Annexation of Goa - Knowledge

3751: 3114: 389: 248: 3979:, the Portuguese national radio station, to urge Goans to resist and oppose the Indian administration. An effort was made to create clandestine resistance movements in Goa, and within Goan diaspora communities across the world to use general resistance and armed rebellion to weaken the Indian presence in Goa. The campaign had the full support of the Portuguese government with the ministries of defence, foreign affairs, army, navy and finance involved. A plan was chalked out called the 'Plano Gralha' covering Goa, Daman and Diu, which called for paralysing port operations at Mormugao and Bombay by planting bombs in some of the ships anchored at the ports. 4513:. Certainly the people of Kashmir could draw inspiration from what the Indians are reported to have stated in the leaflets they dropped ... on Goa. The leaflets stated that it was India's task to ‘defend the honour and security of the Motherland from which the people of Goa had been separated far too long' and which the people of Goa, largely by their own efforts could again make their own. We hope the Indians will apply the same logic to Kashmir. Now the Indians can impress their electorate with having achieved military glory. The mask is off. Their much-proclaimed theories of non-violence, secularism, and democratic methods stand exposed." 366: 2514:

transported to Goa, reinforcing a locally raised battalion and increasing the Portuguese military presence there from almost nothing to 12,000 men. Other sources state that, at the end of 1955, Portuguese forces in India represented a total of around 8,000 men (Europeans, Africans and Indians), including 7,000 in the land forces, 250 in the naval forces, 600 in the police and 250 in the Fiscal Guard, split between the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu. Following the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, the Portuguese authorities markedly strengthened the garrison of Portuguese India, with units and personnel sent from the

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and the transfer of populations that inhabit them to foreign sovereigns," said Salazar. He went on to state that the UN's failure to halt aggression against Portugal, showed that effective power in the U.N. had passed to the Communist and Afro-Asian countries. Salazar also accused Britain of delaying for a week her reply to Portugal's request to be allowed the use of certain airfields. "Had it not been for this delay," he said, "we should certainly have found alternative routes and we could have rushed to India reinforcements in men and material for a sustained defence of the territory."

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in illegality. But it did not involve the abandonment of the legal principle prohibiting the acquisition of territory by force-even in respect of territories defined as colonies. The conclusion that India's successful annexation of Goa cannot be taken to indicate the existence of a legal right of reconquest in cases where a former colony seeks to recover what it considers to be its pre-colonial frontiers is reinforced-even more strongly and conclusively-by the practice of states in connection with Argentina's attempted conquest or reconquest of the Faulkland islands.

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assaulted the light machine gun trenches at Fort-De-Cova and eliminated the weapon operators. The Portuguese medium machine gun fire from another position wounded the officer and two of his men. However, with the efforts of company Havildar Major Mohan Singh and two other men, the three wounded were evacuated back across the creek to safety. As dawn approached, the Portuguese increased the intensity of fire and the battalion's water crossing equipment suffered extensive damage. As a result, the Indian battalion was ordered to fall back to Kob village by first light.

2766:. Despite orders from the Portuguese government in Lisbon not to allow anyone to embark on this vessel, Governor General Manuel Vassalo e Silva allowed 700 Portuguese civilians of European origin to board the ship and flee Goa. The ship had capacity for only 380 passengers, and was filled to its limits, with evacuees occupying even the toilets. On arranging this evacuation of women and children, Vassalo e Silva remarked to the press, "If necessary, we will die here." Evacuation of European civilians continued by air even after the commencement of Indian air strikes. 3143:

aircraft to leave was the TAP Constellation, commanded by Manuel Correia Reis, which took off using only 700 metres; debris from the runway damaged the fuselage, causing 25 holes and a flat tire. To make the 'short take-off' possible, the pilots had jettisoned all the extra seats and other unwanted equipment. The TAIP DC-4 then also took off, piloted by TAIP Director Major Solano de Almeida. The two aircraft successfully used the cover of night and very low altitudes to break through Indian aerial patrols and escape to Karachi, Pakistan.

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made by the 4th Madras on a police border post at 01:30 on 18 December at Gogol and was repulsed by 13 Portuguese police officers. Another attempt by the 4th Madras at 02:00 was again repulsed, this time backed with Portuguese 87.5mm artillery and mortar which suffered due to poor quality of munitions. By 04:00, ten of the original 13 Portuguese defenders at Gogol had been wounded and were evacuated to a hospital. At 05:30, the Portuguese artillery launched a fresh attack on the 4th Madras assaulting Gogol and forced their retreat.

2645:'s Independent Territorial Command of India, headed by Brigadier António José Martins Leitão. At the time of the invasion, they consisted of a total of 3,995 men, including 810 native (Indo-Portuguese) soldiers, many of whom had little military training and were utilised primarily for security and anti-extremist operations. These forces were divided amongst the three Portuguese enclaves in India. The Portuguese Army units in Goa included four motorised reconnaissance squadrons, eight rifle companies ( 8195: 4353:

Menon have been under continuous harassment from Indian leftists for not expelling the Portuguese "imperialists" and from moderates and rightists for ignoring Red China's new incursions on India's northern frontier. Acting against Goa was one way to cover up inaction against China. Moreover, Menon's own parliamentary seat was in danger, and shrewd Indian political opinion held that Menon could only win if he made himself popular by "solving" the Goa situation. TIME Magazine, Friday, Dec. 29, 1961

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invading forces," were putting up "stiff resistance" and "fighting a delaying action and destroying communications in order to halt the advance of the enemy." In response, India's delegate, C. S. Jha said that the "elimination of the last vestiges of colonialism in India" was an "article of faith" for the Indian people, "Security Council or no Security Council." He went on to describe Goa, Daman, and Diu as "an inalienable part of India unlawfully occupied by Portugal."

9293: 543: 527: 507: 487: 8169: 458: 343: 9228: 1909:. The engagement lasted two days, and twenty-two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting. The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against its national soil and citizens. Justifying the successful military action, Nehru remarked that the "Portuguese ultimately left no choice open to us." 4684: 8152: 4656: 2675:), game wardens. In 1958, as an emergency measure, the Portuguese government gave provisional military status to the PEI and the Fiscal Guard, placing them under the command of the FAEI. The security forces were also divided amongst the three districts and were mostly made up of Indo-Portuguese policemen and guards. Different sources indicate between 900 and 1400 men as the total effective strength of these forces at the time of the invasion. 2552:, stated the necessity to reinforce the Portuguese military presence in that African territory, partly at the expense of the military presence in Goa, where the then existing 7,500 men were too many just to deal with anti-Portuguese actions, and too few to face an Indian invasion, which, if it were to occur, would have to be handled by other means. This led to the Portuguese forces in India suffering a sharp reduction to about 3,300 soldiers. 224: 3569: 3183: 2998: 275: 255: 4670: 2024:, a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four hundred years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. Messages of solidarity were received by the Goa Congress Committee from leading figures in the Indian independence movement including 210: 4371:, commanding India's 17th Infantry Division, and as the very model of a modern major general, he betrayed no sign that he is finding Goans less than happy about their "liberation". Goan girls refuse to dance with Indian officers. Goan shops have been stripped bare by luxury-hungry Indian soldiers, and Indian import restrictions prevent replacement. Even in India, doubts are heard. "India", said respected 7478: 4506:

wishes on the future of the territory." The Pakistani statement (issued on 18 December) continued: "The world now knows that India has double standards ... . One set of principles seem to apply to India, another set to non-India. This is one more demonstration of the fact that India remains violent and aggressive at heart, whatever the pious statements made from time to time by its leaders."

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making their last stand. By this time, the Indian Air Force had conducted six air attacks, severely demoralising the Portuguese forces. At 20:00, after a meeting between the Portuguese commanders, a delegation was dispatched to the Indian lines to open negotiations, but was fired on, and was forced to withdraw. A similar attempt by the artillery to surrender at 08:00 next day was also fired on.

5626:"1962. Re Delhi 1611 Dept, Lisbon 606 Dept. Assistant Secretary Talbot called in Ambassador Nehru to discuss Goa morning eighth. He said current situation re Goa has caused Portuguese Government to express deep concern to US. Within USG queries also have been coming to Talbot as to whether GOI would use force to settle issue (Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in India)" 106: 3859:, strongly criticised India's use of force to resolve her dispute with Portugal, stressing that such resort to violent means was against the charter of the UN. He stated that condoning such acts of armed forces would encourage other nations to resort to similar solutions to their own disputes, and would lead to the death of the United Nations. In response, the Soviet delegate, 7769:

view is correct under twentieth century notions of international law, but hardly under sixteenth-century notions. The sympathies of most of the members of the United Nations lay with India, and neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly condemned India's actions. But this does not necessarily mean that they thought India's action was legally justified.

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the fact that Portugal relinquished its claim and recognised the sovereignty of India over Goa by a treaty) should be regarded as illegal and thus without any effect under international law. Such fundamental illegality can neither be justified by the subsequent conclusion of a peace treaty nor by the application of the doctrine of historic consolidation.

3093:, the administrative centre of southern Goa. Their rear battalion took some rest in a cattle shed and on the grounds and the balcony of an adjacent house before proceeding to Margão by 12:00. From here, the column advanced towards the harbour of Mormugão. En route they encountered fierce resistance from a 500-strong Portuguese unit at the village of 3070:, linked up at the border town of Mollem and then advanced by separate routes on Ponda. By nightfall, the 2nd Bihar had reached the town of Candeapur, while the 3rd Sikh had reached Darbondara. Although neither column had encountered any resistance, their further progress was hampered because all bridges spanning the river had been destroyed. 2124:

non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule. When the Portuguese government refused to respond to subsequent aide-mémoires in this regard, the Indian government, on 11 June 1953, withdrew its diplomatic mission from Lisbon.

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were followed at 13:10 by the rest of the crew, who, along with their injured commander, set fire to the ship and disembarked directly onto the beach. Following this, the commander was transferred by car to the hospital at Panaji. On the Indian Union side, two frigates were hit, killing five sailors and injuring thirteen.

3637:—based at Daman under the command of 2nd Lieutenant Abreu Brito—was ordered to sail out and fight the imminent Indian invasion. The boat stayed in position from 07:00 on 18 December and remained a mute witness to repeated air strikes followed by ground invasion until 19:20, when it lost all communications with land. 2255:, which, in a decision dated 12 April 1960, stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. Therefore, the Portuguese authorities could not legally pass through Indian territory. 2079:

destroy economic targets, telegraph and telephone lines, road, water and rail transport, in order to impede economic activity and create conditions for a general uprising of the population. A Portuguese army officer stationed with the army in Goa, Captain Carlos Azaredo, stated in 2001 in the Portuguese newspaper

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emigrate to Portugal rather than remain under Indian rule. This was amended in 2006 to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961. Later, in a show of defiance, Prime Minister Salazar's government offered a reward of US$ 10,000 for the capture of Brigadier Sagat Singh, the commander of the

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It is submitted that in the light of the jus cogens rule prohibiting the threat or use of force any annexation which has taken place after the entry into force of the UN Charter e.g. the annexation of Tibet by China in 1951, the annexation of Hyderabad by India in 1948, the annexation of Goa (despite

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Portugal acquired Goa by conquest in the sixteenth century, and India recognized the Portuguese title after becoming independent in 1947. However, in the Security Council debates which followed the invasion, India argued that Portugal's title was void because it was based on colonial conquest. Such a

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Upon independence in 1947 India had accorded recognition to the Portuguese sovereignty over Goa. After annexing Goa India's case was built around the illegality of colonial acquisitions. This argument was correct according to the legal norms of the twentieth century, but did not hold to the standards

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spokesman described the operation on Goa as "naked militarism". The statement emphasised that Pakistan stood for the settlement of international disputes by negotiation through the United Nations and stated that the proper course was a "U.N.-sponsored plebiscite to elicit from the people of Goa their

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In a communication to all Portuguese forces under his command, he stated, "Having considered the defence of the Peninsula of Mormugão ... from aerial, naval and ground fire of the enemy and ... having considered the difference between the forces and the resources ... the situation does

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The Indian air operations in the Diu Sector were entrusted to the Armaments Training Wing led by Wg Cdr Micky Blake. The first air attacks were made at dawn on 18 December and were aimed at destroying Diu's fortifications facing the mainland. Throughout the rest of the day, the Air Force had at least

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M.P.O. "Micky" Blake, planning-in-charge of the Indian Air Force operations in Diu, to attack only on first light when close air support would be available. The Portuguese defences repulsed the attack backed by 87.6mm artillery and mortars, inflicting heavy losses on the Indians. The first attack was

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was ordered to open fire. The commander of the battery, Captain Felgueiras de Sousa, instead dismantled the guns and surrendered to the Indians. By 12:00, the airfield was assaulted by the Indian A and C companies simultaneously. In the ensuing exchange of fire the A Company lost one more soldier and

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was outnumbered by the Indians, and was at a severe disadvantage since it was in a confined position that restricted its maneuvering, and because its four 120mm guns could fire only two rounds a minute, as compared to the 16 rounds per minute of the guns aboard the Indian frigates. A few minutes into

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in Portugal to Goa to assist in its defence. When the Portuguese Air Force was unable to obtain stopover facilities at any air base along the way because most countries, including Pakistan, denied passage of Portuguese military aircraft, the mission was passed to the Portuguese international civilian

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Meanwhile, the Portuguese authorities asked the Indian Government for permission to cross the Indian territory with reinforcements to Dadra and Nagar Haveli, but no permission was given. Surrounded and prevented from receiving reinforcements by the Indian authorities, the Portuguese Administrator and

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On 15 August 1955, 3,000–5,000 unarmed Indian activists attempted to enter Goa at six locations and were violently repulsed by Portuguese police officers, resulting in the deaths of between 21 and 30 people. The news of the incident built public opinion in India against the presence of the Portuguese

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It may therefore be argued that the recognition of India's annexation of Goa involved the bending of a principle (the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by the use of force) to accommodate a reality which was regarded as being, on the whole, beneficial, even if this situation originated

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rule forceful annexations including the annexation of Goa are held as illegal since they have taken place after the UN Charter came into force. A later treaty cannot justify it. Sharon Korman argues that the principle of self-determination may bend the rule to accommodate the new reality but it will

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THE man most widely held responsible for India's conquest of Goa is not Jawaharlal Nehru, but Nehru's abrasive, acerbic Defense Minister, Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon, who apparently provided the necessary push to overcome his master's remaining scruples. With elections due in February, Nehru and

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military chaplain. Following the foiled escape attempt, Captain Carlos Azeredo (now retired general) was beaten with rifle butts by four Indian soldiers while a gun was pointed at him, on the orders of Captain Naik, the 2nd Camp Commander. The beating was in retaliation for Azeredo's telling Captain

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Council to reject the Portuguese charge of aggression against India; and (3) called upon Portugal "to terminate hostile action and co-operate with India in the liquidation of her colonial possessions in India." This resolution was supported only by the Soviet Union, the other seven members opposing.

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took a direct hit in its control tower, injuring its weapons officer. At 12:25, an anti-personnel shrapnel bomb fired from an Indian vessel exploded directly over the ship, killing its radio officer and severely injuring its commander, Captain António da Cunha Aragão, after which First Officer Pinto

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and one private. Hidden in the rocks, one corporal surrendered on 19 December. The other was captured in the afternoon of 20 December, but not before launching hand grenades that injured several Indian marines. The last of the three, Goan private Manuel Caetano, became the last Portuguese soldier in

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and obtain its surrender, after receiving information that a number of supporters of the Indian Republic were held prisoners there. However, the Portuguese defenders of the fort had not yet received orders to surrender and responded by opening fire on the Indian forces, Major Sidhu and Captain Vinod

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When they received news of the fall of Goa, the Portuguese government formally severed all diplomatic links with India and refused to recognise the incorporation of the seized territories into the Indian Republic. An offer of Portuguese citizenship was instead made to all Goan natives who wished to

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At 07:00, with the onset of dawn, Indian air strikes began, forcing the Portuguese to retreat from Passo Covo to the town of Malala. By 09:00 the Portuguese unit at Gogol also retreated, allowing the Rajput B Company (who replaced the 4th Madras) to advance under heavy artillery fire and occupy the

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The Indians assaulted the airfield the next morning, upon which the Portuguese surrendered at 11:00 without a fight. Garrison commander Major Costa Pinto, although wounded, was stretchered to the airfield, as the Indians were only willing to accept a surrender from him. Approximately 600 Portuguese

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to Panaji, just minutes ahead of the arrival of the Indian armoured forces. The Indian tanks had reached Betim, just across the Mandovi River from Panaji, without encountering any opposition. The 2nd Sikh Light Infantry joined it by 21:00, crossing over mines and demolished bridges en route. In the

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squadron), stationed near Maulinguém, asked for permission to engage the Indians, but permission was refused at about 13:45. During the afternoon of the 17th, the Portuguese command issued instructions that all orders to defending troops would be issued directly by headquarters, bypassing the local

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The Portuguese government and military commands were, however, well aware that even with this effort to strengthen the garrison of Goa, the Portuguese forces would never be sufficient to face a conventional attack from the overwhelmingly stronger Indian Armed Forces. The Portuguese government hoped

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Eventually, on 10 December, nine days prior to the armed action, code named Operation Vijay, Nehru stated to the press: "Continuance of Goa under Portuguese rule is an impossibility". The American response was to warn India that if and when India's armed action in Goa was brought to the UN security

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Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art. 1–3 & Art. 162–64 of

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Hinting that Portugal would yet be vindicated, Salazar went on to state that "difficulties will arise for both sides when the programme of the Indianization of Goa begins to clash with its inherent culture ... It is therefore to be expected that many Goans will wish to escape to Portugal from

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Salazar, while addressing the Portuguese National Assembly on 3 January 1962, invoked the principle of national sovereignty, as defined in the legal framework of the Constitution of the Estado Novo. "We can not negotiate, not without denying and betraying our own, the cession of national territory

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The official Portuguese surrender was conducted in a formal ceremony held at 20:30 hours on 19 December when Governor General Manuel António Vassalo e Silva signed the instrument of surrender bringing to an end 451 years of Portuguese Rule in Goa. In all, 4,668 personnel were taken prisoner by the

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By 13:00, the remaining Portuguese forces on the east border at Calicachigão exhausted their ammunition and retreated towards the coast. By 17:00, in the absence of resistance, the Indians had managed to occupy most of the territory, except the airfield and Damão Pequeno, where the Portuguese were

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had fired nearly 400 rounds at the Indian soldiers, hitting two of the Indian vessels, and had taken severe damage, the order was given to start abandoning ship. Under heavy fire directed at both the ship and the coast, non-essential crew including weapons staff left the ship and went ashore. They

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camped there. The letter read: "The Military Commander of the City of Goa states that he wishes to parley with the commander of the army of the Indian Union with respect to the surrender. Under these conditions, the Portuguese troops must immediately cease fire and the Indian troops do likewise in

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in Goa on 14 December, in which he ordered the Portuguese forces in Goa to fight to the last man: "Do not expect the possibility of truce or of Portuguese prisoners, as there will be no surrender rendered because I feel that our soldiers and sailors can be either victorious or dead." Salazar asked

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article – published before the statement from the Chinese Government – conceded that Goa was legitimately part of Indian territory and that the Indian people were entitled to take whatever measures were necessary to recover it. At the same time, however, the paper ridiculed Mr. Nehru for choosing

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of the Labour Party also expressed "profound regret" that India should have resorted to force in her dispute with Portugal, although the Opposition recognised that the existence of Portuguese colonies on the Indian mainland had long been an anachronism and that Portugal should have abandoned them

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had long understood the desire of the local Indians to incorporate Goa, Daman, and Diu in the Indian Republic, and their feeling of impatience that the Portuguese Government had not followed the example of Britain and France in relinquishing their Indian possessions, he had to "make it plain that

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on 19 December 1961, stated "With his invasion of Goa Prime Minister Nehru has done irreparable damage to India's good name and to the principles of international morality." The American press generally construed the war cynically, as a hypocritical and politically motivated action by Menon, with

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at gunpoint without immediate access to their families who had arrived to receive them. Following intense questioning and interrogations, the officers were charged with direct insubordination on having refused to comply with directives to not surrender. On 22 March 1963, the governor general, the

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The captivity lasted for six months "thanks to the stupid stubbornness of Lisbon" (according to Azeredo). The Portuguese Government insisted that the prisoners be repatriated by Portuguese aircraft—a demand that was rejected by the Indian Government who instead insisted on aircraft from a neutral

4005:, Goa was finally recognised as part of India, and steps were taken to re-establish diplomatic relations with India. On 31 December 1974, a treaty was signed between India and Portugal with the Portuguese recognising full sovereignty of India over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1992, 3883:

By the evening of 18 December, most of Goa had been overrun by advancing Indian forces, and a large party of more than two thousand Portuguese soldiers had taken position at the military base at Alparqueiros at the entrance to the port town of Vasco da Gama. Per the Portuguese strategy code named

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Following the debate, the delegates of Liberia, Ceylon and the U.A.R. presented a resolution which: (1) stated that "the enclaves claimed by Portugal in India constitute a threat to international peace and security and stand in the way of the unity of the Republic of India; (2) asked the security

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Meanwhile, at 03:00, two companies of the 20th Rajput attempted to cross a muddy swamp separating them from the Portuguese forces at Passo Covo under cover of dark on rafts made of bamboo cots tied to oil barrels. The attempt was to establish a bridgehead and capture the airfield. This attack was

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In later years, commentators have maintained that India's intense air strikes against the airfields were uncalled-for, since none of the targeted airports had any military capabilities and they did not cater to any military aircraft. As such, the airfields were defenceless civilian targets. The

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During the internment of the Portuguese prisoners of war at various camps around Goa, the prisoners were visited by large numbers of Goans—described by Captain Azeredo as "Goan friends, acquaintances, or simply anonymous persons"—who offered the internees cigarettes, biscuits, tea, medicines and

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Portuguese non-combatants present in Goa at the surrender—which included Mrs Vassalo e Silva, wife of the Portuguese Governor General of Goa—were transported by 29 December to Mumbai, from where they were repatriated to Portugal. Manuel Vassalo e Silva, however, remained along with approximately

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When surrendering to the Indians, the Diu Governor stated that he could have stalled the army's advances for a few days to weeks, but he had no answer to the Indian Air Force and Navy. The Indian Air Force was also present at the ceremony and was represented by Gp Capt Godkhindi, Wing Cmdr Micky

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As the Rajputs reached the middle of the creek, the Portuguese on Diu opened fire with two medium and two light machine-guns, capsizing some of the rafts. Major Mal Singh of the Indian Army along with five men pressed on his advance and crossed the creek. On reaching the far bank, he and his men

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At 04:30, the Indian artillery began to bombard Damão Grande. The artillery attack and transportation difficulties isolated the Portuguese command post there from the forces in Damão Pequeno. At 07:30, a Portuguese unit at the fortress of São Jerónimo fired mortars on Indian forces attempting to

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By 10:00, Portuguese forces of the 1st EREC, faced with the advancing 2nd Sikh Light Infantry, began a south-bound withdrawal to the town of Mapuca where, by 12:00, they came under the risk of being surrounded by Indian forces. At 12:30, the 1st EREC began a retreat, making their way through the

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By 1954, the Republic of India instituted visa restrictions on travel from Goa to India which paralysed transport between Goa and other exclaves like Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In the same year, India instituted sanctions on Portugal with the aim of the annexation of Goa into India; the

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supported the establishment of armed groups like the Azad Gomantak Dal, giving them full financial, logistic and armament support. The armed groups acted from bases situated in Indian territory and under cover of Indian police forces. The Indian government—through these armed groups—attempted to

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Referring to the perception, especially in the West, that India had previously been lecturing the world about the virtues of nonviolence, President Kennedy told the Indian ambassador to the US, "You spend the last fifteen years preaching morality to us, and then you go ahead and act the way any

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After the defeat of the Afro-Asian resolution, a resolution was presented by France, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States which: (1) Called for the immediate cessation of hostilities; (2) Called upon India to withdraw her forces immediately to "the positions prevailing before 17 Dec

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Opening the debate, Portugal's delegate, Vasco Vieira Garin, said that Portugal had consistently shown her peaceful intentions by refraining from any counter-action to India's numerous "provocations" on the Goan border. Garin also stated that Portuguese forces, though "vastly outnumbered by the

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At 18:00, the Portuguese commanders agreed in a meeting that in view of repeated military advances with naval and air strikes, along with the inability to establish contact with headquarters in Goa or Lisbon, there was no way to pursue an effective defence and decided to surrender to the Indian

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on 8 December 2001 as "a totally unrealistic and unachievable plan, which was quite incomplete. It was based on exchange of ground with time. But, for this purpose, portable communication equipment was necessary." The plans to mine roads and beaches were also unviable because of an insufficient

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Portuguese military preparations began in 1954, following the Indian economic blockade, the beginning of the anti-Portuguese attacks in Goa and the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Three light infantry battalions (one each sent from Portugal, Angola and Mozambique) and support units were

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and the Azad Gomantak Dal, with the support of Indian Police forces, began to launch assaults against Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On the night of 22 July, UFG forces stormed the small Dadra police station, killing Police Sergeant Aniceto do Rosário and Constable António Fernandes, who resisted the

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In one incident, recounted by Lieutenant Francisco Cabral Couto (now retired general), on 19 March 1962 some of the prisoners tried to escape the Ponda camp in a garbage truck. The attempt was foiled, and the Portuguese officers in charge of the escapees were threatened with court martial and

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belonging to the Goan airline TAIP—were parked on the apron. On the night of 18 December, the Portuguese used both aircraft to evacuate the families of some government and military officials after airport workers had hastily recovered part of the heavily damaged runway that evening. The first

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This resolution received seven votes in favour (the four sponsors and Chile, Ecuador, and Nationalist China) and four against (the Soviet Union, Ceylon, Liberia, and the United Arab Republic). It was thus defeated by the Soviet veto. In a statement after the vote, Mr. Stevenson said that the

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The advance commenced at 04:00 when one battalion and three companies of Indian soldiers progressed through the central area of the northern territory, aiming to seize the airfield. However, the surprise was lost when the Indian A Company tried to capture the control tower and suffered three

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is a 13.8 km by 4.6 km island (area about 40 km) at the south tip of Gujarat. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow channel running through a swamp. The channel could only be used by fishing boats and small craft. No bridges crossed the channels at the time of

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The Portuguese garrison in Daman was headed by Major António José da Costa Pinto (combining the roles of District Governor and military commander), with 360 soldiers of the Portuguese Army, 200 policemen and about 30 customs officials under him. The army forces consisted of two companies of

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under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel S.J.S. Bhonsle in a pre-dawn operation on 18 December. The plan was to capture Daman piecemeal in four phases, starting with the area of the airfield, then progressively the open countryside, Damão Pequeno and finally Damão Grande including the fort.

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Local Indians argued that their actions were legally permitted as Goa was an integral part of India and not Portugal, and so India could not have breached the UN Charter by using force in its own territory. It also referred to the UN Charter which guarantees a right to self determination.

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On 27 February 1950, the government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India. Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was

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In the absence of any Portuguese air presence, Portuguese ground-based anti-aircraft units attempted to offer resistance to raids, but were overwhelmed and quickly silenced, leaving complete air superiority to India. Continued attacks forced the Portuguese governor of Diu to surrender.

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Shortly after the conflict, the new Brazilian ambassador to India, Mário Guimarães, stated to the Portuguese ambassador to Greece that it was "necessary for the Portuguese to comprehend that the age of colonialism is over". Guimarães dismissed the Portuguese ambassador's argument that

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Harbour. Besides engaging Indian naval units, the ship was also tasked with providing a coastal artillery battery to defend the harbour and adjoining beaches, and providing vital radio communications with Lisbon after on-shore radio facilities had been destroyed in Indian airstrikes.

2936:

firing ahead to cover the withdrawal of the personnel carrier vehicles. This unit relocated by ferry further south to the capital city of Panaji. At 13:30, just after the retreat of the 2nd EREC, the Portuguese destroyed the bridge at Banastarim, cutting off all road links to Panaji.

2128:

sanction would remain until 1961. Meanwhile, the Indian Union of Dockers had, in 1954, instituted a boycott on shipping to Portuguese India. Between 22 July and 2 August 1954, armed activists attacked and forced the surrender of Portuguese forces stationed in Dadra and Nagar Haveli.

1960:

was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union, mainly in Bombay). Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 37% Christian (mostly Catholic) and 2% Muslim. The economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining—principally

3521:

At 11:30, Portuguese forces resisting an Indian advance on the eastern border at Varacunda ran out of ammunition and withdrew westwards to Catra. At 12:00, to delay the Indian advance following the withdrawal from Varacunda, the Portuguese artillery battery on the banks of the

2719:, the Constellation landed in Goa at 18:00 on 17 December with a consignment of half a dozen bags of sausages as food supplies instead of the intended grenades. In addition it transported a contingent of female paratroopers to assist in the evacuation of Portuguese civilians. 4366:

The world's initial outrage at pacifist India's resort to military violence for conquest has subsided into resigned disdain. And in Goa, a new Governor strikes a symbolic pose before portraits of men who had administered the prosperous Portuguese enclave for 451 years. He is

3863:, argued that the Goan question was wholly within India's domestic jurisdiction and could not be considered by the Security Council. He also drew attention to Portugal's disregard for UN resolutions calling for the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples. 4132:

for failing to follow orders, expelled from the military and sent into exile. He returned to Portugal only in 1974, after the fall of the regime, and was given back his military status. He was later able to conduct a state visit to Goa, where he was given a warm reception.

4526:

stated: "My Dear President, The forcible taking of Goa by India has demonstrated what we in Pakistan have never had any illusions about—that India would not hesitate to attack if it were in her interest to do so and if she felt that the other side was too weak to resist."

4253:'s Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Tunisia, Sadok Mokaddem expressed the hope that "the liberation of Goa will bring nearer the end of the Portuguese colonial regime in Africa." Similar expressions of support for India were forthcoming from other Arab countries. 3688:

as well as light and medium machine guns. According to Indian sources this unit included between 125 and 130 soldiers, but according to Portuguese sources this post was defended by only eight soldiers, but this number doesn't support the total number of weapon operators.

5074:

Numbers from 1955, thus excluding Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The bulk (547,448) was in Goa (composed of the districts of Old and New Goa, Bardez, Mormugão and Salsete, and the offshore island of Anjediva), the remainder in Dammam (69,005) and Diu (21,138). See Kay (1970)

2505:

Vassalo e Silva to hold out for at least eight days, within which time he hoped to gather international support against the Indian invasion. Vassalo e Silva disobeyed Salazar to avoid the unnecessary loss of human lives and surrendered the day after the Indian invasion.

3871:

1961." (3) Urged India and Portugal "to work out a permanent solution of their differences by peaceful means in accordance with the principles embodied in the Charter"; and (4) Requested the U.N. Secretary-General "to provide such assistance as may be appropriate."

2971:

The order for Indian forces to cross the Mandovi River was received on the morning of 19 December, upon which two rifle companies of the 2nd Sikh Light Infantry advanced on Panaji at 07:30 and secured the town without facing any resistance. On orders from Brigadier

2874:

command outposts. This led to confusion in the chain of command. At 02:00 on 18 December, the 2nd EREC was sent to the town of Doromagogo to support the withdrawal of police forces present in the area, and were attacked by Indian Army units on their return journey.

4151:

Before the invasion the press speculated about international reaction to military action and recalled the recent charge by African nations that India was "too soft" on Portugal and was thus "dampening the enthusiasm of freedom fighters in other countries". Many

3893:

policy—that Goa was to be destroyed before it was given up to India. Canadian political scientist Antonio Rangel Bandeira has argued that the sacrifice of Goa was an elaborate public relations stunt calculated to rally support for Portugal's wars in Africa.

2919:

At 05:30, Portuguese troops left their barracks at Ponda in central Goa and marched towards the town of Usgão, in the direction of the advancing eastern column of the Indian 2nd Para Maratha, which was under the command of Major Dalip Singh Jind and included

2005:

a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of 2,168,071 square kilometres (837,097 sq mi), while other former colonial powers had, by this time, largely acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence of their overseas colonies.

7811:

In the case of the annexation of Goa by India in 1961, the Supreme Court of India held that the annexation was valid and the law of occupation no longer applicable. In 1974, Portugal recognized the Indian sovereignty over Goa by a treaty with retroactive

3959:

Lisbon went virtually into mourning, and Christmas celebrations were extremely muted. Cinemas and theatres shut down as tens of thousands of Portuguese marched in a silent parade from Lisbon's city hall to the cathedral, escorting the relics of St.

3771:

attacked and destroyed the airfield runway with 4 1000 lb Mk 9 bombs. A second sortie aimed at the runway and piloted by Wg Cdr Blake himself was aborted when Blake detected what he reported as people waving white flags. In subsequent sorties,

3696:

Another assault at 05:00 was similarly repulsed by the Portuguese defenders. At 06:30, Portuguese forces retrieved rafts abandoned by the 20th Rajput, recovered ammunition left behind and rescued a wounded Indian soldier, who was given treatment.

2228:

The Indian government started to develop isolation actions against Dadra and Nagar Haveli already in 1952, including the creation of impediments to the transit of persons and goods between the two landlocked enclaves and Daman; the use of these

2067:(then spelt 'Panjim') organised by Lohia, Cunha and others including Purushottam Kakodkar and Laxmikant Bhembre in defiance of a ban on public gatherings, and arrested them. There were intermittent mass demonstrations from June to November. 6632: 3661:

hostilities. The Portuguese garrison in Diu was headed by Major Fernando de Almeida e Vasconcelos (district governor and military commander), with around 400 soldiers and police officers, organised as the battlegroup "António da Silveira".

2954:

At 20:00, a Goan by the name of Gregório Magno Antão crossed the Mandovi River from Panaji and delivered a ceasefire offer letter from Major Acácio Tenreiro of the Portuguese Army to Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu, the commanding officer of the

2233:

tactics by India caused a deep economic depression in Goa with subsequent hardship for the inhabitants and, in attempt to remedy the situation and with land travel precluded, Salazar established a new airline to communicate the enclaves of

3720:

military. On 19 December, by 12:00, the Portuguese formally surrendered. 403 prisoners were taken, which included the Governor of the island along with 18 officers and 43 sergeants. Seven Portuguese soldiers had been killed in the battle.

4555:"the world's tiniest imperialist country" to achieve his aim and asserted that "internal unrest, the failure of Nehru's anti-China campaign, and the forthcoming election forced him to take action against Goa to please the Indian people." 4060:, who met some of the captured Portuguese soldiers, wrote in his memoirs several years later "I have never seen such a set of troops looking so miserable in my life. Short, not particularly well built and certainly very unsoldierlike." 3535:

soldiers and policemen (including 24 officers) were taken prisoner. The Indians suffered 4 dead and 14 wounded, while the Portuguese suffered 10 dead and two wounded. The 1st Light Maratha Infantry was decorated for the battle with one

3283:

The Portuguese defences were eventually overrun after fierce shelling from the Indian ships offshore. The island was secured by the Indians at 14:00 on the next day, all the Portuguese defenders being captured with the exception of two

3097:, where they were joined by the 2nd Bihar. The Portuguese unit surrendered at 15:30 after fierce fighting, and the 4th Sikh then proceeded to Mormugão and Dabolim Airport, where the main body of the Portuguese Army awaited the Indians. 7531:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XXIII, Southeast Asia, Document 219. Memorandum From Robert H. Johnson of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs

2571:), with one assigned to each sector and tasked with slowing the progress of an invading force. Then-Captain Carlos Azaredo, who was stationed in Goa at the time of hostilities, described the Plano Sentinela in the Portuguese newspaper 2801:

over Dabolim Airport in Goa was met with five rounds fired from a ground anti-aircraft gun. The aircraft took evasive action by drastically dropping altitude and escaping out to sea. The anti-aircraft gun was later recovered near the

3796:

was anchored off the coast of Diu and fired a barrage from its 6-inch guns at the Portuguese occupied Diu Fortress. The Commanding Officer of the Indian Air Force operating in the area reported that some of the shells fired from the

2537:, who combined the civil role of Governor-General with the military role of Commander-in-Chief. Guedes ended his commission in 1958, with General Vassalo e Silva being appointed to replace him in both the civil and military roles. 3279:

stormed the island at 14:25 on 18 December and engaged the Portuguese garrison. The assault was repulsed by the Portuguese defenders, with seven Indian marines killed and 19 wounded. Among the Indian casualties were two officers.

2860:

Although the 50th Para Brigade was charged with merely assisting the main thrust conducted by the 17th Infantry, its units moved rapidly across minefields, roadblocks and four riverine obstacles to be the first to reach Panaji.

2139:, argued in favour of a referendum in Goa to determine its future. This proposal was however rejected by the Ministers for Defence and Foreign Affairs. The demand for a referendum was repeated by presidential candidate General 3383:

was hoisted under instructions from the sergeant in charge of signals, but the flag coiled itself around the mast and as a result was not spotted by the Indians, who continued their barrage. The flag was immediately lowered.

4462:'s reaction to the annexation of Goa was one of staunch support with Portugal, reflecting earlier statements by Brazilian presidents that their country stood firmly with Portugal anywhere in the world and that ties between 4272:

issued an order on 18 December directing that "transport carrying troops and equipment for the Portuguese in Goa shall not be permitted the use of Ceylon's seaports and airports." Ceylon went on, along with delegates from

3888:

the defending forces were to make their last stand at the harbour, holding out against the Indian soldiers until Portuguese naval reinforcements could arrive. Orders delivered from the Portuguese President called for a

7118:"Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal On Recognition of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters [1974] INTSer 53" 3133:

The second Indian raid was conducted on the same target by eight Canberras led by Wing Commander Surinder Singh, again leaving the airport's terminal and other buildings untouched. Two civilian transport aircraft—a

3129:

aircraft. 63,000 pounds of explosives were dropped within minutes, completely destroying the runway. In line with the mandate given by the Air Command, structures and facilities at the airfield were left undamaged.

2881:

in the area. By 04:30, Bicholim was under fire. At 04:40, the Portuguese forces destroyed the bridge at Bicholim and followed this with the destruction of the bridges at Chapora in Colvale and at Assonora at 05:00.

3905:

took stock of the numerical superiority of the Indian troops, as well as the food and ammunition supplies available to his forces and took the decision to surrender. He later described his orders to destroy Goa as

2488:

told Prime Minister Salazar that a sustained Portuguese campaign against decolonisation would create for the army "a suicide mission in which we could not succeed". His opinion was shared by Army Minister Colonel

1905:(meaning "Victory" in Sanskrit) by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining 3461:, approximately 193 km north of Bombay. The countryside is broken and interspersed with marsh, salt pans, streams, paddy fields, coconut and palm groves. The river Daman Ganga splits the capital city of 3104:

company staged a decoy attack south of Margão in order to mislead the Portuguese. This column overcame minefields, roadblocks and demolished bridges, and eventually went on to help secure the town of Margão.

4473:, and long time friend and supporter of Portuguese PM Salazar, stated to Indian PM Nehru that "Seventy million Brazilians could never understand, nor accept, an act of violence against Goa." In a speech in 7332: 2864:

Hostilities at Goa began at 09:45 on 17 December 1961, when a unit of Indian troops attacked and occupied the town of Maulinguém in the north east, killing two Portuguese soldiers. The Portuguese 2nd EREC

3812:

around 12 miles (19 km) off the coast of Diu, and was attacked with heavy machine gun fire. Staying out of range, the boat had no casualties and minimal damage, the boat withdrew to the port at Diu.

3414:

by the Indian Navy—lay grounded at the beach near Dona Paula until 1962, when it was towed to Bombay and sold for scrap. Parts of the ship were recovered and are on display at the Naval Museum in Mumbai.

2085:: "To the contrary to what is being said, the most evolved guerrilla warfare which our Armed Forces encountered was in Goa. I know what I'm talking about, because I also fought in Angola and in Guinea ( 7358: 2877:

At 04:00, the Indian assault commenced with artillery bombardment on Portuguese positions south of Maulinguém, launched on the basis of the false intelligence that the Portuguese had stationed heavy

3503:

casualties. The Portuguese lost one soldier dead and six taken captive. The Indian D Company captured a position named "Point 365" just before the next morning. At the crack of dawn, two sorties by

2490: 5414:

Lambert Mascarenhas, "Goa's Freedom Movement," excerpted from Henry Scholberg, Archana Ashok Kakodkar and Carmo Azevedo, Bibliography of Goa and the Portuguese in India New Delhi, Promilla (1982)

3929:

placed directly under the President of India, and Major-General K. P. Candeth was appointed as its military governor. The war had lasted two days, and had cost 22 Indian and 30 Portuguese lives.

7034: 4893:

Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). "Passagem para a Índia" . Revista. Expresso (in Portuguese) (Paço d'Arcos). Archived from the original on 8 December 2001. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

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Prof. Frank D'Souza, "Frankly Speaking, The Collected Writings of Prof. Frank D'Souza" Editor-in-chief Mgr. Benny Aguiar, published by the Prof. Frank D'Souza Memorial Committee, Bombay 1987.

4442:

and consistently opposed the use of force to achieve national purposes. Fears were expressed in the Dutch press lest the operation on Goa might encourage Indonesia to make a similar attack on

1894:

had hoped that the popular movement in Goa and the pressure of world public opinion would force the Portuguese Goan authorities to grant it independence, but without success; consequently,

3824:

spotted two Indian aircraft led by Flt. Lt. PM Ramachandran on patrol missions and opened fire on them with the ship's 20mm Oerlikon gun. In retaliation the Indian aircraft attacked the

2738:—which later turned out to be false intelligence. Air defence was limited to a few obsolete anti-aircraft guns manned by two artillery units who had been smuggled into Goa disguised as 694: 3763:

two aircraft in the air at any time, giving close support to advancing Indian infantry. During the morning, the air force attacked and destroyed Diu Airfield's ATC as well as parts of

3157:

of No. 45 squadron, which patrolled the sector but did not receive any requests into action. In an incident of friendly fire, two Vampires fired rockets into the positions of the 2nd

2602:. It was armed with four 120 mm guns capable of two shots per minute, and four automatic rapid-firing guns. In addition to the sloop, the Portuguese Naval Forces had three light 5546:"Ancient Goan History – GOACOM – Goa – India – Information and Services in Goa. Goa News, Goa Konkani News, Goa Sunaparant News, Goan Konakani News, Goa Video News, Goa Yellow Pages" 6549: 5108:"Portugal não é um país pequeno: superfície do império colonial português comparada com a dos principais países da Europa, Penafiel, [ca 1935] - Biblioteca Nacional Digital" 4043:

under harsh conditions which included sleeping on cement floors and hard manual labour. By January 1962, most prisoners of war had been transferred to the newly established camp at

2722:

The Portuguese air presence in Goa at the time of hostilities was thus limited to the presence of two civilian transport aircraft, the Lockheed Constellation belonging to TAP and a

6284: 2563:(Barrage Plan), which envisaged the demolition of all bridges to delay the invading army, as well as the mining of approach roads and beaches. Defence units were organised as four 6325:

Os Transportes Aéreos Da Índia Portuguesa (TAIP), Lecture delivered by Major-General Flight Pilot (Retd.) José Krus Abecasis on 23 March 2002 in the Society of Geography of Lisbon

6076:

Não prevejo a possibilidade de tréguas, nem prisioneiros portugueses, como não haverá navios rendidos, pois sinto que apenas pode haver soldados e marinheiros vitoriosos ou mortos

4625:

of sixteenth century international law. India gained sympathy from much of the international community, but this did not, however, signify any legal support for the invasion. The

2984:. Fort Aguada was also captured on that day, when the Indian 7th Cavalry attacked with assistance from the armoured division stationed at Betim and freed its political prisoners. 4281:, to present a resolution in the UN in support of India's annexation of Goa. Ceylon argued that as Goa had been taken by force from India, it was entitled to use force in turn. 4225:

indignation as it came "from those who are accustomed to strangle the peoples striving for independence ... and from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder".

2146:

Prime Minister Salazar, alarmed by India's hinted threats at armed action against Portugal's presence in Goa, first asked the United Kingdom to mediate, then protested through

7379: 4544:

stressed its "resolute support" for the struggle of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America against "imperialist colonialism". However, the Hong Kong Communist newspaper

7095: 2750:

The military buildup created panic amongst Europeans in Goa, who were desperate to evacuate their families before the commencement of hostilities. On 9 December, the vessel

2162:, India's defence minister and head of India's UN delegation, stated in no uncertain terms that India had not "abjured the use of force" in Goa. The US ambassador to India, 3840:

for a debate on the conflict in Goa. The request was approved when the bare minimum of seven members supported the request (the US, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, and

4362:, in its issue dated 12 February 1962, carried an article titled "Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor" in which it expressed its vehement condemnation of the military action. 4229:, the de facto Soviet leader, telegraphed Nehru stating that there was "unanimous acclaim" from every Soviet citizen for "Friendly India". The USSR had earlier vetoed a 4125:

by the council of ministers for cowardice and expelled from military service. Four captains, four lieutenants and a lieutenant commander were suspended for six months.

5290: 4594:

Although the Vatican did not voice its reaction to the annexation of Goa, it delayed the appointment of a native head of the Goan Church until the inauguration of the

4057: 2541:

however to politically deter the Indian government from attempting a military aggression through the showing of a strong will to fight and to sacrifice to defend Goa.

2238:

with its ports. In July 1954, pro-Indian forces, including members of organisations like the United Front of Goans, the National Movement Liberation Organisation, the

2094: 7798: 7598: 7577: 7556: 7365:, Prince Mathews Thomas Thomas, 01.26.11, 06:00 PM EST, Fifty years after its liberation from Portuguese rule, this tiny tourist state is rethinking its future again. 2268:

On receiving Krishna Menon's order to initiate military action and capture of all occupied territories for the Indian government, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari of the

7884: 7841: 7755: 2089:). In 1961 alone, until December, around 80 policemen died. The major part of the freedom fighters of Azad Gomantak Dal (AGD) were not Goans. Many had fought in the 6518: 7329: 5717: 4572: 9152: 7716: 2071: 687: 7252: 6406: 2321:, was appointed as the commander of all air resources assigned to the operations in Goa. Air resources for the assault on Goa were concentrated in the bases at 11462: 10026: 8271: 6822: 4939: 7967: 7355: 3640:

With all information pointing to total occupation of all Portuguese enclaves in India, Lieutenant Brito decided to save his crew and vessel by escaping; the

3395:

The sloop's crew formally surrendered with the remaining Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 at 20:30. As a gesture of goodwill, the commanders of the INS

3246:

was a small 1.5 km island of Portuguese India, then almost uninhabited, belonging to the District of Goa, although off the coast of the Indian state of

2687:

did not have any presence in Portuguese India, with the exception of a single officer with the role of air adviser in the office of the Commander-in-Chief.

7057: 4446:. On 27 December 1961, Dutch ambassador to the United States, Herman Van Roijen asked the US government if their military support in the form of the USN's 4621:

wrote that India's actions were of "legal importance" as "it indicated a major difference between the East and the West in the interpretation" of UN law.

3085:

in their military tankers and then waded through chest-high water across a small stream to reach a dock known as Embarcadouro de Tembim in the village of

2816:

was deployed 75 miles (121 km) from the coast of Goa to head off a possible amphibious operation on Goa and deter any foreign military intervention.

11507: 11335: 9662: 9122: 8924: 5027: 4081:

money. This surprised the Indian military authorities, who first limited the visits to twice a week, and then only to representatives of the Red Cross.

3828:

twice, killing the captain and the gunner and forcing the rest of the crew to abandon the boat and swim ashore, where they were taken prisoners of war.

2838:

and attached troops of the Indian Army were ordered to advance into Goa to capture Panaji and Mormugão. The main thrust on Panaji was to be made by the

9127: 8834: 8829: 2380:

anti-submarine frigate—off the coast of Goa. The actual attack on Goa was delegated to four task groups: a Surface Action Group comprising five ships:

680: 7170: 7026: 6572: 6309: 1367: 8671: 5049: 3932:

Those Indian forces who served within the disputed territories for 48 hours, or flew at least one operational sortie during the conflict, received a

4438:

regretted that India, "of all countries," had resorted to force to gain her ends, particularly as India had always championed the principles of the

9746: 8286: 4173: 2166:, requested the Indian government on several occasions to resolve the issue peacefully through mediation and consensus rather than armed conflict. 1305: 1275: 1180: 1045: 6484: 6219: 6130: 4221:, who was touring India at the time of the war, made several speeches applauding the operation. In a farewell message, he urged Indians to ignore 11325: 9400: 8885: 8398: 7430: 6714: 6116: 4541: 4249:

government spokesman said that "India has been extraordinarily patient and a non-violent country has been driven to violence by Portugal"; while

3668:—with the capture of the Diu Airfield being the primary objective—and from the northeast along Gogal and Amdepur by the Rajput B Company and the 2651:), two artillery batteries and an engineer detachment. In addition to the military forces, the Portuguese defences counted on the civil internal 2214: 2063:

techniques to oppose the government. On 18 June 1946, the Portuguese government disrupted a protest against the suspension of civil liberties in

7203: 1195: 10276: 7536: 6985: 4747: 4040: 1407: 7617: 11527: 11340: 9039: 8321: 8086: 6334: 5512: 4398: 2468: 7121: 5380: 5369: 5358: 5347: 4422:

long since in pursuance of the example set by Britain and France. Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, Sir

8410: 6541: 3739: 6963: 5743: 5680: 5661: 5255:

Francisco Monteiro, Chronology of Freedom Struggle Activities Unleashed by the Indian Union Against the Territories of Goa, Damão and Diu

11472: 11310: 9599: 9012: 8281: 8276: 8141: 8094: 6764: 6067: 4564: 3918:, I have decided with ... my patriotism well present, to get in touch with the enemy ... I order all my forces to cease-fire." 2727: 2189:

intent on storming the island. The incidents lent themselves to fostering widespread public support in India for military action in Goa.

6730: 6362: 6164: 5994: 5961: 4876: 11320: 10534: 10019: 7230: 6677: 6437: 6276: 4633:. In a treaty with retroactive effect, Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty in 1974. Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland argues that under the 1711: 1664: 1659: 7374: 4325:

To express its displeasure with India's operation in Goa, the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee attempted, over the objections of

4297:

stated: “We know India is a peace-loving nation which has been compelled to use force. There can be no compromise with colonialism.”.

4188: 11492: 11355: 9741: 9715: 8839: 8824: 8811: 7287: 1733: 1362: 7679: 5133: 11360: 10338: 8878: 8442: 8388: 7087: 5772: 4846: 4414:

H.M. Government deeply deplores the decision of the Government of India to use military force to attain its political objectives."

1785: 895: 5234: 11512: 11380: 10539: 10478: 9117: 8819: 8114: 5545: 5397: 5161: 4177: 2481: 2158:

offered the Indian government its influence in Latin America to bring pressure on the Portuguese to relieve tensions. Meanwhile,

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described Indian actions as "a desperate attempt by Mr. Nehru to regain his sagging prestige among the Afro-Asian nations." The

3335:

and secure sea access to the port. At 11:00, Indian planes bombed Mormugão harbour. At 12:00, upon receiving clearance, the INS

11330: 11283: 9604: 6847: 4406: 3716:, forcing the Portuguese to order the evacuation of the fortress—a task completed by 14:15 under heavy bombardment from India. 3684:

repulsed, with losses on the Indian side, by a well entrenched unit of Portuguese soldiers armed with small automatic weapons,

17: 8664: 7635: 5208: 4583:

with right to succeed Alvernaz. After the annexation, Silva remained in Portugal and was never consecrated; in 1965 he became

4571:

was always a Portuguese-born cleric; at the time of the annexation, José Vieira Alvernaz was archbishop, and days earlier Dom

1956:. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around 1,540 square miles (4,000 km) and held a population of 637,591. The Goan 11487: 10585: 10012: 9297: 9054: 8649: 8343: 8109: 8104: 8099: 7065: 6910: 5939: 4999: 4972: 4914: 4823: 2314: 2251:

police forces in Nagar Haveli eventually surrendered to the Indian police forces on 11 August 1954. Portugal appealed to the

1457: 738: 425: 10043: 7931: 5298: 2928:. At 09:00, these Portuguese troops reported that Indian troops had already covered half the distance to the town of Ponda. 9281: 9070: 8963: 8873: 8681: 7593: 7572: 7551: 3875:"fateful" Goa debate might have been "the first act of a drama" which could have ended in the death of the United Nations. 2202: 2036:. On 12 October 1938, Cunha with other members of the Goa Congress Committee met Subhas Chandra Bose, the President of the 1815: 1723: 77: 5325: 3426:

running aground and not having communications from the Goa Naval Command, Lieutenant Marques Silva decided to scuttle the

2044:. The Goa Congress was also made affiliate to the Indian National Congress and Cunha was selected as its first President. 11411: 10056: 8898: 8733: 8701: 8363: 8326: 6514: 3820:, 2nd Lt Oliveira e Carmo was ordered to sail out and fight until the last round of ammunition. At 07:30 the crew of the 3732: 1800: 1567: 8056:

Pöllath, Moritz. "‘Far away from the Atlantic...': Goa, West New Guinea and NATO's out-of-area policy at Bandung 1955."

6877: 3644:

traversed 530 miles (850 km), escaping detection by Indian forces, and arrived at Karachi at 20:00 on 20 December.

2555:

Faced with this reduced force strength, the strategy employed to defend Goa against an Indian invasion was based on the

9017: 8245: 7878: 7835: 7792: 7749: 7463: 7344: 6040: 5914: 5872: 5829: 5725: 5435: 4777: 4599: 3976: 3590: 3204: 3019: 1920:. On 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the Lieutenant Governor nominated an informal 995: 915: 328: 7706: 7256: 6926: 6605: 1347: 11457: 11305: 11300: 9390: 9337: 9259: 9096: 8696: 8644: 8353: 8333: 8266: 8236: 7956: 7925: 6414: 5637: 4752: 4727: 4128:

Ex-governor Manuel António Vassalo e Silva had a hostile reception when he returned to Portugal. He was subsequently

3773: 3616: 3230: 3045: 1835: 42: 7405: 6816:"International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa – Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in security Council" 6815: 3902: 3598: 3212: 3027: 2614:

ships in Goa. An attempt by Portugal to send naval warships to Goa to reinforce its marine defences was foiled when

2559:(Sentinel Plan), which divided the territory into four defence sectors (North, Center, South and Mormugão), and the 2501: 795: 547: 11522: 11315: 10228: 9183: 9091: 9086: 9049: 8728: 8639: 8417: 8256: 7964: 5571: 5258: 4931: 1627: 1507: 1295: 743: 632: 333: 3801:

were bouncing off the beach and exploding on the Indian mainland. However, no casualties were reported from this.

3265: 2387: 10468: 10458: 10423: 9736: 9007: 8903: 8422: 8251: 8134: 5893: 4584: 4336:

normal country would behave ... People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel."

4315: 3990:

agent of Goan descent, along with Ismail Dias, a Goan settled in Portugal, executed a series of bombings in Goa.

3437:

s crew avoided being captured by the Indian forces and boarded a Greek freighter on which they reached Pakistan.

3077:, which reached Candeapar in the early hours of 19 December, and not to be bogged down by the destruction of the 2151: 1644: 1382: 1240: 1205: 1170: 1150: 810: 356: 4027:

After they surrendered, the Portuguese soldiers were interned by the Indian Army at their own military camps at

3925:

Upon the surrender of the Portuguese governor general, Goa, Daman and Diu was declared a federally administered

3473:). The strategically important features were Daman Fort (fortress of São Jerónimo) and the air control tower of 3379:

swerved 180 degrees and was run aground against Bambolim beach. At that time, against the commander's orders, a

3169:

Indian navy continues to control the Dabolim Airport, although it is also once more used as a civilian airport.

2901: 2890: 11431: 9375: 9198: 9132: 8316: 8261: 8241: 7674: 7197: 7152: 6260: 5629: 4157: 3708:, anchored off Diu, began to bombard targets on the shore. At 12:45, Indian jets fired a rocket at a mortar at 3594: 3208: 3023: 2839: 2835: 2288: 2277: 2252: 2021: 1840: 1728: 1497: 1372: 1225: 1165: 1095: 925: 758: 471: 379: 5016: 2136: 511: 11517: 11502: 11401: 11370: 9961: 9956: 9208: 8979: 8480: 8338: 3750: 1738: 1377: 845: 5107: 4591:

but remained titular Patriarch until resigning in 1975 after Portuguese recognition of the 1961 annexation.

4121:

military commander, his chief of staff, one naval captain, six majors, a sub lieutenant and a sergeant were

3113: 2610:), each armed with a 20 mm Oerlikon gun, one based in each of Goa, Daman and Diu. There were also five 2051:, a nationalist leader, who had founded the Gomantak Praja Mandal in Bombay and edited the weekly newspaper 11421: 11077: 10428: 10035: 9667: 9636: 9609: 9589: 8659: 8596: 8591: 8546: 7168: 6873: 6580: 6306: 5502:

Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Published by Columbia University Press, 1998

4568: 4202: 3059: 2850: 2110: 1706: 1220: 1175: 723: 7499: 5053: 3994: 3125:

The first Indian raid was led by Wing Commander N.B. Menon on 18 December on the Dabolim Airport using 12

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On the morning of 18 December, the 50th Para Brigade of the Indian Army moved into Goa in three columns.

2790:, undertook linear patrolling of the Goa coast at a distance of 8 miles (13 km). By 8 December, the 2545: 2243: 2070:

In addition to non-violent protests, armed groups such as the Azad Gomantak Dal (Free Goa Party) and the

1830: 1557: 1502: 305: 10463: 6756: 3372:

da Cruz took command of the vessel. The ship's propulsion system was also badly damaged in this attack.

2181:, was fired upon by Portuguese ground troops, resulting in the death of a passenger and injuries to the 1260: 11482: 11002: 10554: 10271: 10266: 9677: 9357: 9231: 8723: 8706: 8348: 8127: 6492: 6354: 6227: 6138: 4502: 4326: 3933: 2977: 2351:

Denial of airfields at Daman and Diu, which were, however, not to be attacked without prior permission.

1622: 1552: 1155: 955: 945: 860: 517: 393: 63: 7434: 6712: 6305:

Egypt and India, A study of political and cultural relations, 1947–1964; Zaki Awad, El Sayed Mekkawi,

3914:

not allow myself to proceed with the fight without great sacrifice of the lives of the inhabitants of

3488: 1587: 10977: 10674: 10549: 10388: 10328: 9992: 9682: 9246: 9173: 9101: 8654: 8611: 8551: 8231: 7187: 4717: 4523: 4463: 3309: 3126: 3118: 2596: 2147: 2135:

In 1956, the Portuguese ambassador to France, Marcello Mathias, along with Portuguese Prime Minister

1912:

Following the end of Portuguese rule in 1961, Goa was placed under military administration headed by

1863: 1790: 1748: 1694: 1597: 1412: 1235: 1135: 1030: 865: 830: 790: 594: 38: 7533: 6993: 4607: 3922:

Indian Army—a figure which included military and civilian personnel, Portuguese, Africans and Goan.

3776:

of the Indian Air Force attacked and destroyed the Portuguese ammunition dump as well a patrol boat

3121:

bomber of the Indian Air Force. The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers.

1743: 11262: 11237: 10774: 10473: 10453: 10313: 10173: 10131: 9687: 9446: 9380: 9274: 8743: 8606: 8561: 8475: 8470: 8427: 8405: 8358: 7614: 6958: 6672: 4737: 3777: 3579: 3430:. This was done by damaging the propellers and making the boat hit the rocks. The eight men of the 3193: 3008: 2549: 2494: 2284: 2273: 2239: 2047:

In June 1946, Ram Manohar Lohia, an Indian Socialist leader, entered Goa on a visit to his friend,

2037: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1679: 1649: 1562: 1492: 1437: 1300: 1270: 1070: 1020: 1015: 985: 975: 885: 840: 815: 805: 773: 733: 439: 402: 5522: 2797:

On 17 December, a tactical reconnaissance flight conducted by Squadron Leader I. S. Loughran in a

2207:

The hostilities between India and Portugal started seven years before the annexation of Goa, when

10982: 10952: 10689: 10669: 10504: 10413: 10136: 10126: 10116: 10106: 9859: 9720: 9347: 8940: 8601: 8485: 8465: 8460: 8221: 7117: 5377: 5366: 5355: 5344: 4742: 4722: 4707: 4423: 3583: 3197: 3012: 2933: 2870: 2417: 2377: 2370: 2015: 2002: 1825: 1701: 1612: 1602: 1572: 1517: 1482: 1422: 1357: 1332: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1230: 1210: 1190: 1145: 1055: 1050: 990: 970: 940: 930: 890: 778: 285: 7391: 4426:, stated in the UN that Britain had been "shocked and dismayed" at the outbreak of hostilities. 4245:

expressed its full support for India's "legitimate efforts to regain its occupied territory". A

4012:

became the first Portuguese head of state to visit Goa after its annexation by India, following

3161:, injuring two soldiers, while elsewhere, Indian ground troops mistakenly opened fire on an IAF 2544:

In 1960, during an inspection visit to Portuguese India and referring to a predictable start of

11207: 11117: 11112: 10353: 10292: 10184: 10111: 10101: 9692: 9469: 9436: 9044: 8958: 8863: 8858: 8844: 8751: 8518: 7782: 7167:

Air Marshal S Raghavendran, 'Eye Witness to the Liberation of Goa', para 8, Bharatrakshak.com,

6953: 5768: 5741: 5678: 5659: 5633: 5625: 4626: 4595: 4085:

country. The negotiations were delayed even further when Salazar ordered the detention of 1200

4016: 3998: 3495: 3135: 2708: 2660: 2461: 2299: 2208: 2163: 2040:, and on his advice, opened a Branch Office of the Goa Congress Committee at 21, Dalal Street, 1985: 1978: 1949: 1639: 1477: 1442: 1427: 1337: 1327: 1285: 1280: 1130: 1125: 1075: 1005: 880: 748: 542: 526: 506: 486: 419: 396: 229: 93: 8018: 7870:

The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice

7868: 7825: 7739: 6900: 6250: 6071: 5850: 5609: 3552: 3507: 2534: 2485: 1352: 618: 553: 62:

This article is about the Indian annexation of Goa. For the conquest by Portugal in 1510, see

11477: 11406: 11345: 11172: 10957: 10902: 10734: 10694: 10499: 10418: 10363: 10348: 10298: 10286: 10163: 9879: 9874: 9834: 9594: 9203: 9193: 9188: 8916: 8513: 8508: 8490: 8069: 6734: 6002: 5971: 5807: 4880: 4517: 4481:

commented on the annexation of Goa by declaring that "a Portuguese wound is Brazilian pain".

4269: 4205:, while condemning "Portuguese domination over Indian people for five and a half centuries". 4086: 4069:

Naik to "Go to Hell", and was serious enough to make him lose consciousness and cause severe

4006: 3816:

At 07:00, news was received that the Indian invasion had commenced, and the commander of the

3758:

of the Indian Air Force, this type of aircraft formed the backbone of the air strikes on Diu.

3676: 3450: 2794:

had commenced baiting missions and fly-bys to lure out Portuguese air defences and fighters.

2779: 2588:), headed by the Naval Commander of Goa, Commodore Raúl Viegas Ventura. The only significant 2523: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2281: 2222: 1532: 1512: 1432: 1397: 1290: 1265: 1215: 1140: 1065: 980: 920: 728: 497: 462: 7987: 7226: 6667: 6449: 6160: 4156:

countries, themselves former European colonies, reacted positively to the Indian operation.

3664:

Diu was attacked on 18 December from the north west along Kob Forte by two companies of the

2857:, in company strength, was to be made from the south along the Majali-Canacona-Margao axis. 1753: 11257: 11212: 11147: 11092: 11037: 10922: 10827: 10784: 10739: 10659: 10559: 10403: 10308: 10158: 9910: 9631: 9342: 9241: 9236: 8984: 8711: 8437: 8432: 4470: 4459: 4278: 4242: 3845: 3462: 3154: 2798: 2739: 2716: 2684: 2211:

were invaded and occupied by pro-Indian forces with the support of the Indian authorities.

2081: 1758: 1577: 1542: 1487: 1200: 1105: 950: 600: 416: 319: 4629:

recognised the validity of the annexation and rejected the continued applicability of the

3422:, under the command of Lieutenant Marques Silva, was also present at Goa. After observing 2637:

Portuguese ground defences were organised as the Land Forces of the State of India (FTEI,

1527: 1085: 8: 11467: 11242: 11187: 11072: 11067: 10962: 10942: 10867: 10664: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10609: 10448: 9971: 9931: 9646: 9267: 8989: 8759: 8566: 8155: 7683: 6542:"Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese: Telo de Mascarenhas – A carta de Rendição (1974)" 5137: 4467: 4379:, "has totally lost the moral power to raise her voice against the use of military power" 4230: 4192: 4054: 3669: 3536: 3359:

lifted anchor, headed out towards the enemy and returned fire with its 120 mm guns.

3289:

India to be captured, on 22 December, after he had reached the Indian shore by swimming.

3158: 2963:

The same night Major Shivdev Singh Sidhu with a force of the 7th Cavalry decided to take

2908: 2803: 2075: 2033: 1875: 1582: 1522: 1115: 1000: 905: 820: 800: 448: 370: 299: 4854: 3956:

of India's parachute regiment who were the first troops to enter Panaji, Goa's capital.

3150:, successfully targeting the wireless station at Bambolim with rockets and autocannons. 2711:(registration CS-TLA) on charter. However, when permission to transport weapons through 2690:

On 16 December, the Portuguese Air Force was placed on alert to transport ten tonnes of

11426: 11272: 11192: 11122: 11107: 11017: 11007: 10917: 10907: 10892: 10877: 10857: 10832: 10704: 10649: 10373: 10343: 10238: 10218: 10168: 10066: 9619: 9558: 8997: 8716: 8586: 8216: 8046: 8038: 7312: 7304: 6110: 5230: 4520: 4443: 4311: 4262: 4013: 3915: 3856: 2810: 2618: 2615: 2564: 2438: 1871: 1654: 1452: 1417: 1310: 1025: 1010: 870: 768: 753: 578: 491: 265: 147: 9289: 5549: 5401: 5158: 4509:"The lesson from the Indian action on Goa is of practical interest on the question of 2946:

Company of the Portuguese Battlegroup North had completed their ferry crossing of the

2529:

The Portuguese forces were organised as the Armed Forces of the State of India (FAEI,

11247: 11232: 11132: 11027: 10987: 10912: 10817: 10789: 10749: 10574: 10358: 10318: 10281: 10243: 10223: 10213: 10096: 10086: 9849: 9367: 8050: 7952: 7921: 7874: 7831: 7788: 7745: 7670: 7507: 7459: 7387: 7340: 7316: 7193: 7148: 6906: 6711:

Gp Capt Kapil Bhargava (Retd), Operations at Diu: The One Day War, Bharatrakshak.com

6256: 6036: 5910: 5868: 5854: 5825: 5788: 5780: 5763:

Lele, Purushottam Shiripad (1987). Lele, Purushottam Shiripad; Lele, Usha P. (eds.).

5721: 5431: 5178: 5022: 4995: 4968: 4910: 4819: 4630: 4486: 4319: 4226: 4169: 4165: 4074: 3983: 3523: 2956: 2925: 2843: 2691: 2519: 2427: 2363: 2292: 2186: 2086: 2056: 1763: 1607: 1537: 1467: 1120: 1110: 1080: 875: 835: 704: 190: 186: 6851: 2333:). The mandate handed to Pinto by the Indian Air Command was listed out as follows: 11436: 11350: 11227: 11197: 11177: 11152: 11142: 11082: 10992: 10937: 10932: 10822: 10744: 10569: 10524: 10509: 10433: 10408: 10378: 10141: 10081: 9854: 9789: 9702: 9641: 9213: 8908: 8801: 8791: 8528: 8200: 8030: 7644: 7296: 5204: 4732: 4580: 4065: 3837: 3768: 3755: 3702: 3504: 3324: 3258: 2960:

order to prevent the slaughter of the population and the destruction of the city."

2791: 2763: 2704: 2699: 2584:

The naval component of the FAEI were the Naval Forces of the State of India (FNEI,

2412: 2394: 2382: 2235: 2230: 2185:. The action was precipitated by Portuguese fears that the boat carried a military 2140: 2029: 1997:

viewed Portugal's overseas territories as extensions of Portugal itself. Under the

1953: 1906: 1891: 1867: 1780: 1674: 1617: 1592: 1472: 1462: 1402: 1392: 1342: 1322: 1060: 1035: 960: 935: 825: 763: 606: 350: 279: 151: 5936: 4064:

execution. This situation was defused by the intervention of Ferreira da Silva, a

2911:

as well as an armoured division which crossed the border at 06:30 and advanced on

11385: 11375: 11277: 11182: 11127: 11042: 11022: 10842: 10812: 10807: 10764: 10754: 10719: 10714: 10679: 10604: 10529: 10368: 10091: 9951: 9905: 9819: 9794: 9421: 9332: 9327: 8806: 8773: 8738: 8073: 7971: 7915: 7621: 7602: 7581: 7560: 7540: 7482: 7455: 7383: 7362: 7336: 7174: 6718: 6339: 6313: 5943: 5858: 5811: 5747: 5684: 5665: 5517: 5425: 5384: 5373: 5362: 5351: 5262: 5165: 4989: 4962: 4904: 4702: 4697: 4661: 4603: 4490: 4478: 4376: 4358: 4345: 4329: 4322:

and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil.

4218: 4117: 3926: 3665: 3511: 3340: 3101: 2735: 2652: 2642: 2611: 2589: 2400: 2326: 2307: 2303: 2025: 1810: 1775: 1669: 1547: 1447: 1387: 1100: 1090: 965: 900: 850: 531: 347: 259: 8110:

Image: Foreign journalists rescue a protester shot by Portuguese police officers

4785: 4009: 672: 11217: 11167: 11157: 11137: 11102: 11062: 11047: 10769: 10699: 10684: 10624: 10614: 10443: 10333: 10203: 10178: 10153: 10051: 10004: 9966: 9869: 9784: 9779: 9756: 9710: 9497: 9487: 9482: 9405: 9317: 9309: 5966: 5864: 4712: 4474: 4418: 4310:

The United States' official reaction to the annexation of Goa was delivered by

4289:

Indonesia expressed their support and termed it a fight against colonialism. A

3975:

In the months after the conflict, the Portuguese Government used broadcasts on

3961: 3890: 3860: 3713: 3243: 3147: 3063: 2775: 2341:, without causing damage to the terminal building and other airport facilities. 2298:. The assault on the enclave of Daman was assigned to the 1st battalion of the 2182: 2178: 2074:(UFG) conducted violent attacks aimed at weakening Portuguese rule in Goa. The 2048: 1933: 1805: 1795: 1160: 910: 5329: 3257:

The Indian Naval Command assigned the task of securing Anjidiv to the cruiser

1924:

of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory.

1684: 11451: 11162: 11087: 11052: 11012: 10927: 10897: 10887: 10872: 10759: 10729: 10709: 10438: 9522: 9431: 9322: 8380: 7511: 5863:. Goa University Publication Series. Vol. II (2nd ed.). New Delhi: 4618: 4410: 4402: 4368: 4222: 4160:

termed it as the "Liberation of Goa" and went on to state that the people of

4129: 4092:

By May 1962, most of the prisoners had been repatriated—being first flown to

3993:

Relations between India and Portugal thawed only in 1974, when, following an

3474: 3251: 3074: 3067: 2947: 2159: 1945: 1895: 1689: 1185: 855: 612: 585: 465: 373: 111: 8115:

Portugal-India relations (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India)

7595:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

7574:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

7553:

Hotel Tropico: Brazil and the Challenge of African Decolonization, 1950–1980

5792: 4100:, in chartered French aircraft, and then sent off to Lisbon by three ships: 3742:

off Diu, where a group of 13 Portuguese soldiers surrendered to them there.

3297: 2115: 69:"Operation Vijay (1961)" redirects here. For the 1999 Indian operation, see 11365: 11252: 10882: 10847: 10837: 10779: 10579: 10483: 10393: 10383: 10148: 10076: 10061: 9985: 9804: 9799: 9769: 9614: 9512: 9502: 8853: 8119: 6930: 6609: 5878: 5835: 4689: 4675: 4439: 4214: 3953: 3276: 3139: 2981: 2723: 2695: 2593: 2405: 2322: 2218: 2098: 2090: 322: 6515:"Goa Liberation Vintage War Tank Restored by the Army - All About Belgaum" 5430:. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 21. 4964:

The Construction of a Political Community: Integration and Identity in Goa

4493:, stating that this was "not enough of a reason to prevent independence". 3483: 2942: 2647: 2020:

Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by

10972: 10852: 10544: 10323: 10071: 9507: 9492: 9385: 8500: 8452: 8187: 8174: 4546: 4180:

stated: "We fully support the use of force against Portuguese butchers."

4032: 3487:(light infantry) and an artillery battery, organised as the battlegroup " 3458: 3082: 2973: 2964: 2878: 2846: 2603: 2359: 2318: 2295: 2269: 1990: 442: 158: 7330:

India-USSR Relations 1947–71: (From Ambivalence to Steadfastness) PART-I

5575: 5489:"Indian Volunteers Invade Goa; 21 Die; Unarmed Indians March into Goa", 5256: 4116:

in Portugal, returning Portuguese servicemen were taken into custody by

3555:

flew 14 sorties, continuously harassing Portuguese artillery positions.

2976:, the troops entering Panaji removed their steel helmets and donned the 2755: 11222: 10997: 10947: 10862: 10514: 10398: 10233: 9884: 9864: 9764: 9568: 9395: 8796: 8766: 8042: 7308: 4775: 4635: 4122: 4073:. Captain Naik was later punished by the Indian Army for violating the 4044: 3767:. On orders from Tactical Air Command located at Pune, a sortie of two 3657: 3540: 3380: 3352: 3094: 2921: 2894: 2731: 2626: 2302:

while the operations in Diu were assigned to the 20th battalion of the

1040: 572: 70: 8151: 7780: 7339:, Shri Ram Sharma, Shri Ram Sharma, Discovery Publishing House, 1999, 5920: 3403:

later visited Captain Aragão as he lay recuperating in bed in Panaji.

11202: 11097: 11057: 11032: 10967: 10629: 10619: 10519: 9459: 9454: 7988:"Political Transition in Post-Colonial Societies: Goa in Perspective" 7711: 7639: 7015:

José Manuel Barroso, Só soldados vitoriosos ou mortos, 2 January 2001

5902: 5817: 5621: 4776:

Azaredo, Carlos; Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) (8 December 2001).

4435: 4089:

allegedly as a bargaining chip in exchange for Portuguese prisoners.

4070: 3940: 3844:), two opposed (the Soviet Union and Ceylon), and two abstained (the 3351:

with their 4.5-inch guns while transmitting requests to surrender in

3247: 3162: 3086: 2829: 2515: 1989:

regime. This government was a dictatorship and a strong proponent of

1966: 623: 8034: 7300: 7014: 5424:

Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly (2007).

4332:, to cut the 1962 foreign aid appropriation to India by 25 percent. 3568: 3182: 3090: 2997: 2655:

of Portuguese India. These included the State of India Police (PEI,

10564: 10208: 9426: 4576: 4097: 3764: 3709: 3316: 3285: 2345: 2060: 1962: 1957: 1883: 97: 4036: 2132:

in Goa. On 1 September 1955, India shut its consul office in Goa.

10724: 9626: 9573: 9532: 9527: 9517: 7534:

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v23/d219

5710:

O fim do Estado Português da Índia 1961: um testemunho da invasão

4510: 4294: 4274: 4250: 4246: 4198: 4184: 4093: 4028: 3738:

On 19 December, the 4th Madras C Company landed on the island of

3454: 3272: 3254:, defended by a platoon of Goan soldiers of the Portuguese Army. 2712: 2668: 2500:

Ignoring this advice, Salazar sent a message to Governor General

2338: 2330: 1937: 5784: 3331:

took up position off the harbour, awaiting orders to attack the

10248: 9889: 9809: 9563: 9553: 9548: 9477: 5624:; Horgan, Rogers B. (8 December 1961). Talbot, Phillips (ed.). 4588: 4466:

and Portugal were built on ties of blood and sentiment. Former

4153: 4002: 3898: 3841: 2907:

The western column—the main thrust of the attack—comprised the

2759: 2155: 2064: 2041: 1878:

in December 1961. In India, this action is referred to as the "

7189:

A queda da Índia Portuguesa: crónica da invasão e do cativeiro

2442:; a Mine Sweeping Group consisting of mine sweepers including 9824: 9814: 9774: 7456:

India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941–1991

5906: 5821: 5776: 4610:

in 1972, who became the first native-born Patriarch in 1978.

4516:

In a letter to the US president on 2 January 1962, Pakistani

4161: 4113: 3728: 3078: 3062:

advanced in two columns. The right column, consisting of the

2912: 2854: 2622: 2174: 1859: 274: 254: 215: 119: 8064:

Rubinoff, Arthur G. (1995), "Political Integration in Goa",

4906:

Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration

2730:. The Indians claimed that the Portuguese had a squadron of 2193:

council, it could expect no support from the US delegation.

2104: 6065: 3987: 3685: 3453:, approximately 72 km in area, is at the south end of 2951:

absence of orders, the unit stayed at Betim for the night.

2247:

attack. On 28 July, RSS forces took Naroli police station.

4640:

not change the illegal aspect of the original annexation.

2493:, by the Army under secretary of State Lieutenant-Colonel 9301: 7823: 6485:"17 / 18 / 19 de Dezembro: A invasão (Território de Goa)" 5740:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1461

5708:

Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006). Pissarra, José V. (ed.).

5677:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1261

5658:

US Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 1161

4195:(now Benin). Portugal recognised the annexation in 1975. 4164:

would "long for the day when our downtrodden brethren in

3494:

The advance on the enclave of Daman was conducted by the

1941: 115: 105: 7917:

Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964

5937:"Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory" 5134:"Tristao de Braganza Cunha Saturday, September 26, 1998" 3836:

On 18 December, a Portuguese request was made to the UN

3804:

At 04:00 on 18 December, the Portuguese patrol boat NRP

2849:

from the north. Another thrust was to be carried out by

2671:

enforcement and border protection; and the Rural Guard (

2659:), a general police corps modelled after the Portuguese 1936:

in August 1947, Portugal continued to hold a handful of

6757:"The sinking of N.R.P. Vega – a first person narrative" 5115: 3271:. Under covering artillery fire from the ships, Indian 3153:

The mandate to support ground troops was served by the

2592:

warship present in Goa at the time of invasion was the

2196: 7145:

Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories

6277:"Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search" 5813:

Wars, Proxy-wars and Terrorism: Post Independent India

5640:. Department of State, Central Files, 753D.00/12 – 561 5572:"Francisco Monteiro – India supported banditry in Goa" 5465:

Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India

3946: 2173:, a passenger boat passing between the Indian port of 2009: 8954:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu) 7253:"Dossier Goa – A Recusa Do Sacrifício Inútil Summary" 6024: 6022: 6020: 5423: 4540:

In an official statement issued on 19 December, the

4491:

race-mixing and the creation of multiracial societies

4417:

The Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons

4201:

insisted that Goa was not Portuguese territory but a

2904:

advanced towards Panaji via the village of Banastari.

7431:"Changing Perceptions of India in the U.S. Congress" 4651: 4233:

resolution condemning the Indian annexation of Goa.

3308:

On the morning of 18 December, the Portuguese sloop

1874:, starting with the armed action carried out by the 189:

colonial territories of Goa, Daman and Diu into the

7781:Andrew Clapham; Paola Gaeta; Marco Sassòli (2015). 7741:

Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law

7458:By Dennis Kux Published by Diane Publishing, 1993, 6600: 6598: 5860:

Goa Through The Ages: An Economic history, volume 2

5851:"Chapter 11: The Economic Scene in Goa (1926–1961)" 5848: 5365:, Art. I & Title X of the constitution of 1838 3292: 2769: 2508: 2258: 6723: 6017: 5179:"Kamat Research Database – Goa's Freedom Struggle" 5015: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 2830:Ground attack on Goa: North and North East sectors 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5376:, Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 4847:"Aviso / Canhoneira classe Afonso de Albuquerque" 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4348:dubbing the annexation 'Menon's war' and writing: 4261:Full support for India's action was expressed in 4051:3,300 Portuguese combatants as prisoners in Goa. 2940:By 17:45, the forces of the 1st EREC and the 9th 2778:operations had commenced on 1 December, when two 2745: 1983:During this period, Portugal was governed by the 702: 11449: 10034: 9747:National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research 7949:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 7285:Wright, Quincy (July 1962). "The Goa Incident". 7027:"Records show colonizers were not done with Goa" 6902:Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951-65 6595: 6436:Mohan, P. V. S. Jagan (November–December 2001). 6066:Constantino Hermanns Xavier (18 December 2006). 5714:Remembering the Fall of Portuguese India in 1961 5152: 5050:"Infrastructure | Goa Legislative Assembly" 4450:would be forthcoming in case of such an attack. 8886:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War 8004:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol. 3: 1956–1964 7737: 7615:Letter From President Ayub to President Kennedy 6103:Estado Português da Índia – Rememoração Pessoal 6061: 6059: 5895:Blueprint To Bluewater: The Indian Navy 1951–65 5543: 4981: 4954: 4800: 2221:were two Portuguese landlocked exclaves of the 8322:Department of Defence Research and Development 8272:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services 6866: 6400: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6032:The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution 5690: 5590: 5205:"On Rammanohar Lohia's 99th Birth Anniversary" 4909:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 4832: 3972:the inevitable consequences of the invasion." 3675:These Indian Army units ignored requests from 3465:(Damão in Portuguese) into halves—Nani Daman ( 3138:belonging to the Portuguese airline TAP and a 2819: 2055:. Cunha and other leaders were also with him. 1695:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 11463:Aerial operations and battles involving India 10020: 9275: 9040:Defence Research and Development Organisation 8135: 8019:"Goa: The Transformation of an Indian Region" 7866: 7142: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 5387:and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo. 5320: 5318: 5316: 5297:(in Portuguese). Paço d'Arcos. Archived from 4535: 4339:In an article titled "India, The Aggressor", 4318:, where he condemned the armed action of the 3172: 2533:), under a unified command headed by General 2518:and from the Portuguese African provinces of 2313:Meanwhile, the Commander-in-Chief of India's 688: 8149: 8068:, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 36–60, 8006:(Harvard University Press, 1984) pp 190–203. 7143:Bhatt, SC; Bhargava, Gopal K., eds. (2005). 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6068:"Invasão de Goa, Damão e Diu foi há 45 anos" 6056: 5995:"Liberation of Goa: Role Of The Indian Navy" 5955: 5953: 5951: 5231:"A Liberation From Lies By Prabhakar Sinari" 4501:In a statement released on 18 December, the 4047:where conditions were substantially better. 3731:Hakam Singh of the Indian Army were awarded 3440: 2548:, the Under Secretary of State of the Army, 1940:on the Indian subcontinent—the districts of 9600:Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi 7147:. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 453. 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6115:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6081: 5867:; Concept Publishing Company. p. 276. 5289:Castanheira, José Pedro (8 December 2001). 5288: 4748:12th Amendment of the Constitution of India 3831: 3597:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3514:positions and guns inside Moti Daman Fort. 3323:At 09:00, three Indian frigates led by the 3211:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3146:A third Indian raid was carried out by six 3026:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2263: 23: 11508:Operations involving Indian special forces 10535:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 10027: 10013: 9282: 9268: 8899:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait 8142: 8128: 8009:Heimsath, Charles H. and Surjit Mansingh. 6892: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6377: 6252:India's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century 5620: 5313: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 4565:Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa and Daman 4136: 3647: 2824: 2337:The destruction of Goa's lone airfield in 695: 681: 220: 24: 7985: 7784:The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary 7288:The American Journal of International Law 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7185: 6661: 6429: 6346: 6131:"Invasão de Goa: O dispositivo português" 5948: 5805: 3617:Learn how and when to remove this message 3445: 3231:Learn how and when to remove this message 3066:, and the left column, consisting of the 3046:Learn how and when to remove this message 2466:, and a Support Group which consisted of 2105:Diplomatic efforts to resolve Goa dispute 8443:Armed Forces Special Operations Division 8063: 7633: 6692: 6668:"The forgotten battles of Daman and Diu" 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6570: 6464: 6179: 6123: 6100: 5959: 5842: 5773:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu 5765:Dadra and Nagar Haveli: Past and present 5127: 5125: 4987: 4960: 3855:In the ensuing debate, the US delegate, 3749: 3558: 3296: 3112: 2987: 2726:Skymaster belonging to the Goan airline 2114: 1972: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7906: 7634:de Souza, Teotonio R. (December 1986). 7403: 6779: 6404: 5986: 5849:de Mendonça-Noronha, Silvia M. (1990). 5758: 5756: 5267: 4902: 4778:"Passage to India – 18th December 1961" 4477:on 10 June 1962, Brazilian congressman 3878: 3652: 3250:. On the island stood the 16th Century 2344:Destruction of the wireless station at 14: 11450: 8095:Photo gallery of the Liberation of Goa 8016: 7913: 7705:Costa, Cosme Jose (21 December 2014). 7669:, New Delhi: Concept Publ. Co., 1994 ( 7284: 7271: 7055: 6665: 6539: 6248: 5605: 5089: 5087: 5085: 4991:India-US Security Relations, 1947-1990 4813: 4558: 3787: 3539:(VSM) for the commanding officer, two 2968:Sehgal being killed in the firefight. 2436:centred on the light aircraft carrier 10008: 9263: 8123: 7946: 7704: 7233:from the original on 27 February 2012 7098:from the original on 24 February 2021 6951: 6905:. Lancer International. p. 407. 6898: 6767:from the original on 8 September 2020 6638: 6573:"Eyewitness to the Liberation of Goa" 6546:Archive of Goan Writing in Portuguese 6438:"Remembering Sagat Singh (1918–2001)" 6435: 6287:from the original on 28 November 2021 6028: 5891: 5808:"3. Liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu" 5707: 5293:[Passage to India]. Revista. 5211:from the original on 16 November 2018 5122: 4994:. Chanakya Publications. p. 50. 4929: 4587:in Portugal. Alvernaz retired to the 3347:entered the harbour and fired on the 3108: 2900:The central column consisting of the 2491:Afonso Magalhães de Almeida Fernandes 2475: 676: 11528:Naval bombing operations and battles 9071:List of equipment of the Indian Army 8011:A Diplomatic History of Modern India 7934:from the original on 12 October 2023 7887:from the original on 12 October 2023 7844:from the original on 12 October 2023 7801:from the original on 12 October 2023 7758:from the original on 12 October 2023 7206:from the original on 12 October 2023 7186:de Morais, Carlos Alexandre (1995). 7124:from the original on 3 December 2013 7037:from the original on 17 October 2015 6828:from the original on 12 January 2022 6365:from the original on 4 February 2013 6352: 6328: 6255:. Kalpaz Publications. p. 219. 5762: 5753: 5185:from the original on 31 October 2019 4942:from the original on 1 December 2021 4606:of Goa in 1963. He was succeeded by 4178:Mozambique National Democratic Union 3745: 3595:adding citations to reliable sources 3562: 3496:1st Maratha Light Infantry Battalion 3367:the exchange of fire, at 12:15, the 3209:adding citations to reliable sources 3176: 3024:adding citations to reliable sources 2991: 2639:Forças Terrestres do Estado da Índia 2203:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2197:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1932:After India's independence from the 536:(Minister of the Overseas Provinces) 426:Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet 78:Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8327:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare 8105:Image: The Protests of 18 June 1946 7965:Partial online version at GoaBooks2 7719:from the original on 1 October 2015 7707:"Reminiscences Of Goa's Liberation" 7636:"Unless Ye Become Like Children..." 7433:. Sga.myweb.uga.edu. Archived from 7406:"Keesing's Records of World Events" 6624: 6552:from the original on 11 August 2011 6521:from the original on 11 August 2022 6167:from the original on 6 January 2009 5824:: Mittle Publications. p. 39. 5237:from the original on 18 August 2017 5082: 4409:on 18 December 1961 that while the 4384:"Symbolic pose by Goa's Governor", 4022: 3947:Portuguese actions post-hostilities 3780:that attempted to escape from Diu. 3701:town. By 10:15, the Indian cruiser 2806:with a round jammed in its breech. 2354:Support to advancing ground troops. 2010:Local resistance to Portuguese rule 110:Location of the Union Territory of 56: 11473:Battles involving Portuguese India 9742:National Institute of Oceanography 8246:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 7979: 7873:. Clarendon Press. pp. 275–. 7824:Alina Kaczorowska-Ireland (2015). 7386:. 5 January 1962, Vol. 52, No. 1, 7056:Xavier, Constantino (3 May 2014). 6992:. 29 December 1961. Archived from 5017:"Obituary of Lt-Gen K. P. Candeth" 4818:. New Delhi: Lancer. p. 214. 4600:Francisco Xavier da Piedade Rebelo 4189:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá 4183:Also in 1961, the tiny Portuguese 3995:anti-colonial military coup d'état 3546: 3543:and five mentioned in dispatches. 2809:The Indian light aircraft carrier 2177:and the Portuguese-held island of 329:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 57: 11539: 9153:Indian Maritime Security Strategy 8090:magazine coverage of the conflict 8080: 8017:Newman, Robert S. (Autumn 1984), 7413:Keesing's Records of World Events 7224: 6966:from the original on 9 March 2009 6880:from the original on 14 July 2012 6666:Shorey, Anil (21 February 1999). 5638:United States Department of State 4967:. SAGE Publications. p. 74. 4903:Faleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). 4753:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 4728:Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510) 4393: 4168:and other Portuguese territories 4146: 2889:The eastern column comprised the 2531:Forças Armadas do Estado da Índia 2410:; a Carrier Group of five ships: 2059:advocated the use of non-violent 11493:History of the Republic of India 10229:Muslim nationalism in South Asia 9605:Church of Our Lady of the Rosary 9291: 9227: 9226: 9184:Women in the Indian Armed Forces 8807:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes 8418:Northern Theatre Command (India) 8193: 8180: 8167: 8150: 8058:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 7947:Couto, Francisco Cabral (2006). 7860: 7817: 7774: 7731: 7698: 7659: 7627: 7608: 7587: 6680:from the original on 8 July 2018 5992: 5806:Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2003). 5521:. 29 August 1955. Archived from 5326:"Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961" 4682: 4668: 4654: 4434:A Foreign Ministry spokesman in 4399:Commonwealth Relations Secretary 4305: 3724:Blake and Sqn Ldr Nobby Clarke. 3567: 3355:between shots. In response, the 3293:Naval battle at Mormugão harbour 3275:under the command of Lieutenant 3181: 3089:, from where a road connects to 2996: 2770:Indian reconnaissance operations 2632: 2586:Forças Navais do Estado da Índia 2509:Portuguese military preparations 2259:Events preceding the hostilities 541: 525: 505: 485: 456: 433: 410: 387: 364: 341: 313: 293: 273: 253: 246: 222: 208: 104: 10469:Provisional Government of India 8904:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 8423:Western Theatre Command (India) 8066:Journal of Developing Societies 7566: 7545: 7525: 7492: 7469: 7449: 7423: 7397: 7368: 7349: 7323: 7245: 7218: 7179: 7161: 7136: 7110: 7080: 7049: 7019: 7008: 6978: 6945: 6919: 6840: 6749: 6564: 6533: 6507: 6319: 6299: 6269: 6242: 6153: 6070:(in Portuguese). Archived from 5930: 5885: 5799: 5734: 5671: 5652: 5614: 5564: 5537: 5513:"India: Force & Soul Force" 5505: 5496: 5483: 5470: 5457: 5444: 5427:Economic Sanctions Reconsidered 5417: 5390: 5336: 5328:(in Portuguese). Archived from 5249: 5223: 5197: 5171: 5100: 5068: 5042: 5030:from the original on 7 May 2022 5008: 4930:Davar, Praveen (January 2018). 4316:United Nations Security Council 4300: 4208: 3418:The Portuguese patrol boat NRP 3387:Eventually at 12:50, after the 2625:denied the ships access to the 2152:United Nations Security Council 1898:suggested taking Goa by force. 11513:Political integration of India 9199:Indian Armed Forces rank flags 8317:Department of Military Affairs 7787:. OUP Oxford. pp. 1465–. 6954:"Not all generals are leaders" 6952:Datta, Rakesh (26 June 2005). 6163:. Battleships-cruisers.co.uk. 5630:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 4923: 4896: 4887: 4869: 4816:Indian Army after Independence 4769: 4530: 4429: 4236: 4019:'s visit to Portugal in 1990. 3903:Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 2746:Portuguese civilian evacuation 2678: 2546:guerrilla activities in Angola 2502:Manuel António Vassalo e Silva 2369:, an 'R' Class destroyer, and 2253:International Court of Justice 59:1961 Indian military operation 13: 1: 9962:Kadamba Transport Corporation 9013:Counter-insurgency operations 8344:Standing Committee on Defence 8339:Cabinet Committee on Security 7986:Fernandes, Aureliano (2000), 7624:, Rawalpindi, 2 January 1962. 7404:Keesing, Isaac (March 1962). 7255:. Shvoong.com. Archived from 7192:. Lisbon: Editorial Estampa. 6731:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 6571:Raghavendran, Air Marshal S. 6540:Castro, Paul (19 June 2011). 5962:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 5478:Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography 5452:Jawaharlal Nehru: A biography 5079:, New York: Hawthorn, p. 295. 4877:"The Liberation of Goa: 1961" 4758: 2893:advanced towards the town of 2306:and the 5th battalion of the 1927: 1901:The operation was code named 1858:was the process in which the 706:Portuguese colonial campaigns 11488:December 1961 events in Asia 11078:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 10354:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 10036:Indian independence movement 9590:Churches and Convents of Goa 7920:. Cornell University Press. 7830:. Routledge. pp. 268–. 7744:. Routledge. pp. 156–. 7033:. Panaji. 19 December 2011. 6850:. Goacom.com. Archived from 6821:. Keesing's Worldwide, LLC. 6608:. Colaco.net. Archived from 4763: 4569:Patriarch of the East Indies 4284: 4203:non-self governing territory 3633:in Diu, the patrol boat NRP 3551:In the Daman sector, Indian 3060:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 3058:Meanwhile, in the east, the 2851:63rd Indian Infantry Brigade 1886:, it is referred to as the " 7: 11268:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 10655:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 9916:Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium 9401:Fire and Emergency Services 9055:Weapons of mass destruction 8869:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 8859:Sino-Indian border skirmish 8394:Andaman and Nicobar Command 8389:Integrated Theatre Commands 8364:Defence Intelligence Agency 8267:Vice Chief of Defence Staff 7914:Rotter, Andrew Jon (2000). 6874:"Peaceful and quickly over" 6249:Chopra, V. D., ed. (2006). 5095:Salazar and Modern Portugal 5077:Salazar and Modern Portugal 4814:Praval, Major K.C. (2009). 4647: 4613: 4602:was consecrated Bishop and 4496: 4373:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 3510:fighters struck Portuguese 3073:The rear battalion was the 2867:esquadrão de reconhecimento 2820:Commencement of hostilities 2497:and by other top officers. 2482:Portuguese Defence Minister 2244:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 2137:António de Oliveira Salazar 1952:—collectively known as the 10: 11544: 11003:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 10555:Indian Independence League 10272:Partition of Bengal (1947) 10267:Partition of Bengal (1905) 8925:Indo-Myanmar border strike 8349:Defence Planning Committee 6105:. Lisboa: Revista Militar. 6101:Lopes (2007), José Alves. 4575:had been nominated by the 4536:People's Republic of China 4503:Pakistani Foreign Ministry 4141: 3934:General Service Medal 1947 3173:Storming of Anjidiv Island 3165:, causing minimal damage. 2932:Indian forces, with their 2799:Vampire NF54 Night Fighter 2657:Polícia do Estado da Índia 2362:deployed two warships—the 2200: 2108: 2013: 1976: 518:Prime Minister of Portugal 75: 68: 64:Portuguese conquest of Goa 61: 11394: 11293: 11178:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 10978:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 10798: 10675:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 10595: 10550:Indian Home Rule movement 10492: 10389:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 10329:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 10257: 10194: 10042: 9980: 9944: 9924: 9898: 9842: 9833: 9755: 9729: 9701: 9655: 9582: 9541: 9468: 9445: 9414: 9366: 9308: 9222: 9161: 9145: 9110: 9079: 9063: 9032: 8972: 8933: 8782: 8689: 8680: 8660:Border Roads Organisation 8624: 8612:Border Roads Organisation 8579: 8552:South Western Air Command 8527: 8499: 8451: 8379: 8372: 8354:Nuclear Command Authority 8334:National Security Council 8302: 8295: 8237:National Security Advisor 8209: 8162: 7489:, p. 32, 19 December 1961 5892:Singh, Satyindra (1992). 5810:. In Rai, Naurang (ed.). 5361:16 September 2019 at the 5350:16 September 2019 at the 5261:23 September 2015 at the 4718:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque 4453: 4256: 4213:The future leader of the 3910:" (a useless sacrifice). 3441:Military actions in Daman 3127:English Electric Canberra 2897:in central Goa via Usgão. 2728:Portuguese India Airlines 2150:and eventually asked the 2022:Tristão de Bragança Cunha 1864:Portuguese State of India 714: 640: 564: 236: 201: 125: 103: 91: 86: 11458:1961 in Portuguese India 11417:Indian annexation of Goa 11263:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10775:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 10540:Indian National Congress 10339:Non-cooperation movement 9688:Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary 9179:President's Colour Award 9169:President's fleet review 8428:Maritime Theatre Command 8406:Strategic Forces Command 8359:Integrated Defence Staff 8257:Chief of the Naval Staff 8100:Image: Ram Manohar Lohia 7827:Public International Law 7738:Peter Malanczuk (2002). 7620:18 December 2017 at the 6986:"India: End of an Image" 6220:"A invasão: Damão e Diu" 5942:20 December 2011 at the 5909:: Lancer International. 5857:; Ali, B. Sheik (eds.). 5746:17 November 2017 at the 5683:17 November 2017 at the 5664:17 November 2017 at the 5480:. Mumbai: Allied. p. 282 5467:New Delhi: Mittal, p. 39 5454:. Mumbai: Allied. p. 283 5398:"Goa's Freedom Movement" 5164:14 February 2012 at the 4738:Portuguese Indian escudo 3897:Despite his orders from 3832:UN attempts at ceasefire 3081:Bridge, went across the 2550:Francisco da Costa Gomes 2495:Francisco da Costa Gomes 2264:Indian military build-up 2240:Communist Party of India 2111:India–Portugal relations 2038:Indian National Congress 1914:Kunhiraman Palat Candeth 1734:Banda Oriental (1816–20) 1712:Banda Oriental (1776–77) 1665:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 1438:Cape of Good Hope (1630) 629:3,500 military personnel 334:Chief of the Naval Staff 39:latest accepted revision 11523:Wars involving Portugal 11422:Indian Independence Act 11008:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 10983:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 10953:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 10690:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 10670:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 10505:All-India Muslim League 10459:Royal Air Force strikes 10424:Round table conferences 10414:Chittagong armoury raid 10304:Hindu–German Conspiracy 10287:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 10057:Porto Grande de Bengala 9860:Churchill Brothers S.C. 9610:Church of St. Augustine 8252:Chief of the Army Staff 7951:. Tribuna da Historia. 6927:"General Service Medal" 6355:"Four Sorties Over Goa" 6029:Porch, Douglas (1977). 5291:"Passagem para a Índia" 5233:. Countercurrents.org. 5168:By: Lambert Mascarenhas 4961:Rubinoff, A.G. (1998). 4932:"The liberation of Goa" 4743:Portuguese Indian rupia 4723:Portuguese Colonial War 4708:Goa liberation movement 4137:International reactions 3792:The Indian cruiser INS 3648:Military actions in Diu 3489:Constantino de Bragança 2909:2nd Sikh Light Infantry 2840:50th Para Brigade Group 2825:Military actions in Goa 2608:lanchas de fiscalização 2579: 2016:Goa liberation movement 1836:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74) 1368:Coromandel Coast (1619) 575:tanks and armoured cars 357:Chief of the Army Staff 286:Prime Minister of India 11208:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 11113:Purushottam Das Tandon 10479:Praja Mandala movement 10293:The Indian Sociologist 9358:1967 status referendum 9045:Ordnance Factory Board 8964:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 8672:Awards and Decorations 8519:Southern Naval Command 8262:Chief of the Air Staff 8242:Chief of Defence Staff 7970:3 October 2020 at the 7867:Sharon Korman (1996). 7665:Teotonio R. de Souza, 7605:, Jerry Dávila, p. 114 7584:, Jerry Dávila, p. 108 7476:"India, the Aggressor" 6717:12 August 2023 at the 6633:Três Navios Históricos 6577:www.bharat-rakshak.com 6442:Bharat Rakshak Monitor 6161:"Portuguese Navy 1875" 6074:on 24 September 2015. 5769:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 5634:John Kenneth Galbraith 5463:P.W. Prabhakar (2003) 5372:14 August 2019 at the 5159:Goa's Freedom Movement 4627:Supreme Court of India 4608:Raul Nicolau Gonçalves 4596:Second Vatican Council 4487:Portuguese colonialism 4391: 4355: 4017:Ramaswamy Venkataraman 3759: 3712:causing a fire near a 3518:capture the airstrip. 3446:Ground attack on Daman 3305: 3136:Lockheed Constellation 3122: 2836:17th Infantry Division 2780:Leopard class frigates 2709:Lockheed Constellation 2661:Public Security Police 2300:Maratha Light Infantry 2289:50th Parachute Brigade 2278:17th Infantry Division 2209:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 2164:John Kenneth Galbraith 2120: 1979:Estado Novo (Portugal) 1950:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1749:Mozambique (1847–1910) 1373:Persian Gulf (1621–22) 1276:Indian Ocean (1586–89) 1046:Indian Ocean (1538–60) 846:Persian Gulf (1507–15) 811:Indian Ocean (1505–17) 636:3 inshore patrol boats 579:light aircraft carrier 472:17th Infantry Division 380:Chief of the Air Staff 237:Commanders and leaders 94:Decolonisation of Asia 18:Operation Vijay (1961) 11432:Political integration 11173:Shyamji Krishna Varma 10958:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 10903:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 10735:Rettamalai Srinivasan 10695:Mahadev Govind Ranade 10500:All India Kisan Sabha 10464:Coup d'état of Yanaon 10364:Qissa Khwani massacre 10349:Coolie-Begar movement 10164:Second Anglo-Sikh War 9880:Sporting Clube de Goa 9875:Sesa Football Academy 9595:Basilica of Bom Jesus 9209:National War Memorial 9204:Indian military bands 9194:Armed Forces Tribunal 9189:Armed Forces Flag Day 8514:Eastern Naval Command 8509:Western Naval Command 8491:Army Training Command 8481:South Western Command 8060:11.4 (2013): 387–402. 7601:15 April 2023 at the 7580:14 April 2023 at the 7563:, Jerry Dávila, p. 27 7559:14 April 2023 at the 7382:15 April 2023 at the 6876:. Indianexpress.com. 5960:Pillarisetti, Jagan. 5855:de Souza, Teotonio R. 5544:Lambert Mascarenhas. 5097:, New York: Hawthorn. 4988:Ohajunwa, E. (1992). 4364: 4350: 4270:Sirimavo Bandaranaike 4087:Indians in Mozambique 3753: 3666:20th Rajput Battalion 3559:Naval action at Daman 3410:—having been renamed 3312:Afonso de Albuquerque 3303:Afonso de Albuquerque 3300: 3155:de Havilland Vampires 3116: 2988:Advance from the east 2834:On 11 December 1961, 2599:Afonso de Albuquerque 2169:On 24 November 1961, 2118: 2072:United Front of Goans 1973:Portuguese government 1628:East Africa (1696–98) 916:Sri Lanka (1520–1658) 641:Casualties and losses 548:M. A. Vassalo e Silva 498:President of Portugal 185:Incorporation of the 11518:Wars involving India 11503:Nehru administration 11258:Veeran Sundaralingam 11213:Tara Rani Srivastava 11148:Sahajanand Saraswati 11038:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 10923:Chandra Shekhar Azad 10828:Alluri Sitarama Raju 10785:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 10740:Sahajanand Saraswati 10660:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 10560:Indian National Army 10404:Dharasana Satyagraha 10309:Champaran Satyagraha 10159:First Anglo-Sikh War 9911:Tilak Maidan Stadium 9656:Wildlife sanctuaries 9381:Legislative Assembly 8712:Battle of Asal Uttar 8592:National Cadet Corps 8547:Southern Air Command 8438:Defence Space Agency 8433:Defence Cyber Agency 7907:General bibliography 7680:"Goacom – Timelines" 7539:12 July 2015 at the 7506:. 29 December 1961. 7500:"World: MENON'S WAR" 7481:23 July 2018 at the 7173:26 June 2015 at the 7092:www.pressdisplay.com 6630:Revista de Marinha: 6312:4 March 2016 at the 5636:. Washington, D.C.: 5578:on 23 September 2015 5476:Sankar Ghose (1993) 5450:Sankar Ghose (1993) 5383:17 July 2018 at the 5354:, 1826 constitution 5332:on 26 February 2008. 5140:on 23 September 2009 4883:on 20 November 2013. 4471:Juscelino Kubitschek 4460:Brazilian government 4279:United Arab Republic 4243:United Arab Republic 4176:, the leader of the 4112:. On arrival at the 4007:Portuguese President 3997:and the fall of the 3908:um sacrifício inútil 3879:Portuguese surrender 3846:United Arab Republic 3727:Major Mal Singh and 3670:4th Madras Battalion 3653:Ground attack on Diu 3591:improve this section 3527:seven were wounded. 3205:improve this section 3020:improve this section 2717:Pakistani government 2685:Portuguese Air Force 2663:; the Fiscal Guard ( 1922:Consultative Council 1841:Mozambique (1964–74) 1806:Mozambique (1917-18) 1801:Mozambique (1917–18) 1786:East Timor (1911–12) 1724:French Guiana (1809) 1578:2nd Sri Lanka (1654) 1573:1st Sri Lanka (1654) 996:Moluccas (1530–1607) 11243:V. K. Krishna Menon 11188:Subhas Chandra Bose 11073:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 11068:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 10963:Govind Ballabh Pant 10943:Dayananda Saraswati 10868:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10665:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 10645:Dhondo Keshav Karve 10640:Dayananda Saraswati 10635:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 10610:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 10123:Anglo-Maratha Wars 9972:Mormugao Port Trust 9932:Goa Football League 9647:Shanta Durga Temple 9348:Liberation movement 9338:Portuguese conquest 9123:Historical Aircraft 9018:LOC surgical strike 8760:Battle of Longewala 8697:Indo-Pakistani wars 8665:Paramilitary forces 8636:Ranks and insignia 8597:Paramilitary forces 8567:Maintenance Command 8557:Western Air Command 8542:Eastern Air Command 8537:Central Air Command 8312:Ministry of Defence 8305:Committees/Councils 8227:Minister of Defence 8156:Indian Armed Forces 8002:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 7437:on 10 December 2009 7361:4 June 2016 at the 6996:on 20 November 2011 6848:"The Church in Goa" 6737:on 20 November 2013 6612:on 25 December 2009 6448:(3). Archived from 6335:"'Intolerable' Goa" 5720:. pp. 22–102. 5718:Tribuna da História 5552:on 14 February 2012 5525:on 15 December 2008 5404:on 14 February 2012 4788:on 24 December 2010 4598:in Rome, when Msgr 4573:José Pedro da Silva 4559:The Catholic Church 4468:Brazilian President 4231:UN Security Council 4193:Republic of Dahomey 4191:was annexed by the 3901:, Governor General 3788:Naval action at Diu 3537:Vishisht Seva Medal 3159:Sikh Light Infantry 3064:2nd Bihar Battalion 2667:), responsible for 2576:quantity of mines. 2535:Paulo Bénard Guedes 2486:Júlio Botelho Moniz 2317:, Air Vice Marshal 2315:Western Air Command 2034:Subhas Chandra Bose 2003:tried to perpetuate 1918:lieutenant governor 1876:Indian Armed Forces 1413:Persian Gulf (1625) 1383:Persian Gulf (1622) 1353:Persian Gulf (1614) 1296:Sri Lanka (1587–88) 1281:Persian Gulf (1586) 1166:Sri Lanka (1557–58) 1156:Gulf of Oman (1554) 1141:Persian Gulf (1551) 1011:Persian Gulf (1534) 991:Persian Gulf (1529) 615:multi-role aircraft 449:Operational Command 306:Minister of Defence 300:V. K. Krishna Menon 133:17–19 December 1961 29:Page version status 11498:Invasions by India 11427:Partition of India 11273:Yashwantrao Holkar 11238:V. O. Chidamabaram 11193:Subramania Bharati 11123:Rahul Sankrityayan 11108:Pritilata Waddedar 11018:Shri Krishna Singh 10918:C. Rajagopalachari 10908:Bidhan Chandra Roy 10893:Bhavabhushan Mitra 10878:Begum Hazrat Mahal 10833:Annapurna Maharana 10705:Muthulakshmi Reddy 10650:G. Subramania Iyer 10344:Christmas Day Plot 10219:Indian nationalism 10169:Sannyasi rebellion 10067:East India Company 9620:St. Cajetan Church 9128:Aircraft Squadrons 9050:Ballistic missiles 8717:Battle of Chawinda 8632:Military Academies 8587:Indian Coast Guard 8411:Commander-in-Chief 8399:Commander-in-Chief 8013:(1971) pp 324–339. 7487:The New York Times 7335:5 May 2023 at the 7259:on 17 January 2017 7088:"PressDisplay.com" 7058:"Lost in delusion" 7031:The Times of India 6899:Singh, S. (1992). 6761:bharat-rakshak.com 6606:"Dabolim and TAIP" 6452:on 4 February 2013 6405:Chakravorty, B.C. 6343:, 22 December 1961 6005:on 4 February 2013 5343:1822 Constitution 5301:on 9 December 2001 5056:on 11 January 2013 4542:Chinese government 4388:, 12 February 1962 4386:Life International 4359:Life International 4341:The New York Times 3999:authoritarian rule 3760: 3469:) and Moti Daman ( 3306: 3123: 3109:Air raids over Goa 3068:3rd Sikh Battalion 2978:Parachute Regiment 2957:Indian 7th Cavalry 2926:Indian 7th Cavalry 2715:was denied by the 2707:, which offered a 2692:anti-tank grenades 2619:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2561:Plano de Barragens 2476:Portuguese mandate 2121: 2119:Goa, Western India 2095:General Montgomery 1872:Goa, Daman and Diu 1796:Angola (1914–1917) 1707:Angola (1774–1778) 1518:Malaysia (1640–41) 1458:East Africa (1632) 1378:Trincomalee (1622) 1348:Brazil (1612–1615) 1081:East Africa (1542) 1041:Brazil (1534–1536) 986:East Africa (1528) 901:East Africa (1517) 826:East Africa (1507) 806:East Africa (1505) 661:1 patrol boat sunk 266:President of India 148:Goa, Daman and Diu 35: 11483:Conflicts in 1961 11445: 11444: 11412:Republic of India 11248:Vallabhbhai Patel 11233:Ubaidullah Sindhi 11133:Ram Prasad Bismil 11028:M. Bhaktavatsalam 10988:Jatindra Nath Das 10913:Bipin Chandra Pal 10848:Babu Kunwar Singh 10818:Achyut Patwardhan 10575:Khudai Khidmatgar 10419:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 10359:Kakori conspiracy 10319:Rowlatt Committee 10282:Direct Action Day 10244:Swadeshi movement 10224:Khilafat Movement 10214:Hindu nationalism 10174:Rebellion of 1857 10097:Anglo-Mysore Wars 10087:Battle of Plassey 10002: 10001: 9940: 9939: 9850:Goa football team 9391:Political parties 9353:Indian annexation 9257: 9256: 9141: 9140: 9028: 9027: 8845:Balakot airstrike 8620: 8619: 8575: 8574: 8232:Defence Secretary 6912:978-81-7062-148-5 6407:"Operation Vijay" 5974:on 5 October 2003 5023:Independent.co.uk 5001:978-81-7001-090-6 4974:978-0-7619-9259-2 4916:978-93-5708-175-7 4825:978-1-935501-10-7 4631:law of occupation 4320:Indian government 4227:Nikita Khrushchev 4075:Geneva Convention 3984:Casimiro Monteiro 3982:On 20 June 1964, 3977:Emissora Nacional 3842:Nationalist China 3746:The Diu air raids 3627: 3626: 3619: 3524:Daman Ganga River 3315:was anchored off 3241: 3240: 3233: 3075:4th Sikh Infantry 3056: 3055: 3048: 2853:from the east. A 2758:port en route to 2754:arrived at Goa's 2087:Portuguese Guinea 2076:Indian government 2057:Ram Manohar Lohia 1907:exclaves in India 1880:Liberation of Goa 1868:Portuguese Indian 1860:Republic of India 1856:Annexation of Goa 1851: 1850: 1764:Mozambique (1895) 1759:Mozambique (1895) 1583:Malabar (1658–63) 1483:Gold Coast (1637) 1423:Gold Coast (1625) 1311:India (1599–1600) 1226:Chaul (1570–1571) 1111:Insulindia (1545) 966:Insulindia (1526) 961:Insulindia (1525) 956:Sumatra (1523–24) 931:Insulindia (1521) 791:India (1500–1513) 744:Morocco (1463–64) 671: 670: 557: 537: 521: 501: 475: 452: 429: 406: 383: 360: 337: 309: 289: 269: 197: 196: 191:Republic of India 87:Annexation of Goa 47:22 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 11535: 11437:Simla Conference 11228:Tiruppur Kumaran 11198:Subramaniya Siva 11153:Sangolli Rayanna 11143:Rash Behari Bose 11083:Nagnath Naikwadi 10993:Jawaharlal Nehru 10938:Dadabhai Naoroji 10933:Chittaranjan Das 10823:A. K. Fazlul Huq 10745:Savitribai Phule 10570:Khaksar movement 10525:Berlin Committee 10510:Anushilan Samiti 10474:Independence Day 10434:Aundh Experiment 10409:Vedaranyam March 10314:Kheda Satyagraha 10299:Singapore Mutiny 10082:Portuguese India 10029: 10022: 10015: 10006: 10005: 9855:Goa cricket team 9840: 9839: 9790:Konkani language 9737:Goans in science 9642:Mangueshi Temple 9296: 9295: 9294: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9261: 9260: 9230: 9229: 9214:Amar Jawan Jyoti 9092:Historical Ships 9061: 9060: 8802:Siachen conflict 8792:Kashmir conflict 8687: 8686: 8607:Territorial Army 8580:Other components 8562:Training Command 8476:Southern Command 8471:Northern Command 8377: 8376: 8300: 8299: 8287:Serving marshals 8282:Serving admirals 8277:Serving generals 8201:Indian Air Force 8199: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8154: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8121: 8120: 8076: 8053: 7999: 7962: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7901: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7808: 7806: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7682:. 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Archived from 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6491:. Archived from 6481: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6417:on 31 March 2014 6413:. Archived from 6402: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6226:. Archived from 6216: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6137:. Archived from 6127: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6106: 6098: 6079: 6078: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6026: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6001:. Archived from 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5970:. Archived from 5957: 5946: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5919:. Archived from 5901:(1st ed.). 5900: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5816:(1st ed.). 5803: 5797: 5796: 5779:: Usha P. Lele. 5767:(1st ed.). 5760: 5751: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5705: 5688: 5675: 5669: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5618: 5612: 5603: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5574:. Archived from 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5548:. Archived from 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5494: 5493:, 15 August 1955 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5400:. Archived from 5394: 5388: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5322: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5286: 5265: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5175: 5169: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5136:. Archived from 5129: 5120: 5119: 5114:. Archived from 5104: 5098: 5091: 5080: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5052:. Archived from 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5026:. 10 July 2003. 5019: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4879:. Archived from 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4857:on 12 April 2015 4853:. Archived from 4843: 4830: 4829: 4811: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4784:. Archived from 4773: 4733:Portuguese India 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4581:coadjutor bishop 4407:House of Commons 4389: 4375:, leader of the 4293:spokesperson in 4291:foreign ministry 4172:are liberated." 4023:Prisoners of war 4014:Indian President 3838:Security Council 3808:encountered the 3622: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3571: 3563: 3505:Indian Air Force 3436: 3264:and the frigate 3236: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3185: 3177: 3051: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3000: 2992: 2891:2nd Para Maratha 2855:deceptive thrust 2792:Indian Air Force 2700:Montijo Air Base 2274:Southern Command 2236:Portuguese India 2231:economic warfare 2141:Humberto Delgado 2030:Jawaharlal Nehru 1892:Jawaharlal Nehru 1831:Angola (1961–74) 1826:Africa (1961–74) 1791:Angola (1914–15) 1776:Angola (1902–04) 1739:Brazil (1821–25) 1690:Brazil (1762–63) 1568:Brazil (1652–54) 1523:Angola (1641–48) 1473:Arabia (1633–43) 1236:Mangalore (1571) 1151:Arabia (1552–54) 709: 707: 697: 690: 683: 674: 673: 621:fighter-bombers 582:2 light cruisers 554:Governor-General 551: 546: 545: 535: 530: 529: 515: 510: 509: 495: 490: 489: 469: 461: 460: 459: 446: 438: 437: 436: 423: 415: 414: 413: 403:Southern Command 400: 392: 391: 390: 377: 369: 368: 367: 354: 346: 345: 344: 326: 318: 317: 316: 303: 298: 297: 296: 283: 280:Jawaharlal Nehru 278: 277: 263: 258: 257: 251: 250: 249: 232: 228: 226: 225: 214: 212: 211: 162: 152:Portuguese India 127: 126: 108: 84: 83: 21: 11543: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11533: 11532: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11402:Cabinet Mission 11390: 11294:British leaders 11289: 11278:Yogendra Shukla 11183:Siraj ud-Daulah 11138:Rani Lakshmibai 11128:Rajendra Prasad 11118:R. Venkataraman 11063:Mithuben Petit‎ 11043:Mahadaji Shinde 11023:Lala Lajpat Rai 10858:Bahadur Shah II 10843:Ashfaqulla Khan 10813:Accamma Cherian 10808:Abul Kalam Azad 10800: 10794: 10765:Syed Ahmad Khan 10755:Sister Nivedita 10720:Pandita Ramabai 10715:Niralamba Swami 10680:J. B. Kripalani 10605:Ashfaqulla Khan 10597: 10591: 10530:Ghadar Movement 10488: 10369:Flag Satyagraha 10277:Revolutionaries 10259: 10253: 10196: 10190: 10092:Battle of Buxar 10038: 10033: 10003: 9998: 9976: 9957:Manohar Airport 9952:Dabolim Airport 9936: 9920: 9906:Fatorda Stadium 9894: 9829: 9820:Goans in sports 9751: 9725: 9697: 9693:Flora and fauna 9651: 9578: 9537: 9464: 9441: 9422:Dudhsagar Falls 9410: 9376:Chief Ministers 9362: 9343:Portuguese rule 9333:Goa Inquisition 9328:Kadambas of Goa 9304: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9258: 9253: 9218: 9157: 9137: 9118:Active Aircraft 9106: 9075: 9059: 9024: 8980:Northeast India 8968: 8929: 8874:Doklam standoff 8784: 8778: 8774:Sino-Indian War 8739:Battle of Chamb 8676: 8616: 8571: 8523: 8495: 8486:Western Command 8466:Eastern Command 8461:Central Command 8447: 8368: 8304: 8291: 8205: 8194: 8192: 8181: 8179: 8168: 8166: 8158: 8148: 8083: 8035:10.2307/2759068 8023:Pacific Affairs 7982: 7980:Further reading 7977: 7972:Wayback Machine 7959: 7937: 7935: 7928: 7909: 7904: 7890: 7888: 7881: 7865: 7861: 7847: 7845: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7804: 7802: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7761: 7759: 7752: 7736: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7678: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7647:on 26 July 2015 7632: 7628: 7622:Wayback Machine 7613: 7609: 7603:Wayback Machine 7592: 7588: 7582:Wayback Machine 7571: 7567: 7561:Wayback Machine 7550: 7546: 7541:Wayback Machine 7530: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7483:Wayback Machine 7474: 7470: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7384:Wayback Machine 7373: 7369: 7363:Wayback Machine 7354: 7350: 7337:Wayback Machine 7328: 7324: 7301:10.2307/2196501 7283: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7175:Wayback Machine 7166: 7162: 7155: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7071: 7069: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6933:on 3 March 2016 6925: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6857: 6855: 6854:on 2 April 2012 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6719:Wayback Machine 6710: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6664: 6639: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6583:on 26 June 2015 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6517:. 22 May 2021. 6513: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6495:on 26 June 2015 6483: 6482: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6403: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6353:Loughran, I.S. 6351: 6347: 6333: 6329: 6324: 6320: 6314:Wayback Machine 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6281:news.google.com 6275: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6230:on 27 June 2015 6218: 6217: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6141:on 27 June 2015 6129: 6128: 6124: 6108: 6107: 6099: 6082: 6064: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6027: 6018: 6008: 6006: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5958: 5949: 5944:Wayback Machine 5935: 5931: 5926:on 6 July 2006. 5923: 5917: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5875: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5804: 5800: 5761: 5754: 5748:Wayback Machine 5739: 5735: 5728: 5716:]. 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Kennedy 4312:Adlai Stevenson 4308: 4303: 4287: 4259: 4239: 4219:Leonid Brezhnev 4211: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4130:court martialed 4118:military police 4025: 3986:, a Portuguese 3949: 3927:union territory 3886:Plano Sentinela 3881: 3857:Adlai Stevenson 3834: 3790: 3774:PM Ramachandran 3748: 3655: 3650: 3623: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3588: 3572: 3561: 3549: 3547:Daman air raids 3448: 3443: 3434: 3295: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3202: 3186: 3175: 3111: 3052: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3017: 3001: 2990: 2902:1st Para Punjab 2832: 2827: 2822: 2772: 2748: 2736:Dabolim Airport 2681: 2653:security forces 2643:Portuguese Army 2635: 2612:merchant marine 2590:Portuguese Navy 2582: 2557:Plano Sentinela 2511: 2480:In March 1960, 2478: 2378:Blackwood class 2308:Madras Regiment 2304:Rajput Regiment 2266: 2261: 2205: 2199: 2113: 2107: 2026:Rajendra Prasad 2018: 2012: 1981: 1975: 1930: 1903:Operation Vijay 1888:Invasion of Goa 1870:territories of 1852: 1847: 1811:Timor (1942–43) 1729:China (1809–10) 1660:India (1729–32) 1533:India (1644–45) 1498:India (1638–39) 1428:Malaysia (1628) 1358:Malaysia (1615) 1338:Malaysia (1606) 1333:Malaysia (1606) 1291:Malaysia (1587) 1286:Malaysia (1586) 1256:Malaysia (1575) 1251:Malaysia (1574) 1246:Malaysia (1573) 1241:India (1570–75) 1221:Goa (1570–1571) 1161:Pakistan (1557) 1146:Malaysia (1551) 1126:Malaysia (1547) 1106:Ethiopia (1543) 1101:Ethiopia (1542) 1096:Ethiopia (1542) 1091:Ethiopia (1542) 1086:Ethiopia (1542) 1076:Ethiopia (1542) 1071:Ethiopia (1541) 1036:Moluccas (1536) 1031:Malaysia (1536) 1026:Malaysia (1535) 1016:Malaysia (1534) 951:Malaysia (1523) 911:Malaysia (1520) 866:Malaysia (1511) 710: 705: 703: 701: 667: 635: 630: 622: 616: 610: 609:fighter-bombers 604: 598: 592: 590: 588: 583: 581: 576: 571: 570:45,000 infantry 560: 550: 540: 534: 532:Adriano Moreira 524: 514: 512:António Salazar 504: 494: 484: 478: 468: 457: 455: 445: 434: 432: 422: 411: 409: 399: 397:J. N. Chaudhuri 388: 386: 376: 365: 363: 353: 342: 340: 332: 325: 314: 312: 302: 294: 292: 282: 272: 262: 260:Rajendra Prasad 252: 247: 245: 223: 221: 209: 207: 193: 180: 166: 165: 159:surrounding sea 156: 134: 118:in present-day 109: 80: 74: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11541: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11218:Tarak Nath Das 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11168:Shuja-ud-Daula 11165: 11160: 11158:Sarojini Naidu 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11103:Prafulla Chaki 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11048:Mahatma Gandhi 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10804: 10802: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10770:Vakkom Moulavi 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10700:Mahatma Gandhi 10697: 10692: 10687: 10685:Jyotirao Phule 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10625:B. R. Ambedkar 10622: 10617: 10615:Ayya Vaikundar 10612: 10607: 10601: 10599: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10444:Cripps Mission 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10334:Noakhali riots 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10263: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10200: 10198: 10197:and ideologies 10192: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10181: 10179:Radcliffe Line 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10154:Vellore Mutiny 10151: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10048: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10032: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10009: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9967:Konkan Railway 9964: 9959: 9954: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9896: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9870:Salgaocar F.C. 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9785:Konkani cinema 9782: 9780:Konkani people 9777: 9772: 9767: 9761: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9711:Goa University 9707: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9637:Mahadev Temple 9634: 9629: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9586: 9584: 9583:Heritage sites 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9451: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9406:Goa civil code 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9318:History of Goa 9314: 9312: 9306: 9305: 9287: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9264: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9097:Weapon Systems 9094: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9067: 9065: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8995: 8982: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8914: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8856: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8749: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8704: 8693: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8634: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8602:Special forces 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8391: 8385: 8383: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8308: 8306: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8222:Prime Minister 8219: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8190: 8177: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8147: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8082: 8081:External links 8079: 8078: 8077: 8061: 8054: 8029:(3): 429–449, 8014: 8007: 8000: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7957: 7944: 7926: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7880:978-0191583803 7879: 7859: 7837:978-1317936411 7836: 7816: 7794:978-0191003523 7793: 7773: 7751:978-1134833887 7750: 7730: 7697: 7686:on 17 May 2011 7658: 7626: 7607: 7586: 7565: 7544: 7524: 7491: 7468: 7464:978-0788102790 7448: 7422: 7396: 7367: 7348: 7345:978-8171414864 7322: 7295:(3): 617–632. 7270: 7244: 7217: 7198: 7178: 7160: 7153: 7135: 7109: 7079: 7068:on 4 July 2014 7048: 7018: 7007: 6977: 6944: 6918: 6911: 6891: 6865: 6839: 6778: 6748: 6722: 6691: 6637: 6623: 6594: 6563: 6532: 6506: 6463: 6428: 6411:Bharat Rakshak 6376: 6359:Bharat Rakshak 6345: 6327: 6318: 6298: 6268: 6261: 6241: 6178: 6152: 6122: 6080: 6055: 6042:978-0856643910 6041: 6035:. Croom Helm. 6016: 5999:Bharat Rakshak 5985: 5967:Bharat Rakshak 5947: 5929: 5916:978-8170621485 5915: 5884: 5874:978-8170222590 5873: 5865:Goa University 5841: 5831:978-8170998907 5830: 5798: 5752: 5733: 5727:978-9728799533 5726: 5689: 5670: 5651: 5613: 5589: 5563: 5536: 5504: 5495: 5491:New York Times 5482: 5469: 5456: 5443: 5437:978-0881325362 5436: 5416: 5389: 5335: 5312: 5266: 5248: 5222: 5196: 5170: 5151: 5121: 5099: 5093:H. Kay (1970) 5081: 5067: 5041: 5007: 5000: 4980: 4973: 4953: 4922: 4915: 4895: 4886: 4868: 4831: 4824: 4799: 4782:Goancauses.com 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4713:History of Goa 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4679: 4665: 4649: 4646: 4615: 4612: 4560: 4557: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4498: 4495: 4475:Rio de Janeiro 4455: 4452: 4431: 4428: 4419:Hugh Gaitskell 4395: 4394:United Kingdom 4392: 4381: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4286: 4283: 4267:Prime Minister 4258: 4255: 4238: 4235: 4210: 4207: 4174:Adelino Gwambe 4148: 4147:African states 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4058:S Raghavendran 4024: 4021: 3962:Francis Xavier 3948: 3945: 3891:scorched earth 3880: 3877: 3861:Valerian Zorin 3848:and Liberia). 3833: 3830: 3789: 3786: 3747: 3744: 3714:munitions dump 3677:Wing Commander 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3625: 3624: 3575: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3548: 3545: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3375:At 12:35, the 3294: 3291: 3239: 3238: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3148:Hawker Hunters 3110: 3107: 3054: 3053: 3004: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2917: 2916: 2905: 2898: 2871:reconnaissance 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2776:reconnaissance 2771: 2768: 2747: 2744: 2698:aircraft from 2680: 2677: 2634: 2631: 2581: 2578: 2510: 2507: 2477: 2474: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2342: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2223:Daman district 2201:Main article: 2198: 2195: 2183:chief engineer 2154:to intervene. 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2097:, against the 2049:Juliao Menezes 2014:Main article: 2011: 2008: 1977:Main article: 1974: 1971: 1954:State of India 1934:British Empire 1929: 1926: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702:Morocco (1769) 1699: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1513:Morocco (1640) 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433:Malacca (1629) 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1328:Sumatra (1606) 1325: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301:Mombasa (1589) 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1261:Morocco (1578) 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231:Honavar (1571) 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216:Sumatra (1569) 1213: 1211:Malacca (1568) 1208: 1203: 1198: 1196:Morocco (1564) 1193: 1191:Morocco (1562) 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066:Red Sea (1541) 1063: 1061:Red Sea (1541) 1058: 1056:Red Sea (1541) 1053: 1051:Red Sea (1541) 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1006:Morocco (1533) 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 981:Sumatra (1528) 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Sumatra (1522) 938: 933: 928: 926:Bahrain (1521) 923: 921:Sumatra (1521) 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 896:Morocco (1516) 893: 891:Morocco (1515) 888: 886:Morocco (1515) 883: 881:Morocco (1514) 878: 876:Morocco (1514) 873: 871:Morocco (1513) 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 836:Socotra (1507) 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 796:Algeria (1501) 793: 787: 786: 782: 781: 779:Morocco (1490) 776: 774:Morocco (1489) 771: 769:Morocco (1487) 766: 761: 759:Morocco (1471) 756: 754:Morocco (1471) 751: 749:Morocco (1468) 746: 741: 739:Morocco (1458) 736: 734:Morocco (1437) 731: 729:Morocco (1419) 726: 724:Morocco (1415) 720: 719: 715: 712: 711: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 669: 668: 666: 665: 664:4,668 captured 662: 659: 656: 653: 649: 647: 643: 642: 638: 637: 627: 597:medium bombers 591:4 minesweepers 567: 566: 562: 561: 559: 558: 538: 522: 502: 481: 479: 477: 476: 453: 430: 407: 384: 361: 338: 310: 290: 270: 242: 239: 238: 234: 233: 218: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 184: 182: 176: 175: 174:Indian victory 172: 168: 167: 164: 163: 154: 144: 143: 141: 137: 136: 131: 123: 122: 101: 100: 89: 88: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11540: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11163:Satyapal Dang 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11088:Nana Fadnavis 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11053:Mangal Pandey 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11013:Khudiram Bose 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10928:Chetram Jatav 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10898:Bhikaiji Cama 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10888:Bharathidasan 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10873:Basawon Singh 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10760:Sri Aurobindo 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10730:Ram Mohan Roy 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10710:Narayana Guru 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493:Organisations 10491: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10454:Bombay Mutiny 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10439:Indian Legion 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10379:1928 Protests 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10324:Rowlatt Bills 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10023: 10018: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10007: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9983: 9982: 9979: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Vasco da Gama 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9432:Western Ghats 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9323:Bhojas of Goa 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9285: 9280: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8939: 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8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8191: 8189: 8178: 8176: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8140: 8138: 8133: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7960: 7958:972-8799-53-5 7954: 7950: 7945: 7933: 7929: 7927:0-8014-8460-X 7923: 7919: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7899: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7863: 7856: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7820: 7813: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7734: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7590: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7569: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7528: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7452: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7164: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 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6183: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6060: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5933: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5737: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5607: 5606:Rotter (2000) 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5420: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5078: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4899: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4827: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4680: 4677: 4666: 4663: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4619:Quincy Wright 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4489:was based on 4488: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4411:UK Government 4408: 4404: 4403:Duncan Sandys 4400: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369:K. P. Candeth 4363: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4346:Time Magazine 4342: 4337: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306:United States 4298: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3954:maroon berets 3944: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3916:Vasco da Gama 3911: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3756:MD450 Ouragan 3752: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3735:(Class III). 3734: 3733:Ashoka Chakra 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3621: 3618: 3610: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576:This section 3574: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3475:Daman Airport 3472: 3468: 3467:Damão Pequeno 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3232: 3224: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3190:This section 3188: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3047: 3039: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3005:This section 3003: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2983: 2982:maroon berets 2979: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2948:Mandovi River 2945: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2934:armoured cars 2929: 2927: 2924:tanks of the 2923: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2734:stationed at 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Guarda Fiscal 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2641:), under the 2640: 2633:Ground forces 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291:commanded by 2290: 2286: 2285:K. P. Candeth 2283: 2282:Major General 2280:commanded by 2279: 2275: 2271: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2187:landing party 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2160:Krishna Menon 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Daman and Diu 1943: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896:Krishna Menon 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1781:Angola (1907) 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Brazil (1756) 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1655:Angola (1723) 1653: 1651: 1650:Brazil (1711) 1648: 1646: 1645:Brazil (1710) 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1618:Angola (1681) 1616: 1614: 1613:Angola (1671) 1611: 1609: 1608:Angola (1670) 1606: 1604: 1603:Angola (1670) 1601: 1599: 1598:Brazil (1666) 1596: 1594: 1593:Angola (1665) 1591: 1589: 1588:Margão (1659) 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1563:Arabia (1650) 1561: 1559: 1558:Brazil (1649) 1556: 1554: 1553:Brazil (1648) 1551: 1549: 1548:Angola (1647) 1546: 1544: 1543:Brazil (1645) 1541: 1539: 1538:Brazil (1645) 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:Brazil (1641) 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508:Brazil (1640) 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1493:Brazil (1638) 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1478:Brazil (1636) 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1468:Arabia (1633) 1466: 1464: 1463:Bengal (1632) 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1453:Brazil (1631) 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Brazil (1630) 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418:Brazil (1625) 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1408:Angola (1624) 1406: 1404: 1403:Brazil (1624) 1401: 1399: 1398:Angola (1623) 1396: 1394: 1393:Angola (1622) 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1363:Jaffna (1619) 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1306:Jaffna (1591) 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1271:Arabia (1581) 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Brazil (1567) 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1181:Jaffna (1560) 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Brazil (1558) 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1136:Arabia (1548) 1134: 1132: 1131:Arabia (1548) 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 946:Arabia (1523) 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 841:Arabia (1507) 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 784: 783: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764:Guinea (1478) 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 716: 713: 708: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 675: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 650: 648: 645: 644: 639: 634: 628: 625: 620: 614: 608: 602: 596: 587: 580: 574: 569: 568: 563: 555: 549: 544: 539: 533: 528: 523: 519: 513: 508: 503: 499: 493: 492:Américo Tomás 488: 483: 482: 480: 473: 467: 466:K. P. Candeth 464: 454: 450: 444: 441: 431: 427: 421: 418: 408: 404: 398: 395: 385: 381: 375: 374:Aspy Engineer 372: 362: 358: 352: 349: 339: 335: 330: 324: 321: 311: 307: 301: 291: 287: 281: 276: 271: 267: 261: 256: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 231: 219: 217: 206: 205: 200: 192: 188: 183: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 161:and airspace) 160: 155: 153: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135:(2 days) 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114:and state of 113: 112:Daman and Diu 107: 102: 99: 95: 90: 85: 82: 79: 72: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 11478:Colonial Goa 11416: 11407:Constitution 11395:Independence 11282: 11253:Vanchinathan 10883:Bhagat Singh 10838:Annie Besant 10799:Independence 10780:Vinoba Bhave 10584: 10580:Swaraj Party 10484:Lucknow Pact 10394:Purna Swaraj 10384:Nehru Report 10291: 10195:Philosophies 10183: 10149:Polygar Wars 10077:French India 10062:Dutch Bengal 10052:Colonisation 9991: 9984: 9925:Competitions 9615:Se Cathedral 9352: 9162:Other topics 9087:Active Ships 8999: 8991: 8973:Insurgencies 8951: 8949: 8942: 8918: 8910: 8892: 8854:Congo Crisis 8813: 8754:Cactus-Lilly 8753: 8745: 8303:Ministry and 8296:Organisation 8087: 8065: 8057: 8026: 8022: 8010: 8003: 7998:(1): 341–358 7995: 7991: 7948: 7936:. 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Charter 4433: 4424:Patrick Dean 4416: 4397: 4385: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4309: 4301:Condemnation 4288: 4260: 4240: 4215:Soviet Union 4212: 4209:Soviet Union 4197: 4182: 4150: 4127: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4041:Alparqueiros 4026: 4010:Mário Soares 3992: 3981: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3950: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3896: 3885: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3835: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3761: 3737: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3710:Diu Fortress 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3674: 3663: 3656: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3613: 3604: 3589:Please help 3577: 3550: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3501: 3493: 3482: 3479: 3471:Damão Grande 3470: 3466: 3449: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3399:and the INS 3396: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3282: 3277:Arun Auditto 3267: 3260: 3256: 3252:Anjidiv Fort 3242: 3227: 3218: 3203:Please help 3191: 3167: 3152: 3145: 3140:Douglas DC-4 3132: 3124: 3099: 3072: 3057: 3042: 3033: 3018:Please help 3006: 2970: 2962: 2953: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2918: 2884: 2879:battle tanks 2876: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2833: 2812: 2808: 2804:ATC building 2796: 2787: 2786:and the INS 2783: 2773: 2751: 2749: 2724:Douglas DC-4 2721: 2696:Douglas DC-6 2689: 2682: 2673:Guarda Rural 2672: 2664: 2656: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2607: 2604:patrol boats 2598: 2585: 2583: 2572: 2569:agrupamentos 2568: 2565:battlegroups 2560: 2556: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2512: 2499: 2479: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2312: 2276:fielded the 2267: 2249: 2227: 2219:Nagar Haveli 2213: 2206: 2191: 2170: 2168: 2145: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2091:British Army 2080: 2069: 2052: 2046: 2019: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1931: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1887: 1879: 1862:annexed the 1855: 1853: 1821:India (1961) 1820: 1816:India (1954) 1770:20th century 1754:China (1849) 1744:China (1846) 1718:19th century 1680:India (1752) 1675:India (1746) 1670:India (1746) 1640:India (1704) 1634:18th century 1623:India (1693) 1503:India (1639) 1488:India (1638) 1448:Jambi (1630) 1388:China (1622) 1343:India (1612) 1317:17th century 1266:India (1581) 1201:Japan (1565) 1186:Japan (1561) 1176:India (1559) 1121:India (1547) 1116:India (1546) 1021:Tunis (1535) 1001:India (1531) 971:India (1526) 936:China (1521) 861:India (1510) 856:India (1509) 851:India (1508) 831:India (1507) 821:India (1506) 816:India (1506) 801:India (1504) 785:16th century 718:15th century 658:1 sloop lost 417:Rear Admiral 351:P. N. Thapar 323:R. D. Katari 202:Belligerents 81: 46: 37:This is the 31: 11351:Mountbatten 10973:Hemu Kalani 10853:Bagha Jatin 10790:Vivekananda 10545:India House 10429:Act of 1935 10204:Ambedkarism 10072:British Raj 9993:Wikiproject 9765:Comunidades 9493:Dharbandora 8945:(Hyderabad) 8934:Annexations 8919:Devi Shakti 8655:Coast Guard 8188:Indian Navy 8175:Indian Army 7938:13 February 7210:13 February 6959:The Tribune 6771:8 September 6673:The Tribune 6489:ÁreaMilitar 6224:ÁreaMilitar 6135:ÁreaMilitar 5993:Kore, V.S. 5750:Document 72 5687:Document 69 5668:Document 68 5305:20 December 4851:ÁreaMilitar 4792:20 February 4552:Ta Kung Pao 4547:Ta Kung Pao 4531:Ambivalence 4430:Netherlands 4237:Arab states 4158:Radio Ghana 4055:Air Marshal 3778:N.R.P. Vega 3541:Sena Medals 3459:Maharashtra 3083:Zuari River 2974:Sagat Singh 2965:Fort Aguada 2847:Sagat Singh 2732:F-86 Sabres 2679:Air defence 2360:Indian Navy 2319:Erlic Pinto 2296:Sagat Singh 2270:Indian Army 2001:, Portugal 1999:Estado Novo 1995:Estado Novo 1991:colonialism 1986:Estado Novo 1866:, the then 1323:Java (1601) 976:Java (1527) 447:(AOC-in-C, 443:Erlic Pinto 420:B. S. Soman 401:(GOC-in-C, 179:Territorial 11468:Annexation 11452:Categories 11381:Linlithgow 11321:Chelmsford 11311:Cornwallis 11223:Tatya Tope 11093:Nana Saheb 10998:K. Kamaraj 10948:Dhan Singh 10863:Bakht Khan 10515:Arya Samaj 10449:Quit India 10399:Salt March 10258:Events and 10234:Satyagraha 9885:Vasco S.C. 9865:Dempo S.C. 9795:Literature 9632:Fontainhas 9396:Goa Police 9386:State seal 9368:Government 8998:Operation 8990:Operation 8950:Operation 8941:Operation 8917:Operation 8909:Operation 8891:Operation 8812:Operation 8797:Korean War 8767:Kargil War 8752:Operation 8744:Operation 8682:Operations 8210:Leadership 8074:1307824129 7690:2 February 7675:8170225043 7441:9 November 7356:Saude, Goa 7263:9 November 7227:"AEIOU.pt" 7199:9723311348 7154:8178353938 6970:9 November 6884:9 November 6858:9 November 6616:9 November 6556:26 October 6291:29 October 6262:8178355000 6171:9 November 5622:Rusk, Dean 5608:, p. 5241:9 November 5060:29 January 5034:29 January 4946:1 December 4759:References 4636:jus cogens 4110:Moçambique 4071:contusions 3740:Pani Khota 3457:bordering 3412:Saravastri 3381:white flag 3353:morse code 3102:4th Rajput 2922:M4 Sherman 2782:, the INS 2627:Suez Canal 2524:Mozambique 2463:Bimlipatan 1928:Background 906:Goa (1517) 655:57 wounded 589:8 frigates 573:M4 Sherman 187:Portuguese 76:See also: 71:Kargil War 11356:Wellesley 11341:Dalhousie 11203:Surya Sen 11098:P. Kakkan 11058:Mir Qasim 11033:M. N. Roy 10968:Har Dayal 10801:activists 10630:Baba Amte 10620:Ayyankali 10598:reformers 10520:Azad Hind 10260:movements 10239:Socialism 9945:Transport 9703:Education 9668:Netravali 9460:South Goa 9455:North Goa 9447:Districts 9415:Geography 9247:Air Force 9146:Documents 9111:Air Force 9033:Equipment 8992:Blue Star 8835:2016–2018 8830:2014–2015 8785:Conflicts 8783:External 8729:Naval War 8702:1947–1948 8650:Air Force 8625:Personnel 8529:Air Force 8217:President 8051:155219732 7992:Lusotopie 7712:O Heraldo 7667:Goa to Me 7640:Goa Today 7512:0040-781X 7392:0024-3019 7317:147417854 7041:6 January 6587:2 October 6525:4 October 6111:cite book 5903:New Delhi 5818:New Delhi 5644:29 August 4936:The Hindu 4764:Citations 4524:Ayub Khan 4518:President 4448:7th Fleet 4436:The Hague 4405:told the 4327:President 4285:Indonesia 4170:in Africa 4123:cashiered 4102:Vera Cruz 3936:with the 3754:Dassault 3686:sten guns 3629:Like the 3578:does not 3484:caçadores 3286:corporals 3248:Karnataka 3192:does not 3163:T-6 Texan 3007:does not 2943:Caçadores 2844:Brigadier 2842:, led by 2648:caçadores 2616:President 2516:Metropole 2457:Cannonore 2371:INS 2293:Brigadier 2171:Sabarmati 2143:in 1957. 1967:manganese 1965:and some 652:30 killed 646:22 killed 624:T-6 Texan 586:destroyer 463:Maj. 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