510: 4403: 2066: 2050: 2026: 1717: 1698: 1648: 1599: 1513: 1470: 348: 344: 7697: 7279:"Woman to give birth after first ovary transplant pregnancy" 6325:"Illegal Human Organ Trade from Executed Prisoners in China" 3509: 2682:

could be suitable for surgical therapy and transplantation.

1685:

occurred during the First World War, notably in the work of

946:

The first pair exchange transplant in the US was in 2001 at

218:

Organs that have been successfully transplanted include the

8756: 8387: 7374: 6073:"The Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act (MTERA)" 5219:. The Ayn Rand Center for Individual Rights. Archived from 4907: 4538:"Massive transplant effort pairs 13 kidneys to 13 patients" 3680: 3047:, Stanford Medicine News Center, Sara Wykes, 29 March 2016. 2752: 2360: 2219: 2192: 2184:

live-donor nephrectomy by Lloyd Ratner and Louis Kavoussi (

1802: 1760: 1624: 917:

Diagram of an exchange between otherwise incompatible pairs

501:, and that they have low levels of T cell-independent 413: 405: 327: 7866:"3D Human Tissues for Medical Research & Therapeutics" 7062: 6487:"U.S. reaches historic milestone of 1 million transplants" 6357:. International Committee of the Red Cross. Archived from 5727: 5645:

Anuj Chopra, Chronicle Foreign Service (9 February 2008).

3996: 3227:"ABO-incompatible (ABOi) heart transplantation in infants" 2908:

Frohn C, Fricke L, Puchta JC, Kirchner H (February 2001).

1970:

on a person. Bunger repaired a person's nose destroyed by

894: 7954: 7604: 7586:. Abs-Cbn Interactive. Agence France-Presse. 28 June 2008 7164: 6458: 5699:"Japan's rich buy organs from executed Chinese prisoners" 4885:. American Association of Kidney Patients. Archived from 4292: 4127:

Vera M.E, Lopez-Solis R., Dvorchik I., Morris W. (2009).

3197:"ABO Incompatible Heart Transplantation in Young Infants" 2907: 2870:

Organ trafficking and transplantation pose new challenges

2491: 2323: 2289: 2285: 1928: 1640: 1038: 6967:"Clinical xenotransplantation: past, present and future" 6794:"A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation" 6761:

Second Wind: Oral Histories of Lung Transplant Survivors

6714:

Griscom, NT (21 December 1963). "Lung Transplantation".

6634: 6560: 6558: 4787:. The Economist Newspaper Limited 2011. 16 November 2006 3126:"Kidney transplant chains shorten the wait for wellness" 2793: 1639:. From 1902, Carrel performed transplant experiments on 1543:

model; the first successful human corneal transplant, a

698:(pancreas islet cells) (deceased-donor and living-donor) 590:(deceased-donor and living-related lung transplantation) 477:

New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital

254:, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), 46:

Reenactment of the first heart transplant, performed in

7750:"Cancer Patient Gets First Totally Artificial Windpipe" 7430: 6264:

David N. Weisstub; Guillermo Díaz Pintos, eds. (2007).

5039: 5037: 4685: 3846: 2426:

2014: First successful penis transplant. (South Africa)

1194:

Transplantation of organs in different regions in 2000

1105:, which can be done legally for pay in most countries. 1082:

by Mark Cherry (Georgetown University Press, 2005) and

521: 6148:"Government policy and organ transplantation in China" 5894:"Deceased Organ Donors, Annual Rate (p. m. p.) Europe" 5101:

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

4237:. CBS Broadcasting Inc. 20 August 2004. Archived from 3419: 2948: 2753:

Manara, A. R.; Murphy, P. G.; O'Callaghan, G. (2011).

7990:

from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients

7653: 6678: 6555: 5418:. World Medical Association. May 2006. Archived from 5275:"Indian police probe kidney sales by tsunami victims" 4942:"Shopped Liver: The worldwide market in human organs" 2951:"Allografts in Soft Tissue Reconstructive Procedures" 2272:

2005: First robotic hepatectomy in the United States

2112:

1978 Use of ciclosporin in clinical renal transplants

2043:

attempts heart transplant using chimpanzee heart (US)

1914:

As the rising success rate of transplants and modern

1859:'s heart caught Hardy with no human donor, he used a 1767:

was necessary for genetically identical individuals.

1655:, he was one of the first to identify the problem of 1059:

made organ sales illegal. In the United Kingdom, the

7297:"Polish man gets quick face transplant after injury" 6327:. American University Washington D.C. Archived from 5506:(free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net 5241: 5034: 4068: 3923: 1790:

had been recently discovered and the more effective

393: 354: 326: 7698:Whetstine L, Streat S, Darwin M, Crippen D (2005). 6583:[Rejuvenation by surgery in Zajecar 1926]. 6537: 5757: 5416:"WMA Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China" 3961: 2645: 2566:In an article appearing in the April 2004 issue of 1405:programme attracted the attention of international 282:transplantation may occur. A particular problem is 7999:is available for free viewing and download at the 7700:"Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?" 6999: 6971:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 6065: 5582: 5043: 5013: 4686:Budiani-Saberi, D.A.; Delmonico, F.L. (May 2008). 4331:Legal and Ethical Aspects of Organ Transplantation 3812: 3382: 3380: 3280:Saczkowski, R., Dacey, C., Bernier, P.-L. (2010). 2140:1984: First successful double organ transplant by 1173: 831:may co-ordinate organ donations from that source. 584:(deceased-donor only; porcine xenograft attempted) 554: 7339:"Newborn baby is youngest organ donor in Britain" 7324:"Doctors claim first successful penis transplant" 6602:Khadzhynov, Dmytro; Peters, Harm (January 2012). 5339:. Pulitzer Center. 17 August 2010. Archived from 3888: 3388:"OPTN Policy 3.7 – Allocation of Thoracic Organs" 3334: 3123: 1140:Persecution of Falun Gong § Organ harvesting 932:Paired exchange programs were popularized in the 9593: 6601: 5924:(I wasn't sure about this – but I'm pretty sure 5868:. Archived from the original on 9 November 2004. 5647:"Organ-transplant black market thrives in India" 5272: 4805: 3150: 2949:Giedraitis A, Arnoczky SP, Bedi A (March 2014). 2642:and can easily change with changing technology. 2118:1981: First successful heart/lung transplant by 2000:1950: First successful kidney transplant by Dr. 1458:) were, are, and may always be the key problem. 740: 7824:"Karolinskas "superkirurg" utreds och granskas" 7480:Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and. 7375:Sciences et Avenir with AFP (15 January 2021). 6964: 6581:"Podmlađivanje hirurškim putem u Zaječaru 1926" 6409: 6123:. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Archived from 6049:. Ministry of Health, Singapore. Archived from 5337:"Cyprus Clinic Accused of Human Egg Harvesting" 4936: 4879:"A New Outlook on Compensated Kidney Donations" 4611:"Supporting Paid Leave for Living Organ Donors" 3377: 3286:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 2151:1986: First successful double-lung transplant ( 2125:1983: First successful lung lobe transplant by 1409:in the 1990s due to ethical concerns about the 482: 335:and storing blood in advance of surgery). In a 8691:List of organ transplant donors and recipients 6145: 5210: 5186:"Organ transplants: Psst, wanna buy a kidney?" 4535: 4484:Amy Ellis Nutt/The Star-Ledger (5 June 2009). 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3273: 3060:. Mayo Clinic. 28 January 2003. Archived from 2214:1998: First successful hand transplant by Dr. 2087:1966: First successful pancreas transplant by 2011:1954: First living related kidney transplant ( 1895:performed 17 transplants, including the first 1118:violates laws in the European Union. In 2010, 452:or antibody barriers to transplantation. The " 440:, a disease where the liver slowly produces a 8772: 8041: 8017: 7855:, David Brown and Lena H. Sun, 25 March 2012. 7816: 6965:Taniguchi, S.; Cooper, D. K. (January 1997). 5432: 5388: 3558:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 3426:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 1389:Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act 851:Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network 730:(deceased-donor, living-donor and xenograft ) 8290:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 7605:Lee Hui Chieh; Sujin Thomas (28 June 2008). 7546:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7355: 7321: 7135:"R.H. Lawler, Pioneer of Kidney Transplants" 7032:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6484: 6454:"2017 was a record year for organ donations" 6202: 5433:Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (8 February 2017). 5361: 4837: 4835: 4775: 4773: 4175:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3590:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3551: 3549: 3320:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3265:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2414:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology 2322:2008: First successful complete full double 1983:1905: First successful cornea transplant by 1566:transplant in 1883. It was performed by the 825:primary nonfunction in liver transplantation 777:cutting off blood circulation to the brain ( 654: 8009:online exhibit at Waring Historical Library 7790: 7241: 6763:, Mary Jo Festle, Palgrave MacMillan, 2012. 6146:Huang J, Mao Y, Millis JM (December 2008). 5946:(in Spanish). Transplant Commission of the 5811: 5809: 5670: 4588:"Would you give your kidney to a stranger?" 4358: 4327: 3717: 3406: 3220: 3218: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3079:. Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from 2955:Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2429:2014: First neonatal organ transplant. (UK) 2105:1967: First successful heart transplant by 2098:1967: First successful liver transplant by 1359:with a cosmopolitan populace that includes 663:(deceased-donor only), see first recipient 9061:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 8779: 8765: 8048: 8034: 6604:"History of nephrology: Ukrainian aspects" 5615:The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 December 2006 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5298: 5094: 4736:, The Wall Street Journal, 8 January 2010. 3748: 3454: 2207:1998: First successful live-donor partial 2032:1963: First successful lung transplant by 1960: 40: 9402:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 8055: 7725: 7715: 7523: 7456: 7411: 7276: 7098: 7088: 6982: 6941: 6867: 6817: 6791: 6619: 6429: 6228: 5841: 5822:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 5789: 5532: 5213:"To Save Lives, Legalize Trade in Organs" 5161: 5135: 5112: 4832: 4823: 4770: 4703: 4608: 4558: 4456: 4387:"New England Program for Kidney Exchange" 4144: 4100: 3865: 3694: 3657: 3546: 3486: 3437: 3360: 3328: 3297: 3242: 2974: 2925: 2770: 2231:1999: First successful tissue engineered 2053:'s first successful kidney transplant at 1157:practitioners". Investigative journalist 1057:The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 994: 160:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 7796: 6541:The Golden Ledent or Lives of the Saints 6410:Alexander GC, Sehgal AR (October 1998). 6209:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 5932: 5907: 5886: 5806: 5244:"WHO says organ demand outstrips supply" 4970: 4745: 4566:. Oxford University Press. p. 148. 3999:Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 3814:"Doctors plan first testicle transplant" 3215: 3184: 1815:University of Mississippi Medical Center 1530: 912: 899: 7627: 7336: 7127: 7069:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6713: 6564: 6513:Journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology 6139: 5957:from the original on 15 September 2011. 5580: 5495:(6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) 5475: 4748:"Black Market Kidneys, $ 160,000 a Pop" 4642: 4189: 4116:(subscription required for full access) 3503: 3153:"60 lives linked in kidney donor chain" 2997: 1780:National Institute for Medical Research 1477:accounts report the 3rd-century saints 1314:*All numbers per million population 958:and Integris Baptist Medical Center in 927:New England Program for Kidney Exchange 895:Reasons for donation and ethical issues 834: 14: 9594: 7958:Human organ and tissue transplantation 7214: 6299:"China fury at organ snatching 'lies'" 5997:. Ramadhan Foundation. 13 January 2008 5696: 5606:Hospitals ban Chinese surgeon training 5242:Alexander G. Higgins (30 March 2007). 4876: 4438:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 24 June 2011 4334:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4227: 3957: 3955: 3810: 3124:Turnbull, Barbara (24 February 2012). 2449: 1801:There was a successful deceased-donor 1087:social anxiety towards organ markets. 308: 8760: 8029: 8016: 7399:University of Maryland Medical Center 6343: 6087: 6039: 5919:Organización Nacional de Transplantes 5457: 5455: 5364:"Untold Stories: The Cyprus Scramble" 5254:from the original on 25 December 2013 4841: 4633:, Rashida Yosufzai, AAP, 7 April 2013 4259: 3842: 3840: 3749:Cunningham, Aimee (4 December 2018). 3151:Laurence, Jeremy (27 February 2012). 2628:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2624:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2384:University of Illinois Medical Center 2340:using a patient's own stem cells, by 2280:University of Illinois Medical Center 2274:University of Illinois Medical Center 2254:University of Illinois Medical Center 2248:University of Illinois Medical Center 2227:University of Illinois Medical Center 2203:University of Illinois Medical Center 1907:, credited the patient's recovery to 1637:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 785:, etc.). Breathing is maintained via 532:University of Illinois Medical Center 420: 9540: 9301:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 7479: 7277:Randerson, James (9 November 2008). 7217:"Man rejects first penis transplant" 6844:"Renal Heterotransplantation in Man" 5273:R. Bhagwan Singh (16 January 2007). 4631:Live donors to get financial support 4564:ethics and the acquisition of organs 4260:Rosen, Marjorie (19 December 1994). 4218:Trusting the organ transplant system 3074: 3020:The Journal of Heart Transplantation 2466: 1993:1931: First uterus transplantation ( 1526:De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem 799:American Association of Tissue Banks 522:Transplantation in obese individuals 9550: 8434:Canadian Society of Transplantation 8429:American Society of Transplantation 7830:from the original on 9 October 2016 7186:"Transplantation: Catalan pioneers" 5721: 5558: 5509: 5095:Ghods AJ, Savaj S (November 2006). 4908:Gary S. Becker; Julio Jorge Elías. 4720: 4692:American Journal of Transplantation 4636: 4624: 4536:Val Willingham (14 December 2009). 4133:American Journal of Transplantation 3964:Radiologic Clinics of North America 3952: 3926:Radiologic Clinics of North America 3811:Connor, Steve (24 September 1999). 2586: 2211:by David Sutherland (Minnesota, US) 1124:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting 853:, held since it was created by the 191:is a medical procedure in which an 24: 9437:Medical Scientist Training Program 7955:World Health Organization (2008). 7948: 7797:Ciralsky, Adam (31 January 2016). 7562:"China issues new rules on organs" 5697:Coonan, Clifford (21 March 2006). 5618: 5452: 5389:Carney, Scott (1 September 2010). 4758:from the original on 23 April 2011 4093:10.1097/01.sla.0000239006.33633.39 4054:10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.07.055 3837: 3687:The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2998:Bassett, Laura (3 November 2016). 2755:"Donation after circulatory death" 2508: 1643:. Surgically successful in moving 1184: 1133: 908: 25: 9613: 7981: 7433:"History of Lung Transplantation" 7215:Sample, Ian (18 September 2006). 6749:Anesthesia for Transplant Surgery 6485:saramoriarty (9 September 2022). 5595:from the original on 24 May 2022. 5581:Samuels, Gabriel (29 June 2016). 5044:Alexander Tabarrok (April 2004). 4746:Martinez, Edecio (27 July 2009). 4609:Plibersek, Tanya (7 April 2013). 3891:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 3612:from the original on 4 March 2016 3479:10.1161/circulationaha.109.885756 2850:Bibliography on Ethics of the WHO 2514:developing countries do not. The 1805:transplant into an emphysema and 981: 972:Newark Beth Israel Medical Center 813: 771: 736:(deceased-donor and living-donor) 644:(deceased-donor and living-donor) 561:Transplantable organs and tissues 394:Xenograft and xenotransplantation 355:Allograft and allotransplantation 9569: 9559: 9549: 9539: 9530: 9529: 8360:United Network for Organ Sharing 8345:National Transplant Organization 7884: 7858: 7842: 7764: 7742: 7691: 7669:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01072.x 7647: 7628:Stetler, Pepper (14 June 2021). 7621: 7607:"CK Tang boss quizzed by police" 7598: 7576: 7554: 7499: 7473: 7431:Dabak G, Şenbaklavacı Ö (2016). 7405: 7387: 7368: 7349: 7330: 7315: 7289: 7270: 7235: 7208: 7199: 7178: 7153: 7115: 7056: 7020:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008 6958: 6934:10.1097/00007890-196411000-00009 6909: 6860:10.1097/00000658-196409000-00006 6835: 6728:10.1001/jama.1963.03710120070015 6707: 6693:10.1001/jama.1963.63710120001010 6650:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00986.x 6628: 6595: 6573: 6569:. University of Rochester Press. 6531: 6504: 6478: 6446: 6403: 6373: 6317: 6291: 6257: 6196: 6109: 6047:"National Organ Transplant Unit" 6009: 5987: 5961: 4705:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02200.x 4146:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02560.x 3825:from the original on 24 May 2022 3341:Archives of Disease in Childhood 3026:(5): 459–66, discussion 466–67. 2831:World Health Organization, 2008. 2646:Artificial organ transplantation 2547:court for sale of his kidney to 2490:reported the first-ever case of 2454: 2036:with patient living 18 days (US) 1747:in the 1930s; but failed due to 1061:Human Organ Transplants Act 1989 859:United Network for Organ Sharing 759: 507:United Network for Organ Sharing 489:ABO-incompatible transplantation 9570: 8474:Organ transplantation in Israel 7988:Organ Transplant survival rates 6387:. 14 March 2007. Archived from 6097:. Ministry of Health, Singapore 6075:. Ministry of Health, Singapore 5858: 5690: 5664: 5638: 5599: 5574: 5552: 5426: 5408: 5382: 5362:Scott Carney (17 August 2010). 5355: 5329: 5292: 5266: 5235: 5204: 5178: 5129: 5088: 5007: 4964: 4930: 4901: 4870: 4799: 4739: 4679: 4602: 4580: 4552: 4529: 4503: 4477: 4450: 4424: 4397: 4379: 4352: 4321: 4295:New England Journal of Medicine 4286: 4253: 4211: 4190:Ogilvie, Megan (7 March 2021). 4183: 4120: 4033: 3990: 3917: 3882: 3804: 3768: 3742: 3711: 3674: 3624: 3598: 3231:New England Journal of Medicine 3170: 3144: 3128:. Healthzone.ca. Archived from 3117: 3095: 3068: 3050: 3038: 3010: 2898:, Simon Garfield, 6 April 2008. 2593:Ethics of organ transplantation 2265:2005: First successful partial 1333:Spanish Transplant Organization 1174:Organ transplantation by region 935:New England Journal of Medicine 863:organ procurement organizations 804: 555:Organs and tissues transplanted 438:familial amyloid polyneuropathy 293:, during which the body has an 9427:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 8861:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 8479:Organ transplantation in Japan 8450:Organ transplantation in China 8424:American Society of Nephrology 7322:Joseph Netto (13 March 2015). 7081:10.1002/14651858.CD005632.pub3 6810:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783 5561:"Blood Harvest: The Slaughter" 5055:(1). Econ Journal Watch: 11–18 5046:"How to Get Real About Organs" 4457:Eric Vohr (16 February 2009). 3903:10.1016/j.jemermed.2023.02.022 3105:. Abcnews.go.com. 8 April 2008 2991: 2942: 2901: 2862: 2842: 2823: 2787: 2759:British Journal of Anaesthesia 2746: 2328:Technical University of Munich 1851:was also needed. Lung pioneer 1619:, with the transplantation of 1380:Ministry of Health (Singapore) 1376:National Organ Transplant Unit 1180:Global Burden of Disease Study 976:New York-Presbyterian Hospital 724:(autograft and deceased-donor) 714:, whole blood or fractionated 672:(deceased-donor only) see the 470:Northwestern Memorial Hospital 154:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 13: 1: 8355:Trillium Gift of Life Network 8335:National Marrow Donor Program 6167:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61359-8 5975:(in Spanish). 10 January 2012 5866:"The Transplantation Society" 5671:Vanessa Hua (17 April 2006). 3790:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31766-5 3075:Blum, Karen (1 August 2003). 2961:(3). Sports Health: 256–264. 2740: 2539:On 27 June 2008, Indonesian, 2311:2006: First successful human 1374:is generally overseen by the 964:Saint Barnabas Medical Center 741:Indication of transplantation 9407:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 9174:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 8786: 8393:Halachic Organ Donor Society 8320:Gift of Life Marrow Registry 7996:A Science of Miracles (2009) 7256:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.07.026 7122:New Drugs in Transplantation 6538:Jacobus de Voragine (1275). 6095:"Human Organ Transplant Act" 5538:Ethan Gutmann (August 2014) 4877:Schall, John A. (May 2008). 3570:10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.011 3439:10.1016/j.healun.2012.11.022 3335:Burch, M; Aurora, P (2004). 2809:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c58916 2526:high capital punishment rate 2336:2008: First transplant of a 2288:transplant to combine donor 1903:Hospital. The head surgeon, 1547:operation, was performed by 1365:Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura 872:In an April 2008 article in 855:Organ Transplant Act of 1984 718:(living-donor and autograft) 708:(living-donor and autograft) 526:Until recently, people with 483:ABO-incompatible transplants 313: 269:Organ donors may be living, 7: 8398:Kidney Foundation of Canada 7356:Susan Scutti (1 May 2019). 7337:Kat Lay (20 January 2015). 6203:Tom Treasure (March 2007). 5782:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024473 5154:10.1136/bmj.39141.493148.94 4979:(3): 14, discussion 14–15. 4781:"Psst, wanna buy a kidney?" 4307:10.1056/NEJM199706123362412 4042:Transplantation Proceedings 4011:10.1097/TA.0000000000002322 3244:10.1056/NEJM200103153441102 2693: 2668: 2555:, 55, for 150 million 1705:, carried on the work into 380: 10: 9618: 8455:harvesting from Falun Gong 8403:National Kidney Foundation 8259:Non-heart-beating donation 6221:10.1177/014107680710000308 6017:"Islam and Organ Donation" 5743:10.1038/d41586-019-03749-0 5624:Market Wired (8 May 2008) 3728:10.1038/d41586-024-02906-4 2590: 2241:Boston Children's Hospital 2025:allograft into descending 1946:rejection is increased if 1701:flow. Gillies' assistant, 1441: 1393:Human Organ Transplant Act 1384:Human Organ Transplant Act 1145:used for transplantation. 1137: 998: 838: 599: 558: 486: 397: 358: 317: 199:site to another location. 9525: 9447: 9385: 9146: 9074: 9029: 8938: 8809: 8794: 8703: 8686: 8655: 8639: 8623: 8592: 8566: 8530: 8494: 8487: 8442: 8416: 8368: 8303: 8285:Graft-versus-host disease 8277: 8249: 8221: 8096: 8063: 8023: 8018:Links to related articles 7918:10.1038/s41586-018-0047-9 7657:Pediatric Transplantation 6798:Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 6565:Schlich, Thomas (2010) . 6270:. Springer. p. 238. 5878:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5635:Retrieved 26 October 2014 4812:Indiana Health Law Review 4806:Movassagh Hooman (2016). 4348:– via Google Books. 3976:10.1016/j.rcl.2023.04.011 3938:10.1016/j.rcl.2023.04.005 3299:10.1510/icvts.2009.229757 2914:Nephrol. Dial. Transplant 2615:World Health Organization 2477: 2109:(Cape Town, South Africa) 1422:organ transplantation in 1399:Organ transplantation in 1370:Organ transplantation in 1111:World Health Organization 655:Tissues, cells and fluids 168: 139: 134: 118: 106: 91: 86: 68: 54: 39: 34: 9361:Transplantation medicine 9252:Clinical neurophysiology 9169:Obstetric anesthesiology 9089:Interventional radiology 8849:Digestive system surgery 8350:NHS Blood and Transplant 7412:Maya Yang (6 May 2022). 6638:Transplant International 6431:10.1001/jama.280.13.1148 5705:. London. Archived from 5525:23 February 2016 at the 5463: 5315:10.1001/jama.288.13.1640 5136:Griffin A (March 2007). 5016:American Economic Review 4856:10.1177/1357034x07082257 2967:10.1177/1941738113503442 2875:15 February 2014 at the 2543:, 26, pleaded guilty in 2161:Toronto General Hospital 2131:Toronto General Hospital 2078:Queen Elizabeth Hospital 1809:patient in June 1963 by 1635:and won Carrel the 1912 1080:Kidney for Sale By Owner 575: 9232:Intensive care medicine 9206:Mass gathering medicine 9051:Maternal–fetal medicine 8726:Immunosuppressive drugs 8462:Organ donation in India 7525:10.1111/1469-0691.12557 7401:. U.S. 10 January 2022. 5631:25 October 2016 at the 5611:25 October 2016 at the 5211:David Holcberg (2005). 5142:British Medical Journal 3353:10.1136/adc.2002.017186 2848:Further sources in the 2597:Declaration of Istanbul 2180:1995: First successful 1961:Timeline of transplants 1884:, lived for 19 months. 1784:immunosuppressive drugs 1716:Transplant of a single 466:Northwestern University 375:panel-reactive antibody 303:immunosuppressant drugs 8824:Cardiothoracic surgery 8746:Frankenstein's monster 8741:Total body irradiation 8467:Gurgaon kidney scandal 8325:Human Tissue Authority 5502:4 October 2016 at the 5076:Cite journal requires 4463:Johns Hopkins Medicine 3696:10.1093/infdis/jiae268 2797:Critical Care Medicine 2715:Laboratory-grown organ 2486:In November 2007, the 2144:and Henry T. Bahnson ( 1763:, in 1954, because no 1711:reconstructive surgery 1536: 1190: 1055:In the United States, 995:Financial compensation 968:Livingston, New Jersey 952:Barnes-Jewish Hospital 948:Johns Hopkins Hospital 941:Transplant Proceedings 918: 565: 458:Johns Hopkins Hospital 9602:Organ transplantation 9475:Personalized medicine 9334:Reproductive medicine 9259:Occupational medicine 9213:Evolutionary medicine 8731:Lung allocation score 8668:Jean-Michel Dubernard 8057:Organ transplantation 7964:. Geneva / New York: 7512:Clin Microbiol Infect 7051:pages 122 through 127 6585:Timok Medical Journal 5834:10.2471/BLT.14.137653 4985:10.1353/hcr.2005.0052 4732:11 April 2014 at the 4465:. Baltimore, Maryland 4406:Helvetica Medica Acta 2725:Regenerative medicine 2705:Beating heart cadaver 2296:from the patient, by 2216:Jean-Michel Dubernard 1955:regenerative medicine 1897:heart-lung transplant 1887:It was the advent of 1534: 1469:reportedly exchanged 1188: 1065:Human Tissue Act 2004 916: 900:Living related donors 650:(deceased-donor only) 638:(deceased-donor only) 632:(deceased-donor only) 189:Organ transplantation 9495:Traditional medicine 9455:Alternative medicine 9322:Addiction psychiatry 9136:Transfusion medicine 9131:Medical microbiology 9046:Gynecologic oncology 8898:Reproductive surgery 8538:J. Hartwell Harrison 8295:Transplant rejection 7449:10.5578/ttj.17.2.014 6608:Kidney International 5545:2 March 2016 at the 5114:10.2215/CJN.00700206 5028:10.1257/aer.20180568 4889:on 27 September 2011 4328:David Price (2000). 3784:(10165): 2697–2704. 3064:on 20 February 2003. 2927:10.1093/ndt/16.2.355 2855:4 March 2016 at the 2836:3 March 2016 at the 2730:Transplant rejection 2611:distributive justice 2603:developing countries 2551:'s executive chair, 2503:Nucleic acid testing 2302:Mount Sinai Hospital 1936:type 1 diabetes 1932:islets of Langerhans 1819:Jackson, Mississippi 1757:J. Hartwell Harrison 1707:the Second World War 1683:skin transplantation 1331:, Spain through the 1151:Kilgour-Matas report 1103:surrogate motherhood 835:Allocation of organs 696:Islets of Langerhans 291:transplant rejection 9517:History of medicine 9500:Veterinary medicine 9307:Preventive medicine 9159:Adolescent medicine 9001:Infectious diseases 8647:André van der Merwe 8631:Richard C. Lillehei 8304:Transplant networks 8088:Xenotransplantation 8083:Autotransplantation 8071:Allotransplantation 7910:2018Natur.557...50N 7826:. 13 January 2016. 7778:on 9 September 2016 7564:. BBC. 7 April 2007 6621:10.1038/ki.2011.363 6361:on 30 December 2005 5568:End Organ Pillaging 5422:on 4 December 2010. 5343:on 26 December 2013 5138:"Kidneys on demand" 4436:Hopkinshospital.org 4262:"The Ultimate Gift" 4241:on 22 February 2006 3867:10.1055/a-2007-9649 3203:on 20 December 2013 3132:on 26 February 2012 2892:Heart of the matter 2735:Xenotransplantation 2450:Society and culture 2209:pancreas transplant 2091:and William Kelly ( 2089:Richard C. Lillehei 1921:xenotransplantation 1901:Stanford University 1518:Gasparo Tagliacozzi 1195: 400:Xenotransplantation 361:Allotransplantation 333:stem cell autograft 320:Autotransplantation 309:Types of transplant 83: 9465:Molecular oncology 9422:Doctor of Medicine 9412:Master of Medicine 9329:Radiation oncology 9201:Emergency medicine 9154:Addiction medicine 9121:Clinical chemistry 9116:Clinical pathology 8908:Transplant surgery 8866:Orthopedic surgery 8844:Colorectal surgery 8502:Christiaan Barnard 8098:Organs and tissues 7752:. NPR. 8 July 2011 7381:Sciences et Avenir 7139:The New York Times 6792:Cooper DK (2012). 6591:(2): 115–17. 2004. 6466:on 12 January 2018 6245:on 1 December 2008 5950:. 28 August 2007. 5471:on 9 October 2007. 5223:on 19 October 2013 5192:. 16 November 2006 4917:The New York Times 4844:Body & Society 4825:10.18060/3911.0013 4590:. CNN. 5 June 2006 4367:(3 Suppl 2): 5–9. 3394:on 7 December 2013 2772:10.1093/bja/aer357 2650:Surgeons, notably 2640:adequately defined 2568:Econ Journal Watch 2563:(US$ 7,600) fine. 2197:Gunther O. Hofmann 2107:Christiaan Barnard 1865:Christiaan Barnard 1849:heart-lung machine 1778:, working for the 1770:In the late 1940s 1596:parathyroid glands 1570:surgeon and later 1553:Olomouc Eye Clinic 1537: 1193: 1191: 1098:Ayn Rand Institute 919: 787:artificial sources 421:Domino transplants 250:. Tissues include 148:Doctor of Medicine 141:Education required 82:Transplant surgeon 81: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9582: 9417:Master of Surgery 9381: 9380: 9366:Tropical medicine 9312:Prison healthcare 9227:Hospital medicine 9191:Disaster medicine 9181:Aviation medicine 8996:Hospital medicine 8903:Surgical oncology 8888:Pediatric surgery 8882: 8829:Endocrine surgery 8754: 8753: 8736:Machine perfusion 8716:Edmonton protocol 8711:Biomedical tissue 8699: 8698: 8610:Vladimir Demikhov 8512:Adrian Kantrowitz 8264:Organ procurement 7611:The Straits Times 6848:Annals of Surgery 6687:(12): 1065–1074. 6277:978-1-4020-5840-0 6161:(9654): 1937–38. 5948:Council of Europe 5901:Council of Europe 5737:(7787): 361–372. 5529:, National Review 5518:(25 August 2014) 5370:on 18 August 2010 4973:Hastings Cent Rep 4940:(14 April 2007). 4785:Organ transplants 4657:10.1136/bmj.a2456 4573:978-0-19-960786-0 4345:978-0-521-65164-6 3650:10.1111/ajt.12078 2710:Blood transfusion 2652:Paolo Macchiarini 2561:Singapore dollars 2516:Indian government 2467:Comparative costs 2342:Paolo Macchiarini 2163:(Toronto, Canada) 2002:Richard H. Lawler 1916:immunosuppression 1765:immunosuppression 1703:Archibald McIndoe 1676:Dr. Joseph Murray 1627:. Their skillful 1485:as replacing the 1446:Successful human 1329:Council of Europe 1327:According to the 1325: 1324: 1315: 1126:and the magazine 1122:reported for the 841:Organ procurement 712:Blood transfusion 499:isohemagglutinins 284:organ trafficking 186: 185: 162:(M.B.B.S., MBChB) 79: 78: 18:Organ transplants 16:(Redirected from 9609: 9573: 9572: 9563: 9553: 9552: 9543: 9542: 9533: 9532: 9237:Medical genetics 9222:General practice 9099:Nuclear medicine 8974:Gastroenterology 8930:Vascular surgery 8880: 8807: 8806: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8558:Michael Woodruff 8492: 8491: 8223:Medical grafting 8050: 8043: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8013: 8001:Internet Archive 7977: 7975: 7973: 7963: 7938: 7937: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7872:on 23 April 2014 7868:. Archived from 7862: 7856: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7774:. 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Archived from 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5813: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5622: 5616: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5565: 5559:Kilgour, David. 5556: 5550: 5536: 5530: 5513: 5507: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5366:. Archived from 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5165: 5148:(7592): 502–05. 5133: 5127: 5126: 5116: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5022:(8): 2855–2888. 5011: 5005: 5004: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4948:. Archived from 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4743: 4737: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4393:on 14 June 2006. 4389:. Archived from 4383: 4377: 4376: 4361:Transplant. Proc 4356: 4350: 4349: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4166: 4148: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4104: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4037: 4031: 4030: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3581: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3417: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3311: 3301: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3264: 3256: 3246: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3182: 3181: 3180:. 8 August 2023. 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2905: 2899: 2889: 2880: 2866: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2750: 2700:Artificial organ 2587:Ethical concerns 2541:Sulaiman Damanik 2530:triangular trade 2521:adoption illegal 2377:Cleveland Clinic 2313:penis transplant 2235:transplanted by 2177:(Ankara, Turkey) 2170:(Ankara, Turkey) 1987:(Czech Republic) 1877:Louis Washkansky 1313: 1196: 1192: 1168:medical tourists 1009:Repugnancy costs 989:Jesus Christians 829:assisted suicide 692:(extremely rare) 688:(autograft) and 511:isohemagglutinin 347:joined with the 330: 120:Activity sectors 84: 80: 72:edit on Wikidata 64: 44: 35:Organ transplant 32: 31: 21: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9521: 9510:Chief physician 9443: 9388: 9377: 9371:Travel medicine 9356:Sports medicine 9339:Sexual medicine 9279:Palliative care 9274:Pain management 9218:Family medicine 9196:Diving medicine 9142: 9070: 9032: 9025: 8941: 8934: 8893:Plastic surgery 8839:General surgery 8819:Cardiac surgery 8800: 8798: 8790: 8785: 8755: 8750: 8695: 8682: 8651: 8635: 8619: 8588: 8562: 8543:John P. Merrill 8526: 8483: 8438: 8417:Joint societies 8412: 8383:Blood Cancer UK 8370: 8364: 8307: 8305: 8299: 8273: 8245: 8241:Vascular bypass 8217: 8092: 8059: 8054: 8019: 7993:The short film 7984: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7951: 7949:Further reading 7941: 7904:(7703): 50–56. 7889: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7853:Washington Post 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7805: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7696: 7692: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7626: 7622: 7617:on 4 July 2008. 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7539: 7538: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7478: 7474: 7429: 7425: 7410: 7406: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7354: 7350: 7335: 7331: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7275: 7271: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7090:1854/LU-8083451 7075:(8): CD005632. 7061: 7057: 7045: 7041: 7025: 7024: 7004: 7000: 6963: 6959: 6922:Transplantation 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6889: 6885: 6840: 6836: 6790: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6712: 6708: 6677: 6673: 6644:(12): 1132–39. 6633: 6629: 6600: 6596: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6563: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6424:(13): 1148–52. 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6391:on 30 June 2017 6379: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6127:on 5 March 2016 6117:"About Live On" 6115: 6114: 6110: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6054: 6053:on 8 March 2012 6045: 6044: 6040: 6026: 6024: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5954: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5814: 5807: 5762: 5758: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5709:on 19 July 2008 5703:The Independent 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5643: 5639: 5633:Wayback Machine 5623: 5619: 5613:Wayback Machine 5604: 5600: 5589:The Independent 5579: 5575: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5547:Wayback Machine 5537: 5533: 5527:Wayback Machine 5514: 5510: 5504:Wayback Machine 5487: 5476: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5431: 5427: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5309:(13): 1640–41. 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5134: 5130: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5012: 5008: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4938:William Saletan 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4875: 4871: 4840: 4833: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4740: 4734:Wayback Machine 4727:The Meat Market 4725: 4721: 4684: 4680: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4562:, T.M. (2011). 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4490:The Star-Ledger 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4402: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4326: 4322: 4301:(24): 1752–55. 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4267:People Magazine 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4222:Chicago Tribune 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4188: 4184: 4168: 4167: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4073: 4069: 4038: 4034: 3995: 3991: 3960: 3953: 3922: 3918: 3887: 3883: 3845: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3819:The Independent 3809: 3805: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3747: 3743: 3716: 3712: 3679: 3675: 3638:Am J Transplant 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3583: 3582: 3564:(12): 1307–10. 3554: 3547: 3518:(11): 1227–33. 3512:Nature Medicine 3508: 3504: 3473:(17): 1926–33. 3459: 3455: 3418: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3333: 3329: 3313: 3312: 3278: 3274: 3258: 3257: 3237:(11): 793–800. 3223: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3083:on 14 June 2006 3073: 3069: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3015: 3011: 3004:Huffington Post 2996: 2992: 2947: 2943: 2906: 2902: 2890: 2883: 2877:Wayback Machine 2867: 2863: 2857:Wayback Machine 2847: 2843: 2838:Wayback Machine 2828: 2824: 2792: 2788: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2696: 2671: 2648: 2599: 2591:Main articles: 2589: 2511: 2509:Transplant laws 2480: 2469: 2457: 2452: 2373:Maria Siemionow 2267:face transplant 2055:Hospital Clinic 2013:identical twins 1963: 1882:Philip Blaiberg 1786:could be used. 1681:Major steps in 1617:Charles Guthrie 1448:allotransplants 1444: 1420:With regard to 1350:Traditionally, 1176: 1142: 1136: 1134:Forced donation 1027:medical tourism 1011: 997: 984: 911: 909:Paired exchange 902: 897: 889:medical tourism 843: 837: 816: 807: 774: 762: 743: 690:face transplant 674:ophthalmologist 657: 602: 578: 568: 563: 557: 548: 540:robotic surgery 536:body mass index 524: 491: 485: 427:cystic fibrosis 425:In people with 423: 402: 396: 388:immune response 383: 363: 357: 322: 316: 311: 295:immune response 173: 171: 142: 121: 109: 108:Occupation type 75: 60: 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9615: 9605: 9604: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9547: 9537: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9451: 9449: 9448:Related topics 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9397:Medical school 9393: 9391: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Sleep medicine 9348: 9347: 9346: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9215: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9171: 9164:Anesthesiology 9161: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9094:Neuroradiology 9091: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9037: 9035: 9031:Obstetrics and 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8915: 8913:Trauma surgery 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8876:Otolaryngology 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8815: 8813: 8804: 8802:subspecialties 8792: 8791: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8761: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8704:Related topics 8701: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8615:James D. Hardy 8612: 8607: 8605:Joel D. Cooper 8602: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8579:James D. Hardy 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8553:Elizabeth Ward 8550: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8522:Norman Shumway 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:James D. Hardy 8504: 8498: 8496: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8315:Eurotransplant 8311: 8309: 8306:and government 8301: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8255: 8253: 8251:Organ donation 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8102: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8053: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8004: 7991: 7983: 7982:External links 7980: 7979: 7978: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7939: 7883: 7857: 7841: 7815: 7789: 7763: 7741: 7717:10.1186/cc3894 7690: 7663:(7): 843–850. 7646: 7634:Slate Magazine 7620: 7597: 7575: 7553: 7498: 7472: 7423: 7404: 7386: 7367: 7348: 7329: 7314: 7288: 7269: 7234: 7207: 7198: 7177: 7152: 7141:. 27 July 1982 7126: 7114: 7055: 7039: 6998: 6957: 6928:(6): 752–776. 6908: 6896: 6883: 6854:(3): 384–408. 6834: 6777: 6765: 6753: 6741: 6706: 6671: 6627: 6594: 6587:(in Serbian). 6572: 6554: 6530: 6519:(2): 297–304. 6503: 6477: 6445: 6402: 6372: 6342: 6316: 6305:. 28 June 2001 6290: 6276: 6256: 6195: 6138: 6108: 6086: 6064: 6038: 6008: 5986: 5973:Agenciasinc.es 5960: 5931: 5906: 5885: 5857: 5828:(11): 826–35. 5805: 5776:(2): e024473. 5756: 5720: 5689: 5663: 5637: 5617: 5598: 5573: 5551: 5531: 5516:Jay Nordlinger 5508: 5474: 5451: 5425: 5407: 5381: 5354: 5328: 5291: 5265: 5234: 5203: 5177: 5128: 5107:(6): 1136–45. 5087: 5078:|journal= 5033: 5006: 4963: 4952:on 7 July 2010 4929: 4900: 4869: 4850:(3): 151–170. 4831: 4798: 4769: 4738: 4719: 4698:(5): 925–929. 4678: 4635: 4623: 4601: 4579: 4572: 4551: 4528: 4517:. 11 July 2009 4502: 4476: 4449: 4423: 4396: 4378: 4351: 4344: 4320: 4285: 4252: 4226: 4210: 4182: 4139:(4): 773–881. 4119: 4067: 4048:(7): 2407–14. 4032: 4005:(1): 130–133. 3989: 3970:(5): 847–859. 3951: 3932:(5): 821–831. 3916: 3897:(5): 596–609. 3881: 3860:(6): 495–504. 3836: 3803: 3767: 3741: 3710: 3673: 3623: 3597: 3545: 3524:10.1038/nm1126 3502: 3453: 3405: 3376: 3327: 3292:(6): 1026–33. 3272: 3214: 3183: 3169: 3143: 3116: 3094: 3067: 3049: 3037: 3009: 2990: 2941: 2900: 2881: 2861: 2841: 2822: 2803:(3): 963–970. 2786: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2720:Organ donation 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2670: 2667: 2647: 2644: 2588: 2585: 2510: 2507: 2479: 2476: 2468: 2465: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437:drone delivery 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2410: 2407: 2396: 2393: 2386: 2380: 2349: 2338:human windpipe 2334: 2331: 2320: 2309: 2298:Eric M. Genden 2282: 2276: 2270: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2229: 2223: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2189: 2178: 2175:Mehmet Haberal 2171: 2168:Mehmet Haberal 2164: 2149: 2138: 2123: 2122:(Stanford, US) 2116: 2113: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2085: 2074: 2047: 2044: 2041:James D. Hardy 2037: 2034:James D. Hardy 2030: 2019: 2016: 2009: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1962: 1959: 1948:corticosteroid 1840:Keith Reemtsma 1823:kidney failure 1695:United Kingdom 1687:Harold Gillies 1575:Theodor Kocher 1572:Nobel laureate 1557:Czech Republic 1475:Roman Catholic 1443: 1440: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1199: 1175: 1172: 1135: 1132: 1044:An article by 996: 993: 983: 982:Good Samaritan 980: 910: 907: 901: 898: 896: 893: 836: 833: 815: 814:Deceased donor 812: 806: 803: 773: 772:Types of donor 770: 761: 758: 757: 756: 753: 750: 747: 742: 739: 738: 737: 731: 725: 719: 716:blood products 709: 699: 693: 679: 667: 656: 653: 652: 651: 645: 639: 633: 627: 621: 615: 609: 601: 598: 597: 596: 591: 585: 577: 574: 573: 572: 567: 564: 559:Main article: 556: 553: 547: 544: 538:over 35 using 523: 520: 487:Main article: 484: 481: 454:Good Samaritan 422: 419: 398:Main article: 395: 392: 382: 379: 359:Main article: 356: 353: 337:rotationplasty 318:Main article: 315: 312: 310: 307: 184: 183: 174: 169: 166: 165: 164: 163: 157: 151: 143: 140: 137: 136: 132: 131: 122: 119: 116: 115: 110: 107: 104: 103: 102: 101: 98: 93: 89: 88: 77: 76: 69: 66: 65: 58: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9614: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9576: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9556: 9548: 9546: 9538: 9536: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9480:Public health 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9460:Allied health 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9269:Oral medicine 9267: 9265: 9264:Ophthalmology 9262: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9126:Cytopathology 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9066:Urogynecology 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8969:Endocrinology 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8775: 8770: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8673:Donna Mansell 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Alexis Carrel 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8584:Thomas Starzl 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8548:Joseph Murray 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8517:Richard Lower 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378:Anthony Nolan 8376: 8375: 8373: 8371:organizations 8367: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8302: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278:Complications 8276: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8236:Skin grafting 8234: 8232: 8231:Bone grafting 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8039: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7967: 7960: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7887: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7751: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7710:(6): 538–42. 7709: 7705: 7704:Critical Care 7701: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7585: 7579: 7563: 7557: 7549: 7543: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7437:Turk Thorac J 7434: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7325: 7318: 7303:. 22 May 2013 7302: 7298: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7250:(4): 851–53. 7249: 7245: 7238: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7202: 7187: 7181: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6892: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6568: 6561: 6559: 6543: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6215:(3): 119–21. 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6068: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6022: 6018: 6012: 5996: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5678: 5674: 5667: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5577: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489:David Kilgour 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5190:The Economist 5187: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5070: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4918: 4911: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4826: 4821: 4818:(1): 82–118. 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4612: 4605: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4539: 4532: 4516: 4515:Science Daily 4512: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4412:(4): 239–47. 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087:(4): 220–27. 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644:(3): 721–28. 3643: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3593: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3432:(3): 285–92. 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3347:(4): 386–89. 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3158: 3157:Northern Star 3154: 3147: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3104: 3098: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2920:(2): 355–60. 2919: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2581: 2580:United States 2576: 2573: 2572:Alex Tabarrok 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:Tang Wee Sung 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2455:Success rates 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2355:, (including 2354: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2306:New York City 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237:Anthony Atala 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142:Thomas Starzl 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100:Thomas Starzl 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Denton Cooley 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829:Thomas Starzl 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:Peter Medawar 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Joseph Murray 1750: 1746: 1745:Yurii Voronoy 1742: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Alexis Carrel 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1555:, now in the 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:keratoplastic 1542: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1436:United States 1432: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1344:Latin America 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298:Latin America 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1234:United States 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159:Ethan Gutmann 1156: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1093:The Economist 1088: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1002: 992: 990: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 960:Oklahoma City 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 937: 936: 930: 928: 924: 915: 906: 892: 890: 885: 881: 877: 875: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 842: 832: 830: 826: 821: 811: 802: 800: 794: 790: 788: 784: 780: 769: 765: 760:Complications 754: 751: 748: 745: 744: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 722:Blood vessels 720: 717: 713: 710: 707: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 687: 683: 680: 678: 675: 671: 668: 666: 662: 659: 658: 649: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 570: 569: 562: 552: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 519: 515: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 490: 480: 478: 475:In May 2023, 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 445: 443: 439: 434: 430: 428: 418: 415: 411: 407: 401: 391: 389: 378: 376: 372: 371:immune system 368: 362: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 321: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 182: 178: 175: 167: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 144: 138: 133: 130: 126: 123: 117: 114: 111: 105: 99: 96: 95: 94: 90: 85: 73: 67: 63: 59: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9485:Rural health 9470:Nanomedicine 9360: 9021:Rheumatology 8952: / 8907: 8871:Hand surgery 8856:Neurosurgery 8600:Fikri Alican 8574:Fikri Alican 8056: 7995: 7970:. Retrieved 7968:. p. 13 7957: 7901: 7897: 7886: 7874:. Retrieved 7870:the original 7860: 7852: 7844: 7832:. Retrieved 7818: 7806:. Retrieved 7802: 7792: 7780:. Retrieved 7776:the original 7766: 7754:. Retrieved 7744: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7637:. Retrieved 7633: 7623: 7615:the original 7610: 7600: 7588:. Retrieved 7578: 7566:. Retrieved 7556: 7542:cite journal 7515: 7511: 7501: 7489:. Retrieved 7485: 7475: 7443:(2): 71–75. 7440: 7436: 7426: 7418:The Guardian 7417: 7407: 7398: 7389: 7380: 7370: 7361: 7351: 7342: 7332: 7317: 7305:. Retrieved 7300: 7291: 7283:The Guardian 7282: 7272: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7225:. Retrieved 7221:The Guardian 7220: 7210: 7201: 7189:. Retrieved 7180: 7168:. Retrieved 7155: 7143:. 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