Annexation of Hyderabad

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violence against Muslims occurred in Marathwada and Telangana areas. It also concluded: "At several places, members of the armed forces brought out Muslim adult males from villages and towns and massacred them in cold blood." The Committee generally credited the military officers with good conduct but stated that soldiers acted out of bigotry. The official "very conservative estimate" was that 27,000 to 40,000 died "during and after the police action." Other scholars have put the figure at 200,000, or even higher. Among Muslims some estimates were even higher and Smith says that the military government's private low estimates were at least ten times the number of murders with which the Razakars were officially accused.

74: 1380: 1574: 210: 3803: 3790: 611:(10.3%). Despite the overwhelming Hindu majority, Hindus were severely under-represented in government, police and the military. Of 1765 officers in the State Army, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 others were Christians, Parsis and Sikhs. Of the officials drawing a salary between Rs. 600 and 1200 per month, 59 were Muslims, 5 were Hindus and 38 were of other religions. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the state. 6060: 1418:"It is natural that we should rejoice at this swift termination of the action we undertook after prolonged and painful thought and each deliberation. As I have repeatedly said we are men of peace, hating war and the last thing we desire is to come into an armed conflict with anyone. Nevertheless, circumstances which you will know well, compelled us to take this action in Hyderabad. Fortunately, it was brief and we return with relief to the paths of peace again." 3777: 4836: 3760: 1098: 297: 286: 756:

claimed that the government of Hyderabad was edging towards independence by divesting itself of its Indian securities, banning the Indian currency, halting the export of ground nuts, organising illegal gun-running from Pakistan, and inviting recruits to its army and its irregular forces, the Razakars." The Hyderabadi envoys accused India of setting up armed barricades on all land routes and of attempting to economically isolate their nation.

1428: 1045: 196: 595:, it covered 82,698 square miles (214,190 km) of fairly homogenous territory and comprised a population of roughly 16.34 million people (as per the 1941 census) of which a majority (85%) was Hindu. The state had its own army, airline, telecommunication system, railway network, postal system, currency and radio broadcasting service. Hyderabad was a multi-lingual state consisting of people speaking 1586: 786:

communists were "positive and in some cases great...The communists redistributed land and livestock, reduced rates, ended forced labour and increased wages by one hundred per cent. They inoculated the population and built public latrines; they encouraged women's organisations, discouraged sectarian sentiment and sought to abolish untouchability."

1297:, air strikes cleared most of the Hyderabadi defences, although some Razakar units still gave resistance to the 2/5 Gurkhas who occupied the town. The retreating Hyderabadi forces destroyed the bridge at Musi to delay the Indians but failed to offer covering fire, allowing the bridge to be quickly repaired. Another incident occurred at 639:(also known as Ittehad or MIM). Its objectives were to unite the Muslims in the State in support of Nizam and to reduce the Hindu majority by large-scale conversion to Islam. The MIM became a powerful communal organisation, with the principal focus to marginalise the political aspirations of the Hindus and moderate Muslims. 869:. This led to terrorising of the Hindu community, some of whom went across the border into independent India and organised raids into Nizam's territory, which further escalated the violence. Many of these raiders were controlled by the Congress leadership in India and had links with extremist religious elements in the 897:. The State Army consisted of three armoured regiments, a horse cavalry regiment, 11 infantry battalions and artillery. These were supplemented by irregular units with horse cavalry, four infantry battalions (termed as the Saraf-e-khas, paigah, Arab and Refugee) and a garrison battalion. This army was commanded by 932:

to investigate who was also fired upon by the Razakars. The tanks of the Poona Horse then chased the Razakars to Kodad, in Hyderabad territory. Here they were opposed by the armoured cars of 1 Hyderabad Lancers. In a brief action, the Poona Horse destroyed one armoured car and forced the surrender of

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had extended their activities from Hyderabad city into the towns and rural areas, murdering Hindus, abducting women, pillaging houses and fields, and looting non-Muslim property in a widespread reign of terror." "Some women became victims of rape and kidnapping by Razakars. Thousands went to jail and

755:

reportedly warned the then Viceroy Lord Mountbatten, "If Congress attempted to exert any pressure on Hyderabad, every Muslim throughout the whole of India, yes, all the hundred million Muslims, would rise as one man to defend the oldest Muslim dynasty in India." According to Taylor C. Sherman, "India

735:

Hyderabad violated all clauses of the agreement: in external affairs, by carrying out intrigues with Pakistan, to which it secretly loaned 15 million pounds; in defence, by building up a large semi-private army; in communications, by interfering with the traffic at the borders and the through traffic

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and Madras regions were appointed to replace the vacancies. They were unable to speak the language and were unfamiliar with local conditions. Nehru objected to this "communal chauvinism" and called them "incompetent outsiders", and tried to impose Hyderabadi residency requirements: however, this was

1628:

The viewpoint of the government was: "In political physics, Razakar action and Hindu reaction have been almost equal and opposite." A quiet decision was taken to release all Hindus and for a review of all Muslim cases, aiming to let many of them out. Regarding atrocities by Muslims, Nehru considered

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and the attacking force of the 7th Brigade. Using speed and surprise, the 7th Brigade managed to secure a vital bridge on the Bori River intact, following which an assault was made on the Hyderabadi positions at Naldurg by the 2nd Sikh Infantry. The bridge and road secured, an armoured column of the

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invaded the state by 13 September 1948, following a crippling economic blockade, and multiple attempts at destabilizing the state through railway disruptions, the bombing of government buildings, and raids on border villages. After the defeat of Razakars, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession,

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The Committee concluded that while Muslim villagers were disarmed by the Indian Army, Hindus were often left with their weapons. The violence was carried out by Hindu residents, with the army sometimes indifferent, and sometimes participating in the atrocities. The Committee stated that large-scale

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dated to 29 August 1948, wrote that "I am convinced that it is impossible to arrive at any solution of the Hyderabad problem by settlement or peaceful negotiation. Military action becomes essential, we call it as you have called it Police Action." It was also believed that there could be a possible

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Even as India and Hyderabad negotiated, most of the sub-continent had been thrown into chaos as a result of communal Hindu-Muslim riots pending the imminent partition of India. Fearing a Hindu civil uprising in his kingdom, the Nizam allowed Razvi to set up a voluntary militia of Muslims called the

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According to Mohammed Hyder, the tragic consequences of the Indian operation were largely preventable. He faulted the Indian army for neither restoring local administration nor setting up their military administration. As a result, the anarchy led to several thousand "thugs", from the camps set up

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Since late in 1945, landlocked Hyderabad had been seeking access to a port. In April 1947 Monckton was in touch with Templewood about the acquisition of port facilities at Mormugao, in Portuguese Goa, with a rail link to be built from the state to the sea. The businessman Sir Alexander Roger was

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See Section 7 (1) (b): "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States, all functions exercisable by His Majesty at that date with respect to

1549:

Patel reacted angrily to the report and disowned its conclusions. He stated that the terms of reference were flawed because they only covered the part during and after the operation. He also cast aspersions on the motives and standing of the committee. These objections are regarded by Noorani as

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Highway, the forces encountered gunfire from ambush positions. However, leaving some of the units to handle the ambush, the bulk of the force moved on to reach 15 kilometres beyond Zahirabad by nightfall despite sporadic resistance along the way. Most of the resistance was from Razakar units who

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Hyder mediated some efforts to minimise the influence of the Razakars. Razvi, while generally receptive, vetoed the option of disarming them, saying that with the Hyderabad state army ineffective, the Razakars were the only means of self-defence available. By the end of August 1948, a full-blown

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The Indian military detained thousands of people during the operation, including Razakars, Hindu militants, and communists. This was largely done based on local informants, who used this opportunity to settle scores. The estimated number of people detained was close to 18,000, which resulted in

723:

which made an assurance that the status quo would be maintained and no military action would be taken for one year. According to this agreement, India would handle Hyderabad's foreign affairs, but Indian Army troops stationed in Secunderabad would be removed. In Hyderabad city there was a huge

841:'Razakars'. The Razakars – who numbered up to 200,000 at the height of the conflict – swore to uphold Islamic domination in Hyderabad and the Deccan plateau in the face of growing public opinion amongst the majority Hindu population favouring the accession of Hyderabad into the Indian Union. 1399:, summoning him to the Nizam's office at 1600 hours. At the meeting, the Nizam stated "The vultures have resigned. I don't know what to do". Munshi advised the Nizam to secure the safety of the citizens of Hyderabad by issuing appropriate orders to the Commander of the Hyderabad State Army, 785:

system, which covered 43% of land holding. Initially, they also drew support from wealthier peasants who also fought under the communist banner, but by 1948, the coalition had disintegrated. According to the Indian Intelligence Bureau Deputy Director, the social and economic programs of the

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was stalled as the river had swollen. The first day on the Western Front ended with the Indians inflicting heavy casualties on the Hyderabadis and capturing large tracts of territory. Amongst the captured defenders was a British mercenary who had been tasked with blowing up the bridge near

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Indian States, all obligations of His Majesty existing at that date towards Indian States or the rulers thereof, and all powers, rights, authority or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at that date in or in relation to Indian States by treaty, grant, usage, sufferance or otherwise."

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Sir Walter Monckton, Mountbatten's self-styled 'dear friend', at that time Constitutional Adviser to the Nizam of Hyderabad, managed to involve Lord Templewood in a conspiracy to persuade the Portuguese government to cooperate in supplying a rail link to the sea at Goa for the use of

1624:

The Indian government set up Special Tribunals to prosecute these. These strongly resembled the colonial governments earlier, and there were many legal irregularities, including denial or inability to access lawyers and delayed trials – about which the Red Cross was pressuring Nehru.

740:

was interfering with supplies to Hyderabad without the knowledge of Delhi. The Government promised to take up the matter with the provincial governments, but scholar Lucien Benichou states that it was never done. There were also delays in arms shipments to Hyderabad from India.

748:"If the safety of the people in Hyderabad was endangered by the activities of Razakars, the Government would intervene in Hyderabad State. The time had arrived when this hostility must cease. If the Hyderabad Government could not stop it, other measures would be adopted." 3722: 3208:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia 1949. Burma, India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Indonesia, The Philippines and South-East Asia and the Far East (general), january 1949- december

700:, the Law Minister in the first independent Indian government considered the state of Hyderabad to be "a new problem which may turn out to be worse than the Hindu-Muslim problem as it is sure to result in the further Balkanisation of India". According to the writer 1342:. By the morning of the 5th day of hostilities, it had become clear that the Hyderabad army and the Razakars had been routed on all fronts and with extremely heavy casualties. At 5 pm on 17 September, the Nizam announced a ceasefire, thus ending the armed action. 689:

At the time of the British withdrawal from India, the Nizam announced that he did not intend to join either new dominion, and proceeded to appoint trade representatives in European countries and to begin negotiations with the Portuguese, seeking to lease or buy

865:

braved the cruelties perpetuated by the oppressive administration. Due to the activities of the Razakars, thousands of Hindus had to flee from the state and take shelter in various camps". Precise numbers are not known, but 40,000 refugees were received by the

1155:, about 34 km north-west of Naldurg. They reached Tuljapur at dawn, where they encountered resistance from a unit of the 1st Hyderabad Infantry and about 200 Razakars who fought for two hours before surrendering. Further advance towards the town of 473:, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. India felt that the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad would be a threat to the country. Nizam's power had weakened because of the 829:, a Hindu revivalist movement, had been demanding greater access to power for the Hindu majority since the late 1930s and was curbed by the Nizam in 1938. The Hyderabad State Congress joined forces with the Arya Samaj as well as the 708:'s concern was to defeat what he called Hyderabad's "secessionist venture", but he favoured talks and considered military option as a last resort. In Nehru's observation, the state of Hyderabad was "full of dangerous possibilities". 614:

When the British departed from the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they offered the various princely states in the subcontinent the option of acceding to either India or Pakistan or staying on as an independent state. As stated by

836:

Noorani regards the MIM under Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung as explicitly committed to safeguarding the rights of religious and linguistic minorities. However, this changed with the ascent of Qasim Razvi after the Nawab died in 1944.

1636:

The government was under pressure to not prosecute participants in communal violence, which often made communal relations worse. Patel had also died in 1950. Thus, by 1953 the Indian government released all but a few persons.

724:

demonstration by Razakars led by Syed Qasim Razvi in October 1947, against the administration's decision to sign the Standstill Agreement. This demonstration in front of the houses of the main negotiators, the Prime Minister,

505:, concluded that between 30,000–40,000 people had died in total in the state, in a report which was not released until 2013. Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher. 619:

at a press conference in January 1948, "As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity." In India, a small number of states, including Hyderabad,

1940:

The lowest estimates, even those offered privately by apologists of the military government, came to at least ten times the number of murders with which previously the Razakars were officially accused...

1554:

across the border, filling the vacuum. He stated "Thousands of families were broken up, children separated from their parents and wives, from their husbands. Women and girls were hunted down and raped."

759:

In the summer of 1948, Indian officials, especially Patel, signalled an intention to invade; Britain encouraged India to resolve the issue without the use of force but refused Nizam's requests to help.

1488:

had no stake in the country or any record of service behind it. By methods reminiscent of Hitlerite Germany it took possession of the State, spread terror ... and rendered me completely helpless."

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the new dominion. In the case of Pakistan, accession happened far more slowly. Hyderabad had been part of the calculations of all-India political parties since the 1930s. The leaders of the new

1476:, in his radio speech on 23 September 1948, said "In November last , a small group which had organized a quasi-military organization surrounded the homes of my Prime Minister, the 1131:, 61 km inside Hyderabad by 1515 hours, where it quickly overpowered resistance from Razakar units defending the town. Meanwhile, another column consisting of a squadron of 5432: 3055: 1318:

ambushed the Indians as they passed through urban areas. The Razakars were able to use the terrain to their advantage until the Indians brought in their 75 mm guns.

1263:. The city was attacked by six columns of infantry and cavalry, resulting in the civil administration emerging in the afternoon and offering a surrender to the Indians. 1019:

magazine pointed out that if India invaded Hyderabad, Razakars would massacre Hindus, which would lead to retaliatory massacres of Muslims across India. On September 7,

635:

Hyderabad state has been steadily becoming more theocratic since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1926, Mahmud Nawazkhan, a retired Hyderabad official, founded the

559:. Hyderabad's nominal independence is dated to 1724 when the Nizam won a military victory over a rival military appointee. In 1798, Hyderabad became the first Indian 1970: 5567: 4760: 1500:, General Chaudhari led an armoured column into Hyderabad at around 4 p.m. on 18 September and the Hyderabad army, led by Major General El Edroos, surrendered. 3879: 1234: 805:, with both sides resorting to increasingly brutal methods. According to an Indian government pamphlet, the communists had killed about 2,000 people by 1948. 1952: 1484:, my constitutional Adviser, by duress compelled the Nawab and other trusted ministers to resign and forced the Laik Ali Ministry on me. This group headed by 957:

in the West – while smaller units pinned down the Hyderabadi army along the border. Overall command was placed in the hands of Lt. Gen. Rajendrasinghji, DSO.

5442: 124: 5888: 5437: 994: 997:

along with engineering and ancillary units. In addition, four infantry battalions were to neutralise and protect lines of communication. Two squadrons of

6124: 4730: 4532: 1481: 6119: 5468: 4735: 4442: 4437: 3574:

Muralidharan, Sukumar (2014). "Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India's Independence and Partition".

3278: 2092: 1717: 1688: 1376:, and requested his resignation by the morning of the following day. The resignation was delivered along with the resignations of the entire cabinet. 4279: 6129: 3894: 3412: 683: 4493: 4006: 2364: 437:, the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had 5255: 3723:

Armchair Historian – Operation Polo (Monday, 18 September 2006) – Contributed by Sidin Sunny Vadukut – Last Updated (Monday, 18 September 2006)

3705: 3561: 3172: 2712: 1226:, 48 km east. As aerial reconnaissance had shown well-entrenched ambush positions set up along the way, the air strikes from squadrons of 885:

The Nizam was in a weak position as his army numbered only 24,000 men, of whom only some 6,000 were fully trained and equipped. These included

3313:. Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India; distributors: Manager of Publications, Government of India, Delhi. p. 75. 5562: 5358: 4647: 3929: 3193:

If the Indian army invaded Hyderabad, Razvi's Razakars would kill Hyderabad Hindus. Throughout India, Hindus would retaliate against Muslims.

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area, led by communists. The communists drew their support from various quarters. Among the poor peasants, there were grievances against the

2727: 1230:

were called in. These air strikes effectively cleared the route and allowed the land forces to reach and secure Rajeshwar by the afternoon.

6104: 5507: 4981: 4018: 1195: 3380: 3327: 2273: 1233:

The assault force from the East was meanwhile slowed by an anti-tank ditch and later came under heavy fire from hillside positions of the

4620: 3889: 3884: 3749: 732:, advisor to the Nizam, and Minister Nawab Ali Nawaz Jung, forced them to call off their Delhi visit to sign the agreement at that time. 3711: 736:

of Indian railways. India was also accused of violating the agreement by imposing an economic blockade. It turned out that the state of

674:, initially approached the British government with a request to take on the status of an independent constitutional monarchy within the 441:

to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam,

5995: 5679: 4986: 4889: 2458: 3694: 4447: 4432: 4419: 3028: 621: 2582: 2311: 908:. A quarter of these were armed with modern small firearms, while the rest were predominantly armed with muzzle-loaders and swords. 5577: 5458: 5027: 4486: 4050: 3996: 2914: 1659: 1062: 929: 901:, an Arab. 55 per cent of the Hyderabadi army was composed of Muslims, with 1,268 Muslims in a total of 1,765 officers as of 1941. 568: 1031:

warned India against this ultimatum. Nehru then launched the invasion on 13 September, after the death of Jinnah on 11 September.

797:, but soon they launched a full-fledged revolt against the Nizam. Starting in mid-1946, the conflict between the Razakars and the 6094: 5873: 5587: 5104: 4971: 4725: 4427: 1630: 4498: 3053: 1270:

where 3 Sikhs, a company of 2 Jodhpur infantry and some tanks from 18 Cavalry faced stubborn resistance from Hyderabadi forces.

844:

According to an account by Mohammed Hyder, a civil servant in Osmanabad district, a variety of armed militant groups, including

6149: 6134: 6000: 5643: 5486: 873:

fold. In all, more than 150 villages (of which 70 were in Indian territory outside Hyderabad State) were pushed into violence.

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at dawn but was slowed by a minefield, which had to be cleared. On reaching the junction of the Bidar road with the Solapur-

904:

In addition to these, there were about 200,000 irregular militia called the Razakars under the command of a civilian leader

5868: 5491: 4678: 4571: 4481: 4289: 6030: 5704: 5363: 5265: 4506: 4341: 4309: 3971: 3934: 3576: 1123:, 8 km from Naldurg, at 0900 hours, paving the way for the Strike Force units under Lt. Col Ram Singh Commandant of 2828: 2526:'Communalism' in Princely India", Roosa, 'Quadary of the Qaum' cited in Sherman, "Integration of Princely States" (2007) 744:

Jawaharlal Nehru in a reception to the Bombay Union of Journalists on 26 April 1948 laid out his government's position:

6005: 5694: 5617: 5473: 5295: 5260: 4625: 3853: 3551: 3531: 2076: 1535: 2413: 425:

in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their territories, were subject to

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La Fin de Goa et de Estado da Índia : Décolonisation et Guerre Froide dans le Sous-Continent Indien (1945-1962)

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the actions during the operation as "madness" seizing "decent people", analogous to experience elsewhere during the

1167:

In the East, forces led by Lt. Gen A.A. Rudra met with fierce resistance from two armoured car cavalry units of the

5911: 5653: 5315: 4791: 4699: 4694: 4657: 4336: 4247: 4025: 3864: 814: 825:, who campaigned for an Islamic State centred on the Nizam as the Sultan dismissing all claims for democracy. The 5858: 5536: 4615: 4511: 4030: 3859: 3742: 2760:(in French). Vol. 1. Lisbon: Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros, Instituto diplomático. pp. 234–242. 1783:"The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56" 1669: 1563: 1446: 175: 6139: 5684: 5592: 4882: 4806: 4740: 3924: 3869: 3849: 1782: 1526:

of Muslims in reprisals by Hyderabadi Hindus. Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a mixed-faith committee led by Pandit

1066: 648: 17: 591:, was the largest and most prosperous of all the princely states in India. With annual revenues of over Rs. 9 6114: 6109: 6089: 6025: 5906: 4816: 4587: 4088: 3946: 1024: 536: 486: 73: 42: 5223: 5094: 4267: 4204: 4199: 4154: 3717: 2484: 1469: 941:

On receiving directions from the government to seize and annex Hyderabad, the Indian army came up with the

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claimed to be defending the Islamic faith and made claims on the land. "From the beginning of 1948, the

6084: 6045: 5896: 5699: 5689: 5648: 5206: 4839: 4331: 4314: 3956: 3735: 2726:

Mhamai, S K (2001). "The Geostrategic and Geopolitical Importance of Goa in the Indian Sub-Continent".

1396: 1331: 501:, at times perpetrated by the Indian Army. The Sunderlal Committee, appointed by Indian prime minister 1550:

disingenuous because the commission was an official one, and it was critical of the Razakars as well.

1290:

where they faced action against the 3 Golconda Lancers who gave token resistance before surrendering.

5768: 5726: 5658: 5512: 5201: 5130: 4976: 4875: 4854: 4781: 4709: 4262: 4219: 4159: 3839: 1256:

and took the town after heavy street combat with the Razakars who determinedly resisted the Indians.

38: 3180: 5396: 5228: 5049: 4945: 4351: 4214: 4169: 4083: 4078: 4035: 4013: 3966: 1028: 713: 5878: 5528: 5463: 5386: 5196: 5173: 4209: 4093: 4073: 4068: 3829: 2029: 1823: 1590: 1260: 1055: 675: 438: 2688: 1858: 6099: 6040: 5952: 5602: 5478: 5350: 5310: 5211: 5089: 4652: 4566: 4471: 4466: 4452: 4359: 4126: 3646: 3390: 3337: 1664: 1609: 1450: 1168: 961: 322: 249: 3478: 3206: 3145: 2511:

A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947–1955

2445: 2169: 1888:, Appendix 15: Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report, pp. 372–373 949:, the Commander-in-Chief of the Southern Command). The plan envisaged two main thrusts – from 5833: 5773: 5331: 5125: 5017: 5002: 4920: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4524: 4121: 4116: 4098: 3420: 2539: 244: 5718: 5572: 5300: 5191: 5012: 4907: 4849: 4844: 4592: 4319: 4045: 4040: 2979:

Kate, P. V., Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p.84

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On the noon of 17 September, a messenger brought a personal note from the Nizam to India's

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employed as an intermediary, but Monckton himself seems to have visited Portugal in April.

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6 km from Suryapet. The positions were assaulted by the 2/5 Gurkha – veterans of the

763:

The Nizam also made unsuccessful attempts to seek the intervention of the United Nations.

8: 6144: 5987: 5962: 5921: 5406: 5238: 5099: 5007: 4950: 4597: 4367: 4174: 3763: 1172: 1140: 1132: 1009: 916:

On 6 September an Indian police post near Chillakallu village came under heavy fire from

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A force under the command of Maj. Gen. D.S. Brar was tasked with capturing the city of

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gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to

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gave ultimatum to Nizam, demanding ban on the Razakars and return of Indian troops to

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Police Action in Hyderabad, 1948 September 13–18 : Should We Celebrate It?

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From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938–1948

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From Autocracy to Integration: Political Developments in Hyderabad State, 1938-1948

1797: 1633:. Nehru was also concerned that disenfranchised Muslims would join the communists. 1593: 1384: 1314: 1249: 1020: 968:

Strike Force comprising a mix of fast-moving infantry, cavalry and light artillery,

822: 705: 679: 600: 502: 482: 231: 1127:(a motorised battalion) to pass through. This armoured column reached the town of 296: 285: 5957: 5848: 5763: 5638: 4940: 4414: 4381: 4346: 3609: 3541: 3521: 3501: 3424: 3352: 3308: 3118: 3091: 3071: 3064: 3059: 2888: 2647: 2555: 2196: 2149: 2066: 1993: 1211: 1176: 1144: 1015: 990: 921: 830: 821:

had sought to harness Muslim aspirations and had won the adherence of MIM leader

729: 596: 399: 215: 109: 79: 1414:

On 18 September, Jawaharlal Nehru in his broadcast said on the military action:

5843: 5838: 5818: 5813: 2598:"Thirty-Six Years Later: The Mixed Legacies of Mountbatten's Transfer of Power" 2341: 1801: 1605: 1364: 1242: 1227: 1203: 1199: 1124: 998: 697: 667: 560: 532: 518: 455: 430: 395: 83: 2236: 6078: 5828: 5808: 5798: 5557: 5427: 3988: 3605: 3589: 3497: 3249: 3093:

New Themes in Indian History: Art, Politics, Gender, Environment, and Culture

2775: 1438: 1431: 1400: 1392: 1179:, namely the 2nd and 4th Hyderabad Lancers, but managed to reach the town of 701: 629: 415: 139: 126: 117: 5967: 5305: 5140: 5084: 4461: 3727: 3357:. Bureau of the public information of the government of India. p. 247. 2848: 2754:

Bègue, Sandrine (2007). "Les Origines du Conflit Luso-Indien (1947-1950)".

2690:

Diary of Guy Liddell, Deputy Director General of the Security Service, 1948

1578: 1454: 1373: 1279: 1267: 946: 737: 616: 556: 451: 275: 1114:

Fort on the Solapur Secunderabad Highway between a defending force of the

5803: 5243: 5153: 5135: 4108: 4060: 3795: 3782: 2684: 1601: 1519: 1497: 1485: 1465: 1369: 1360: 1330:. Meanwhile, forces led by the 1st Armoured regiment were at the town of 1298: 1207: 1110:

Indian forces entered the state at 4 a.m. The first battle was fought at

925: 905: 663: 584: 443: 291: 113: 6059: 3257: 2244: 2220: 1119:

1st Armoured Brigade – part of the Smash force – moved into the town of

5552: 5336: 5163: 4404: 4374: 3662: 3627: 3476: 3436: 3367: 3233: 3012: 2874: 2870: 2621: 2597: 2428: 2391: 2291: 1527: 1245:– and were neutralised, with the Hyderabadis taking severe casualties. 1069: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 986: 950: 826: 254: 3759: 1097: 5168: 5044: 4898: 3385: 3332: 2833: 1539: 1335: 1310: 1287: 1253: 1223: 982: 971:

Smash Force consisting of predominantly armoured units and artillery,

790: 782: 778: 521: 450:, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, chose 2613: 2383: 1427: 1044: 977:

Vir Force which comprised infantry, anti-tank and engineering units.

5059: 4867: 3350: 2755: 2198:

Vande Mataram to Jana Gana Mana: Saga of Hyderabad Freedom Struggle

2064: 1523: 1503: 1294: 1184: 1152: 870: 794: 548: 1139:, a troop from 9 Para Field Regiment, 10 Field Company Engineers, 59:

1948 military invasion of Hyderabad State by the Dominion of India

1515: 1442: 1437:(at right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to 1339: 1161: 1111: 954: 890: 853: 802: 604: 3212:. Asia / ed. Anthony Best. Univ. Publ. of America. p. 224. 1534:) were not made public until 2013 when it was accessed from the 2947: 1585: 1191: 1128: 1120: 894: 236: 3076:. Department of History, Osmania University. 2006. p. 82. 1214:

attacked and secured a vital bridge from the Hyderabadi army.

3244:(2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 169. 1964. 1461: 1327: 1283: 1222:

The force that had camped at Umarga proceeded to the town of

1180: 1148: 857: 716:, however, took a hard line, and had no patience with talks. 592: 2965:

By Frank Moraes, Jawaharlal Nehru, Mumbai: Jaico.2007, p.394

1568: 1326:

In the early hours of 17 September, the Indian army entered

433:, giving them control of their external relations. With the 3454: 3442: 2994: 2982: 2646:

Moore, R. J. (1988). "India in 1947: The Limits of Unity".

2459:"Five states that refused to join India after Independence" 1002: 886: 608: 3671:

The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback

1530:

to investigate the situation. The findings of the report (

3496: 3310:

Operation Polo: The Police Action Against Hyderabad, 1948

3085: 3083: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2534: 2532: 2297: 989:

and comprised the 2/5 Gurkha Rifles, one squadron of the

808: 691: 358: 5568:

Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research

3539: 2935: 2866: 2854: 2789: 2274:"New book on Hyderabad's Invasion, 1948's Police Action" 2121:

India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism

1278:

Leaving a company of 3/11 Gurkhas to occupy the town of

657: 2649:

Endgames of Empire; Studies of Britain's Indian Problem

719:

Accordingly, the Indian government offered Hyderabad a

578:

The State of Hyderabad under the leadership of its 7th

3706:

Exclusive Sundar Lal report on Hyderabad police action

3080: 2968: 2529: 2278:

The Milli Gazette – Indian Muslims Leading News Source

1309:

The task force under Lt. Col. Ram Singh moved towards

974:

Kill Force composed of infantry and engineering units,

777:

In late 1945, there started a peasant uprising in the

4562:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu) 3023: 3021: 2365:"The Hyderabad Political System and its Participants" 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2221:"Internal Violence: The "Police Action" in Hyderabad" 2060: 2058: 2056: 1995:

Kingship and Colonialism in India's Deccan: 1850–1948

1896: 1894: 3523:

October Coup, A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad

1953:"Hyderabad had tried 'NRC' 71 years ago, and failed" 1480:, in whose wisdom I had complete confidence, and of 563:

to accede to British protection under the policy of

3344: 3336:. Chennai, India. 14 September 2005. Archived from 2093:"Delhi felt Razakars, communists a threat to India" 1621:overcrowded jails and a paralysed criminal system. 1301:where a Razakar unit was decimated by the Indians. 1151:Infantry, and ancillary units attacked the town of 880: 382:

Sunderlal Committee: 30,000–40,000 civilians killed

5469:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar 3226: 3018: 2557:India's Armed Forces: Fifty Years of War and Peace 2322: 2143: 2141: 2053: 1891: 1350: 920:units. The Indian Army command sent a squadron of 678:. This request was, however, rejected by the last 5483:Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research 3500:; Mukherjee, Aditya; Mukherjee, Mridula (2008) , 3137: 3047: 2735:. Panaji: Directorate of Archaeology and Archives 2418:. Harrison & Sons, Ltd. 1945. pp. 33–37. 2218: 1824:"585 Mohan Guruswany, There once was a Hyderabad" 960:The attack from Solapur was led by Major General 6076: 3198: 2163: 2161: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1504:Communal violence during and after the operation 1001:aircraft were prepared for air support from the 4494:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War 2652:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 193. 2154:. Longmans, Green, Pakistan Branch. p. 21. 2138: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1422: 1101:Indian Army movements during the Operation Polo 936: 642: 477:and the rise of a radical militia known as the 385:Responsible observers: 200,000 civilians killed 3930:Department of Defence Research and Development 3880:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services 3110: 2880: 2875:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration (2000) 2871:Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India (2010) 2826: 2065:Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2006). 1557: 1183:by 0830 hours. Pressing on, the force reached 1034: 5563:Defence Research and Development Organisation 4883: 4648:Defence Research and Development Organisation 3743: 3649:(January 1950), "Hyderabad: Muslim Tragedy", 3563:The Story of Integration of the Indian States 3089: 2553: 2339: 2310:Apparasu, Srinivasa Rao (16 September 2022). 2188: 2158: 1841: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1355:On 16 September, faced with imminent defeat, 1345: 1338:, while another column took over the town of 694:to provide his state with access to the sea. 5150:Wonderla Amusement Park, Raviryal, Hyderabad 4982:Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority 3757: 3573: 3460: 3448: 3437:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000 3368:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000 3351:India. Bureau of Public Information (1948). 3013:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000 3000: 2988: 2953: 2595: 2456: 2429:Benichou, From Autocracy to Integration 2000 2415:The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945 2071:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1906: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 789:Initially, in 1945, the communists targeted 632:of India if Hyderabad was left independent. 481:whom he could not put down. On 7 September, 3718:A Blog by Narendra Luther on Operation Polo 3286:Press Information Bureau of India – Archive 2547: 1881: 1879: 1790:Indian Economic & Social History Review 1725:Press Information Bureau of India – Archive 1696:Press Information Bureau of India – Archive 1496:According to the records maintained by the 206: 23: 6125:Operations involving Indian special forces 5996:Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 5680:Telangana State Road Transport Corporation 4987:Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority 4890: 4876: 4507:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait 3750: 3736: 3543:The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan 3381:"When the Indian Army liberated thousands" 3328:"When the Indian Army liberated thousands" 3300: 2807: 2711:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2225:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2028:. Delhi: Vikash Publishing House. p. 2017: 2015: 1645:Junior officers from neighbouring Bombay, 1640: 531:(due to its geographical proximity in the 24: 3714:, by Bret Wallach, University of Oklahoma 3668: 2583:The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947 2544:, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p. 73 2513:(Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 7–12 2342:"Hyderabad 1948: India's hidden massacre" 2117: 1739: 1569:Detentions and release of people involved 1491: 1472:'s first visit to the radio station. The 1085:Learn how and when to remove this message 5578:Electronics Corporation of India Limited 4051:Armed Forces Special Operations Division 3413:"Lessons to learn from Hyderabad's past" 3322: 3320: 3120:Accession of Hyderabad: The Inside Story 3090:Hangloo, Rattan Lal; Murali, A. (2007). 2309: 2167: 2118:Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (2007). 2021: 1991: 1876: 1650:circumvented by using forged documents. 1584: 1572: 1426: 1378: 1096: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6130:Religiously motivated violence in India 5874:Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park 4972:Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation 3604: 3096:. Black & White. pp. 240–241. 2941: 2893:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 320. 2795: 2683: 2482: 2457:Roychowdhury, Adrija (17 August 2017). 2362: 2298:Chandra, Mukherjee & Mukherjee 2008 2147: 2012: 1917: 1885: 1780: 1387:that was published on 18 September 1948 1252:and a squadron of 8th Cavalry attacked 174:annexed to the Union of India as a new 14: 6077: 5644:Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System 5487:MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences 3306: 3234:"Vol. 17, No. 2, Second Quarter, 1964" 3116: 3073:Osmania Journal of Historical Research 2886: 2829:"How the Nizam lost Hyderabad in 1948" 2725: 2541:Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948 2231:(2). Cambridge University Press: 439. 2201:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 142. 1577:Jawaharlal Nehru addressing crowds at 1321: 1304: 1282:, the remainder of the force moved to 1273: 1217: 1105: 964:and was composed of four task forces: 809:Communal violence before the operation 766: 6120:History of Andhra Pradesh (1947–2014) 5459:Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences 5402:Maulana Azad National Urdu University 4871: 3731: 3708:, Deccan Chronicle, 30 November 2013. 3645: 3559: 3519: 3317: 3170: 3143: 2890:The End of an Era; Hyderabad Memories 2827:Venkateshwarlu, K. (14 August 2012). 2753: 2645: 2406: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2194: 1900: 1409: 684:The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma 658:Political and diplomatic negotiations 465:In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a 5869:Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park 5492:Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences 4897: 4679:List of equipment of the Indian Army 3204: 3031:. Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from 2312:"How Hyd merger with Union unfolded" 2025:Towards Indias Freedom And Partition 1067:adding citations to reliable sources 1038: 911: 6105:Military history of Hyderabad State 3935:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare 3577:History and Sociology of South Asia 3389:. 14 September 2005. Archived from 2596:Morris-Jones, W. H. (Autumn 1983). 2340:Thomson, Mike (24 September 2013). 2219:Sunil Purushotham (20 March 2015). 1612:after Hyderabad's accession to the 1013:military response by Pakistan. The 524:in 1687, the region was renamed as 454:and hoped to maintain this with an 56: 6006:G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium 5695:Hyderabad Bus Rapid Transit System 5618:Rajiv Gandhi International Airport 5474:Deccan College of Medical Sciences 5296:Telangana State Archaeology Museum 3854:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee 3147:Beyond The Lines: An Autobiography 3123:. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 176. 2205: 499:massive violence on communal lines 458:. The Nizam was also beset by the 57: 6166: 4761:Indian Maritime Security Strategy 3688: 2485:"C.P. and independent Travancore" 1918:Noorani, A.G. (3–16 March 2001), 1536:Nehru Memorial Museum and Library 1532:Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report 6058: 4835: 4834: 4792:Women in the Indian Armed Forces 4415:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes 4026:Northern Theatre Command (India) 3801: 3788: 3775: 3758: 3171:Lubar, Robert (30 August 1948). 2560:. Lancer Publishers. p. 6. 1266:There were further incidents in 1190:There were further incidents in 1043: 881:Hyderabadi military preparations 877:invasion by India was imminent. 462:, which he was unable to crush. 295: 284: 208: 194: 72: 5705:Vijayawada–Hyderabad Expressway 4977:Hyderabad District Collectorate 4512:Piracy off the coast of Somalia 4031:Western Theatre Command (India) 3469: 3405: 3373: 3271: 3164: 2959: 2907: 2867:Hodson, The Great Divide (1969) 2860: 2855:Hodson, The Great Divide (1969) 2820: 2801: 2747: 2729:Goa in the Indian Sub-Continent 2719: 2677: 2639: 2589: 2574: 2516: 2503: 2476: 2450: 2434: 2356: 2303: 2266: 2174:. Orient Longman. p. 231. 2111: 2085: 2043: 1985: 1963: 1351:Consultations with Indian envoy 1054:needs additional citations for 551:and bestowed with the title of 6095:Political integration of India 5685:Hyderabad Elevated Expressways 5593:Software industry in Telangana 5537:List of hospitals in Hyderabad 4807:Indian Armed Forces rank flags 3925:Department of Military Affairs 1998:. Springer. pp. 159–161. 1945: 1816: 1710: 1681: 1137:18th King Edward's Own Cavalry 649:Political integration of India 13: 1: 6150:September 1948 events in Asia 6135:Anti-Muslim violence in India 5907:Statue of Equality (Ramanuja) 4621:Counter-insurgency operations 3952:Standing Committee on Defence 3947:Cabinet Committee on Security 3630:War and Peace in Modern India 2444:(Northern Book Centre, 1991) 1859:"There once was a Hyderabad!" 1857:Guruswamy, Mohan (May 2008). 1675: 1406:. This was immediately done. 1367:summoned his Prime Minister, 933:the state garrison at Kodad. 508: 6026:Famous people from Hyderabad 3702:, Frontline, 3–16 March 2001 3673:, Australia: Pan Macmillan, 3611:The Destruction of Hyderabad 3477:Benichou, Lucien D. (2000), 3179:. p. 26. Archived from 2483:Noorani, AG (21 June 2003). 1423:Radio broadcast by the Nizam 1027:. Pakistan foreign minister 937:Indian military preparations 643:Events preceding hostilities 637:Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 571:, and was thus named as the 448:Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII 435:Indian Independence Act 1947 406:in September 1948 through a 7: 6031:Neighbourhoods of Hyderabad 6001:Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium 4663:Weapons of mass destruction 4477:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 4467:Sino-Indian border skirmish 4002:Andaman and Nicobar Command 3997:Integrated Theatre Commands 3972:Defence Intelligence Agency 3875:Vice Chief of Defence Staff 3150:. Roli Books. p. 146. 2363:Leonard, Karen (May 1971). 1781:Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). 1670:Hyderabad State (1948–1956) 1653: 1564:Hyderabad State (1948–1956) 1558:Hyderabad after integration 1202:from units of Razakars and 1035:Commencement of hostilities 893:, North Indian Muslims and 10: 6171: 6046:List of technology centers 5897:Telangana Martyrs Memorial 5700:Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station 4533:Indo-Myanmar border strike 3957:Defence Planning Committee 3628:Raghavan, Srinath (2010), 2068:A Concise History of India 1802:10.1177/001946460704400404 1561: 1507: 1346:Capitulation and surrender 817:, the Muslim League under 770: 646: 6054: 6018: 5986: 5945: 5929: 5920: 5887: 5857: 5782: 5769:LGBT culture in Hyderabad 5717: 5672: 5659:Kacheguda railway station 5631: 5610: 5601: 5545: 5527: 5500: 5451: 5415: 5379: 5372: 5349: 5324: 5281: 5202:Karmanghat Hanuman Temple 5182: 5118: 5035: 5026: 4995: 4964: 4906: 4830: 4769: 4753: 4718: 4687: 4671: 4640: 4580: 4541: 4390: 4297: 4288: 4268:Border Roads Organisation 4232: 4220:Border Roads Organisation 4187: 4160:South Western Air Command 4135: 4107: 4059: 3987: 3980: 3962:Nuclear Command Authority 3942:National Security Council 3910: 3903: 3845:National Security Advisor 3817: 3770: 3700:From the Sundarlal Report 3354:Indian Information Series 3058:26 September 2008 at the 2237:10.1017/S0010417515000092 1971:"Hyderabad Police Action" 985:was led by Major General 378: 338: 327:est. 200,000 irregulars ( 306: 222: 187: 90: 71: 66: 5654:Hyderabad Deccan Railway 5583:Dr. Reddy's Laboratories 5508:List of business schools 5397:NALSAR University of Law 4946:Great Musi Flood of 1908 4787:President's Colour Award 4777:President's fleet review 4036:Maritime Theatre Command 4014:Strategic Forces Command 3967:Integrated Defence Staff 3865:Chief of the Naval Staff 3669:Zubrzycki, John (2006), 3590:10.1177/2230807514524091 3520:Hyder, Mohammed (2012), 3503:India Since Independence 3173:"Hyderabad: The Holdout" 3029:"Bharat Rakshak-MONITOR" 2915:"The Hyderabad Question" 2372:Journal of Asian Studies 1198:assaulted and secured a 1029:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 815:1936–37 Indian elections 714:Indian National Congress 704:, Indian Prime Minister 348:Hyderabad State forces: 39:latest accepted revision 6036:List of cities in India 5889:Monuments and memorials 5879:Mrugavani National Park 5786:in and around Hyderabad 5588:Industries in Hyderabad 5464:Osmania Medical College 5387:University of Hyderabad 5174:Jalagam Vengal Rao Park 4956:Annexation of Hyderabad 3860:Chief of the Army Staff 3712:In the Nizam's dominion 3647:Smith, Wilfred Cantwell 3506:, Penguin Books India, 2168:Benichou, L.D. (2000). 2151:Pakistan Seeks Security 2022:Mehrotra, S.R. (1979). 1641:Overhaul of bureaucracy 993:, and a troop from the 899:Major General El Edroos 852:and ethnic militias of 676:Commonwealth of Nations 6041:List of largest cities 5953:Hyderabad Cricket Team 5479:Gandhi Medical College 5416:Technical institutions 5212:Chilkoor Balaji Temple 4653:Ordnance Factory Board 4572:Dadra and Nagar Haveli 4280:Awards and Decorations 4127:Southern Naval Command 3870:Chief of the Air Staff 3850:Chief of Defence Staff 3632:, Palgrave Macmillan, 3546:, London: Hutchinson, 3540:Hodson, H. V. (1969), 3307:Prasad, S. N. (1972). 2554:Ashok Krishna (1998). 2442:The Chamber of Princes 1920:"Of a massacre untold" 1617: 1610:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri 1589:(From left to right): 1582: 1514:There were reports of 1492:The surrender ceremony 1457: 1451:Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri 1420: 1388: 1334:about 60 km from 1248:At the same time, the 1169:Hyderabad State Forces 1116:1st Hyderabad Infantry 1102: 1008:Nehru, in a letter to 962:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri 947:Lt. Gen. E. N. Goddard 823:Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung 750: 555:by the Mughal Emperor 414:, which was dubbed a " 323:Hyderabad State Forces 250:Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri 223:Commanders and leaders 6140:History of Marathwada 5912:B. R. Ambedkar statue 5774:Hyderabad Queer Pride 5664:Secunderabad Junction 5649:South Central Railway 5332:Durgam Cheruvu Bridge 5316:State Central Library 5126:Nehru Zoological Park 5018:Telangana Legislature 5003:Telangana Secretariat 4817:National War Memorial 4812:Indian military bands 4802:Armed Forces Tribunal 4797:Armed Forces Flag Day 4122:Eastern Naval Command 4117:Western Naval Command 4099:Army Training Command 4089:South Western Command 3560:Menon, V. P. (1956), 3117:Joseph, T.U. (2006). 2887:Munshi, K.M. (1957). 2602:International Affairs 2509:Yaqoob Khan Bangash, 1828:www.india-seminar.com 1588: 1581:after the integration 1576: 1430: 1416: 1382: 1100: 746: 726:the Nawab of Chattari 497:The operation led to 339:Casualties and losses 245:Rajendrasinhji Jadeja 6115:History of Telangana 6110:Nehru administration 6090:Wars involving India 6065:Hyderabad portal 5573:Nuclear Fuel Complex 5359:List of institutions 5301:Birla Science Museum 4320:Battle of Asal Uttar 4200:National Cadet Corps 4155:Southern Air Command 4046:Defence Space Agency 4041:Defence Cyber Agency 3483:, Orient Blackswan, 3419:, 16 December 2013, 3183:on 30 September 2007 2869:, pp. 480–481; 2816:(19 September 2014). 2810:"Destructive merger" 2693:. London. p. 16 2195:Desai, V.H. (1990). 2148:Siddiqi, A. (1960). 1959:. 15 September 2019. 1665:Hyderabad State Army 1435:Syed Ahmed El Edroos 1173:Humber armoured cars 1063:improve this article 801:became increasingly 721:standstill agreement 547:) was appointed its 467:standstill agreement 427:subsidiary alliances 98:13–18 September 1948 5963:Sunrisers Hyderabad 5407:Mahindra University 5239:Kulsum Begum Masjid 5105:Heritage structures 5100:Moazzam Jahi Market 5028:Tourist attractions 5008:Rashtrapati Nilayam 4951:Telangana Rebellion 4931:Nizams of Hyderabad 4731:Historical Aircraft 4626:LOC surgical strike 4368:Battle of Longewala 4305:Indo-Pakistani wars 4273:Paramilitary forces 4244:Ranks and insignia 4205:Paramilitary forces 4175:Maintenance Command 4165:Western Air Command 4150:Eastern Air Command 4145:Central Air Command 3920:Ministry of Defence 3913:Committees/Councils 3835:Minister of Defence 3764:Indian Armed Forces 3651:Middle East Journal 3288:. 13 September 1948 3035:on 27 November 2005 2956:, pp. 128–129. 2857:, pp. 480–481. 2808:VENKATESHWARLU, K. 2631:– via JSTOR. 2099:. 15 September 2018 1727:. 23 September 1948 1718:"RIAF in Hyderabad" 1698:. 21 September 1948 1660:Indian Armed Forces 1322:Day 5, 17 September 1305:Day 4, 16 September 1274:Day 3, 15 September 1218:Day 2, 14 September 1141:3/2 Punjab Regiment 1106:Day 1, 13 September 1010:V. K. Krishna Menon 819:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 793:and even the Hindu 773:Telangana Rebellion 767:Telangana Rebellion 753:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 565:Subsidiary Alliance 475:Telangana Rebellion 460:Telangana rebellion 344:Less than 10 killed 314:Indian Armed Forces 136: / 82:in 1909 (excluding 29:Page version status 6155:Invasions by India 5978:Hyderabad HotShots 5937:Hyderabad Marathon 5759:Hyderabadi Muslims 5737:Hyderabadi biryani 5392:Osmania University 5249:Musheerabad Masjid 5065:Chowmahalla Palace 4921:Qutb Shahi Dynasty 4736:Aircraft Squadrons 4658:Ballistic missiles 4325:Battle of Chawinda 4240:Military Academies 4195:Indian Coast Guard 4019:Commander-in-Chief 4007:Commander-in-Chief 3614:, Hurst & Co, 3417:The Times of India 3144:Nayar, K. (2012). 2877:, pp. 214–215 1957:The Times of India 1689:"Press Communique" 1631:partition of India 1618: 1606:Sir Osman Ali Khan 1583: 1510:Hyderabad Massacre 1482:Sir Walter Monkton 1474:Nizam of Hyderabad 1470:Sir Osman Ali Khan 1458: 1410:Broadcast by Nehru 1389: 1383:The first page of 1365:Sir Osman Ali Khan 1250:3/11 Gurkha Rifles 1187:by the afternoon. 1103: 995:19th Field Battery 991:17th (Poona) Horse 672:Nizam of Hyderabad 668:Sir Osman Ali Khan 653:Partition of India 589:Sir Osman Ali Khan 573:State of Hyderabad 423:partition of India 408:military operation 271:Mir Osman Ali Khan 80:State of Hyderabad 35: 6085:Conflicts in 1948 6072: 6071: 6014: 6013: 5973:Hyderabad Sultans 5742:Hyderabadi haleem 5713: 5712: 5523: 5522: 5345: 5344: 5291:Salar Jung Museum 5234:Khairtabad Mosque 5110:Sultan Nagar Fort 5095:British Residency 5080:King Kothi Palace 5075:Taramati Baradari 4936:Asaf Jahi dynasty 4926:Siege of Golconda 4916:Hasmathpet cairns 4865: 4864: 4749: 4748: 4636: 4635: 4453:Balakot airstrike 4228: 4227: 4183: 4182: 3840:Defence Secretary 3680:978-0-330-42321-2 3639:978-1-137-00737-7 3621:978-1-84904-439-4 3513:978-0-14-310409-4 3490:978-81-250-1847-6 3461:Muralidharan 2014 3449:Muralidharan 2014 3219:978-1-55655-768-2 3205:Best, A. (2003). 3157:978-81-7436-821-8 3130:978-81-7574-171-3 3103:978-81-89320-15-7 3001:Muralidharan 2014 2989:Muralidharan 2014 2954:Muralidharan 2014 2944:, pp. 51–61. 2900:978-0-8426-0032-3 2798:, pp. 213–4. 2659:978-0-19-562143-3 2567:978-1-897829-47-9 2181:978-81-250-1847-6 2131:978-1-134-11988-2 2005:978-0-230-60344-8 1992:B. Cohen (2007). 1614:Dominion of India 1478:Nawab of Chhatari 1145:2/1 Gurkha Rifles 1095: 1094: 1087: 930:2/5 Gurkha Rifles 928:and a company of 912:Skirmish at Kodad 867:Central Provinces 626:Dominion of India 537:Qamar-ud-din Khan 515:Siege of Golconda 471:Dominion of India 392: 391: 260:Subroto Mukherjee 240:Vallabhbhai Patel 202:Dominion of India 183: 182: 140:17.000°N 78.833°E 26: 16:(Redirected from 6162: 6063: 6062: 5927: 5926: 5902:Qutb Shahi Tombs 5861:around Hyderabad 5824:Saroornagar Lake 5754:Telangana Bhasha 5747:Hyderabadi marag 5623:Begumpet Airport 5608: 5607: 5501:Business schools 5452:Medical colleges 5377: 5376: 5373:Higher education 5217:Jagannath Temple 5159:Sanjeevaiah Park 5146:Ramoji Film City 5070:Qutb Shahi tombs 5055:Falaknuma Palace 5033: 5032: 4996:Public buildings 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4838: 4837: 4822:Amar Jawan Jyoti 4700:Historical Ships 4669: 4668: 4410:Siachen conflict 4400:Kashmir conflict 4295: 4294: 4215:Territorial Army 4188:Other components 4170:Training Command 4084:Southern Command 4079:Northern Command 3985: 3984: 3908: 3907: 3895:Serving marshals 3890:Serving admirals 3885:Serving generals 3809:Indian Air Force 3807: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3762: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3683: 3665: 3642: 3624: 3601: 3570: 3569:, Orient Longman 3568: 3556: 3536: 3516: 3493: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3238:Pakistan Horizon 3230: 3224: 3223: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2884: 2878: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2593: 2587: 2580:E. W. R. Lumby, 2578: 2572: 2571: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2440:R. P. Bhargava, 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2369: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2337: 2320: 2319: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2097:Deccan Chronicle 2089: 2083: 2082: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2019: 2010: 2009: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1915: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1883: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1863:Seminar Magazine 1854: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1787: 1778: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1722: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1693: 1685: 1594:Jawaharlal Nehru 1385:Deccan Chronicle 1171:, equipped with 1090: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1047: 1039: 1021:Jawaharlal Nehru 981:The attack from 953:in the East and 680:Viceroy of India 622:declined to join 569:Arthur Wellesley 539:(later known as 503:Jawaharlal Nehru 483:Jawaharlal Nehru 299: 288: 232:Jawaharlal Nehru 218: 214: 212: 211: 200: 198: 197: 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 141: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 92: 91: 76: 64: 63: 21: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6057: 6050: 6010: 5982: 5958:Deccan Chargers 5941: 5916: 5883: 5860: 5859:National parks 5853: 5849:Khajaguda Talab 5785: 5778: 5764:Hyderabadi Urdu 5709: 5690:Outer Ring Road 5668: 5639:Hyderabad Metro 5627: 5597: 5541: 5519: 5496: 5447: 5411: 5368: 5364:List of schools 5341: 5320: 5283: 5277: 5184: 5178: 5114: 5037: 5022: 4991: 4960: 4941:Hyderabad State 4902: 4896: 4866: 4861: 4826: 4765: 4745: 4726:Active Aircraft 4714: 4683: 4667: 4632: 4588:Northeast India 4576: 4537: 4482:Doklam standoff 4392: 4386: 4382:Sino-Indian War 4347:Battle of Chamb 4284: 4224: 4179: 4131: 4103: 4094:Western Command 4074:Eastern Command 4069:Central Command 4055: 3976: 3912: 3899: 3813: 3802: 3800: 3789: 3787: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3756: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3640: 3622: 3566: 3554: 3534: 3514: 3491: 3472: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 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2304: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2217: 2206: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2166: 2159: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2020: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1933: 1931: 1916: 1907: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1855: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1785: 1779: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1656: 1643: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1512: 1506: 1494: 1425: 1412: 1353: 1348: 1324: 1307: 1293:At the town of 1286:, and later to 1276: 1220: 1135:, a troop from 1108: 1091: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1060: 1048: 1037: 939: 922:The Poona Horse 914: 883: 831:Hindu Mahasabha 811: 775: 769: 730:Walter Monckton 660: 655: 647:Main articles: 645: 628:were wary of a 511: 494:joining India. 421:At the time of 402:was annexed by 388: 374: 354:unknown wounded 334: 302: 264: 209: 207: 195: 193: 176:Hyderabad State 165: 144: 142: 138: 135: 130: 127: 125: 123: 122: 121: 110:Hyderabad State 99: 77: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6070: 6069: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5844:Khajaguda Lake 5841: 5839:Durgam Cheruvu 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5819:Safilguda Lake 5816: 5814:Shamirpet Lake 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 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3689:External links 3687: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3666: 3643: 3638: 3625: 3620: 3606:Noorani, A. G. 3602: 3584:(2): 119–138. 3571: 3557: 3553:978-0090971503 3552: 3537: 3533:978-8174368508 3532: 3526:, Roli Books, 3517: 3512: 3498:Chandra, Bipan 3494: 3489: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3463:, p. 135. 3453: 3451:, p. 136. 3441: 3439:, p. 238. 3429: 3404: 3372: 3370:, p. 237. 3360: 3343: 3340:on 4 May 2009. 3316: 3299: 3270: 3225: 3218: 3197: 3163: 3156: 3136: 3129: 3109: 3102: 3079: 3063: 3046: 3017: 3015:, p. 229. 3005: 3003:, p. 134. 2993: 2991:, p. 132. 2981: 2967: 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922:United Nations 2906: 2899: 2879: 2873:, p. 77; 2859: 2847: 2819: 2800: 2788: 2766: 2746: 2718: 2676: 2658: 2638: 2608:(4): 624–625. 2588: 2586:(1954), p. 232 2573: 2566: 2546: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2491:. Vol. 20 2475: 2463:Indian Express 2449: 2433: 2421: 2405: 2378:(3): 569–570. 2355: 2321: 2302: 2290: 2265: 2204: 2187: 2180: 2157: 2137: 2130: 2110: 2084: 2078:978-0521682251 2077: 2052: 2042: 2011: 2004: 1984: 1962: 1944: 1905: 1890: 1875: 1840: 1815: 1796:(4): 489–516. 1738: 1709: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1655: 1652: 1642: 1639: 1591:Prime Minister 1570: 1567: 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1493: 1490: 1424: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1395:to Hyderabad, 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1323: 1320: 1315:Hyderabad City 1306: 1303: 1275: 1272: 1243:Burma Campaign 1219: 1216: 1107: 1104: 1093: 1092: 1051: 1049: 1042: 1036: 1033: 999:Hawker Tempest 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 938: 935: 913: 910: 882: 879: 833:in the State. 810: 807: 771:Main article: 768: 765: 698:B. R. Ambedkar 659: 656: 644: 641: 567:instituted by 561:princely state 535:) and in 1713 533:Deccan Plateau 519:Mughal Emperor 510: 507: 456:irregular army 412:Operation Polo 396:princely state 390: 389: 387: 386: 383: 379: 376: 375: 373: 372: 371:1,911 captured 369: 362: 361: 355: 352: 347: 345: 341: 340: 336: 335: 333: 332: 325: 318: 316: 309: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 289: 281:S.A. El Edroos 278: 273: 267: 265: 263: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 234: 228: 225: 224: 220: 219: 204: 190: 189: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 167: 161: 160: 159:Indian victory 157: 153: 152: 145:17.000; 78.833 108: 106: 102: 101: 96: 88: 87: 69: 68: 67:Operation Polo 58: 47:31 August 2024 36: 30: 27: 25: 18:Operation Polo 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6167: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6100:1948 in India 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 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3475: 3474: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3393:on 4 May 2009 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3201: 3194: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2923: 2916: 2910: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2767:9789729245558 2763: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2731: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2550: 2543: 2542: 2538:Kate, P. V., 2535: 2533: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2431:, p. 13. 2430: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2359: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2300:, p. 96. 2299: 2294: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2124:. Routledge. 2123: 2122: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2046: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2016: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1973:. Indian Army 1972: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1903:, p. 46. 1902: 1897: 1895: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:Major General 1436: 1433: 1432:Major General 1429: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401:Major-General 1398: 1394: 1393:Agent General 1386: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:sugar factory 1197: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1078: 1075:February 2012 1068: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1052:This section 1050: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 973: 970: 967: 966: 965: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 945:(laid out by 944: 934: 931: 927: 923: 919: 909: 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 878: 874: 872: 868: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 784: 780: 774: 764: 761: 757: 754: 749: 745: 742: 739: 733: 731: 727: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 702:A. 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Noorani 699: 695: 693: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 666: 665: 654: 650: 640: 638: 633: 631: 630:Balkanization 627: 623: 618: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 587: 586: 581: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553:Nizam-ul-Mulk 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529: 523: 520: 516: 506: 504: 500: 495: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 419: 417: 416:police action 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 384: 381: 380: 377: 370: 367: 366: 365: 360: 356: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 342: 337: 330: 326: 324: 320: 319: 317: 315: 311: 310: 305: 298: 293: 290: 287: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 266: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 217: 205: 203: 192: 191: 186: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 163: 162: 158: 155: 154: 149: 119: 118:Western India 115: 111: 107: 104: 103: 100:(5 days) 97: 94: 93: 89: 85: 81: 75: 70: 65: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 6056: 6019:Other topics 5968:Hyderabad FC 5727:Architecture 5380:Universities 5271:St. George's 5266:St. Joseph's 5197:Birla Mandir 5141:Lumbini Park 5085:Paigah Tombs 5050:Mecca Masjid 4955: 4770:Other topics 4695:Active Ships 4607: 4599: 4581:Insurgencies 4559: 4550: 4548: 4526: 4518: 4500: 4462:Congo Crisis 4421: 4362:Cactus-Lilly 4361: 4353: 3911:Ministry and 3904:Organisation 3670: 3657:(1): 27–51, 3654: 3650: 3629: 3610: 3581: 3575: 3562: 3542: 3522: 3502: 3479: 3470:Bibliography 3456: 3444: 3432: 3416: 3407: 3397:19 September 3395:. 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