770:, asserting that Pakistan had no reason to feel provoked. India did delay the beginning of the last stage of the operation until the following week, while the latest withdrawal agreement was being negotiated. To prove its intentions were peaceful, India took the unusual step of inviting diplomats and journalists to observe the operation separately. Pakistani Foreign Service officers, senior diplomats and statesmen were those who were invited. According to an unnamed Western diplomat, "This was not a third-world army. This was a modern army, fully competent for any mission, easily as good as the Chinese, the Koreans or the French."
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always has been a training exercise. I can't answer why there have been misperceptions about it in some quarters." India repeatedly accused
Pakistan of continuing scientific research on atomic bombs; Pakistan continued to sharply reject the claims. A few days later, A. Q. Khan also rejected any statements issued regarding atomic bomb development, and has since said "his comments were taken out of context."
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527:, threw himself into the Indian Army's modernisation. He was granted permission, and ordered a large scale military exercise to test new concepts of mechanization, mobility, and air support. He issued orders to mobilize the mechanized and armoured divisions, and armed tanks were sent to take position in the
568:. According to General Hoon's memoirs, a letter was directed to Sundarji by Western Command, arguing that "when such a large exercise is conceived", the movement of Indian forces is going to attract the attention of Pakistan. General Hoon maintained that, General Sundarji did not inform Prime Minister
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was an accidental crisis, caused by
Pakistan's misinterpretation of an inadvertently provocative Indian Army exercise. Robert Art suggests that, "General Sunderji's strategy was to provoke Pakistan's response and this would provide India with an excuse to implement existing contingency plans to go on
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It is theorised by author Robert Art and others that the
Brasstacks crisis was not an inadvertent and accidental crisis caused by Pakistan's misinterpretation of a large scale Indian Army exercise, confined mainly to the vast Rajasthan desert sector, as provocative. In this theory, General Sunderji's
765:
The tensions diminished in March 1987, with an agreement by the two nations to withdraw 150,000 troops in the
Kashmir area, followed by a second agreement to withdraw more troops in the desert area that was signed the same month. While negotiating the withdrawal accord, India vowed to proceed with
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was only an exercise and not supposed to be a provocative one. The media, particularly the
Western media, was involved after this and intense diplomatic manoeuvres followed preventing any further escalation in hostilities. On multiple occasions, General Sunderji maintained that: "This was, is and
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near to the
Pakistan naval base. Operation Brasstacks involved numbers of infantry, mechanized, air assault divisions, and 500,000 army personnel who were massed within 100 miles of Pakistan. An amphibious assault group formed from Indian naval forces was planned and deployed near to the
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about the scale of the operation and such details were hidden from him. Hoon also wrote in his memoir: "Brasstacks was no military exercise. It was a plan to build up the situation for a fourth war with
Pakistan." Indian scholar, Paul Kapur further argues that during Operation Brasstacks,
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if its existence was threatened"; although he later denied having made such a statement. Indian diplomats in
Islamabad claimed that they were warned that Pakistan would not hesitate to use nuclear weapons if attacked. Pakistan denied the veracity of these statements.
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Pakistan's
President Zia visited India in February 1987, having been invited to see a cricket match between the two countries. Zia's estimation was that he and Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi could meet quite cordially, but could not agree on substantive issues.
431:, involving the combined strength of two Army Commands - almost 500,000 troops - half the Indian Army. Operation Brasstacks was tasked with two objectives: the initial goal was the deployment of ground troops. The other objective was to conduct a series of
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The real motives behind the exercise remain disputed. In 1999, a former senior Indian Army officer, Lieutenant-General P. N. Hoon, remarked that the operation had mobilized the entire Indian Army to
Pakistan's eastern border. He further notes that,
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strategy to infiltrate into dense areas of Central Pakistan. On the other hand, India maintained that " core objective of Operation Brasstacks was to test new concepts of mechanization, mobility, and air support devised by Indian army."
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531:. In December 1986, with more than ten thousand armoured vehicles spread across its western desert, India launched the final stage of a huge military exercise that stirred new tensions with Pakistan.
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The magnitude and large scale of the exercise led to Pakistani fears that India was displaying an overwhelming conventional superiority and was planning to invade Pakistan and dismember it by
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strategy was to provoke Pakistan to respond and this would provide India with an excuse to implement existing contingency plans to go on to the offensive against Pakistan and destroy its
542:. Initially, around 600,000–800,000 troops were mobilized and stationed on Rajasthan state's western border, less than 100 miles away from Pakistan. The commander of the Indian Army's
684:, with the V Corps, to move to the front lines. By mid-January 1987, the Pakistani Armed Forces and Indian Army personnel stood within firing range along an extended border area. The
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700:. Noorani advised the Indian Embassy that he had an important message from President Zia. Noorani officially advised Singh that in the event of violation of Pakistan's
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and territorial integrity by India, Pakistan was "capable of inflicting unacceptable damage on it." When Singh asked Noorani whether this implied an attack on
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As part of a series of exercises to simulate the operational capabilities of the Indian armed forces, it was the largest mobilization of Indian forces on the
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In January 1987, Pakistan had put its nuclear installations on high alert, and the crisis atmosphere was heightened. During this time,
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Brigadier-General Muhammad Aslam Khan Niazi of Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (29 October 2011).
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were given standing orders to mobilize their forces at once, from all directions, as quick as it could to divert such attacks.
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noted that India's accelerated drive for military technology, motivated Pakistan to turn to its rationale of stockpiling
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511:, the Indian Army had long been advocating for practicing modern methods of land-based warfare and professionalism. The
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479:– and the biggest since World War II". Even today, Pakistani military analysts and strategists regard it as a planned "
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was a plan to build up a situation for a fourth war with Pakistan. Western scholars have theorized that
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was executed, Pakistan quickly responded with maneuvers of its own forces, first mobilizing the entire
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Shafik H. Hashmi, Professor Emeritus of Political Science Georgia Southern University (6 March 2012).
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in preventive strikes." Even today, Pakistani military analysts and strategists regarded this as a "
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in Pakistan. However, the most important aim of this war alert simulation was to determine tactical
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as a threatening exhibition of overwhelming conventional force, perhaps even as a rehearsal for
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the Indian Army lobbied the government multiple times, but unsuccessfully, to attack Pakistan.
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808:" integrated deep offensive strategy to infiltrate into dense areas of Pakistan. The
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1229:(7th ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 380–390.
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to Pakistan's physical existence. This included further orders to deploy the entire
424:. The operation took place from November 1986 to January 1987 near Pakistan border.
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Dangerous deterrent : nuclear weapons proliferation and conflict in South Asia
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summoned the Indian Ambassador to Pakistan, S. K. Singh, at midnight, to meet with
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nuclear weapon state (India—who had already conducted a nuclear test in 1974,
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1157:(3rd. ed.). New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 2003. p. 272.
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had been on alert. According to memoirs of nuclear strategist and
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The use of force : military power and international politics
887:"India Toying With Dangerous Cold Start War Doctrine – Analysis"
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Steven Weisman, Special to the New York Times (6 March 1987).
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The situation could have potentially lead to a war between a
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Major combined Indian military exercise in Rajasthan, India
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Conflict Between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia
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in which he made it clear that "Pakistan would use its
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characterized Operation Brasstacks as "bigger than any
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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857:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 129.
1655:Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India
800:to offensive against Pakistan and take out its
534:The scale of the operation was bigger than any
1255:"PAKISTAN AND THE WORLD DURING THE ZIA REGIME"
1076:(27). Islamabad Policy Research Institute: 6–8
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1497:Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground
1223:Art, Robert J; Waltz, Kenneth N. (2009).
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2070:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
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831:Sunil Dasgupta, "Operation Brasstacks,"
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1385:High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi
737:gave an interview to Indian diplomat,
217:Pakistan redeployment its armed forces
2065:India and weapons of mass destruction
1838:2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
1753:Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar
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708:, Noorani replied: "it might be so".
690:Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
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197:18 November 1986 – 6 March 1987
1973:Transport between India and Pakistan
1676:Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948
1155:The making of India's foreign policy
1102:Miranda, Jewella C (5 August 1999).
1033:"ON INDIA'S BORDER, A HUGE MOCK WAR"
852:
754:
633:. Since 1981, the commanders of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1485:India–Pakistan maritime trespassing
584:in a series of preventive strikes.
471:. The security information website
13:
1828:2016 Indian Line of Control strike
1530:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
1315:Pakistan and Nuclear Proliferation
955:"The Nuclear Danger in South Asia"
536:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14:
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2126:Category:India–Pakistan relations
2055:Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project
1848:2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes
1579:Pakistani Instrument of Surrender
1480:Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee
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1063:"Cold Star in Strategic Calculus"
833:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
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2087:Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts
1808:2014 Wagah border suicide attack
1455:Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement
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1290:General Krishnaswamy Sundarrajan
1280:Singh and Gilani Confer at Match
1104:"Interview with General PN Hoon"
1061:Abdullah, Sannia (Winter 2012).
989:. Bharat-Rakshak. Archived from
131:
23:
2075:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2050:Pakistani textbooks controversy
1768:2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
1623:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
1542:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
987:"General Krishnaswamy Sundarji"
452:, overseen by the Indian Army.
34:needs additional citations for
1698:1971 Indian Airlines hijacking
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846:
782:According to the Indian Army,
503:Cold Start (military doctrine)
1:
1758:2001 Indian Parliament attack
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2151:Military history of Pakistan
2035:Indo-Pakistani Confederation
1946:Illegal immigration to India
1905:Attari–Wagah border ceremony
1671:1947 Amritsar train massacre
1416:Evacuee Trust Property Board
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721:, and a state known to have
7:
2186:Rajiv Gandhi administration
2171:Nuclear history of Pakistan
2092:New Concept of War Fighting
1833:2016–2018 border skirmishes
1798:2014–2015 border skirmishes
1584:Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
1300:Rediff interview by PN Hoon
588:Pakistan strategic response
10:
2207:
2146:History of the Indian Army
1803:2014 India–Pakistan floods
1743:1992 India–Pakistan floods
1713:Indian Airlines Flight 423
1574:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
1552:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
1470:Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline
1428:Permanent Indus Commission
1317:, Arifa Khan, 20 June 1996
1257:. Pakistan Defence Journal
825:
758:
729:1987 Pakistan atomic alert
686:Foreign Office of Pakistan
591:
509:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
500:
2166:Indian military exercises
2117:
1998:Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus
1883:
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1569:Bangladesh Liberation War
1547:Insurgency in Balochistan
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1643:2016–2017 Kashmir unrest
1406:Jinnah–Mountbatten talks
1359:India–Pakistan relations
1191:. Singapore: NUS Press.
1037:The New York Times, 1987
606:air strike on the Iraqi
469:India–Pakistan relations
261:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
1941:Anti-Pakistan sentiment
1693:1959 Canberra shootdown
1681:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
1185:Kapur, S. Paul (2009).
610:in Osirak in 1981, the
420:in the Indian state of
326:1959 Canberra shootdown
215:Exercises were halted;
2045:Hindi–Urdu controversy
1875:2023 border skirmishes
1843:2019 Balakot airstrike
1793:2013 border skirmishes
1783:2011 border skirmishes
1778:2008 military standoff
1537:Annexation of Junagadh
1151:"Operation Brasstacks"
1110:. The Rediff Interview
723:nuclear infrastructure
670:Government of Pakistan
58:"Operation Brasstacks"
1951:East Bengali refugees
1936:Anti-Indian sentiment
1870:2022 missile incident
1818:2016 Pathankot attack
1686:Trans-Karakoram Tract
635:Pakistan Armed Forces
616:theoretical physicist
612:Pakistan Armed Forces
546:, Lieutenant General
521:Krishnaswamy Sundarji
160:Krishnaswamy Sundarji
2030:Indian reunification
1988:Poonch-Rawalakot Bus
1860:2020–2021 skirmishes
1728:Operation Brasstacks
1435:Tashkent Declaration
1284:Israel National News
957:. Pakistan Link News
853:Lyon, Peter (2008).
802:atomic bomb projects
660:. Within weeks, the
650:Southern Air Command
582:atomic bomb projects
407:Operation Brasstacks
174:Western Army Command
126:Operation Brasstacks
43:improve this article
1931:Pakistanis in India
1926:Indians in Pakistan
1865:2021 Lahore bombing
1773:2008 Mumbai attacks
1638:2010 Kashmir unrest
1633:2008 Kashmir unrest
1557:Operation Gibraltar
1423:Indus Waters Treaty
1108:The Redcliff Review
925:Global Security.org
608:nuclear power plant
473:Global Security.org
429:Indian subcontinent
418:Indian Armed Forces
1983:Jammu–Sialkot line
1919:Kartarpur Corridor
1763:2001–2002 standoff
1648:2019–2021 lockdown
1515:Partition of India
1465:Lahore Declaration
1411:Liaquat–Nehru Pact
778:Effects and legacy
433:amphibious assault
222:defused the threat
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2060:Nuclear arms race
1993:Samjhauta Express
1813:Kulbhushan Jadhav
1708:Samba spy scandal
1401:Karachi Agreement
1296:, 26 October 2009
1236:978-0-7425-5669-0
1198:978-9971-69-443-2
927:. Global Security
889:. Euroasia Review
864:978-1-57607-713-9
820:nuclear deterrent
755:Cricket diplomacy
735:Abdul Qadeer Khan
674:military exercise
600:Israeli Air Force
457:Pakistan Military
435:exercises by the
414:military exercise
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337:Border skirmishes
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220:Cricket diplomacy
188:Southern Pakistan
147:Military exercise
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1978:Delhi–Lahore Bus
1956:Sports rivalries
1910:Ganda Singh Wala
1723:Pan Am Flight 73
1718:Ravindra Kaushik
1608:Siachen conflict
1520:Kashmir conflict
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1253:SPECIAL REPORT.
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450:nuclear strategy
446:Karachi Division
304:2001–02 standoff
294:Siachen conflict
273:Kashmir conflict
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1823:2016 Uri attack
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1613:Operation Tupac
1594:Line of Control
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1445:Delhi Agreement
1440:Simla Agreement
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1286:, 30 April 2011
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513:Chief of Staff
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
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2025:Aman ki Asha
2015:Jinnah House
2003:Thar Express
1966:Field hockey
1914:Hussainiwala
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1259:. Retrieved
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1168:. Retrieved
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1112:. Retrieved
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1078:. Retrieved
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995:. Retrieved
991:the original
959:. Retrieved
929:. Retrieved
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891:. Retrieved
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816:atomic bombs
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739:Kuldip Nayar
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677:
672:viewed this
654:Indian state
641:
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602:'s surprise
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570:Rajiv Gandhi
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540:World War II
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395:J&K 2019
390:Balakot 2019
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1475:Agra Summit
1305:Brass Tacks
702:sovereignty
666:Arabian Sea
652:, near the
561:during the
529:Thar desert
517:Indian Army
465:nuclear war
437:Indian Navy
289:War of 1971
284:War of 1965
206:Indian Army
144:Indian Army
2140:Categories
2097:Cold Start
1618:Kargil War
1261:1 November
1170:1 November
1114:1 November
1080:1 November
1043:1 November
997:31 October
961:31 October
931:31 October
893:31 October
840:References
797:Brasstacks
793:Brasstacks
784:Brasstacks
768:Brasstacks
698:Zia-ul-Haq
642:Brasstacks
565:Winter war
519:, General
507:After the
492:Background
299:Kargil War
69:newspapers
2103:Foodistan
2008:Sind Mail
1664:Incidents
1507:Conflicts
1490:Sir Creek
1394:Diplomacy
1294:Geocities
750:Aftermath
422:Rajasthan
99:July 2022
713:de facto
461:war game
385:LoC 2016
1961:Cricket
1884:Related
826:Sources
646:V Corps
623:Defence
515:of the
416:of the
379:Strikes
368:2020–21
358:2016–18
353:2014–15
212:Outcome
157:General
153:Planned
83:scholar
1900:Attari
1891:Border
1599:NJ9842
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668:. The
658:Punjab
184:Target
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1896:Wagah
818:as a
676:as a
640:When
90:JSTOR
76:books
1589:POWs
1263:2012
1231:ISBN
1193:ISBN
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919:GS.
895:2012
859:ISBN
625:and
455:The
373:2023
363:2019
348:2013
343:2011
194:Date
164:CoAS
140:Type
62:news
656:of
444:of
45:by
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