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other in the powder and ...draw it into themselves through the nose". It worked quickly: "almost immediately they believe they see the room turn upside-down and men walking with their heads downwards". The administering witch-doctor took the drug along with his patients, intoxicating "them so that they do not know what they do and ... speak of many things incoherently", believing that they are in communication with spirits.
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powder," described as "an intoxicating herb, is so strong that those who take it lose consciousness; when the stupefying action begins to wane, the arms and legs become loose and the head droops." It is administered with a cane about one foot long of which they introduce one end "in the nose and the
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At up to 0.16% (1.6 mg per gram) DMT, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated DMT would require 25 grams or more. Because of its volume, it's likely to be impossible to insufflate the 25 grams of beans required to reach the active dose of DMT present in the beans. An extract of 25 grams of
1526:
Unlike bufotenin, both DMT and 5-MeO-DMT are relatively unstable and begin to degrade rather quickly. Schultes and colleges (1977) examined a 120-year-old bean collection and found 0.6% bufotenin with no DMT or 5-MeO-DMT present at all. They also examined a batch of beans that contained all three
725:
for thousands of years in northern South
America and the Caribbean. Although the seeds of the yopo tree were originally gathered from the wild, increased competition between tribes over access to the seeds led to it being intentionally cultivated and transported elsewhere, expanding the plant's
1518:
At up to 0.04% (0.4 mg per gram) 5-MeO-DMT, an effective light 5 mg dose of insufflated 5-MeO-DMT would require over 12 grams of beans. It would be extremely difficult to insufflate such a quantity, as tolerance would likely develop before the 12-gram nasal intake could be completed.
1144:
tubes or sometimes snuffed by the user using bird bone tubes. Blowing is more effective as this method allows more powder to enter the nose and is said to be less irritating. In some areas the unprocessed ground beans are snuffed or smoked producing a much weaker effect with stronger physical
1167:
dates back to 1496 when it was observed by Friar Ramon Pane, who was commissioned by
Christopher Columbus, among the Taino Indians of Hispaniola. Pane's report was first published in 1511 in Martyr's descriptions of the New World. The description of its effects reads in part: "This
1547:). Moderate doses are unpleasant, producing nausea and vomiting. The beans were a main ingredient in bilca tauri, an oral purge medicine used to induce ritual vomiting once a month. Large amounts are not usually consumed orally as many tribes believe oral use is dangerous.
1449:, difficulty breathing, etc.) at doses as little as 8 mg in some subjects. Free base bufotenin when insufflated, taken sublingually, orally, or intrarectally, elicits strong hallucinogenic effects with far less side effects.
1519:
Individual sensitivity to 5-MeO-DMT varies. It has been documented that the threshold dose in some individuals is as much as 10 mg insufflated requiring over 24 grams of beans for an effective dose of 5-MeO-DMT.
2143:
Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia quĂmica del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)".
717:. It grows up to 20 m (66 ft) tall, and has a thorny bark. Its flowers grow in small, pale yellow to white spherical clusters resembling Acacia (e.g. wattle) inflorescences. It is an
1977:
1523:
beans could contain up to 1,850 mg of bufotenin, a potentially dangerous dose. With insufflated freebase bufotenin, the maximum published safe dose used has been 100 mg.
1515:
The beans have been found to contain up to only 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.16% DMT. The leaves and bark also contain small amounts of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds.
2089:"Hallucinogenic Snuff from Northwestern Argentina: Microscopical Identification of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Fabaceae) in Powdered Archaeological Material"
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1424:. At up to 7.4% (74 mg per gram) bufotenin, an effective 40 mg dose of insufflated bufotenin requires little more than 0.5 grams of beans.
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beans is a more recent method of use. Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.
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of bufotenin is between 200 and 300 mg/kg (in rodents) with death occurring by respiratory arrest. Human intravenous tests using
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and tubes similar to those commonly used for yopo were found in the central
Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC, suggesting that
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2022:"Bark anatomy, chemical composition and ethanol-water extract composition of Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina"
1759:"Bark anatomy, chemical composition and ethanol-water extract composition of Anadenanthera peregrina and Anadenanthera colubrina"
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2020:
Mota, Graciene S.; Sartori, Caroline J.; Miranda, Isabel; Quilhó, Teresa; Mori, Fábio Akira; Pereira, Helena (2017-12-27).
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Mota, Graciene S.; Sartori, Caroline J.; Miranda, Isabel; Quilhó, Teresa; Mori, Fábio Akira; Pereira, Helena (2017).
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Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human
Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine
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make use of yopo snuff for spiritual healing. Yopo snuff was also widely used in ceremonial contexts in the
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rating of 3700 lb. and a density of around 0.86 g/cm. Tannins have also been derived from this plant.
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When taken orally by some tribes in South
America, small amounts are often combined with alcoholic
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Botanic
Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019).
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may be much lower in humans with subjects showing signs of peripheral toxicity (purple face,
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Some South
American tribes have been documented to use various bean preparations along with
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The beans (sometimes called seeds) and falling leaves are hallucinogenic and are toxic to
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is chewed in the mouth while the
Anadenanthera beans are snuffed or smoked. Occasionally
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to increase and prolong the visionary effects, creating an experience similar to that of
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compounds when fresh, but found only bufotenin in the beans after only two years of
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The first report of the effects of hallucinogenic snuff prepared from the beans of
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for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from pipes made of
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Yopo snuff is usually blown into the user's nostrils by another person through
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Shamanic Snuffs or
Entheogenic Errhines by Jonathan Ott, Page 102, 2001,
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distribution through introduction to areas beyond its native range.
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by
Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001
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Medicina traditional Ergebnisse einethnomedizinischen ...(German)
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testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that
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You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
1071:, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen
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Carod-Artal, F. J.; Vázquez Cabrera, C. B. (July 2007). "".
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This plant is almost identical to that of a related tree,
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Anadenanthera: Visionary Plant of Ancient South America
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30:"Ebene" redirects here. For the city in Mauritius, see
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Pochettino, M. L.; Cortella, A. R.; Ruiz, M. (1999).
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2236:
2180:"UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1969 Issue 4 - 003"
2237:Torres, Constantino Manuel; David B. Repke (2006).
1650:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T144262459A149021134.en
1452:
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1734:"Anadenanthera peregrina - Useful Tropical Plants"
806:produces very hard timber that is used for making
2735:
1420:The beans have been found to contain up to 7.4%
1595:List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
1087:use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old.
1858:Caracterização da Madeira de Angico-Vermelho
721:which has been used in healing ceremonies and
2241:. New York, New York: Haworth Herbal Press.
1602:, a psychotropic snuff used by Matsés people
1303:. There might be a discussion about this on
269:. There might be a discussion about this on
1675:"Anadenanthera peregrina - ILDIS LegumeWeb"
1215:Learn how and when to remove these messages
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2177:
1935:Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
1921:
1919:
1917:
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1913:
1145:symptoms. Some tribes use yopo along with
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1323:Learn how and when to remove this message
1264:Learn how and when to remove this message
1114:and possibly in the southern part of the
996:Learn how and when to remove this message
307:Learn how and when to remove this message
289:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1999:. Ronin Publishing. pp. 420 pages.
1993:Peter Stafford , Jeremy Bigwood (1993).
1023:
1012:
1828:"Cebil (Anadenanthera colubrina) seeds"
1669:
1667:
1055:beans presumably of the sister species
938:The bark contains a high percentage of
756:, with their primary constituent being
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2809:Taxa named by Carlo Luigi Spegazzini
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1485:adding citations to reliable sources
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978:adding citations to reliable sources
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106:adding citations to reliable sources
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2744:IUCN Red List least concern species
1938:
1636:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
945:
703:, is a perennial tree of the genus
24:
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1573:is found mixed in with the snuff.
752:have a similar chemical makeup as
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25:
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1196:This section has multiple issues.
52:This article has multiple issues.
2708:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:161882-2
1461:
1453:Dimethyltryptamine and 5-MeO-DMT
1339:
1280:
1226:
1185:
1075:, one of the compounds found in
954:
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2779:Trees of the Dominican Republic
2764:Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
2759:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
2602:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:12268-2
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2261:TiKHAL, Alexander Shulgin, 1997
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2013:
1986:
1968:
1472:needs additional citations for
1204:or discuss these issues on the
1102:Some indigenous peoples of the
1059:, at Inca Cueva, a site in the
965:needs additional citations for
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
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1:
1697:Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain)
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2047:10.1371/journal.pone.0189263
1784:10.1371/journal.pone.0189263
1563:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
1415:
942:, 587 mg CE/g extract.
7:
2799:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1576:
1365:the claims made and adding
817:
210:the claims made and adding
10:
2825:
2347:Erowid Anadenanthera Vault
2157:10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441
1931:February 19, 2013, at the
1862:December 13, 2007, at the
1643:: e.T144262459A149021134.
1158:
906:– fruit, beans, pods, bark
29:
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2364:
2325:. Inner Traditions/Bear.
2178:EVANS-SCHULTES, Richard.
1996:Psychedelics Encyclopedia
1980:February 5, 2012, at the
1063:gorge at the edge of the
900:Leucopelargonidol – plant
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372:Scientific classification
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117:"Anadenanthera peregrina"
2794:Plants described in 1753
2145:Latin American Antiquity
2133:Cortella, M. Ruiz. 1995
1039:beans have been used as
869:-methyltryptamine – bark
2396:Anadenanthera peregrina
2366:Anadenanthera peregrina
1629:Anadenanthera peregrina
1584:Anadenanthera colubrina
1235:This section cites its
1165:Anadenanthera peregrina
1018:Anadenanthera peregrina
797:
792:
782:Anadenanthera peregrina
771:Anadenanthera peregrina
754:Anadenanthera peregrina
737:Anadenanthera colubrina
680:Anadenanthera peregrina
556:Anadenanthera peregrina
526:Anadenanthera peregrina
325:Anadenanthera peregrina
2789:Trees of South America
2319:Richard Evans Schultes
1738:tropical.theferns.info
1029:
1021:
848:2,9-dimethyltryptoline
2288:Pachter et al. 1959
1561:, an herb containing
1027:
1016:
1571:Banisteriopsis caapi
1567:Banisteriopsis caapi
1558:Banisteriopsis caapi
1481:improve this article
1293:confusing or unclear
1148:Banisteriopsis caapi
974:improve this article
740:, commonly known as
664:Piptadenia peregrina
259:confusing or unclear
102:improve this article
2038:2017PLoSO..1289263M
1775:2017PLoSO..1289263M
1565:(MAOIs). Typically
1301:clarify the section
1177:Active constituents
931:Saponarentin – leaf
764:Botanical varieties
342:Conservation status
267:clarify the article
2784:Trees of Venezuela
2323:Plants of the Gods
2105:10.1007/bf02866491
1875:J.G. Architectural
1606:Psychedelic plants
1350:possibly contains
1030:
1022:
920:N-Methyltryptamine
854:2-methyltryptoline
837:Chemical compounds
832:Chemical compounds
580:Acacia microphylla
571:Acacia angustiloba
195:possibly contains
2804:Ayahuasca analogs
2774:Trees of Colombia
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2558:Open Tree of Life
2358:Taxon identifiers
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626:Mimosa parvifolia
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946:Entheogenic uses
895:Leucoanthocyanin
683:, also known as
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633:Mimosa peregrina
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934:Viterine – leaf
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748:. The beans of
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730:Related species
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2151:(4): 441–450.
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1470:This section
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1305:the talk page
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1289:This section
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1097:Anadenanthera
1094:
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1085:Anadenanthera
1082:
1078:
1077:Anadenanthera
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Anadenanthera
1051:) found with
1050:
1049:Puma concolor
1046:
1042:
1041:hallucinogens
1038:
1037:Anadenanthera
1034:
1026:
1019:
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1000:
997:
989:
979:
975:
969:
968:
963:This section
961:
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911:
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905:
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887:
884:
880:
877:
875:– plant beans
874:
871:
868:
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861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
844:
842:
839:contained in
838:
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747:
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724:
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715:South America
712:
708:
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706:Anadenanthera
702:
698:
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527:
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517:Binomial name
514:
510:
509:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
495:Anadenanthera
492:
489:
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402:Tracheophytes
400:
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363:
358:
357:Least Concern
347:
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293:
290:
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272:
271:the talk page
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255:This article
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129:
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119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
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91:This article
89:
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59:
58:
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38:
33:
19:
2639:
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2257:
2238:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2173:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2029:
2025:
2015:
1995:
1988:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1881:
1870:
1851:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1831:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1654:. Retrieved
1640:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1582:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1499:
1493:October 2014
1490:
1479:Please help
1474:verification
1471:
1426:
1419:
1399:
1381:
1372:
1349:
1319:
1310:
1299:Please help
1290:
1260:
1251:
1240:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:Please help
1195:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1146:
1139:
1133:, up to the
1101:
1096:
1093:insufflation
1084:
1076:
1057:A. colubrina
1056:
1052:
1048:
1036:
1031:
1017:
992:
983:
972:Please help
967:verification
964:
937:
866:
862:– bark, bean
841:A. peregrina
840:
835:
821:
804:A. peregrina
803:
801:
785:
781:
774:
770:
753:
750:A. colubrina
749:
745:
741:
735:
733:
704:
701:calcium tree
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
678:
677:
663:
653:
639:
632:
625:
616:Mimosa niopo
615:
606:
599:
588:
579:
570:
569:
555:
525:
523:
507:
506:
494:
477:
434:
421:
408:
395:
324:
318:
303:
285:
279:October 2014
276:
265:Please help
256:
226:
220:October 2014
217:
194:
164:
158:October 2014
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2480:iNaturalist
2390:Wikispecies
1656:18 November
1447:tachycardia
1313:August 2007
1131:La Española
1127:Puerto Rico
1089:Snuff trays
1081:Radiocarbon
986:August 2007
810:. It has a
467:Subfamily:
415:Angiosperms
2754:Entheogens
2738:Categories
2571:Plant List
2189:2017-12-30
1961:2007-06-10
1926:Dr. Duke's
1842:2017-12-30
1743:2022-08-26
1681:2008-05-17
1612:References
1545:maize beer
1535:Oral usage
1359:improve it
1295:to readers
1201:improve it
1028:Yopo seeds
865:5-Methoxy-
643:(L.)
600:Inga niopo
261:to readers
204:improve it
128:newspapers
57:improve it
32:Ebene City
2655:Q21977291
2576:ild-15864
2537:144262459
2498:1079624-2
2446:242429787
2165:163915994
2056:1932-6203
1793:1932-6203
1709:0213-4853
1439:bufotenin
1422:bufotenin
1416:Bufotenin
1363:verifying
1207:talk page
1153:ayahuasca
1123:Caribbean
1116:Brazilian
1112:Venezuela
1106:basin in
1061:Humahuaca
879:Bufotenin
873:Bufotenin
860:5-MeO-DMT
843:include:
808:furniture
786:peregrina
758:bufotenin
719:entheogen
711:Caribbean
657:(Willd.)
619:(Willd.)
554:Range of
502:Species:
385:Kingdom:
208:verifying
63:talk page
18:Oo-koo-hé
2721:13016462
2716:Tropicos
2695:161882-2
2649:Wikidata
2615:13015662
2610:Tropicos
2511:10709346
2404:BioLib:
2375:Wikidata
2321:(1992).
2121:13153575
2074:29281656
2026:PLOS ONE
1978:Archived
1929:Archived
1860:Archived
1811:29281656
1763:PLOS ONE
1717:17610173
1577:See also
1108:Colombia
926:Orientin
889:Catechol
818:Toxicity
596:) Willd.
563:Synonyms
461:Fabaceae
457:Family:
428:Eudicots
362:IUCN 3.1
2669:2944013
2459:2952808
2381:Q150584
2113:4256172
2065:5744935
2034:Bibcode
1832:Azarius
1802:5744935
1771:Bibcode
1541:chichas
1529:storage
1357:Please
1291:may be
1237:sources
1170:kohobba
1159:Effects
1104:Orinoco
1079:beans.
940:tannins
916:– fruit
897:– plant
891:– plant
856:– plant
850:– plant
775:falcata
723:rituals
645:Britton
490:Genus:
451:Fabales
447:Order:
389:Plantae
360: (
257:may be
202:Please
142:scholar
2589:ANPE13
2584:PLANTS
2563:809554
2550:148672
2524:500958
2472:100220
2433:638813
2329:
2301:
2245:
2163:
2119:
2111:
2072:
2062:
2054:
2003:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1715:
1707:
1590:Cohoba
1142:bamboo
1119:Amazon
1047:bone (
928:– leaf
922:– bark
824:cattle
697:parica
693:cohoba
669:Benth.
659:Spruce
629:Poiret
611:Benth.
603:Willd.
584:Willd.
441:Rosids
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
2682:24399
2506:IRMNG
2485:63700
2407:61278
2161:S2CID
2117:S2CID
2109:JSTOR
1951:"UNO"
1600:Nu-nu
914:oxide
883:oxide
812:Janka
784:var.
773:var.
746:vilca
742:cebĂl
667:(L.)
621:Poir.
538:Speg.
478:Clade
435:Clade
422:Clade
409:Clade
396:Clade
149:JSTOR
135:books
2703:POWO
2690:IPNI
2677:GRIN
2664:GBIF
2597:POWO
2545:NCBI
2532:IUCN
2519:ITIS
2493:IPNI
2467:GRIN
2454:GBIF
2420:DCKQ
2327:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2070:PMID
2052:ISSN
2001:ISBN
1807:PMID
1789:ISSN
1713:PMID
1705:ISSN
1658:2021
1641:2019
1427:The
1239:but
1129:and
1065:Puna
1045:puma
1020:1916
798:Wood
793:Uses
713:and
699:or
689:jopo
685:yopo
649:Rose
121:news
2623:WFO
2441:FNA
2428:EoL
2415:CoL
2153:doi
2101:doi
2060:PMC
2042:doi
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