Olm - Knowledge

36: 282: 1356:. Heavy rains of Slovenia would wash the olms up from their subterranean habitat, giving rise to the folklore belief that great dragons lived beneath the Earth's crust, and the olms were the undeveloped offspring of these mythical beasts. In his book Valvasor compiled the local Slovenian folk stories and pieced together the rich mythology of the creature and documented observations of the olm as "Barely a span long, akin to a lizard, in short, a worm and vermin of which there are many hereabouts". 1562:(PCBs), which are or were used in a variety of industrial processes and in the manufacture of many kinds of materials; and metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic. All of these substances persist in the environment, being slowly, if at all, degraded by natural processes. In addition, all are toxic to life if they accumulate in any appreciable quantity. The olm is nevertheless noted for its capability of surviving higher concentrations of accumulated PCBs than related aquatic organisms. 89: 64: 588: 1360: 1110: 1543:

sites leached by rainwater, as well as to the accidental overflow of various liquids. The reflection of such pollution in the karst underground waters depends on the type and quantity of pollutants, and on the rock structure through which the waters penetrate. Self-purification processes in the underground waters are not completely understood, but they are quite different from those in surface waters.

842: 1418:. Soon, the olm started to gain wide recognition and attract significant attention, resulting in thousands of animals being sent to researchers and collectors worldwide. A Dr Edwards was quoted in a book of 1839 as believing that "...the Proteus Anguinis is the first stage of an animal prevented from growing to perfection by inhabiting the subterraneous waters of Carniola." 250: 603:, 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long, with some specimens reaching up to 40 centimetres (16 in), which makes them some of the largest cave-dwelling animals in the world. The average length is between 23 and 25 cm. Females grow larger than males, but otherwise the primary external difference between the sexes is in the 1102: 967:. When the female approaches, he starts to circle around her and fan her with his tail. Then he starts to touch the female's body with his snout, and the female touches his cloaca with her snout. At that point, he starts to move forward with a twitching motion, and the female follows. He then deposits the 990:

development (time in the eggs before hatching) is 140 days, but it is somewhat slower in colder water and faster in warmer, being as little as 86 days at 15 °C (59 °F). After hatching, it takes another 14 years to reach sexual maturity if living in water that is 10 °C (50 °F). The

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Reproduction has only been observed in captivity so far. Sexually mature males have swollen cloacas, brighter skin color, two lines at the side of the tail, and slightly curled fins. No such changes have been observed in the females. The male can start courtship even without the presence of a female.

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The olm was first protected in Slovenia in 1922 along with all cave fauna, but the protection was not effective and a substantial black market came into existence. In 1982 it was placed on a list of rare and endangered species. This list also had the effect of prohibiting trade of the species. After

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Olms from different cave systems differ substantially in body measurements, color, and some microscopic characteristics. Earlier researchers used these differences to support the division into five species, while modern herpetologists understand that external morphology is not reliable for amphibian

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is relatively short, laterally flattened, and surrounded by a thin fin. The limbs are small and thin, with a reduced number of digits compared to other amphibians: the front legs have three digits instead of the normal four, and the rear have two digits instead of five. Its body is covered by a thin

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The female lays up to 70 eggs, each about 12 millimetres (0.5 in) in diameter, and places them between rocks, where they remain under her protection. The average is 35 eggs and the adult female typically breeds every 12.5 years. The tadpoles are 2 centimetres (0.8 in) long when they hatch

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The olm lives in well-oxygenated underground waters with a typical, very stable temperature of 8–11 °C (46–52 °F), infrequently as warm as 14 °C (57 °F). There have also been observations in northeastern Italy where they swim to the surface in springs outside the caves, even in

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as in most salamanders. Hence, it would be of adaptive value in caves, with no vision available, to profit from underwater hearing by recognizing particular sounds and eventual localization of prey or other sound sources, i.e. acoustical orientation in general. Behavioural (ethological) tests have

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claimed that some illegal collection of this species for the pet trade took place, but that the extent of this was unknown: this text has been copied into subsequent assessments, but by now the anecdotic claims are not considered to be indicative of a major threat. Since the 1980s until the most

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The olm is extremely vulnerable to changes in its environment, due to its adaptation to the specific conditions in caves. Water resources in the karst are extremely sensitive to all kinds of pollution. The contamination of the karst underground waters is due to the large number of waste disposal

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shown that its sensitivity for detecting underwater sound waves reaches into the area of frequencies of sound waves between 10 and more than 12,000 Hz, while the greatest sensitivity is reached between 1,500 and 2,000 Hz.The ethological experiments indicate that the best hearing sensitivity of

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In 1880 Marie von Chauvin began the first long-term study of olms in captivity. She learned that they detected prey's motion, panicked when a heavy object was dropped near their habitat, and developed color if exposed to weak light for a few hours a day, but could not cause them to change to a

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Far from feeling surprise that some of the cave-animals should be very anomalous...as is the case with blind Proteus with reference to the reptiles of Europe, I am only surprised that more wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved, owing to the less severe competition to which the scanty

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Cave-dwelling animals have been prompted, among other adaptations, to develop and improve non-visual sensory systems in order to orient in and adapt to permanently dark habitats. The olm's sensory system is also adapted to life in the subterranean aquatic environment. Unable to use vision for

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network. Annex IV additionally lists "animal and plant species of community interest in need of strict protection", although this has little legal ramifications. Areas inhabited by the olm were eventually included in the Slovenian, Italian and Croatian parts of the Natura 2000 network.

1628:', this because of its natural distribution being fragmented over a number of cave systems as opposed to being continuous, and what they consider a decline in extent and quality of its habitat, which they assume means that the population has been decreasing for the last 40 years. 1599:

In Croatia, the olm is protected by the legislation designed to protect amphibians – collecting is possible only for research purposes by permission of the National Administration for Nature and Environment Protection. As of 2020 the Croatian population has been assessed as

950:, and usually aggregate either under stones or in fissures. Sexually active males are an exception, establishing and defending territories where they attract females. The scarcity of food makes fighting energetically costly, so encounters between males usually only involve 679:

orientation, the olm compensates with other senses, which are better developed than in amphibians living on the surface. It retains larval proportions, like a long, slender body and a large, flattened head, and is thus able to carry a larger number of

1500:) caves, where they still live today. Additionally, there is evidence that a small number of olms were introduced to the United Kingdom in the 1940s, although it's highly likely that the animals perished shortly after being released. 927:). It does not chew its food, instead swallowing it whole. The olm is resistant to long-term starvation, an adaptation to its underground habitat. It can consume large amounts of food at once, and store nutrients as large deposits of 3811: 1634:

in Croatia houses the olm. Historically, olms were kept in several zoos in Germany, as well as in Belgium, the Netherlands, Slovenia and the United Kingdom. At present they can only be experienced at Zagreb Zoo,

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is now considered a single species. The length of the head is the most obvious difference between the various populations – individuals from Stična, Slovenia, have shorter heads on average than those from

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reported that female olm gave birth to live young in water at or below 13 °C (55 °F) and laid eggs at higher, but rigorous observations have not confirmed that. The olm appears to be exclusively

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estimated that they have a maximum lifespan of over 100 years and that the lifespan of an average adult is around 68.5 years. When compared to the longevity and body mass of other amphibians, olms are

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Guillaume, O (2000). "Role of chemical communication and behavioural interactions among conspecifics in the choice of shelters by the cave-dwelling salamander Proteus anguinus (Caudata, Proteidae)".

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The olm is capable of sensing very low concentrations of organic compounds in the water. They are better at sensing both the quantity and quality of prey by smell than related amphibians. The nasal

2762:(Amphibia, Caudata). In: Latella L., Mezzanotte E., Tarocco M. (eds.). 16th international symposium of biospeleology; 2002 Sep 8–15; Verona: Societé Internationale de Biospéologie, pp. 31–32. 1657:

The olm is a symbol of Slovenian natural heritage. The enthusiasm of scientists and the broader public about this inhabitant of Slovenian caves is still strong 300 years after its discovery.

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and are rarely visible except in some younger adults. Larvae have normal eyes, but development soon stops and they start regressing, finally atrophying after four months of development. The

1141: 283: 2290:"Revue et nouvelles données sur la sensitivité a la lumiere et orientation non-visuelle chez Proteus anguinus, Calotriton asper et Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibiens urodeles hypogés)" 3233: 3888: 1326:

layer. In his 1998 book, J. Alan Hollman described the species as a "problematic" taxon, saying that Brunner's drawing of the bone does not adequately show the differences between

638:, is always pigmented and dark brownish to blackish when adult. The olm's pear-shaped head ends with a short, dorsoventrally flattened snout. The mouth opening is small, with tiny 1113:

The research vent-hole in Jelševnik near Črnomelj, where quality checks of water and sediments are performed regularly, and where activities of black olms are registered with an

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Kos, M.; Bulog, B.; et al. (2001). "Immunocytochemical demonstration of visual pigments in the degenerate retinal and pineal photoreceptors of the blind cave salamander (

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larvae gain adult appearance after nearly four months, with the duration of development strongly correlating with water temperature. Unconfirmed historical observations of

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and on the entrance to the gill cavities. Those in the oral cavity are used for tasting food, where those near the gills probably sense chemicals in the surrounding water.

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in the 1980s. More than twenty years later, the Research Group for functional morphological Studies of the Vertebrates in the Department of Biology (Biotechnical Faculty,

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Castaño-Sánchez, Andrea; Hose, Grant C.; Reboleira, Ana Sofia P.S. (2020). "Ecotoxicological effects of anthropogenic stressors in subterranean organisms: A review".

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Bulog, B.; Mihajl, K.; et al. (2002). "Trace element concentrations in the tissues of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata) and the surrounding environment".

971:, and the animals keep moving forward until the female hits it with her cloaca, after which she stops and stands still. The spermatophore sticks to her and the 1596:

of endangered species, thus its capturing or killing is allowed only under specific circumstances determined by the local authorities (e.g. scientific study).

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from the ground. The complex functional-morphological orientation of the sensory cells enables the animal to register the sound sources. As this animal stays

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Immunocitochemical analysis of the visual pigments in the sensory cells of the eye and the pineal organ of the olm (Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Urodela).

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also has photoreceptive cells which, though regressed, retain visual pigment like the photoreceptive cells of the regressed eye. The pineal gland in

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cells swim inside her cloaca, where they attempt to fertilize her eggs. The courtship ritual can be repeated several times over a couple of hours.

3812:"ZAGREBAČKI ZOOLOŠKI VRT JEDINI JE NA SVIJETU U KOJEM MOŽETE VIDJETI OVE DVIJE ŽIVOTINJE 'Posjetitelje treba poticati na očuvanje njihovih vrsta'" 4465: 4227: 943:, and can also reabsorb its own tissues in severe cases. Controlled experiments have shown that an olm can survive up to 10 years without food. 647: 4504: 4279: 3258:"A new proteid salamander (Urodela, Proteidae) from the middle Miocene of Hambach (Germany) and implications for the evolution of the family" 2314:

Schlegel, P.; Bulog, B. (1997). "Population-specific behavioral electrosensitivity of the European blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus".

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Istenič, L.; Bulog, B. (1979). "The structural differentiations of the buccal and pharyngeal mucous membrane of the Proteus anguinus Laur".

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in 2004, Slovenia had to establish mechanisms for protection of the species included in the EU Habitats Directive. The olm is included in a

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systematics and can be extremely variable, depending on nourishment, illness, and other factors; even varying among individuals in a single

418:, who reported that, after heavy rains, the olms were washed up from the underground waters and were believed by local people to be a cave 3896: 2838:"Estimating population size of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) using mark–release–recapture data" 1669:. The image of the olm contributes significantly to the fame of Postojna Cave, which Slovenia successfully utilizes for the promotion of 1569:(92/43/EEC). The list of species in annex II, combined with the habitats listed in annex I, is used by individual countries to designate 3656:

Pezdirc, Marko; Heath, Ester; Bizjak Mali, Lilijana; Bulog, Boris (2011). "PCB accumulation and tissue distribution in cave salamander (

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gland. The thyroid is normally developed and functioning in the olm, so the lack of metamorphosis is due to the unresponsiveness of key

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Imunocitokemijska analiza vidnih pigmentov v čutilnih celicah očesa in pinealnega organa močerila (Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Urodela)

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and other parts of Slovenian karst. Tours of Postojna Cave also include a tour around the speleobiological station – the Proteus

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Almost normally developed, although still small compared to other amphibians. Covered by a thin layer of transparent skin, no eyelids.

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region (shape and size) when breeding. The trunk is cylindrical, uniformly thick, and segmented with regularly spaced furrows at the

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throughout its long life span, it is only occasionally exposed to normal adult hearing in air, which is probably also possible for

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Assuming contiguous inhabitance. According to newer assessments, the range is fragmented to smaller areas within the marked area.

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experiments revealed that the skin itself is also sensitive to light. Photosensitivity of the integument is due to the pigment

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Arntzen, J.W.; Sket, Boris (1997). "Morphometric analysis of black and white European cave salamanders, Proteus anguinus".

715:. Preliminary immunocytochemical analyses support the existence of photosensitive pigment also in the animal's integument. 3857: 1140:, Slovenia, an area smaller than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). It was first found in 1986 by members of the 1035:

maturity with precocious reproductive maturity, i.e. reproductive maturity is reached while retaining the larval external

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daylight, where they occasionally feed on earthworms. The black olm may occur in surface waters that are somewhat warmer.

4631: 1448:. There are also several cave laboratories in Europe in which olms have been introduced and are being studied. These are 4017: 4149: 3375: 2254:"A black, non-troglomorphic amphibian from the karst of Slovenia: Proteus anguinus parkelj n. ssp (Urodela: Proteidae)" 1792: 1348: 691:

Although blind, the olm swims away from light. The eyes are regressed, but retain sensitivity. They lie deep below the

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On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life

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Regressed eye of White Proteus shows first of all immunolabelling for the red-sensitive cone opsin. The eye of Black

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to keep larger particles inside the mouth. The nostrils are so small as to be imperceptible, but are placed somewhat

4167: 3702: 4543: 4509: 4318: 4284: 4201: 1531: 2774:"Wandering outside of the Styx: Surface activity of an iconic subterranean vertebrate, the olm (Proteus anguinus)" 4431: 4180: 3451:

Grosse, Wolf-Rüdiger (2004). "Grottenolm – Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768". In Frank Meyer; et al. (eds.).

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Bulog, B (1989). "Differentiation of the inner ear sensory epithelia of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)".

2050: 1999: 4576: 4491: 4365: 4266: 2660:Čutilni organi oktavolateralnega sistema pri proteju Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia). I. Otični labirint 1319: 1105:

The black olm, a subspecies, has a shorter head with more-developed eyes compared to the nominate subspecies.

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The olm swims by eel-like twisting of its body, assisted only slightly by its poorly developed legs. It is a

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Sense organs of the octavolateral system in proteus Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia). I. Otic labyrinth

1780: 1530:. With an estimated genome size roughly 15-times the size of human genome, this will likely be the largest 1343: 409: 3476:

Bonato, Lucio; Fracasso, Giancarlo; Pollo, Roberto; Richard, Jacopo; Semenzato, Massimo (2007). "Proteo".

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It is also called the "human fish" by locals because of its fleshy skin color (translated literally from

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is most notable for its adaptations to a life of complete darkness in its underground habitat. The olm's

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Functional morphology of the inner ear and underwater audiograms of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Urodela)

4606: 4075: 1383: 1368: 206: 167: 4548: 4323: 2136: 4601: 4586: 2915:"Dve desetletji funkcionalno-morfoloških raziskav pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Caudata)" 1559: 658:

that form two branched tufts at the back of the head. They are red in color because the oxygen-rich

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known as 'Special Areas of Conservation'. These areas, combined with others created by the older

1523: 1441: 667: 226: 4616: 4535: 4232: 4037: 1605: 1465: 386: 4470: 1435: 4530: 1649:(Postojna Cave) in Slovenia. There are also captive breeding programs in places like France. 1601: 190: 35: 4522: 4310: 2137:"The oviparous olm: Analysis and refutation of claims for viviparity in the cave salamander 1386:, though, was the first to briefly describe the olm in 1768 and give it the scientific name 4611: 4413: 4258: 4136: 3669: 3622: 3269: 3125: 2785: 2207: 2152: 1937: 1826: 1036: 792:

supplements inner ear sensitivity by registering low-frequency nearby water displacements.

457:. The olm has three toes on its forelimbs, but only two toes on its hind feet. It exhibits 20: 3062:"Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms" 1207:

Shorter, equally thick. Stronger jaw muscles visible as two bulbs on the top of the head.

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He chases other males away from the chosen area, and may then secrete a female-attracting

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The front part of the olm's head carries sensitive chemo-, mechano-, and electroreceptors.

8: 3257: 2870: 1307: 804: 736: 531: 354: 53: 3673: 3626: 3273: 3129: 2789: 2211: 2156: 1830: 4621: 3660:, Amphibia, Urodela) in the polluted karstic hinterland of the Krupa River, Slovenia". 3592: 3205: 3086: 3061: 2733: 2706:

Some evidence for the ampullary organs in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus

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that was incorporated into English in the late 19th century. The origin of the German

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recent assessment in 2022 the organisation has rated the conservation status for the

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Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena

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to the waters that flow underground through the extensive limestone bedrock of the

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was found to align itself with natural and artificially modified magnetic fields.

4350: 4292: 3923: 3762: 2358: 1685: 1574: 1473: 1059: 893: 808: 562:), as well as "cave salamander" or "white salamander". In Slovenia, it is called 490: 446: 426: 4496: 4271: 3112:

Durand, J.P.; Delay, B. (1981). "Influence of temperature on the development of

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Voituron, Y.; De Fraipont, M.; Issartel, J.; Guillaume, O.; Clobert, J. (2010).

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The first researcher to retrieve a live olm was a physician and researcher from

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Macaluso, Loredana; Villa, Andrea; Mörs, Thomas (2022). Mannion, Philip (ed.).

3116:(Caudata: Proteidae) and relation with its habitat in the subterranean world". 1587: 1570: 1504: 1457: 1429:

The basis of functional morphological investigations in Slovenia was set up by

1149: 823: 819: 592: 350: 334: 3588: 2854: 2837: 2432:

Hawes, R.S. (1945). "On the eyes and reactions to light of Proteus anguinus".

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The effects of continuous darkness on cave ecology and cavernicolous evolution

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started to look into this animal's anatomy. The specimens were sent to him by

822:. Some behavioral experiments suggest that the olm may be able to use Earth's 4565: 4253: 3816: 3299: 2172: 1961: 1743: 1662: 1658: 1621: 1407: 1024: 1004: 968: 947: 916: 903: 73: 44: 3383: 2628: 2194:

Istenic L. & Ziegler I. (1974). "Riboflavin as "pigment" in the skin of

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and instead retains larval features. The form of heterochrony in the olm is

4060: 3868:(in German). Zoologischen Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz e.V 3760: 3689: 3642: 3095: 3077: 2815: 2756:

Non-visual orientation and light-sensitivity in the blind cave salamander,

2636: 2574: 2510: 2445: 1403: 1020: 789: 434: 338: 258: 4154: 3718: 2835: 2729: 2502: 2394: 2335: 2227: 1692:, the oldest Slovenian popular science magazine, first published in 1933. 1145: 1101: 337:, eating, sleeping, and breeding underwater. Living in caves found in the 4452: 4359: 4297: 4214: 4084: 4069: 1578: 1323: 912: 871: 712: 696: 3523: 3290: 2806: 2017: 1137: 630:, and will gradually turn dark when exposed to light; in some cases the 4444: 4193: 4089: 3281: 2895: 2721: 2386: 2219: 1670: 1631: 1609: 1555: 1547: 1444:), is one of the leading groups studying the olm under the guidance of 1129: 1086: 1077: 1016: 992: 940: 920: 866: 815: 740: 732: 708: 620: 406: 317: 299: 237: 140: 587: 4457: 4219: 2797: 1551: 1527: 1382:, who sent dead specimens and drawings to colleagues and collectors. 1359: 1043: 964: 877: 772: 764: 760: 635: 442: 330: 313: 150: 130: 100: 4031: 3059: 3012: 2991: 2953: 2378: 2359:"Ocular Development and Involution in the European Cave Salamander, 4344: 4054: 2112: 1732: 1678: 1674: 1311: 1282:

Some sensory organs, particularly electroreceptors, less sensitive.

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shows through the non-pigmented skin. The olm also has rudimentary

493: 402: 378: 325: 320: 120: 3994: 3961: 2917:[Two decades of functional-morphological research on the olm ( 853: 767:

are very specifically differentiated, enabling the olm to receive

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probably possesses some control over the physiological processes.

3551: 1489: 1477: 1469: 1423: 1315: 1064: 1047: 1040: 1028: 1009: 924: 883: 666:, but their role in respiration is only accessory, except during 627: 608: 470: 458: 394: 382: 370: 342: 303: 3315:

Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie: Encyclopedia of paleoherpetology

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Schlegel, P.A.; Briegleb, W.; Bulog, B.; Steinfartz, S. (2006).

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Longevity is estimated at up to 58 years. A study published in

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epithelium of the mouth, most of them on the upper side of the

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are covered by a layer of skin. The olm breathes with external

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The white skin color of the olm retains the ability to produce

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Black Proteus: mysterious dweller of the Karst in Bela krajina

1817:(Amphibia: Urodela: Proteidae) and its possible explanation". 1513:

as an example for the reduction of structures through disuse:

841: 735:, located on the inner surface of the nasal cavity and in the 1522:

An olm (Proteus) genome project is currently underway by the

1497: 1415: 1039:. In other amphibians, the metamorphosis is regulated by the 996: 972: 936: 928: 898: 768: 744: 659: 643: 639: 631: 600: 462: 438: 398: 374: 3936:

Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina; Rogel, Carole (2010). "Currency".

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due to the olm and other rare cave inhabitants, such as the

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species found in Europe; the family's other extant genus is

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land-dwelling adult form, as she and others had done with

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Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe

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Jugovic E.; J.E. Praprotnik; V. Buzan; M. Lužnik (2015).

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How do cave animals cope with the food scarcity in caves?

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How Slovenia is helping its 'baby dragons' - The Guardian

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The olm was included in annexes II and IV of the 1992 EU

1067:, living longer than would be predicted from their size. 651: 430: 3793:"Zagreb Zoo only one in the world with two rare species" 1871:

Bulog, Boris; van der Meijden, Arie (26 December 1999).

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inhabitants of these dark abodes will have been exposed.

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exist, but it has been shown that the females possess a

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stored in the cells of the digestive tract for a month.

508:'cave olm', is unclear. It may be a variant of the word 449:, are acutely developed. Most populations also lack any 4027:

The Global Amphibian Assessment – Proteus anguinus

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At a temperature of 10 °C (50 °F), the olm's

954:. This is a behavioral adaptation to life underground. 3889:"The olm: the blind cave salamander that lives to 100" 3364: 2553:

Dumas, P (1998). "The olfaction in Proteus anguinus".

1970:

Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

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on the pages of the Slovenian Natural history museum

3608: 3606: 1966:

Kluge Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

1681:, showing different aspects of the cave environment. 1314:

is housed in his private collection. It was found in

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has principal rods, red-sensitive cones and blue- or

3761:

Državna uprava za zaštitu prirode i okoliša (1999).

2193: 1903: 1870: 1604:' in Croatia. As of 1999, the environmental laws in 1225:

Amphibians do not have a fixed number of vertebrae.

788:

is between 10 Hz and up to 12,000 Hz. The

3179:. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags GmbH & co., Stuttgart. 1406:. Schreibers presented his findings in 1801 to The 939:. When food is scarce, it reduces its activity and 469:into adulthood, like some American amphibians, the 3603: 3034:[The animal of the month of October: olm] 1193:Normally pigmented, dark brown, or black in color. 999:that produces the egg casing, similar to those of 3935: 3255: 2975:Proteus – mysterious ruler of Karst darkness 616:layer of skin, which contains very little of the 4563: 3455:. Bielefeld: Laurenti-Verlag. pp. 191–193. 3029: 2541:Ecosystems of the world: Subterranean Ecosystems 2420:Ecosystems of the world: Subterranean Ecosystems 2283: 2281: 2109:Ecosystems of the world: Subterranean Ecosystems 845:The olm swims by serpentine bending of the body. 754: 3150: 3055: 3053: 2294:Bulletin de la Société herpétologique de France 1390:. It was not until the end of the century that 1155:It has several features separating it from the 799:sensory organ has been analyzed on the head of 1758:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18377A89698593.en 1310:from a single bone by George Brunner, and the 623:, making it yellowish-white or pink in color. 405:. It was first mentioned in 1689 by the local 257:Native range (pictured: northeastern coast of 3501:Lewarne, Brian; Allain, Steven J. R. (2020). 3500: 3480:. Nuova Dimensione Edizioni. pp. 71–73. 3478:Atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili del Veneto 3223: 3153:Reproductive biology and phylogeny of Urodela 2658: 2459: 2313: 2278: 1612:had not yet been clarified for this species. 1246:Longer in proportion to the rest of the body. 3787: 3785: 3050: 2703: 2595: 2087:Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, vol. 2 1733:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). 857:Disproportionately elongated head with gills 591:The olm as depicted by the French biologist 509: 503: 497: 3574: 3191: 3111: 2829: 2251: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1972:] (in German) (23rd ed.), Berlin: 1342:The first written mention of the olm is in 836: 818:, the olm has the ability to register weak 739:, is thicker than in other amphibians. The 3990:Flora and Fauna of Caves: Proteus anguinus 3453:Die Lurche und Kriechtiere Sachsen-Anhalts 807:. These new organs have been described as 248: 62: 34: 3782: 3522: 3410:(2nd ed.). London: Richard Bentley. 3403: 3289: 3085: 3011: 2939: 2853: 2805: 2406: 2404: 2269: 2134: 2128: 2022:Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache 1956: 1954: 1756: 1302:, is speculated to be closely related to 957: 650:near the end of the snout. The regressed 4627:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti 4003:Slovenian practice example: Human Fish ( 3910: 3531: 3107: 3105: 2989: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2484: 1980: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1684:The olm was also depicted on one of the 1652: 1358: 1108: 1100: 852: 840: 722: 586: 3719:"Olm - Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768" 3025: 3023: 2771: 2309: 2307: 2247: 2245: 1960: 1806: 4564: 3450: 3376:"The Dragon of Vrhnika – The Olm" 3343: 3212: 2868: 2401: 2356: 2084: 1951: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1392:Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers 634:are also colored. One population, the 582: 4036: 4035: 3696: 3441:. Ljubljana: TV Slovenia, Video tape. 3339: 3337: 3335: 3102: 2973:Aljančič M., Bulog B. et al. (1993). 2960: 2933: 2912: 2906: 2651: 2614: 2552: 2525: 2452: 2431: 2425: 2350: 2093: 1904:Burnie D.; Wilson D.E., eds. (2001). 1890: 1813:Sket, Boris (1997). "Distribution of 1778: 275: 4432:16648bcc-804d-440d-8722-6ab1abf96681 4181:502f3a41-91de-459f-9b83-670cb720d8c3 3886: 3832:"ČOVJEČJA RIBICA (Proteus anguinus)" 3809: 3754: 3735: 3503:"The unnatural history of cave olms 3020: 2842:Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 2546: 2304: 2242: 2069: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1812: 1291: 1144:, who were exploring the water from 1070: 1023: – the animal does not undergo 437:, leaving it blind, while its other 3940:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 97–98. 3155:. Science Publishers. p. 449. 3030:Aljančič, G.; Aljančič, M. (1998). 2919:Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Caudata 2772:Manenti, Raoul (February 8, 2024). 2686:Bulog B. & Schlegel P. (2000). 2135:Blackburn, Daniel G. (2019-07-01). 2074:. Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 408. 2035: 1997: 1772: 1744:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1721: 1688:coins. It was also the namesake of 1337: 13: 3332: 3206:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05742.x 2543:, pp. 159–188. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2422:, pp. 135–157. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1793:American Museum of Natural History 1349:The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola 1142:Slovenian Karst Research Institute 14: 4643: 3985:EDGE of Existence Olm information 3978: 3746:no. 82, Tuesday 24 September 2002 3682:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.026 3635:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125422 3407:Curiosities of Medical Experience 3370: 3175:Noellert A., Noellert C. (1992). 1853: 1015:Development of the olm and other 718: 686: 673: 570:'earthworm, damp creepy-crawly'; 4572:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 3763:"Pravilnik o zaštiti vodozemaca" 3577:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2704:Istenič, L.; Bulog, B. (1984). " 2252:Sket, B.; Arntzen, J.W. (1994). 1908:. London: DK. pp. 61, 435. 1839:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1997.00103.x 1546:Among the most serious chemical 911:and insect larvae (for example, 711:inside specialized cells called 87: 4597:Fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3954: 3929: 3880: 3850: 3824: 3803: 3799:(in Croatian). 10 January 2020. 3711: 3649: 3568: 3544: 3494: 3469: 3444: 3431: 3397: 3306: 3249: 3185: 3169: 3144: 2990:Aljančič, Gregor (2019-07-25). 2983: 2888: 2862: 2765: 2744: 2697: 2608: 2589: 2478: 2187: 2117: 2089:. Ljubljana: SAZU. p. 190. 2078: 2063: 2010: 1537: 1136:to the underground waters near 1128:) is the only other recognized 1019:amphibians is characterized by 771:waves in the water, as well as 517: 3344:Holman, J. Alan (1998-06-18). 2051:Natural History Museum, London 1922: 1789:Amphibian Species of the World 1702: 1279:Specific and highly sensitive. 577: 465:characteristics like external 415:Glory of the Duchy of Carniola 240:& Arntzen, 1994 (See text) 1: 3151:Sever, David M., ed. (2003). 2567:10.1016/s0376-6357(98)00002-3 2328:10.1016/S0928-4257(97)88941-3 2316:Journal of Physiology (Paris) 1715: 1661:is one of the birthplaces of 1196:The most obvious difference. 755:Mechano- and electroreceptors 4582:Amphibians described in 1768 3138:10.1016/0306-4565(81)90044-9 3000:Folia Biologica et Geologica 2977:. Ljubljana: Vitrium d.o.o. 1998:Ley, Willy (February 1968). 1550:are chlorinated hydrocarbon 1344:Johann Weikhard von Valvasor 1096: 480: 7: 3723:European Environment Agency 3517:(154, Winter 2020): 18–19. 3350:. Oxford University Press. 2694:(3), suppl., pp. R165–R167. 2072:Slovenski etimološki slovar 1003:and egg-laying amphibians. 826:to orient itself. In 2002, 393:populations are found near 10: 4648: 4632:Habitats Directive species 3742:Slovenian official gazette 3234:Tehniška založba Slovenije 3118:Journal of Thermal Biology 2996:Laurenti 1768 in Slovenia" 2258:Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 2111:, pp. 109–132. Amsterdam: 2000:"Epitaph for a Lonely Olm" 1779:Frost, Darrel R. (2023) . 1645:(Proteus Vivarium) within 1384:Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti 1369:Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti 1284: 1281: 1278: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1248: 1245: 1235: 1232: 1221: 1214: 1203: 1195: 1189: 18: 4334: 4044: 3658:Proteus anguinus anguinus 3404:Millingen, J. G. (1839). 2855:10.32800/abc.2015.38.0077 2778:The Scientific Naturalist 2468:) PhD thesis. Ljubljana: 2271:10.1163/26660644-06401002 2165:10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.004 1560:polychlorinated biphenyls 1308:The species was described 1173:Proteus anguinus anguinus 865:animal, feeding on small 559: 535: 318:exclusively cave-dwelling 256: 247: 223:Proteus anguinus anguinus 219: 214: 196: 189: 84:Scientific classification 82: 60: 51: 42: 33: 28: 4592:Electroreceptive animals 3926:. Retrieved 7 June 2007. 3810:Hina (10 January 2020). 3437:Bulog B. et al. (2003). 2992:"History of research on 2002:. For Your Information. 1695: 1510:On the Origin of Species 1396:Naturhistorisches Museum 1380:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli 1222:Longer, 34–35 vertebrae. 1178:Proteus anguinus parkelj 1157:nominotypical subspecies 1126:Sket & Arntzen, 1994 1123:Proteus anguinus parkelj 1093:peninsula, for example. 837:Ecology and life history 441:, particularly those of 234:Proteus anguinus parkelj 4014: – pictures, films 3887:Yong, Ed (2010-07-20). 3589:10.1023/A:1015248110142 3511:Herpetological Bulletin 3230:The animals of Slovenia 2629:10.1002/jmor.1052020303 2470:University of Ljubljana 2410:Langecker T.G. (2000). 2367:The Biological Bulletin 2085:Bezlaj, France (1982). 1819:Journal of Biogeography 1524:University of Ljubljana 1442:University of Ljubljana 1249:Shorter in proportion. 3938:The A to Z of Slovenia 3556:Proteus genome project 3541:. London: John Murray. 3224: 3078:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0539 2750:Bulog B., Schlegel P. 2708:(Urodela, Amphibia)". 2659: 2460: 2141:(Amphibia: Proteidae)" 2004:Galaxy Science Fiction 1606:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1520: 1371: 1146:Dobličica karst spring 1118: 1106: 958:Breeding and longevity 858: 846: 814:Like some other lower 803:, utilizing light and 728: 596: 551: 543: 527: 510: 504: 498: 387:Bosnia and Herzegovina 366: 329:. In contrast to most 4531:Paleobiology Database 2617:Journal of Morphology 2555:Behavioural Processes 2503:10.1007/s004410000298 2357:Durand, J.P. (1976). 2145:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1751:: e.T18377A89698593. 1653:Cultural significance 1602:critically endangered 1515: 1363:Sketch of the olm in 1362: 1298:A potential species, 1112: 1104: 856: 844: 726: 590: 4577:Amphibians of Europe 4427:Fauna Europaea (new) 4176:Fauna Europaea (new) 3964:. City Library Kranj 3917:Destinacija Postojna 3318:. G. Fischer. 1981. 3177:Die Aphibien Europas 2875:Animal Diversity Web 2667:). Biološki vestnik 2070:Snoj, Marko (2003). 1507:in his seminal work 1503:The olm was used by 1414:, and later also in 1089:, Slovenia, and the 907:), and occasionally 473:and the mudpuppies ( 357:in the basin of the 21:Olm (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 16:Species of amphibian 4366:Proteus (Proteidae) 3893:National Geographic 3674:2011Chmsp..84..987P 3627:2020Chmsp.24425422C 3524:10.33256/hb154.1819 3274:2022Palgy..6512585M 3225:Živalstvo Slovenije 3130:1981JTBio...6...53D 2869:Meaton, J. (2011). 2790:2024Ecol..105E4252M 2212:1974NW.....61..686I 2200:Naturwissenschaften 2157:2019ZooAn.281...16B 1934:Oxford Dictionaries 1831:1997JBiog..24..263S 1271:- sensitive cones. 1161:Proteus a. anguinus 805:electron microscopy 583:External appearance 355:Southeastern Europe 54:Conservation status 3922:2007-09-27 at the 3703:Habitats directive 3537:Darwin C. (1859). 3282:10.1111/pala.12585 3194:Journal of Zoology 2913:Bulog, B. (1994). 2896:"Proteus anguinus" 2871:"Proteus anguinus" 2722:10.1007/bf00217865 2535:. In: Culver D.C. 2434:Q. J. Microsc. Sci 2414:. In: Culver D.C. 2220:10.1007/bf00606524 2103:. In: Culver D.C. 2006:. pp. 95–104. 1873:"Proteus anguinus" 1593:Slovenian Red list 1567:Habitats Directive 1534:sequenced so far. 1480:). They were also 1372: 1285:Not very obvious. 1132:of the olm. It is 1119: 1107: 1046:, secreted by the 859: 847: 729: 693:dermis of the skin 599:The olm's body is 597: 302:which is the only 4607:Fauna of Slovenia 4559: 4558: 4518:Open Tree of Life 4306:Open Tree of Life 4038:Taxon identifiers 4012:The olm on ARKive 3357:978-0-19-535466-9 3325:978-3-437-30339-5 2657:Bulog B. (1990). 2531:Hüpop K. (2000). 2101:Fish and amphibia 2099:Weber A. (2000). 1974:Walter de Gruyter 1940:on March 15, 2013 1667:blind cave beetle 1615:In the 1980s the 1577:were to form the 1352:(1689) as a baby 1300:Proteus bavaricus 1293:Proteus bavaricus 1289: 1288: 1127: 1071:Taxonomic history 681:sensory receptors 333:, it is entirely 265: 264: 241: 230: 171: 77: 4639: 4602:Fauna of Croatia 4587:Cave salamanders 4552: 4551: 4539: 4538: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4499: 4497:NHMSYS0000376003 4487: 4486: 4474: 4473: 4461: 4460: 4448: 4447: 4435: 4434: 4422: 4421: 4409: 4408: 4396: 4395: 4383: 4382: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4327: 4326: 4314: 4313: 4301: 4300: 4288: 4287: 4275: 4274: 4272:NHMSYS0000376007 4262: 4261: 4249: 4248: 4236: 4235: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4197: 4196: 4184: 4183: 4171: 4170: 4158: 4157: 4145: 4144: 4132: 4131: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4105: 4103:Proteus-anguinus 4093: 4092: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4076:Proteus anguinus 4065: 4064: 4063: 4046:Proteus anguinus 4033: 4032: 4023: 4005:Proteus anguinus 3999: 3995:Proteus magazine 3973: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3933: 3927: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3895:. Archived from 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3860:Proteus anguinus 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3715: 3709: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3583:(1–4): 147–163. 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3505:Proteus anguinus 3498: 3492: 3491: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3382:. Archived from 3368: 3362: 3361: 3341: 3330: 3329: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3227: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3114:Proteus anguinus 3109: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3042:(in Slovenian). 3037: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3015: 2994:Proteus anguinus 2987: 2981: 2980: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2925:(in Slovenian). 2923:Acta Carsologica 2910: 2904: 2903: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2809: 2798:10.1002/ecy.4252 2769: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2701: 2695: 2690:. Pflügers Arch 2684: 2675: 2674: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2598:Biološki Vestnik 2593: 2587: 2586: 2550: 2544: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2487:Proteus anguinus 2482: 2476: 2475: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2361:Proteus Anguinus 2354: 2348: 2347: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2196:Proteus anguinus 2191: 2185: 2184: 2139:Proteus anguinus 2132: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1995: 1978: 1977: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1936:. Archived from 1926: 1920: 1919: 1901: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1868: 1851: 1850: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1737:Proteus anguinus 1730: 1709: 1706: 1643:Vivarium Proteus 1439: 1431:Lilijana Istenič 1388:Proteus anguinus 1338:Research history 1166: 1165: 1125: 1082:Proteus anguinus 1031: – delayed 809:ampullary organs 797:electroreception 737:Jacobson's organ 561: 552:čovječija ribica 537: 513: 507: 501: 298:) is an aquatic 295:Proteus anguinus 287: 286: 285: 279: 274: 252: 236: 225: 202: 200:Proteus anguinus 182:P. anguinus 166: 92: 91: 71: 66: 65: 38: 26: 25: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4547: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4521: 4516: 4508: 4503: 4495: 4490: 4482: 4477: 4469: 4464: 4456: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4417: 4412: 4404: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4330: 4322: 4317: 4309: 4304: 4296: 4293:Observation.org 4291: 4283: 4278: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4213: 4205: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4179: 4174: 4166: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4140: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4040: 4021: 3997: 3981: 3976: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3934: 3930: 3924:Wayback Machine 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3862:LAURENTI, 1768" 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3808: 3804: 3797:CroatiaWeek.com 3791: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3772: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3701: 3697: 3654: 3650: 3611: 3604: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3389: 3387: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3342: 3333: 3326: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3217: 3213: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3149: 3145: 3110: 3103: 3066:Biology Letters 3058: 3051: 3035: 3028: 3021: 3013:10.3986/fbg0050 2988: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2961: 2954:10.1139/z99-198 2938: 2934: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2867: 2863: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2770: 2766: 2749: 2745: 2710:Cell Tissue Res 2702: 2698: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2656: 2652: 2613: 2609: 2594: 2590: 2551: 2547: 2530: 2526: 2491:Cell Tissue Res 2483: 2479: 2473: 2458:Kos M. (2000). 2457: 2453: 2430: 2426: 2409: 2402: 2379:10.2307/1540499 2355: 2351: 2312: 2305: 2286: 2279: 2250: 2243: 2206:(12): 686–687. 2192: 2188: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2098: 2094: 2083: 2079: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2011: 1996: 1981: 1959: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1902: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1869: 1854: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1785:Laurenti, 1768" 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1731: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1686:Slovenian tolar 1655: 1647:Postojnska jama 1641:in Germany and 1575:Birds Directive 1571:protected areas 1540: 1458:Choranche cave 1433: 1340: 1296: 1215:Shorter, 29–32 1121:The black olm ( 1099: 1073: 1060:Biology Letters 960: 894:Oniscus asellus 891:amphipods, and 839: 820:electric fields 757: 721: 689: 676: 585: 580: 544:čovječja ribica 528:človeška ribica 520: 483: 427:cave salamander 381:, southwestern 281: 280: 272: 210: 204: 198: 185: 165: 86: 78: 67: 63: 56: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4645: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4540: 4527: 4514: 4501: 4488: 4475: 4462: 4449: 4436: 4423: 4410: 4397: 4384: 4371: 4356: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4315: 4302: 4289: 4276: 4263: 4250: 4237: 4224: 4211: 4198: 4185: 4172: 4163:Fauna Europaea 4159: 4146: 4133: 4120: 4107: 4094: 4081: 4066: 4050: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3979:External links 3977: 3975: 3974: 3953: 3946: 3928: 3909: 3879: 3849: 3823: 3820:(in Croatian). 3802: 3781: 3768:Narodne novine 3753: 3734: 3710: 3695: 3668:(7): 987–993. 3648: 3602: 3567: 3543: 3530: 3493: 3486: 3468: 3461: 3443: 3430: 3416: 3396: 3363: 3356: 3331: 3324: 3305: 3248: 3232:). Ljubljana: 3222:(ed.) (2003). 3211: 3200:(4): 699–707. 3184: 3168: 3161: 3143: 3101: 3072:(1): 105–107. 3049: 3019: 2982: 2959: 2948:(2): 167–173. 2932: 2905: 2887: 2861: 2828: 2764: 2743: 2716:(2): 393–402. 2696: 2676: 2650: 2623:(3): 325–338. 2607: 2588: 2561:(2): 107–113. 2545: 2524: 2477: 2451: 2436:. New Series. 2424: 2400: 2373:(3): 450–466. 2349: 2303: 2277: 2241: 2186: 2127: 2116: 2092: 2077: 2062: 2034: 2009: 1979: 1962:Seebold, Elmar 1950: 1921: 1914: 1889: 1852: 1825:(3): 263–280. 1805: 1771: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1654: 1651: 1588:European Union 1539: 1536: 1505:Charles Darwin 1450:Moulis, Ariège 1339: 1336: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204:Long, slender. 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190:Not pigmented. 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1150:White Carniola 1098: 1095: 1072: 1069: 1054:to thyroxine. 959: 956: 941:metabolic rate 901:(for example, 869:(for example, 838: 835: 824:magnetic field 795:A new type of 756: 753: 720: 719:Chemoreceptors 717: 688: 687:Photoreceptors 685: 675: 674:Sensory organs 672: 593:Gaston Bonnier 584: 581: 579: 576: 560:човечја рибица 519: 516: 514:'salamander'. 482: 479: 422:'s offspring. 312:of the family 263: 262: 254: 253: 245: 244: 243: 242: 231: 217: 216: 212: 211: 205: 194: 193: 187: 186: 179: 177: 173: 172: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 80: 79: 61: 58: 57: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4644: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Postojna Cave 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3947:9781461731757 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3899:on 2023-06-07 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3838:(in Croatian) 3837: 3833: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3817:Jutarnji list 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3771:(in Croatian) 3770: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3489: 3487:9788889100400 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3462:3-933066-17-4 3458: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3419: 3417:9781465521750 3413: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3386:on 2009-12-12 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3262:Palaeontology 3259: 3252: 3243: 3242:86-365-0410-4 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3164: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2986: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2683: 2681: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2308: 2299: 2296:(in French). 2295: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2131: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2066: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1976:, p. 601 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1917: 1915:0-7894-7764-5 1911: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1775: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:biospeleology 1660: 1659:Postojna Cave 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638:Hermannshöhle 1633: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1622:IUCN Red List 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1532:animal genome 1529: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Hermannshöhle 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Han-sur-Lesse 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1408:Royal Society 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1294: 1276:Other senses 1275: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1253: 1252: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1116: 1111: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025:metamorphosis 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1005:Paul Kammerer 1002: 998: 994: 989: 984: 982: 976: 974: 970: 969:spermatophore 966: 955: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Ephemeroptera 914: 910: 906: 905: 904:Belgrandiella 900: 896: 895: 890: 886: 885: 880: 879: 874: 873: 868: 864: 855: 851: 843: 834: 832: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 725: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 684: 682: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 619: 614: 611:borders. The 610: 606: 602: 594: 589: 575: 574:'dampness'). 573: 569: 565: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536:човечка рипка 533: 529: 525: 515: 512: 506: 500: 495: 492: 488: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 416: 411: 408: 404: 400: 397:, Italy, and 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327: 322: 319: 316:and the only 315: 311: 310: 306:in the genus 305: 301: 297: 296: 291: 284: 278: 277:[ɔlm] 270: 260: 255: 251: 246: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 221: 220: 218: 213: 208: 203: 201: 195: 192: 191:Binomial name 188: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 169: 164: 163: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 90: 85: 81: 75: 70: 59: 55: 50: 46: 45:Postojna Cave 41: 37: 32: 27: 22: 4335: 4045: 4022:(in Slovene) 4004: 3998:(in Slovene) 3966:. Retrieved 3956: 3937: 3931: 3912: 3901:. Retrieved 3897:the original 3892: 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3866:Zootierliste 3865: 3859: 3858:"Grottenolm 3852: 3840:. Retrieved 3835: 3826: 3815: 3805: 3796: 3773:. Retrieved 3766: 3756: 3750:(in Slovene) 3741: 3737: 3726:. Retrieved 3713: 3707:ec.europa.eu 3706: 3698: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3618: 3614: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3559:. Retrieved 3555: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3496: 3477: 3471: 3452: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3406: 3399: 3388:. Retrieved 3384:the original 3380:Nickbaker.tv 3379: 3366: 3346: 3314: 3308: 3291:2318/1825718 3268:(1): 12585. 3265: 3261: 3251: 3245:(in Slovene) 3229: 3219: 3214: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3176: 3171: 3152: 3146: 3124:(1): 53–57. 3121: 3117: 3113: 3069: 3065: 3043: 3039: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2985: 2979:(in Slovene) 2974: 2945: 2942:Can. J. Zool 2941: 2935: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2878:. Retrieved 2874: 2864: 2848:(1): 77–86. 2845: 2841: 2831: 2819:. Retrieved 2807:2434/1036228 2784:(3): e4252. 2781: 2777: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2673:(in Slovene) 2668: 2664: 2653: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2497:(1): 15–25. 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2474:(in Slovene) 2465: 2454: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2322:(2): 75–79. 2319: 2315: 2297: 2293: 2261: 2257: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2189: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2119: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2054:. Retrieved 2046: 2037: 2026:. Retrieved 2021: 2012: 2003: 1969: 1965: 1942:. Retrieved 1938:the original 1933: 1924: 1905: 1880:. Retrieved 1876: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1796:. Retrieved 1788: 1782: 1774: 1762:. Retrieved 1748: 1742: 1736: 1704: 1689: 1683: 1656: 1646: 1637: 1630: 1614: 1598: 1592: 1586:joining the 1584: 1564: 1545: 1541: 1538:Conservation 1521: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1428: 1420: 1404:Sigmund Zois 1387: 1373: 1364: 1347: 1341: 1331: 1328:P. bavaricus 1327: 1320:Devil's Cave 1303: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1264: 1212:Body length 1177: 1172: 1160: 1154: 1122: 1120: 1081: 1074: 1058: 1056: 1021:heterochrony 1014: 985: 979:and live on 977: 961: 945: 902: 892: 888: 882: 876: 870: 860: 848: 830: 827: 813: 800: 794: 790:lateral line 785: 780: 759:The sensory 758: 730: 713:melanophores 700: 690: 677: 670:conditions. 625: 598: 571: 567: 563: 521: 518:Common names 486: 484: 474: 461:, retaining 451:pigmentation 424: 413: 339:Dinaric Alps 324: 308: 307: 294: 293: 289: 268: 266: 259:Adriatic Sea 233: 222: 199: 197: 181: 180: 161: 160: 4612:Oligotrophs 4453:iNaturalist 4360:Wikispecies 4215:iNaturalist 4085:AmphibiaWeb 4070:Wikispecies 3662:Chemosphere 3615:Chemosphere 3507:in England" 3372:Baker, Nick 3181:(in German) 3046:(2): 83–87. 2900:AmphibiaWeb 2024:(in German) 1877:AmphibiaWeb 1579:Natura 2000 1556:fertilizers 1446:Boris Bulog 1434: [ 1332:P. anguinus 1324:Pleistocene 1304:P. anguinus 1230:Appendages 1201:Head shape 913:Trichoptera 872:Troglocaris 867:crustaceans 816:vertebrates 743:are in the 697:pineal body 578:Description 435:undeveloped 377:, southern 215:Subspecies 47:, Slovenia 4566:Categories 3968:2014-01-22 3903:2023-09-30 3775:2009-12-05 3728:2023-08-19 3621:: 125422. 3561:2020-01-29 3390:2009-12-05 3162:1578082854 2929:: 248–263. 2056:2013-07-15 2028:2015-12-09 1944:2015-12-09 1882:27 January 1716:References 1671:ecotourism 1632:Zagreb Zoo 1626:vulnerable 1610:Montenegro 1552:pesticides 1548:pollutants 1482:introduced 1367:(1768) by 1257:Regressed. 1130:subspecies 1078:population 1037:morphology 1017:troglobite 993:viviparity 948:gregarious 921:Plecoptera 773:vibrations 741:taste buds 733:epithelium 709:melanopsin 705:Behavioral 642:forming a 621:riboflavin 532:Macedonian 505:Grottenolm 407:naturalist 391:Introduced 331:amphibians 300:salamander 69:Vulnerable 4622:Proteidae 4351:Q15017992 3962:"Proteus" 3300:0031-0239 3006:(1): 39. 2880:1 January 2363:Laurenti" 2264:: 33–53. 2181:190885637 2173:0044-5231 2151:: 16–23. 2047:nhm.ac.uk 1484:into the 1394:from the 1322:, in the 1217:vertebrae 1097:Black olm 1044:thyroxine 1010:oviparous 988:embryonic 965:pheromone 946:Olms are 889:Synurella 878:Niphargus 863:predatory 765:inner ear 761:epithelia 648:laterally 636:black olm 601:snakelike 485:The word 481:Etymology 453:in their 314:Proteidae 176:Species: 151:Proteidae 107:Kingdom: 101:Eukaryota 4345:Wikidata 4233:10198163 4055:Wikidata 3920:Archived 3872:3 August 3744:(2002). 3705:(1992) 3690:21658741 3643:31805461 3597:55129952 3218:Sket B. 3096:20659920 2921:)]. 2821:25 April 2816:38329178 2760:anguinus 2754:(2002). 2738:25511603 2645:46928861 2637:29865674 2583:20825148 2575:24895999 2519:30951738 2511:11236001 2446:21004249 2440:: 1–53. 2418:(eds.): 2344:25550328 2236:28710659 2113:Elsevier 1964:(1999), 1847:84308933 1798:19 March 1764:6 August 1679:vivarium 1675:Postojna 1474:Aggtelek 1312:holotype 1236:Shorter. 1152:region. 1138:Črnomelj 1065:outliers 933:glycogen 875:shrimp, 831:anguinus 777:neotenic 540:Croatian 494:loanword 475:Necturus 410:Valvasor 403:Slovenia 379:Slovenia 341:, it is 326:Necturus 321:chordate 227:Laurenti 207:Laurenti 168:Laurenti 147:Family: 131:Amphibia 121:Chordata 117:Phylum: 111:Animalia 97:Domain: 74:IUCN 3.1 43:Olms in 4549:1382162 4471:1292087 4445:2432041 4380:Proteus 4336:Proteus 4324:1382163 4194:2432042 4018:The olm 3842:16 July 3670:Bibcode 3623:Bibcode 3423:8 March 3270:Bibcode 3126:Bibcode 3087:3030882 3040:Proteus 2902:. 2021. 2786:Bibcode 2758:Proteus 2730:6705040 2671:: 1–16 2604:: 1–12. 2539:(ed.): 2395:1016662 2387:1540499 2336:9326735 2300:: 1–31. 2228:4449576 2208:Bibcode 2153:Bibcode 2107:(ed.): 1827:Bibcode 1815:Proteus 1783:Proteus 1690:Proteus 1490:Germany 1478:Hungary 1472:), and 1470:Belgium 1424:axolotl 1316:Bavaria 1265:Proteus 1233:Longer. 1169:Feature 1148:in the 1134:endemic 1091:Istrian 1052:tissues 1048:thyroid 1041:hormone 1033:somatic 1029:neoteny 952:display 935:in the 925:Diptera 909:insects 884:Asellus 828:Proteus 801:Proteus 786:Proteus 781:Proteus 763:of the 701:Proteus 668:hypoxic 628:melanin 618:pigment 609:myomere 595:in 1907 566:(from * 564:močeril 556:Serbian 548:Bosnian 524:Slovene 471:axolotl 459:neoteny 447:hearing 412:in his 395:Vicenza 383:Croatia 371:Trieste 369:) near 363:Italian 361:River ( 351:Central 343:endemic 335:aquatic 309:Proteus 304:species 290:proteus 273:German: 229:, 1768 162:Proteus 157:Genus: 141:Urodela 137:Order: 127:Class: 72: ( 4523:666457 4510:210425 4484:208252 4393:170765 4311:842080 4285:221568 4246:208253 4168:177831 4142:331216 4116:170766 4061:Q15856 3944: 3836:Zoo.hr 3688: 3641: 3595: 3552:"Home" 3484: 3459: 3414: 3354: 3322: 3298: 3240: 3220:et al. 3159: 3094: 3084: 2814: 2752:et al. 2736: 2728: 2643: 2635: 2581: 2573: 2537:et al. 2517: 2509: 2444: 2416:et al. 2393: 2385: 2342: 2334: 2234: 2226: 2179: 2171: 2105:et al. 1912: 1906:Animal 1845: 1494:Oliero 1492:) and 1462:France 1454:France 1412:London 1400:Vienna 1376:Idrija 1354:dragon 1182:Notes 1117:camera 929:lipids 923:, and 899:snails 887:, and 749:tongue 745:mucous 632:larvae 605:cloaca 568:močerъ 491:German 463:larval 439:senses 420:dragon 385:, and 367:Isonzo 209:, 1768 170:, 1768 4544:WoRMS 4536:37358 4466:IRMNG 4458:27676 4419:42738 4319:WoRMS 4298:79950 4259:18377 4228:IRMNG 4220:27677 4150:EUNIS 4129:4N3XG 3593:S2CID 3036:(PDF) 2734:S2CID 2641:S2CID 2579:S2CID 2515:S2CID 2383:JSTOR 2340:S2CID 2232:S2CID 2198:L.". 2177:S2CID 2043:"Olm" 2018:"Olm" 1968:[ 1930:"olm" 1843:S2CID 1696:Notes 1498:Italy 1438:] 1416:Paris 1254:Eyes 1243:Tail 1187:Skin 1087:Tržič 997:gland 973:sperm 937:liver 769:sound 664:lungs 660:blood 656:gills 644:sieve 640:teeth 511:Molch 489:is a 467:gills 443:smell 425:This 399:Kranj 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