872:
1317:
1437:
735:
832:
1416:
1374:
1041:
157:
1332:
1280:
1259:
1149:
765:
1063:
81:
1301:
1009:
947:
1119:
792:
927:
1395:
1169:
1353:
490:(animals and all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi); no opisthokonts basal to the Holomycota/Holozoa split have yet been identified. The Opisthokonts was largely resolved by Torriella et al. Holomycota and Holozoa are composed of the following groups.
379:
in exoskeleton, cyst/spore wall, or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae; the extracellular digestion of substrates with osmotrophic absorption of nutrients; and other cell biosynthetic and metabolic pathways. Genera at the base of each clade are amoeboid and
2216:
Galindo, Luis Javier; Torruella, Guifré; López-García, Purificación; Ciobanu, Maria; Gutiérrez-Preciado, Ana; Karpov, Sergey A.; Moreira, David (June 2023). "Phylogenomics
Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies".
419:, but this character varies. More recently, it has been said that holozoa (animals) and holomycota (fungi) are much more closely related to each other than either is to plants, because opisthokonts have a triple fusion of
1469:
Loron, Corentin C.; François, Camille; Rainbird, Robert H.; Turner, Elizabeth C.; Borensztajn, Stephan; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (June 2019). "Early fungi from the
Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada".
2691:
128:
2252:
Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Mikhailov, Kirill V.; Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Karpov, Sergei A.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Esaulov, Anton S.; et al. (November 2020).
1316:
3076:
710:
indicates the evolutionary relationships between the different opisthokont lineages, and the time divergence of the clades in millions of years ago (Mya).
3260:
3189:
2779:
2659:
2654:
1572:
Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Farmer, Mark A.; Andersen, Robert A.; Anderson, O. Roger; Barta, John R.; et al. (September–October 2005).
439:
not present in the opisthokonts. Animals and fungi are also more closely related to amoebas than to plants, and plants are more closely related to the
4756:
2774:
2745:
1436:
4761:
3425:
3224:
3214:
909:
4619:
2323:
4937:
3245:
854:
2093:
Torruella, Guifré; De
Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Del Campo, Javier; et al. (September 2015).
364:
flagellum. It is this feature that gives the group its name. In contrast, flagellate cells in other eukaryote groups propel themselves with
871:
3219:
268:
1987:
Wainright PO, Hinkle G, Sogin ML, Stickel SK (April 1993). "Monophyletic origins of the metazoa: an evolutionary link with fungi".
2175:
Tedersoo, Leho; Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago; Kõljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Döring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; et al. (2018).
1938:
Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; et al. (January 2019).
1842:"Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains"
1415:
3567:
2136:"Phylogeny of the "forgotten" cellular slime mold, Fonticula alba, reveals a key evolutionary branch within Opisthokonta"
1840:
Torruella, G.; Derelle, R.; Paps, J.; Lang, B. F.; Roger, A. J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, K.; Ruiz-Trillo, I. (February 2012).
2316:
1613:
Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, Jakobsen KS, Cavalier-Smith T (May 2008). Aramayo R (ed.).
4983:
1556:
1672:
285:
3601:
2356:
4942:
3596:
2351:
1331:
428:
420:
372:. Flagellate cells however have been secondarily lost in some opisthokont groups, including most of the fungi.
3680:
3670:
3653:
2435:
2425:
2408:
2309:
1373:
1300:
17:
1352:
4888:
2254:"New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals"
156:
1279:
1258:
4929:
1747:"The presence of a haloarchaeal type tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase marks the opisthokonts as monophyletic"
1394:
2095:"Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi"
3685:
3560:
2440:
436:
110:
4955:
4879:
4841:
3534:
3111:
317:. The opisthokonts, previously called the "Fungi/Metazoa group", are generally recognized as a
261:
4978:
4950:
3648:
3071:
2403:
2039:
1786:
1574:"The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists"
393:
217:
4911:
2051:
1996:
1626:
1478:
486:
or
Nucletmycea (fungi and all organisms more closely related to fungi than to animals) and
454:
Cavalier-Smith and
Stechmann argue that the uniciliate eukaryotes such as opisthokonts and
448:
432:
1789:, Barbero E, Lasser E, Dunthorn M, Bhattacharya D, Patterson DJ, Katz LA (December 2006).
8:
4463:
4247:
3096:
575:
2177:"High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses"
2055:
2000:
1630:
1482:
396:
in 1987, who used the informal name opisthokonta (the formal name has been used for the
4473:
3665:
3643:
3631:
3606:
3553:
3086:
2420:
2398:
2386:
2361:
2075:
2020:
1964:
1939:
1915:
1890:
1866:
1841:
1817:
1790:
1649:
1614:
1502:
734:
365:
151:
138:
90:
4807:
4733:
4714:
4424:
4007:
3675:
3638:
3626:
3616:
3126:
3106:
3101:
3091:
2430:
2393:
2381:
2371:
2275:
2234:
2198:
2157:
2116:
2067:
2012:
1969:
1920:
1871:
1822:
1768:
1727:
1654:
1595:
1590:
1573:
1552:
1526:
1520:
1506:
1494:
1427:
1406:
1144:
707:
314:
115:
4893:
2079:
2024:
4779:
4725:
4479:
3925:
3590:
3408:
3399:
2345:
2265:
2226:
2188:
2147:
2106:
2059:
2004:
1959:
1951:
1910:
1902:
1861:
1853:
1812:
1802:
1758:
1717:
1644:
1634:
1585:
1486:
650:
401:
209:
100:
4411:
4652:
3827:
3494:
3306:
3255:
3081:
3013:
2759:
2718:
2467:
1891:"On the age of eukaryotes: evaluating evidence from fossils and molecular clocks"
1807:
1639:
1035:
827:
624:
564:
528:
397:
1906:
4924:
4748:
4738:
4702:
4677:
4366:
4157:
4058:
3980:
3789:
3621:
3448:
3291:
3199:
3116:
2727:
2376:
1343:
1040:
831:
686:
663:
599:
579:
535:
440:
424:
119:
95:
2270:
2253:
2193:
2176:
2111:
2094:
1490:
4972:
4864:
4784:
4583:
4575:
4405:
4326:
4266:
4177:
4151:
3880:
3430:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3250:
3172:
3131:
3121:
3039:
2735:
2634:
2230:
2202:
1307:
1004:
942:
787:
546:
412:
322:
2152:
2135:
2063:
2008:
1940:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
1857:
1763:
1746:
1722:
1705:
4817:
4644:
4624:
4564:
4468:
4441:
4388:
4346:
4313:
4088:
3866:
3805:
3545:
3499:
3417:
3354:
3240:
3181:
3031:
2587:
2498:
2279:
2238:
2161:
2120:
2071:
1973:
1924:
1875:
1826:
1791:"Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity"
1772:
1731:
1658:
1599:
1498:
1338:
1088:
674:
668:
550:
444:
381:
346:
4903:
2042:(July 2002). "Rooting the eukaryote tree by using a derived gene fusion".
2016:
1530:
1148:
4873:
4708:
4634:
4486:
4450:
4430:
4378:
4352:
4242:
4190:
4163:
4145:
4118:
3885:
3754:
3743:
3509:
3282:
2951:
2793:
2675:
2490:
1680:
1401:
1270:
1021:
764:
585:
556:
540:
133:
52:
45:
27:
Group of eukaryotes which includes animals and fungi, among other groups
4789:
4613:
4604:
4589:
4457:
4394:
4253:
4214:
4209:
4095:
4012:
3907:
3819:
3479:
3440:
3345:
3311:
3136:
2543:
2457:
1547:
Rayner, Alan D. M., ed. (1987). "The origin of fungi and pseudofungi".
1422:
1385:
1380:
1364:
1359:
1114:
1057:
1008:
974:
946:
814:
680:
656:
629:
494:
483:
342:
241:
143:
80:
1955:
1118:
1062:
791:
4688:
4629:
4337:
4302:
4260:
4237:
4219:
4106:
4042:
3917:
3794:
3737:
3724:
3576:
3390:
2740:
2603:
2538:
2516:
2251:
1291:
1265:
1131:
926:
922:
760:
730:
609:
595:
589:
519:
512:
471:
463:
455:
303:
299:
291:
274:
168:
4835:
2174:
4858:
4695:
4657:
4558:
4535:
4082:
4077:
4069:
3999:
3874:
3749:
3732:
3710:
3660:
3504:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3061:
3022:
2415:
2215:
888:
867:
717:
640:
350:
326:
181:
1889:
Eme, L.; Sharpe, S. C.; Brown, M. W.; Roger, A. J. (August 2014).
1745:
Huang, Jinling; Xu, Ying; Gogarten, Johann Peter (November 2005).
392:
The close relationship between animals and fungi was suggested by
4811:
4546:
4383:
4229:
4136:
4125:
3989:
3895:
3851:
3759:
3329:
3155:
2611:
2296:
1612:
1443:
1322:
1286:
1164:
1101:
991:
644:
635:
617:
508:
487:
459:
443:
of protists than to animals or fungi. Animals and fungi are both
416:
354:
246:
123:
59:
4916:
2134:
Brown, M. W.; Spiegel, F. W.; Silberman, J. D. (December 2009).
2092:
4404:
4201:
3931:
3833:
3775:
3466:
2565:
2301:
747:
467:
376:
375:
Opisthokont characteristics include synthesis of extracellular
330:
311:
307:
194:
66:
4771:
1447:
1168:
844:
500:
408:
357:
318:
105:
1785:
1615:"Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals"
4028:
1986:
1551:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 339–353.
1468:
431:
that is not present in plants, and plants have a fusion of
1839:
1571:
2037:
1703:
404:
in 1956), and was supported by later genetic studies.
2133:
1665:
336:
2209:
1888:
1704:Steenkamp ET, Wright J, Baldauf SL (January 2006).
677:(formerly considered parasitic fungi or sporozoans)
1546:
4970:
3407:
1937:
341:A common characteristic of opisthokonts is that
4724:
3299:
2767:
1744:
1699:
1697:
1542:
1540:
3561:
3290:
2726:
2595:
2317:
451:like plants, there are also sessile animals.
3575:
3171:
2708:
2586:
2577:
1706:"The protistan origins of animals and fungi"
4440:
3353:
3030:
1980:
1779:
1694:
1606:
1537:
653:(flagellates formerly included in protozoa)
3568:
3554:
2531:
2489:
2482:
2324:
2310:
1895:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
79:
3818:
3344:
2524:
2269:
2245:
2192:
2151:
2110:
1963:
1914:
1865:
1816:
1806:
1762:
1721:
1648:
1638:
1589:
3723:
3021:
2602:
1462:
407:Early phylogenies placed fungi near the
3708:
14:
4971:
4826:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
1944:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1578:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
4840:
4839:
3549:
2305:
1522:The Classification of Lower Organisms
689:(formerly considered parasitic fungi
447:, unlike plants, and while fungi are
281: 'rear, posterior' and
671:(formerly considered trichomycetes)
598:(water molds) (now included in the
24:
1525:. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. 1956.
578:(slime nets) (now included in the
360:, propel themselves with a single
337:Flagella and other characteristics
25:
4995:
2290:
2331:
1591:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
1435:
1414:
1393:
1372:
1351:
1330:
1315:
1299:
1278:
1257:
1167:
1147:
1117:
1061:
1039:
1007:
945:
925:
870:
830:
790:
763:
733:
155:
43:
3533:Sources and alternative views:
2168:
2140:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2127:
2086:
2031:
1931:
1882:
1846:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1833:
1751:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1710:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4305:
4301:
4061:
4057:
1738:
1565:
1513:
567:, a sister group to the fungi)
560:
531:, a sister group to the fungi)
524:
482:Opisthokonts are divided into
429:aspartate carbamoyltransferase
421:carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
13:
1:
1549:Evolutionary biology of Fungi
1455:
563:considers this to be part of
527:considers this to be part of
321:. Opisthokonts together with
1808:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220
1640:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098
701:
539:(previously thought to be a
7:
1907:10.1101/cshperspect.a016139
1442:Two opisthokonts: a human (
683:(formerly considered fungi)
477:
462:, split off from the other
411:and other groups that have
10:
5000:
1250:
549:(previously thought to be
543:, now considered a fungus)
387:
329:comprise the larger clade
284:
267:
88:Clockwise, from top left:
4848:
4802:
4770:
4747:
4674:
4643:
4603:
4574:
4554:
4545:
4533:
4529:
4374:
4365:
4336:
4321:
4312:
4299:
4295:
4228:
4200:
4185:
4176:
4135:
4114:
4105:
4068:
4055:
4051:
4038:
4025:
4021:
3998:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3916:
3903:
3894:
3861:
3848:
3814:
3803:
3785:
3772:
3719:
3704:
3700:
3584:
3530:
3465:
3439:
3416:
3398:
3389:
3337:
3328:
3281:
3233:
3207:
3198:
3180:
3164:
3153:
3060:
3012:
3005:
2963:
2932:
2909:
2871:
2851:
2801:
2792:
2758:
2717:
2704:
2684:
2668:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2628:
2573:
2564:
2515:
2475:
2466:
2455:
2339:
2271:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.061
2194:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
2112:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053
1491:10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0
1162:
1142:
1135:
1112:
1105:
1085:
1054:
1032:
1025:
1002:
995:
940:
920:
913:
886:
865:
858:
848:
825:
818:
808:
785:
778:
758:
751:
728:
721:
238:
233:
152:Scientific classification
150:
87:
78:
34:
4984:Amorphea unranked clades
4031:
4027:
349:of most animals and the
302:') are a broad group of
2297:Tree of Life Eukaryotes
2064:10.1126/science.1071196
2009:10.1126/science.8469985
628:(formerly considered a
437:dihydrofolate reductase
111:Desmarella moniliformis
3112:Calcarisporiellomycota
2231:10.1093/sysbio/syac054
2040:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
2038:Stechmann, Alexandra;
1306:Microsporidian spore (
458:, collectively called
4951:Paleobiology Database
3072:Neocallimastigomycota
2835:Pseudopleistophoridae
2692:Paramicrosporidiaceae
2153:10.1093/molbev/msp185
1858:10.1093/molbev/msr185
1764:10.1093/molbev/msi221
1723:10.1093/molbev/msj011
1673:"Fungi/Metazoa group"
612:(placement uncertain)
470:, shortly after they
394:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
306:, including both the
129:Nuclearia thermophila
2685:Paramicrosporidiales
2264:(22): 4500–4509.e5.
1325:(flagellated fungus)
433:thymidylate synthase
4703:Gunflint microbiota
4464:Klebsormidiophyceae
4248:Hyphochytriomycetes
3097:Entomophthoromycota
2939:Encephalitozoonidae
2635:Microsporidiomycota
2056:2002Sci...297...89S
2001:1993Sci...260..340W
1683:on 17 February 2009
1631:2008PLoSO...3.2098S
1483:2019Natur.570..232L
576:labyrinthulomycetes
466:eukaryotes, called
345:cells, such as the
4474:Coleochaetophyceae
3854:
3850:
3778:
3774:
3467:Metazoa (Animalia)
3087:Blastocladiomycota
3077:Monoblepharomycota
2942:Enterocytozoonidae
2832:Pleistosporidiidae
2219:Systematic Biology
1446:) and a mushroom (
298: 'pole, i.e.
139:Ministeria vibrans
91:Abeoforma whisleri
4966:
4965:
4842:Taxon identifiers
4833:
4832:
4798:
4797:
4734:Spironematellidae
4715:Meteora sporadica
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4599:
4598:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4425:Prasinodermophyta
4361:
4360:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4172:
4171:
4008:Centroplasthelida
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3844:
3843:
3768:
3767:
3543:
3542:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3409:Choanoflagellatea
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3307:Corallochytriidae
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3261:Parataeniellaceae
3190:Dermocystidiaceae
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3107:Mortierellomycota
3092:Basidiobolomycota
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2945:Heterovesiculidae
2925:Tubulinosematidae
2788:
2787:
2780:Metchnikovellidae
2754:
2753:
2700:
2699:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2146:(12): 2699–2709.
2105:(18): 2404–2410.
1995:(5106): 340–342.
1956:10.1111/jeu.12691
1757:(11): 2142–2146.
1477:(7760): 232–235.
1428:Choanoflagellatea
1407:Choanoflagellatea
1247:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1145:Choanoflagellatea
1074:
1073:
981:
980:
967:
966:
958:
957:
899:
898:
708:phylogenetic tree
588:(now included in
254:
253:
229:
116:Choanoflagellatea
16:(Redirected from
4991:
4959:
4958:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4837:
4836:
4780:Collodictyonidae
4726:Hemimastigophora
4722:
4721:
4681:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4480:Zygnematophyceae
4438:
4437:
4418:
4402:
4401:
4372:
4371:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4183:
4182:
4112:
4111:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4023:
4022:
3996:
3995:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3926:Choanoflagellata
3901:
3900:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3613:
3593:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3400:Choanoflagellata
3396:
3395:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3300:Corallochytriida
3297:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3205:
3204:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3127:Entorrhizomycota
3028:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3009:
2916:Fibrillasporidae
2829:Neonosemoidiidae
2817:Cylindrosporidae
2799:
2798:
2768:Metchnikovellida
2765:
2764:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2660:Morellosporaceae
2655:Mitosporidiaceae
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2368:
2348:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2181:Fungal Diversity
2172:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1679:. Archived from
1669:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1466:
1439:
1418:
1397:
1376:
1355:
1334:
1319:
1303:
1282:
1261:
1171:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1065:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1011:
998:
997:
949:
929:
916:
915:
874:
861:
860:
851:
850:
834:
821:
820:
811:
810:
794:
781:
780:
767:
754:
753:
737:
724:
723:
714:
713:
651:Choanoflagellata
561:more recent work
525:more recent work
295:
288:
278:
271:
208:
160:
159:
101:Amanita muscaria
83:
73:
69:
62:
55:
48:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4844:
4834:
4829:
4794:
4766:
4757:Ancyromonadidae
4743:
4720:
4675:
4662:
4653:Malawimonadidae
4639:
4595:
4570:
4534:
4493:
4436:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4357:
4332:
4300:
4271:
4224:
4196:
4168:
4131:
4101:
4056:
4047:
4026:
4017:
3994:
3979:
3938:
3912:
3890:
3849:
3840:
3804:
3799:
3773:
3764:
3709:
3696:
3695:
3611:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3514:
3495:Xenacoelomorpha
3453:
3435:
3377:
3316:
3265:
3256:Paramoebidiidae
3251:Ichthyophonidae
3229:
3194:
3158:
3141:
3102:Kickxellomycota
3082:Chytridiomycota
3064:
3044:
3014:Aphelidiomycota
3006:Aphelidiomyceta
2973:
2959:
2928:
2905:
2890:Pleistophoridae
2867:
2847:
2838:Striatosporidae
2814:Cougourdellidae
2784:
2775:Amphiacanthidae
2760:Metchnikovellea
2750:
2746:Chytridiopsidae
2719:Chytridiopsidea
2711:
2696:
2680:
2676:Nucleophagaceae
2664:
2648:Morellosporales
2637:
2616:
2580:
2548:
2503:
2468:Cristidiscoidea
2460:
2451:
2450:
2366:
2344:
2335:
2330:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2258:Current Biology
2250:
2246:
2214:
2210:
2173:
2169:
2132:
2128:
2099:Current Biology
2091:
2087:
2050:(5578): 89–91.
2036:
2032:
1985:
1981:
1936:
1932:
1887:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1784:
1780:
1743:
1739:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1611:
1607:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1538:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1440:
1431:
1419:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1356:
1347:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1283:
1274:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1075:
1036:Corallochytrium
982:
975:sensu lato
968:
959:
900:
704:
625:Corallochytrium
565:Cristidiscoidea
529:Cristidiscoidea
480:
390:
339:
207:
154:
74:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4947:
4934:
4921:
4908:
4898:
4885:
4870:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4814:
4810:excluded from
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4762:Planomonadidae
4759:
4753:
4751:
4749:Ancyromonadida
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4739:Paramastigidae
4736:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4678:Incertae sedis
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4367:Archaeplastida
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4158:Dinoflagellata
4154:
4152:Chrompodellida
4149:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3981:Diaphoretickes
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3714:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:Mesomycetozoea
3683:
3678:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3622:Diaphoretickes
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:classification
3573:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3449:Salpingoecidae
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:Stephanoecidae
3422:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3312:Syssomonadidae
3309:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3292:Corallochytrea
3285:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3225:Psorospermidae
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3208:Sphaeroformina
3202:
3200:Ichthyophonida
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3165:Ichthyosporida
3159:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2970:Ovavesiculidae
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:Facilisporidae
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:Amblyosporidae
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:Chytridiopsida
2721:
2712:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2669:Nucleophagales
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:Rozellomycetes
2590:
2581:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:Mesomycetozoea
2438:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2377:Diaphoretickes
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2291:External links
2289:
2286:
2285:
2244:
2225:(3): 505–515.
2208:
2187:(1): 135–159.
2167:
2126:
2085:
2030:
1979:
1930:
1901:(8): a016139.
1881:
1852:(2): 531–544.
1832:
1778:
1737:
1693:
1664:
1605:
1584:(5): 399–451.
1564:
1557:
1536:
1512:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1344:Mesomycetozoea
1336:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:1500 Mya
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:1300 Mya
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1001:
996:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
919:
914:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
892:
885:
882:
881:
877:
876:
864:
859:
857:
849:
847:
841:
840:
837:
836:
824:
819:
817:
809:
807:
801:
800:
797:
796:
784:
779:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
757:
752:
750:
744:
743:
740:
739:
727:
722:
720:
712:
706:The following
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
696:
695:
694:
691:incertae sedis
687:Ichthyophonida
684:
678:
672:
664:Mesomycetozoea
661:
660:
659:
654:
648:
633:
620:(Animal-like)
615:
614:
613:
607:
606:
605:
604:
603:
600:SAR supergroup
593:
583:
580:SAR supergroup
570:
569:
568:
554:
544:
536:Hyaloraphidium
532:
516:
511:(flagellated,
497:(Fungus-like)
479:
476:
441:SAR supergroup
425:dihydroorotase
389:
386:
338:
335:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
236:
235:
231:
230:
218:Cavalier-Smith
202:
198:
197:
192:
185:
184:
179:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
120:bonnet macaque
96:Mesomycetozoea
85:
84:
76:
75:
65:
58:
51:
44:
41:1010–0 Ma
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4996:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:¹traditional
4805:
4804:
4801:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Mantamonadida
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4673:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:Heterolobosea
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4576:Discicristata
4573:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4406:Viridiplantae
4403:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4327:Microheliella
4324:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4268:
4267:Actinophryida
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Stramenopiles
4175:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Ichthyosporea
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3828:Rotosphaerida
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Apusomonadida
3788:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:Stramenopiles
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3612:(major groups
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3536:
3529:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3431:Acanthoecidae
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3374:
3373:Txikisporidae
3371:
3369:
3368:Ministeriidae
3366:
3364:
3363:Capsasporidae
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Creolimacidae
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:Ichthyosporea
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Basidiomycota
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:Glomeromycota
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3041:
3040:Aphelidiaceae
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:Ovavesiculida
2962:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2922:Neopereziidae
2921:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:Unikaryonidae
2901:
2898:
2896:Thelohaniidae
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2861:Caudosporidae
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:Amblyosporida
2850:
2844:Toxoglugeidae
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:Burenelloidea
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Buxtehudeidae
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:Microsporidia
2707:
2703:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Rozellomycota
2585:
2582:
2579:Rozellomyceta
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2545:
2544:Parvulariidae
2542:
2540:
2539:Fonticulaceae
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Stramenopiles
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:(major groups
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:PLOS Genetics
1792:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1716:(1): 93–106.
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1558:0-521-33050-5
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:Microsporidia
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:950 mya
1186:
1185:
1177:760 Mya
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:Ichthyosporea
1000:
999:
993:
990:
989:
986:
985:
977:
976:
972:
971:
963:
962:
954:
953:
950:
948:
944:
943:Microsporidia
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
928:
924:
918:
917:
911:
910:Opisthophagea
908:
907:
904:
903:
895:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
880:410 Mya
879:
878:
875:
873:
869:
863:
862:
856:
853:
852:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
835:
833:
829:
823:
822:
816:
813:
812:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
793:
789:
788:Apusomonadida
783:
782:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
766:
762:
756:
755:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
736:
732:
726:
725:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
665:
662:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
642:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
627:
626:
622:
621:
619:
616:
611:
608:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
573:
571:
566:
562:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:microsporidia
545:
542:
538:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
504:
503:
502:
499:
498:
496:
493:
492:
491:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
378:
373:
371:
369:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
323:Apusomonadida
320:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
287:
283:
280:
277:
270:
266:
263:
262:Ancient Greek
259:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
237:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
86:
82:
77:
70:
63:
56:
49:
33:
30:
19:
4979:Opisthokonts
4894:Opisthokonta
4880:Opisthokonta
4850:Opisthokonta
4849:
4823:
4818:paraphyletic
4713:
4694:
4676:
4645:Malawimonada
4625:Anaeromonada
4620:Anaeramoebae
4612:
4588:
4565:Tsukubamonas
4563:
4485:
4478:
4469:Charophyceae
4456:
4449:
4442:Streptophyta
4429:
4413:
4393:
4389:Rhodelphidia
4347:Palpitomonas
4345:
4325:
4314:Pancryptista
4259:
4252:
4189:
4156:
4144:
4124:
4094:
4089:Foraminifera
4087:
3930:
3873:
3867:Tunicaraptor
3865:
3832:
3806:Opisthokonta
3742:
3671:Opisthokonta
3500:Ambulacraria
3418:Acanthoecida
3355:Ministeriida
3338:Filasterozoa
3241:Amoebidiidae
3234:Trichomycina
3182:Dermocystida
3117:Mucoromycota
3065:(True Fungi)
3032:Aphelidiales
2956:Ordosporidae
2919:Janacekiidae
2910:Neopereziida
2826:Microfilidae
2823:Golbergiidae
2820:Duboscqiidae
2805:Abelsporidae
2499:Nucleariidae
2426:Opisthokonta
2333:Opisthokonta
2332:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2047:
2043:
2033:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1950:(1): 4–119.
1947:
1943:
1933:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1801:(12): e220.
1798:
1794:
1781:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1713:
1709:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:the original
1676:
1667:
1625:(5): e2098.
1622:
1618:
1608:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1548:
1521:
1515:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1426:sp. colony (
1421:
1400:
1379:
1358:
1339:Sphaeroforma
1337:
1285:
1264:
1163:
1143:
1113:
1089:Tunicaraptor
1087:
1086:
1056:
1055:
1034:
1033:
1003:
973:
941:
921:
887:
866:
826:
805:Opisthokonta
804:
786:
759:
729:
705:
690:
675:Dermocystida
669:Amoebidiales
623:
551:apicomplexia
534:
518:
481:
453:
445:heterotrophs
413:mitochondria
406:
391:
382:phagotrophic
374:
367:
366:one or more
361:
340:
292:
289:
282:
275:
272:
265:
258:opisthokonts
257:
255:
225:
221:
213:
205:Opisthokonta
204:
201:(unranked):
188:
175:
137:
127:
109:
99:
89:
29:
18:Opisthokonts
4874:Wikispecies
4709:Chitinozoan
4635:Parabasalia
4487:Embryophyta
4451:Chlorokybus
4431:Chlorophyta
4379:Glaucophyta
4353:Cryptophyta
4243:Pirsoniales
4210:Bicosoecida
4191:Platysulcus
4164:Perkinsozoa
4146:Apicomplexa
4119:Colponemida
3886:Pluriformea
3755:Archamoebea
3744:Eumycetozoa
3535:Wikispecies
3510:Protostomia
3283:Pluriformea
3246:Eccrinaceae
2952:Nosematidae
2948:Mrazekiidae
2893:Spragueidae
2884:Myosporidae
2841:Telomyxidae
2794:Microsporea
2532:Fonticulida
2517:Fonticulida
2491:Nucleariida
2483:Nuclearidea
1402:Salpingoeca
1271:Nucleariida
1022:Pluriformea
855:Phytophagea
643:(including
590:amoebozoans
586:myxomycetes
557:Nucleariida
134:Nucleariida
54:Proterozoic
35:Opisthokont
4973:Categories
4790:Rigifilida
4689:Acritarchs
4614:Barthelona
4605:Metamonada
4590:Euglenozoa
4458:Mesostigma
4414:sensu lato
4395:Rhodophyta
4254:Ochrophyta
4215:Placidozoa
4126:Ciliophora
4096:Radiolaria
4013:Haptophyta
3908:Filasterea
3820:Holomycota
3480:Ctenophora
3441:Craspedida
3346:Filasterea
3137:Ascomycota
2933:Nosematida
2899:Tuzetiidae
2887:Pereziidae
2864:Gurleyidae
2612:Rozellidae
2525:Fonticulea
2476:Nuclearida
2458:Holomycota
1787:Parfrey LW
1687:2009-03-08
1456:References
1423:Desmarella
1386:Filasterea
1381:Capsaspora
1365:Filasterea
1360:Ministeria
1115:Filasterea
1058:Syssomonas
868:True Fungi
828:Nucleariae
815:Holomycota
681:Eccrinales
657:Filasterea
630:Heterokont
572:Excludes:
541:green alga
505:Includes:
495:Holomycota
484:Holomycota
415:with flat
343:flagellate
304:eukaryotes
260:(from
242:Holomycota
234:Subgroups
144:Filasterea
4630:Fornicata
4536:Excavates
4338:Cryptista
4261:Oomycetes
4238:Developea
4220:Sagenista
4107:Alveolata
4043:Telonemia
3918:Choanozoa
3795:Breviatea
3738:Tubulinea
3725:Amoebozoa
3666:Amoebozoa
3644:Alveolata
3632:Cryptista
3607:Eukaryota
3577:Eukaryote
3391:Choanozoa
3023:Aphelidea
2881:Glugeidae
2811:Burkeidae
2741:Hesseidae
2604:Rozellida
2421:Amoebozoa
2399:Alveolata
2387:Cryptista
2362:Eukaryota
2203:1560-2745
1507:162180486
1292:Rozellida
1266:Nuclearia
1132:Choanozoa
923:Rozellida
761:Breviatea
731:Amoebozoa
702:Phylogeny
610:Rozellida
596:oomycetes
520:Fonticula
513:zoosporic
464:biciliate
456:Amoebozoa
362:posterior
300:flagellum
276:opísthios
169:Eukaryota
4925:Fungorum
4901:BioLib:
4859:Wikidata
4812:protists
4808:kingdoms
4696:Grypania
4658:Imasidae
4559:Jakobida
4083:Endomyxa
4078:Cercozoa
4070:Rhizaria
4000:Haptista
3932:Animalia
3875:Bicellum
3750:Variosea
3733:Discosea
3711:Amorphea
3661:Amorphea
3639:Rhizaria
3627:Hacrobia
3617:Excavata
3602:Bacteria
3505:Chordata
3490:Cnidaria
3485:Placozoa
3475:Porifera
3062:Eumycota
2872:Glugeida
2416:Amorphea
2394:Rhizaria
2382:Hacrobia
2372:Excavata
2357:Bacteria
2280:32976804
2239:35900180
2162:19692665
2121:26365255
2080:21064445
2072:12098695
2025:27373608
1974:30257078
1925:25085908
1876:21771718
1827:17194223
1773:16049196
1732:16151185
1659:18461162
1619:PLOS ONE
1600:16248873
1499:31118507
889:Aphelida
718:Amorphea
641:Animalia
509:chytrids
478:Taxonomy
460:unikonts
402:Copeland
398:chytrids
370:flagella
368:anterior
327:Breviata
315:kingdoms
269:ὀπίσθιος
210:Copeland
182:Amorphea
165:Domain:
4917:2910700
4865:Q129021
4547:Discoba
4412:Plants
4384:Picozoa
4230:Gyrista
4137:Myzozoa
3990:Provora
3896:Filozoa
3852:Holozoa
3760:Cutosea
3676:Animals
3597:Archaea
3330:Filozoa
3220:Piridae
3156:Holozoa
2431:Animals
2352:Archaea
2052:Bibcode
2044:Science
2017:8469985
1997:Bibcode
1989:Science
1965:6492006
1916:4107988
1867:3350318
1818:1713255
1677:UniProt
1650:2346548
1627:Bibcode
1479:Bibcode
1444:Metazoa
1323:Chytrid
1287:Rozella
1251:Gallery
1165:Metazoa
1102:Filozoa
992:Holozoa
645:myxozoa
636:Filozoa
618:Holozoa
488:Holozoa
472:evolved
468:bikonts
449:sessile
417:cristae
388:History
355:chytrid
353:of the
247:Holozoa
228:., 2005
124:Metazoa
61:Archean
4956:212579
4904:322925
4820:groups
4202:Bigyra
3776:Obazoa
3654:Plants
3591:Domain
2409:Plants
2346:Domain
2278:
2237:
2201:
2160:
2119:
2078:
2070:
2023:
2015:
1972:
1962:
1923:
1913:
1874:
1864:
1825:
1815:
1771:
1730:
1657:
1647:
1598:
1555:
1531:477890
1529:
1505:
1497:
1471:Nature
748:Obazoa
515:fungi)
427:, and
409:plants
377:chitin
351:spores
331:Obazoa
312:fungus
308:animal
293:kontós
286:κοντός
224:. Adl
220:1987,
212:1956,
195:Obazoa
4943:33154
4930:90277
4772:CRuMs
3834:Fungi
3681:Fungi
2566:Fungi
2436:Fungi
2076:S2CID
2021:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1448:Fungi
1384:sp. (
1363:sp. (
1342:sp. (
1290:sp. (
845:Fungi
501:Fungi
358:fungi
347:sperm
319:clade
264:
226:et al
222:emend
214:emend
189:Clade
176:Clade
106:Fungi
4938:NCBI
4824:bold
4029:TSAR
2276:PMID
2235:PMID
2199:ISSN
2158:PMID
2117:PMID
2068:PMID
2013:PMID
1970:PMID
1921:PMID
1872:PMID
1823:PMID
1769:PMID
1728:PMID
1655:PMID
1596:PMID
1553:ISBN
1527:OCLC
1495:PMID
435:and
325:and
310:and
256:The
68:Had.
47:Pha.
4912:EoL
4889:AFD
4303:CAM
4059:SAR
2266:doi
2227:doi
2189:doi
2148:doi
2107:doi
2060:doi
2048:297
2005:doi
1993:260
1960:PMC
1952:doi
1911:PMC
1903:doi
1862:PMC
1854:doi
1813:PMC
1803:doi
1759:doi
1718:doi
1645:PMC
1635:doi
1586:doi
1487:doi
1475:570
400:by
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126:);
118:);
108:);
98:);
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4953::
4940::
4927::
4914::
4891::
4876::
4861::
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2262:30
2260:.
2256:.
2233:.
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2221:.
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2185:90
2183:.
2179:.
2156:.
2144:26
2142:.
2138:.
2115:.
2103:25
2101:.
2097:.
2074:.
2066:.
2058:.
2046:.
2019:.
2011:.
2003:.
1991:.
1968:.
1958:.
1948:66
1946:.
1942:.
1919:.
1909:.
1897:.
1893:.
1870:.
1860:.
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1848:.
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1821:.
1811:.
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1793:.
1767:.
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1753:.
1749:.
1726:.
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1712:.
1708:.
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4707:†
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