414:. Apple became interested in this work, and soon dedicated some engineers to building and documenting such a system. Initial work was published on the WWDC CDs, and several follow-up versions on later developer CDs. A component document system would only work with a known document format that all the components could use, and so soon the standardized document format was pulled into the component software effort. The format quickly changed from a simple one using tags to a very complex
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34:
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today, and through the same channels. But as with any new technology, additional channels will evolve to capitalize on the technology's strengths. It is likely that over time on-line component warehouses will be used to distribute some OpenDoc applications. Interesting new on-line applications and services will be enabled by OpenDoc.
513:
In March 1995, many OpenDoc announcements came. CI Labs ownership included Apple, IBM, Novell, and SunSoft. IBM pre-announced at Object World Boston the future release of the OpenDoc OS/2 Developer
Toolkit version 2, containing the complete API, and then the final release of OpenDoc 1.0 for OS/2 3.0.
480:
As OpenDoc gained currency within Apple, the company started to push
Symantec into including OpenDoc functionality in Bedrock. Symantec was uninterested in this, and eventually gave up on the effort, passing the code to Apple. Bedrock was in a very early state of development at this point, even after
453:
Through OpenDoc's entire lifespan, analysts and users each reportedly "had very different views" of the OpenDoc initiative. They were confused about their role, regarding how much of OpenDoc-based development would be their responsibility versus IBM's and Apple's responsibility. There were never many
285:
server. OpenDoc is a framework in which these components can run together, and a compound document format for storing the data created by each component. These documents can then be opened on different networked machines of different operating systems, on which the OpenDoc frameworks can substitute
853:
Application developers will be able to focus on writing small programs that do specific things, rather than creating entire suites. This will make it much easier for small, innovative software companies to get back in the industry....OpenDoc applications will be sold the way applications are sold
441:
was formed as a primary objective of AIM, adopted OpenDoc, and promised somewhat similar functionality although based on very different underlying mechanisms. OpenDoc progressed, but Apple greatly confused developers by suggesting that it should be used only for porting existing software, but new
484:
As a result of
Taligent and Bedrock both being Apple's officially promised future platforms, little effort had been expended on updating MacApp. Because Bedrock was discontinued in 1993 and Taligent was discontinued in 1996 without any MacOS release, this left Apple with only OpenDoc as a modern
535:
applications. It acknowledged that its operating systems lack a component architecture, and that
Microsoft would never license the source code for OLE or COM, so Novell needs to support those also via OpenDoc. More than 20 more companies announced their products' support for OpenDoc, citing its
605:
from
Digital Harbor LLC. The Numbers & Charts package is a spreadsheet and 3D real-time charting solution from Adrenaline Software. Lexi from Soft-Linc, Inc. is a linguistic package containing a spell checker, thesaurus, and a simple translation tool which WAV and other components use. The
138:
252:
and collaborative development methods with other companies. OpenDoc development was transferred to the non-profit
Component Integration Laboratories, Inc. (CI Labs), owned by a growing team of major corporate backers and effectively starting an industry consortium. In 1992, the
581:
in May 1996. The second was on August 1, 1996, of IBM's two packages of OpenDoc components for OS/2, available on the Club OpenDoc website for a 30 day free trial: the Person Pak is "components aimed at organizing names, addresses, and other personal information", for use with
477:, Apple learned of Symantec's internal porting tools. Apple proposed merging existing MacApp concepts and code with Symantec's to produce an advanced cross-platform system. Bedrock began to compete with OpenDoc as the solution for future development.
286:
suitable components for each part, even if they are from different vendors. In this way users can "build up" their documents from parts. Since there is no main application and the only visible interface is the document itself, the system is known as
398:
programming environment. Apple reviewed the
Microsoft prototype and document, and returned a list of problems with the design. Microsoft and Apple were very competitive, were unable to agree on common goals, and did not work together.
709:
from versions 5.0 to 6.2 relied on OpenDoc, but AppleShare IP 6.3 eliminated this, as the first Mac OS 9 compatible version, released in 1999. Apple officially relinquished the last trademark on the name "OpenDoc" on June 11, 2005.
530:
operating system. NetWare was intended to become a managed
Compound Document Service for networks, to manage object links and compound document searching. Novell announced a plan for OpenDoc to become the basis for building
481:
18 months of work, as the development team at
Symantec suffered continual turnover. Apple proposed that the code would be used for OpenDoc programming, but nothing was ever heard of this again, and Bedrock disappeared.
622:, a completely integrated office package with spreadsheet, publishing, and image editing was ported to OpenDoc shortly before OpenDoc was cancelled. Apple's 1996 release of ClarisWorks 5.0 (the predecessor of
509:
systems from AIX and OS/2. DSOM allows live networked linking of data between different platforms, which OLE and COM did not have. SOM became a major part of Apple's future efforts, in and out of OpenDoc.
383:
approached Apple asking for input on a proposed OLE II project. Apple had been experimenting internally with software components for some time, based on the initial work done on its
698:
was laid off in a big reduction in force. Other sources noted that
Microsoft hired away three ClarisWorks developers who were responsible for OpenDoc integration into ClarisWorks.
493:
The development team realized in mid-1992 that an industry coalition was needed to promote the system, and created the Component Integration Laboratories (CI Labs) with
656:) as OpenDoc parts. Physics curricula for high school and middle school focused on them. With the discontinuation of OpenDoc, the simulations were rewritten as Java
297:
software market, and build small, specialized applications instead of having to provide a complete suite. It was envisioned to facilitate a new future of online
281:
The core idea of OpenDoc is to create small, reusable components which are responsible for a specific task, such as text editing, bitmap editing, or browsing an
1234:
683:
OpenDoc had several hundred developers signed up. Apple was rapidly losing money at the time and many in the industry expected the company to fail.
653:
446:
for what would become OpenDoc) a path toward Taligent. Taligent was considered the future of the Macintosh, and work on other tools like
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projects should instead be based on Taligent as the presumptive future OS for Macintosh. In 1993, John Sculley called Project Amber (a
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announced at the Brainshare conference, a plan to break up most or all of its products into OpenDoc components, beginning with
1220:
403:
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was rapidly becoming the tool of choice for development on the Mac. While collaborating to port Symantec's tools to the
98:
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CI Labs never publicly released the source code, but licensed it to developers for feedback, testing, and debugging.
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Starting in 1992, Apple attempted to replace MacApp development framework with a cross-platform solution called
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Another OpenDoc container application, called Dock'Em, was written by MetaMind Software under a grant from the
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77:
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and published from the Center as The Constructing Physics Understanding (CPU) Project by Dr. Fred Goldberg.
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Components of the E-Slate educational microworlds platform were originally implemented as OpenDoc parts in
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84:
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After three years of development on OpenDoc itself, the first OpenDoc-based product release was Apple's
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OpenDoc was conceived to allow, for example, smaller, third-party developers to enter the competitive
66:
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during its development. He said Apple's management "put a bullet through head", and most of the
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642:. The goal was to allow multimedia content to be included in documents describing curriculum.
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and commissioned by The Center for Research in Math and Science Education, headquartered at
406:(WWDC '91) and tried to establish a standardized document format, based conceptually on the
1247:
1209:
at Apple's annual developer conference in 1997, defending Apple's decision to kill OpenDoc.
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technological superiority to Microsoft's OLE and COM, and its wide cross-platform support.
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8:
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on both MacOS and Windows, reimplemented later (after the discontinuation of OpenDoc) as
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619:
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518:'s CommonPoint application framework has compound document features based on OpenDoc.
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software by Nisus incorporated OpenDoc, but its implementation was hopelessly buggy.
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594:. IBM then anticipated the release of 50 more components by the end of 1996.
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between Apple, IBM, and Motorola, was launched with OpenDoc as a foundation.
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were written by MetaMind Software and by Russian software firm Physicon (
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At about the same time, a group of third-party developers had met at the
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626:) was planned to support OpenDoc components, but this was dropped.
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freeware text editor available as an OpenDoc editor component.
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Last release of OpenDoc for OS/2 (for education purpose only)
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425:"Exemplar", then "Jedi", "Amber", and eventually "OpenDoc".
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In March 1997, OpenDoc was discontinued with the return of
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In September 1994, the OpenDoc subsystem was launched on
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928:"Vendors forge ahead with component application plans"
248:(OLE). It is one of Apple's earliest experiments with
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released OpenDoc components compared to Microsoft's
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1034:Kawamoto, Dawn; Anthony Lazarus (March 14, 1997).
273:to Apple, OpenDoc was discontinued in March 1997.
892:
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458:components. Therefore, reception was very mixed.
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501:. IBM introduced to OpenDoc, its already mature
1059:
1006:
1091:"A Brief History of ClarisWorks : Oregon"
954:
887:
1228:
980:
899:"IBM ships first batch of OpenDoc components"
1144:"AppleShare IP 6.3 Does Not Require OpenDoc"
1053:
1011:. San Diego State University. Archived from
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922:
920:
745:
348:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1235:
1221:
1114:
136:
1085:
545:Common Object Request Broker Architecture
368:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:, with OpenDoc as a foundation. With the
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
917:
748:"Apple and WordPerfect Announce OpenDoc"
807:
776:
16:Software componentry framework standard
1394:
1027:
896:
1216:
1141:
948:
404:Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
1009:"Constructing Physics Understanding"
983:"OpenDoc - Comment by Arni McKinley"
539:In 1996, OpenDoc was adopted by the
428:
346:adding citations to reliable sources
313:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1117:"Technical Note TN1142: Mac OS 8.5"
1060:Erick Schonfeld (October 6, 2011).
981:Arni McKinley (December 19, 2006).
808:Maletic, Greg (November 12, 2006).
13:
827:
14:
1423:
1198: (archived December 25, 1996)
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1007:The CPU Project (February 2001).
955:Basal Gangster (April 17, 2020).
705:, OpenDoc was no longer bundled.
505:(SOM) and Distributed SOM (DSOM)
394:, which in turn was based on the
1062:"Jobs:Focus Is About Saying, No"
897:Gaudin, Sharon (July 29, 1996).
614:tested the market by making its
547:(CORBA), maintained by the OMG.
450:was considerably deprioritized.
418:persistence layer called Bento.
318:
240:, intended as an alternative to
32:
1188: (archived October 9, 2007)
1135:
1115:Apple Inc. (October 26, 1998).
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696:Apple Advanced Technology Group
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584:personal information management
43:needs additional citations for
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728:for an open source alternative
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543:, in part due to SOM's use of
232:framework standard created by
1:
867:"MacKiDo/History/History_OLE"
732:
601:is a semi-successful OpenDoc
485:OO-based programming system.
309:
1343:Open XML Paper Specification
1267:Microsoft Office XML formats
777:Piersol, Kurt (March 1994).
246:Object Linking and Embedding
228:is a defunct multi-platform
7:
1142:Apple (December 18, 2003).
713:
636:National Science Foundation
569:
276:
10:
1428:
1282:Open Document Architecture
1178: (archived 1998-04-22)
1036:"Apple lays off thousands"
690:to Apple, who had been at
640:San Diego State University
553:
526:applications and then its
304:
18:
1356:
1325:
1255:Editable document formats
1254:
835:"Macintosh vs Windows 95"
746:Amy D. Wohl (June 1993).
489:Partnerships and adoption
421:Initially the effort was
210:
186:
182:
160:
156:
144:
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1348:Portable Document Format
1262:Compound Document Format
167:1.2.1 / March 1997
19:Not to be confused with
779:"A Close-Up of OpenDoc"
586:(PIM) applications, at
541:Object Management Group
408:Interchange File Format
257:was launched by Apple,
1326:Fixed document formats
387:linking model and the
169:; 27 years ago
1312:Uniform Office Format
1248:document file formats
789:on September 28, 2007
752:Amy D. Wohl' Opinions
707:AppleShare IP Manager
385:Publish and Subscribe
342:improve this section
230:software componentry
52:improve this article
1412:Orphaned technology
1402:Apple Inc. software
1302:Revisable-Form Text
1207:Video of Steve Jobs
1192:Club OpenDoc at IBM
1182:Overview of OpenDoc
1095:Bob Hearn's website
987:Greg Maletic's Blog
814:Greg Maletic's Blog
758:on November 9, 2006
720:Orphaned technology
612:Bare Bones Software
503:System Object Model
433:In March 1992, the
132:
1364:Character encoding
1297:OpenOffice.org XML
671:and eventually as
392:scripting language
238:compound documents
130:
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1123:on April 20, 1999
722:for similar fates
429:Competing visions
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288:document-centered
236:in the 1990s for
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217:Compound document
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1307:Rich Text Format
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1172:OpenDoc at Apple
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1407:IBM software
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733:References
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624:AppleWorks
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