134:
global OBA production for paper, textiles, and detergents is dominated by just a few di- and tetra-sulfonated triazole-stilbenes and a di-sulfonated stilbene-biphenyl derivatives. The stilbene derivatives are subject to fading upon prolonged exposure to UV, due to the formation of optically inactive cis-stilbenes. They are also degraded by oxygen in air, like most dye colorants. All brighteners have extended conjugation and/or aromaticity, allowing for electron movement. Some non-stilbene brighteners are used in more permanent applications such as whitening synthetic fiber.
122:
111:
1257:
20:
1267:
180:. One application is to formulas for washing and conditioning grey or blonde hair, where the brightener can not only increase the luminance and sparkle of the hair, but can also correct dull, yellowish discoloration without darkening the hair. Some advanced face and eye powders contain optical brightener
133:
database, but fewer than 90 are produced commercially, and only a handful are commercially important. The Colour Index
Generic Names and Constitution Numbers can be assigned to a specific substance. However, some are duplicated, since manufacturers apply for the index number when they produce it. The
106:
portion of the spectrum and re-emit it in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. A white surface treated with an optical brightener can emit more visible light than that which shines on it, making it appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of
168:
Brighteners are used in many papers, especially high brightness papers, resulting in their strongly fluorescent appearance under UV illumination. Paper brightness is typically measured at 457 nm, well within the fluorescent activity range of brighteners. Paper used for banknotes does not
328:
M. Amine
Fourati, Thierry Maris, W. G. Skene, C. Géraldine Bazuin, and Robert E. Prud’homme "Photophysical, Electrochemical and Crystallographic Investigations of the Fluorophore 2,5-Bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene" J. Phys. Chem. B, 2011, volume 115,
149:. These additives increase the visible blue light emissions significantly. Brighteners can also be "quenched". Excess brightener will often cause a greening effect as emissions start to show above the blue region in the visible spectrum.
78:, causing a "whitening" effect; they make intrinsically yellow/orange materials look less so, by compensating the deficit in blue and purple light reflected by the material, with the blue and purple optical emission of the fluorophore.
125:
4,4'-bis(benzoxazolyl)-cis-stilbene and 2,5-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (shown here) are also intensely fluorescent and used as optical brighteners, e.g., in laundry detergents.
296:
258:
114:
91:
256:
Smulders, Eduard; Rybinski, Wolfgang; Sung, Eric; Rähse, Wilfried; Steber, Josef; Wiebel, Frederike; Nordskog, Anette (2002). "Laundry
Detergents".
161:
to make the clothes appear cleaner. Normally cleaned laundry appears yellowish, which consumers do not like. Optical brighteners have replaced
1167:
239:
farmers to enhance the appearance of their white mushrooms. This illegal use was mostly eliminated by the
Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.
412:
1296:
373:
313:
275:
1152:
1147:
1162:
1157:
466:
630:
1081:
404:
Global Safety of Fresh
Produce: A Handbook of Best Practice, Innovative Commercial Solutions and Case Studies
732:
1311:
1028:
949:
407:. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition. Elsevier Science. p. 401.
130:
438:
1291:
560:
63:
695:
1142:
1076:
1033:
1270:
1056:
353:. Society of Dyers and Colourists & American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists
402:
1301:
975:
700:
585:
66:, and re-emit light in the blue region (typically 420-470 nm) through the phenomenon of
1086:
1306:
844:
8:
1179:
1005:
459:
142:
839:
685:
1207:
752:
595:
486:
408:
309:
271:
212:
158:
146:
107:
the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white.
433:
121:
1232:
1091:
929:
737:
707:
500:
330:
301:
263:
267:
110:
1242:
1126:
1111:
1066:
985:
939:
909:
849:
834:
675:
615:
565:
513:
508:
294:
Smulders, Eduard; Sung, Eric. "Laundry
Detergents, 2. Ingredients and Products".
194:
162:
1260:
1217:
904:
869:
645:
620:
555:
452:
236:
717:
1285:
1106:
1096:
1013:
899:
889:
859:
824:
787:
722:
690:
655:
305:
99:
1222:
1121:
1038:
995:
894:
804:
777:
772:
767:
712:
680:
660:
635:
202:
95:
87:
67:
1237:
1202:
1197:
1116:
879:
864:
809:
799:
782:
762:
747:
640:
590:
490:
181:
170:
103:
59:
24:
727:
184:
that brighten shadowed or dark areas of the skin, such as "tired eyes".
1174:
1101:
1023:
980:
954:
944:
874:
854:
829:
794:
757:
670:
650:
70:. These additives are often used to enhance the appearance of color of
19:
334:
1212:
970:
934:
914:
884:
819:
814:
665:
219:
177:
1227:
1071:
1061:
1018:
742:
129:
Approximately 400 brightener types are listed in the international
990:
535:
529:
235:
From around 2002 to 2012, chemical brighteners were used by many
223:
138:
71:
86:
The most common classes of compounds with this property are the
198:
169:
contain optical brighteners, so a common method for detecting
924:
919:
625:
475:
75:
346:
255:
444:
137:
Brighteners can be "boosted" by the addition of certain
371:
218:
Color-correcting or brightening additive in advanced
165:
which was formerly used to produce the same effect.
58:), are chemical compounds that absorb light in the
62:and violet region (usually 340-370 nm) of the
394:
208:Fiber whitening (internal, added to polymer melts)
1283:
16:Chemical compounds that absorb and re-emit light
400:
339:
297:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
259:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
460:
191:Detergent whitener (instead of bluing agents)
176:Optical brighteners have also found use in
522:
467:
453:
187:End uses of optical brighteners include:
115:4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid
92:4,4′-diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid
401:Hoorfar, J.; Xing, Z.; Zhao, X. (2014).
293:
120:
109:
18:
1284:
434:Optical brightener (chemical compound)
249:
211:Textile whitening (external, added to
448:
1266:
289:
287:
173:notes is to check for fluorescence.
13:
157:Brighteners are commonly added to
14:
1323:
284:
1265:
1256:
1255:
374:"Understanding Paper Brightness"
141:, such as high molecular weight
117:is a popular optical brightener.
365:
322:
152:
44:fluorescent brightening agents
1:
1082:Environmental impact of paper
347:"Welcome to the Colour Index"
268:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
242:
81:
52:fluorescent whitening agents
7:
1297:Cleaning product components
372:Printer Technical Service.
226:, conditioners, eye makeup)
10:
1328:
1029:Surface chemistry of paper
532:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
36:optical brightening agents
1251:
1190:
1135:
1047:
1004:
963:
608:
578:
548:
499:
482:
474:
230:
561:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
306:10.1002/14356007.o15_013
94:. Older, non-commercial
64:electromagnetic spectrum
1077:Elemental chlorine free
1034:Units of paper quantity
439:Encyclopædia Britannica
300:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
262:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
102:, which absorbs in the
27:under ultraviolet light
1057:Bleaching of wood pulp
126:
118:
28:
976:Corrugated fiberboard
733:Electrical insulation
586:Thomas Francis Carter
124:
113:
22:
143:polyethylene glycol
32:Optical brighteners
159:laundry detergents
127:
119:
98:compounds include
29:
23:Laundry detergent
1312:Process chemicals
1279:
1278:
604:
603:
596:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
574:
573:
544:
543:
487:Paper engineering
414:978-1-78242-027-9
335:10.1021/jp207136k
195:Paper brightening
147:polyvinyl alcohol
1319:
1292:Fluorescent dyes
1269:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1243:Beverage cartons
1233:Watercolor paper
1092:Hollander beater
576:
575:
546:
545:
520:
519:
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
426:
425:
423:
421:
398:
392:
391:
389:
387:
378:
369:
363:
362:
360:
358:
343:
337:
326:
320:
319:
291:
282:
281:
253:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1247:
1186:
1131:
1127:Sulfite process
1112:Paper recycling
1067:Conical refiner
1049:
1043:
1000:
986:Paper chemicals
959:
600:
570:
566:Charles Fenerty
540:
518:
514:Missal of Silos
509:Battle of Talas
495:
478:
473:
430:
429:
419:
417:
415:
399:
395:
385:
383:
376:
370:
366:
356:
354:
345:
344:
340:
327:
323:
316:
292:
285:
278:
254:
250:
245:
233:
213:fabric finishes
155:
84:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1143:Paper industry
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Handmade paper
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:Specifications
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
967:
965:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:Plastic-coated
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
791:
790:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
704:
703:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
588:
582:
580:
572:
571:
569:
568:
563:
558:
556:Matthias Koops
552:
550:
542:
541:
539:
538:
533:
526:
524:
517:
516:
511:
505:
503:
497:
496:
494:
493:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
443:
442:
428:
427:
413:
393:
364:
338:
321:
315:978-3527306732
314:
283:
277:978-3527306732
276:
247:
246:
244:
241:
232:
229:
228:
227:
216:
209:
206:
192:
154:
151:
83:
80:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1168:United States
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Paper machine
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Kraft process
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
962:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
702:
699:
698:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
611:
607:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
577:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
551:
547:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
525:
521:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
502:
498:
492:
488:
485:
484:
481:
477:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
435:
432:
431:
416:
410:
406:
405:
397:
382:
375:
368:
352:
348:
342:
336:
332:
325:
317:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:
290:
288:
279:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:
252:
248:
240:
238:
225:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
183:
179:
174:
172:
166:
164:
160:
150:
148:
144:
140:
135:
132:
123:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
100:umbelliferone
97:
93:
89:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1302:Luminescence
1208:Papier-mâché
1203:Paper towels
1122:Soda pulping
1039:Wet strength
840:Photographic
713:Cotton (rag)
686:Construction
437:
418:. Retrieved
403:
396:
384:. Retrieved
380:
367:
355:. Retrieved
351:Colour Index
350:
341:
329:12362–12369.
324:
295:
257:
251:
234:
186:
182:microspheres
175:
167:
156:
136:
131:Colour Index
128:
85:
68:fluorescence
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
1307:Papermaking
1238:Paper money
1198:Lined paper
1117:Papermaking
1050:and process
1048:Manufacture
1024:Paper sizes
753:Greaseproof
738:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
591:Dard Hunter
523:Originators
491:Papermaking
357:3 September
171:counterfeit
153:Common uses
96:fluorescent
60:ultraviolet
25:fluorescing
1286:Categories
1175:Paper mill
1102:Organosolv
981:Fiber crop
971:China clay
930:Waterproof
830:Paperboard
708:Correction
701:Carbonless
549:Developers
386:5 November
243:References
222:formulas (
82:Properties
1228:Notebooks
1213:Cardboard
996:Wood pulp
964:Materials
940:Wood-free
915:Wallpaper
910:Tree-free
850:Red rosin
835:Parchment
820:Onionskin
815:Newsprint
676:Cartridge
671:Cardstock
666:Cardboard
616:Acid-free
381:sappi/etc
178:cosmetics
88:stilbenes
1261:Category
1218:Clothing
1136:Industry
1072:Deinking
1062:Calender
1019:Grammage
905:Transfer
870:Security
743:Glassine
646:Blotting
621:Air-laid
579:Scholars
224:shampoos
220:cosmetic
201:or in a
199:internal
90:, e.g.,
1271:Commons
1223:Tissues
1014:Density
991:Papyrus
950:Writing
900:Tracing
890:Thermal
865:Scritta
860:Rolling
825:Origami
788:Butcher
723:Display
691:Contact
656:Bristol
631:Asphalt
536:Damjing
530:Cai Lun
501:History
436:at the
420:Jan 27,
237:Chinese
203:coating
139:polyols
1153:Europe
1148:Canada
895:Tissue
805:Manila
778:Korean
773:Ingres
768:Inkjet
681:Coated
661:Carbon
636:Banana
411:
312:
274:
231:Misuse
163:bluing
72:fabric
50:), or
1163:Japan
1158:India
925:Wasli
920:Washi
880:Stone
810:Mummy
800:Lokta
783:Kraft
763:India
748:Graph
718:CrĂŞpe
641:Bible
626:Amate
609:Types
476:Paper
377:(PDF)
76:paper
1191:Uses
1180:List
955:Xuan
945:Wove
875:Seed
855:Rice
795:Laid
758:Hemp
696:Copy
651:Bond
422:2020
409:ISBN
388:2018
359:2021
310:ISBN
272:ISBN
74:and
56:FWAs
48:FBAs
40:OBAs
935:Wax
885:Tar
331:doi
302:doi
264:doi
145:or
42:),
1288::
728:DĂł
489:/
379:.
349:.
308:.
286:^
270:.
104:UV
34:,
468:e
461:t
454:v
424:.
390:.
361:.
333::
318:.
304::
280:.
266::
215:)
205:)
197:(
54:(
46:(
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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