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184:
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397:, but large-scale production was not feasible until low-cost fatty alcohols become available in the early 1930s. The synthetic detergent created was more effective and less likely to form scum than soap in hard water, and can also eliminate acid and alkaline reactions and decompose dirt. Commercial detergent products with fatty alcohol sulphates began to be sold, initially in 1932 in Germany by
513:. These detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions, and the formulations of these detergents are often complex mixtures of a variety of chemicals aside from surfactants, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. These detergents may contain the following components:
389:, there was a shortage of oils and fats needed to make soap. In order to find alternatives for soap, synthetic detergents were made in Germany by chemists using raw material derived from coal tar. These early products, however, did not provide sufficient detergency. In 1928, effective detergent was made through the
442:
and demand for changes to the formulation of the detergents. Concerns were also raised over the use of surfactants such as branched alkylbenzene sulfonate (tetrapropylenebenzene sulfonate) that lingers in the environment, which led to their replacement by surfactants that are more biodegradable, such
425:
Over the years, many types of detergents have been developed for a variety of purposes, for example, low-sudsing detergents for use in front-loading washing machines, heavy-duty detergents effective in removing grease and dirt, all-purpose detergents and specialty detergents. They become incorporated
195:, which makes them soluble in water. The hydrophobic group of the detergent is the main driving force of micelle formation, its aggregation forms the hydrophobic core of the micelles. The micelle can remove grease, protein or soiling particles. The concentration at which micelles start to form is the
417:
of calcium and magnesium ions, helping to maintain an alkaline pH, as well as dispersing and keeping the soiling particles in solution. The development of the petrochemical industry after the Second World War also yielded material for the production of a range of synthetic surfactants, and
162:
Detergents are a group of compounds with an amphiphilic structure, where each molecule has a hydrophilic (polar) head and a long hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. The hydrophobic portion of these molecules may be straight- or branched-chain
875:
Eduard
Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1323:
171:
structure. The hydrophilic portion is more varied, they may be ionic or non-ionic, and can range from a simple or a relatively elaborate structure. Detergents are surfactants since they can decrease the
1437:
Doyle, DA; Morais Cabral, J; Pfuetzner, RA; Kuo, A; Gulbis, JM; Cohen, SL; Chait, BT; MacKinnon, R (1998). "The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+conduction and selectivity".
199:(CMC), and the temperature at which the micelles further aggregate to separate the solution into two phases is the cloud point when the solution becomes cloudy and detergency is optimal.
430:, shampoo, toothpaste, industrial cleaners, and in lubricants and fuels to reduce or prevent the formation of sludge or deposits. The formulation of detergent products may include
206:. The ability to foam may be determined by the head group, for example anionic surfactants are high-foaming, while nonionic surfactants may be non-foaming or low-foaming.
241:
Anionic detergents is the most common form of detergents, and an estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for the domestic markets.
176:
of water. Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also
605:. Advancements in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as
374:) in Germany. Soda was then mixed with sodium silicate to produce Germany's first brand name detergent Bleichsoda. In 1907, Henkel also added a bleaching agent
1300:
Werner
Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
332:
within a particular pH range, and possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include
275:
replaces the hydrophilic anionic sulfonate group. The ammonium sulfate center is positively charged. Cationic surfactants generally have poor detergency.
409:) primarily in areas with hard water. However, sales in the US grew slowly until the introduction of 'built' detergents with the addition of effective
691:
238:
and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.
1544:
1481:
1319:"Triton X-100 concentration effects on membrane permeability of a single HeLa cell by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)"
1064:
283:
Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on
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413:
developed in the early 1940s. The builder improves the performance of the surfactants by softening the water through the
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was used as a wash additive. In the 19th century, synthetic surfactants began to be created, for example from olive oil.
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Detergents work better in an alkaline pH. The properties of detergents are dependent on the molecular structure of the
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Detergents are classified into four broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.
151:, which are in fact complex mixtures of different compounds, not all of which are by themselves detergents.
559:
154:
Detergency is the ability to remove unwanted substances termed 'soils' from a substrate (e.g., clothing).
370:
sold a sodium silicate-based product that can be used with soap and marketed as a "universal detergent" (
299:, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates and their metabolites,
251:(DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.
234:
is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two varieties have been popularized, those with branched
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125:. However, conventionally, detergent is used to mean synthetic cleaning compounds as opposed to
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had become widespread, and largely replaced soap for cleaning clothes in developed countries.
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alkylbenzene sulfonates became the most important detergent surfactants used. By the 1950s,
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One of the largest applications of detergents is for household and shop cleaning including
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135:), even though soap is also a detergent in the true sense. In domestic contexts, the term
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311:. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup.
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as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Developments over the years have included the use of
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366:(water glass) was used in soap-making in the United States in the 1860s, and in 1876,
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303:. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include
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Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, linear
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463:, sugar-based surfactants which are biodegradable and milder to skin, and other
1324:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1056:
Handbook of
American Business History: Extractives, manufacturing, and services
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622:
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products, as well as changes to the form of delivery such as tablets, gels and
1482:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 A"
1405:
350:
Soap is known to have been used as a surfactant for washing clothes since the
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700:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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64:
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Umena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (2011).
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52:
778:
Neugebauer, Judith M. (1990). "[18] Detergents: An overview".
727:(2nd Revised ed.). Niir Project Consultancy Services. p. 1.
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1052:
414:
390:
288:
244:
83:
70:. There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the
254:
183:
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345:
825:(3rd Revised ed.). Asia Pacific Business Press. p. 270.
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510:
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203:
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90:(of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
56:
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bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane
431:
398:
379:
367:
231:
110:, meaning to wipe or polish off. Detergent can be defined as a
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589:
detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of
39:
1380:"The mechanism of detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers"
567:
563:
406:
351:
426:
in various products outside of laundry use, for example in
127:
75:
1053:
David O. Whitten; Bessie Emrick
Whitten (1 January 1997).
782:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 182. pp. 239–253.
209:
1377:
401:. In the United States, detergents were sold in 1933 by
1479:
382:
to eliminate the laborious rubbing of laundry by hand.
1170:
1143:
922:
1261:. The American Oil Chemists Society. pp. 64–67.
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1046:
1044:
1042:
271:
Cationic detergents are similar to anionic ones, but
378:
to launch the first 'self-acting' laundry detergent
1117:
How to
Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents
474:
434:, fragrances, dyes and other additives. The use of
1039:
754:. The American Oil Chemists Society. p. 154.
550:Both carburetors and fuel injector components of
118:of surfactants with cleansing properties when in
1582:
1225:David O. Whitten; Bessie Emrick Whitten (1999).
1059:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 221–222.
953:A History of the International Chemical Industry
554:benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent
1032:"Soaps & Detergent: History (1900s to Now)"
822:Handbook on Soaps, Detergents & Acid Slurry
1250:
1248:
139:refers to household cleaning products such as
86:(of detergents) is less likely than the polar
1255:Middelhauve, Birgit (2003). Arno Cahn (ed.).
846:Mehreteab, Ammanuel (1999). Guy Broze (ed.).
1378:Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Goñi FM (2013).
1371:
1310:
1201:Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications
1086:
892:
773:
771:
721:NIIR Board of Consultants Engineers (2013).
1254:
1245:
1139:
1137:
157:
1197:
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852:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 133–134.
818:
777:
724:The Complete Technology Book on Detergents
321:Surfactant § Applications and sources
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78:-like compounds that are more soluble in
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478:
314:
291:. Common examples of the former include
253:
182:
38:
1004:Jakobi, Günter; Löhr, Albrecht (2012).
956:. Chemical Heritage Press. p. 82.
278:
14:
1583:
913:
866:
266:
210:Chemical classifications of detergents
191:Detergent molecules aggregate to form
1204:. Taylor & Francis. p. 331.
1113:
1073:
886:
609:also the disrupt membrane by binding
581:
490:
447:, substitutes for phosphates such as
217:
27:Surfactants with cleansing properties
1171:Paul Sosis, Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
1144:Paul Sosis, Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
923:Paul Sosis, Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
687:
685:
562:. Typical detergents are long-chain
102:is derived from the Latin adjective
1231:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.
24:
1542:About.com: How Do Detergents Clean
1258:5th World Conference on Detergents
751:5th World Conference on Detergents
697:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
25:
1617:
1535:
1093:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–5.
1010:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–4.
899:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–2.
682:
545:
1281:
1120:. David G. Urban. pp. 4–5.
1090:Surfactants in Consumer Products
980:The Perfection of the Paper Clip
896:Surfactants in Consumer Products
475:Major applications of detergents
438:, however, led to concerns over
328:or zwitterionic detergents have
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558:. Concentrations are about 300
222:Typical anionic detergents are
1228:Handbook of Detergents, Part A
1174:Handbook of Detergents, Part F
1147:Handbook of Detergents, Part F
1034:. American Cleaning Institute.
1007:Detergents and Textile Washing
926:Handbook of Detergents, Part F
849:Handbook of Detergents, Part A
839:
812:
741:
714:
260:sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
197:critical micelle concentration
93:
13:
1:
1306:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2
882:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
675:
1564:related to laundry washing,
983:. Atria Books. p. 190.
788:10.1016/0076-6879(90)82020-3
7:
1459:10.1126/science.280.5360.69
1284:"Laundry Detergent History"
1036:Retrieved on 6 January 2015
628:
552:internal combustion engines
10:
1622:
1556:for detergents chemistry,
1087:Jürgen Falbe, ed. (2012).
977:Ward, James; Löhr (2020).
893:Jürgen Falbe, ed. (2012).
591:integral membrane proteins
494:
343:
339:
318:
34:Detergent (disambiguation)
31:
1596:Membrane-active molecules
1406:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.007
1317:Koley D, Bard AJ (2010).
1241:– via Google Books.
1103:– via Google Books.
1069:– via Google Books.
909:– via Google Books.
862:– via Google Books.
835:– via Google Books.
764:– via Google Books.
737:– via Google Books.
665:List of cleaning products
1576:Formulation of Detergent
1198:Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
1150:. CRC Press. p. 6.
1114:Urban, David G. (2003).
929:. CRC Press. p. 5.
158:Structure and properties
1346:10.1073/pnas.1011614107
950:Aftalion, Fred (2001).
780:Detergents: An overview
748:Arno Cahn, ed. (2003).
710:10.1351/goldbook.D01643
574:and polyisobuteneamide/
436:phosphates in detergent
224:alkylbenzene sulfonates
131:(a salt of the natural
72:alkylbenzene sulfonates
1547:6 January 2011 at the
487:
484:Laundry detergent pods
354:time in 2,500 B.C. In
263:
188:
187:Structure of a micelle
44:
482:
428:dishwasher detergents
319:Further information:
315:Amphoteric detergents
257:
186:
42:
655:Hard-surface cleaner
597:. Solubilization of
501:Dishwasher detergent
403:Procter & Gamble
372:Universalwaschmittel
279:Non-ionic detergents
180:to varying degrees.
82:, because the polar
59:of surfactants with
32:For other uses, see
1509:10.1038/nature09913
1501:2011Natur.473...55U
1451:1998Sci...280...69D
1398:2013BpJ...105..289L
1385:Biophysical Journal
1337:2010PNAS..10716783K
819:Niir Board (1999).
635:Cleavable detergent
619:signaling receptors
346:Soap § History
305:octyl thioglucoside
273:quaternary ammonium
267:Cationic detergents
167:, or it may have a
63:properties when in
1566:destaining methods
640:Dishwashing liquid
611:lipopolysaccharide
582:Biological reagent
572:polyisobuteneamine
491:Household cleaning
488:
440:nutrient pollution
420:laundry detergents
264:
218:Anionic detergents
189:
45:
1591:Cleaning products
1066:978-0-313-25199-3
660:Laundry detergent
529:bleach activators
497:Laundry detergent
411:phosphate builder
230:portion of these
142:laundry detergent
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607:ion channels
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228:alkylbenzene
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1601:Surfactants
1558:surfactants
576:succinimide
517:surfactants
385:During the
330:zwitterions
301:nonylphenol
94:Definitions
88:carboxylate
1606:Detergents
1585:Categories
676:References
645:Dispersant
538:fragrances
344:See also:
326:Amphoteric
309:maltosides
247:, such as
245:Bile acids
133:fatty acid
112:surfactant
80:hard water
53:surfactant
43:Detergents
18:Detergents
1525:205224374
702:detergent
603:monolayer
593:found in
415:chelation
391:sulfation
289:glycoside
137:detergent
123:solutions
108:detergere
104:detergens
100:detergent
98:The word
84:sulfonate
68:solutions
61:cleansing
49:detergent
1545:Archived
1517:21499260
1424:23870250
1365:20837548
629:See also
570:such as
523:builders
352:Sumerian
193:micelles
1562:history
1497:Bibcode
1467:9525859
1447:Bibcode
1439:Science
1415:3714928
1394:Bibcode
1356:2947864
1333:Bibcode
806:2314239
556:fouling
532:enzymes
511:laundry
449:zeolite
445:enzymes
340:History
204:monomer
169:steroid
116:mixture
57:mixture
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451:A and
432:bleach
399:Henkel
380:Persil
368:Henkel
297:Triton
232:anions
226:. The
120:dilute
65:dilute
1521:S2CID
1485:(PDF)
692:IUPAC
407:Dreft
334:CHAPS
293:Tween
287:or a
114:or a
55:or a
51:is a
1570:soil
1568:and
1513:PMID
1463:PMID
1420:PMID
1361:PMID
1263:ISBN
1233:ISBN
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1179:ISBN
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802:PMID
792:ISBN
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566:and
535:dyes
499:and
469:pods
457:TAED
360:soda
307:and
128:soap
76:soap
1505:doi
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1455:doi
1443:280
1410:PMC
1402:doi
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1341:doi
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560:ppm
459:as
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