715:
730:
770:
755:
360:
77:
40:
2828:
2838:
2848:
1171:
447:-grown in densely packed patches of around 1000 trees per hectare (compared to about two to three per hectare in nature). The trees are harvested after six to ten years of growth in Ecuador. The remaining volume of balsa is harvested from plantations in Papua New Guinea; the climate is different, therefore harvesting occurs at 4-5 years of age.
456:
491:. For commercial production, the wood is kiln-dried for about two weeks, leaving the cells hollow and empty. The large volume-to-surface ratio of the resulting thin-walled, empty cells gives the dried wood a large strength-to-weight ratio because the cells are mostly air. Unlike naturally rotted wood, which soon disintegrates in the
338:
Balsa trees grow extremely fast, often up to 27 metres in 10–15 years, and do not usually live beyond 30 to 40 years. They are often cultivated in dense patches, with
Ecuador supplying 95% or more of the commercial balsa. The wood from these trees is highly valuable due to its high strength-to-weight
386:, which establishes itself in clearings in forests, either man-made or where trees have fallen, or in abandoned agricultural fields. It grows extremely rapidly, up to 27 metres (89 ft) in 10–15 years. The speed of growth accounts for the lightness of the wood, which has a lower density than
393:
Flowers are produced from the third year onwards, typically at the end of the rainy season when few other trees are in flower. The large flowers open in the late afternoon and remain open overnight. Each may contain a pool of nectar up to 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) deep. Daytime pollinators
342:
Balsa wood is popular for light, stiff structures in model bridge tests, model buildings, and construction of model aircraft. It is also used in the manufacturing of wooden crankbaits for fishing, makeshift pens for calligraphy, composites, surfboards, boats, "breakaway" props for theatre and
613:
More than 90% of the world's Balsa wood volume is prepared into end grain panels for the composites industry, mostly used as structural cores in the wind turbine blades. Where strength, rigidity, durable and environmentally sustainable materials are sought after.
487:). The wood of the living tree has large cells that are filled with water. This gives the wood a spongy texture. It also makes the wood of the living tree not much lighter than water and barely able to
617:
Balsa is also used in the manufacture of "breakaway" wooden props such as tables and chairs that are designed to be broken as part of theatre, movie, and television productions.
351:
where it was used to build the raft. Balsa wood is also popular in arts such as whittling, and in the making of baroque-style picture frames due to its ease of shaping.
769:
398:. However, most pollination occurs at night. The main pollinators were once thought to be bats, but recent evidence suggests that two nocturnal arboreal mammals, the
382:
is native from southern Mexico to southern Brazil, but can now be found in many other countries (Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Thailand, Solomon
Islands). It is a
2721:
721:
729:
703:
method of extracting gold from ore. When mixed with water a soapy solution is produced and this helps the lighter, unwanted material to wash away.
714:
3316:
3042:
754:
3355:
3068:
677:
logs were not seasoned and owed much of their (rather slight) buoyancy to the fact that their sap was of lower density than sea water. This
2711:
364:
3407:
3094:
3264:
2990:
566:. Because O. pyramidale grows quickly and tolerates poor soils it is lower in cost per performance compared to polymer foams like
3329:
3277:
3055:
3003:
876:
867:
479:
ranges from 40 to 475 kg/m, with a typical density around 160 kg/m. Balsa is the softest wood ever measured using the
1112:
335:
despite the wood itself being very soft; it is the softest commercial hardwood and is widely used because of its light weight.
1028:
1203:
1096:
510:
Because it is low in density but high in specific strength, balsa is a very popular material for light, stiff structures in
3334:
3060:
574:
are commonly constructed of many balsa plywood cores and internal spars covered with resin infused cloth on both sides. In
2696:
776:
3494:
3484:
696:. In the making of picture frames, balsa was often used in a baroque style because of the ease of shaping the design.
3499:
3489:
2841:
2726:
1069:
2701:
3360:
3073:
3514:
3509:
3303:
3029:
637:
2706:
3425:
3112:
2716:
2426:
1444:
872:
1137:
3256:
3180:
2851:
2053:
527:
3204:
3199:
2930:
2925:
2982:
3420:
3282:
3107:
1903:
929:
Terry Porter: "Wood
Identification and Use", page 160. Guild of Master Craftsman Publications Ltd. 2004
699:
In parts of Africa and south
America the leaves of the balsa tree are used to enhance the traditional
339:
ratio, which is achieved through a kiln-drying process that leaves the wood's cells hollow and empty.
226:
3479:
3008:
2731:
2650:
1869:
1196:
858:
610:
balsa, which is much more resistant to compression than if the soft balsa wood were laid lengthwise.
523:
76:
1175:
739:
587:
51:
3230:
3099:
2083:
1231:
1226:
1122:
625:
621:
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varieties of the aeromodeling sports, with the lightest "contest grades" especially valuable for
3412:
3386:
606:, especially pleasure craft less than 30 m in length. On a boat, the balsa core is usually
3504:
3321:
3251:
2977:
2868:
2808:
1889:
1859:
1854:
1560:
939:
368:
20:
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958:
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1874:
1723:
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538:
230:
209:
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1010:(Report). UISDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. pp. 27–28. Report No. 1511.
3238:
2951:
2831:
2736:
2620:
2511:
2005:
1685:
1665:
1605:
1189:
1007:
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supplies 70% or more of commercial balsa. In recent years, about 60% of the balsa has been
8:
3381:
2461:
2456:
1990:
1975:
1955:
1950:
1826:
1708:
480:
348:
3399:
3446:
3133:
2519:
2029:
1965:
1590:
1545:
1317:
1277:
1117:
988:
629:
563:
511:
344:
242:
71:
829:
3368:
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2906:
2813:
2670:
2501:
2481:
2068:
1811:
1535:
1377:
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while having better tensile strength than typical foams. For example, the blades of
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3138:
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316:, due to its softness and its high strength compared to its low density. The name
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1392:
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Borrega, Marc; Ahvenainen, Patrik; Serimaa, Ritva; Gibson, Lorna (1 March 2015).
797:
761:
395:
387:
383:
114:
432:
despite the wood itself being very soft; it is the softest commercial hardwood.
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2782:
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2347:
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101:
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2020:
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1372:
1332:
1297:
700:
575:
571:
535:
519:
234:
170:
3438:
578:
rackets, a balsa layer is typically sandwiched between two pieces of thin
39:
3290:
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3016:
2900:
2787:
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2342:
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2010:
1751:
1467:
1417:
1212:
983:
678:
599:
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556:
496:
313:
187:
897:"balsa, n.". OED Online. March 2013. Oxford University Press. 9 May 2013
3269:
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2041:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1645:
1600:
1449:
1362:
1327:
742:
607:
591:
530:. However, it is also valued as a component of full-sized light wooden
492:
468:
444:
425:
418:
324:
55:
896:
681:
may have saved the expedition, because it prevented the seawater from
3295:
3021:
2964:
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2575:
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2401:
2244:
2229:
2204:
2015:
1995:
1940:
1930:
1864:
1836:
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1407:
1342:
1287:
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805:
689:
652:
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531:
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414:
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160:
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1660:
1625:
1620:
1517:
1436:
1347:
1312:
1307:
670:
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583:
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when commercial metal nibs of the desired width are not available.
488:
429:
399:
372:
332:
150:
127:
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3225:
3034:
2767:
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2655:
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2529:
2383:
2362:
2254:
2209:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2141:
2111:
2106:
1980:
1884:
1821:
1766:
1655:
1610:
1487:
1477:
1462:
1357:
1337:
579:
472:
440:
3243:
2757:
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1985:
1935:
1831:
1801:
1741:
1615:
1540:
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1455:
1322:
1240:
1170:
549:
504:
464:
403:
140:
63:
2956:
1181:
959:"Composition and structure of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) wood"
956:
2635:
2544:
2539:
2524:
1945:
1736:
1729:
1700:
1680:
1650:
1635:
1595:
1580:
1570:
1555:
1550:
1530:
1507:
1482:
1402:
791:
417:, with large 30 to 40 centimetres (12 to 16 in), weakly
304:
88:
582:
made from other species of wood. Balsa wood is also used in
2534:
2063:
2000:
1925:
1806:
1761:
1756:
1492:
1236:
911:
Angier, N. & Ziegler, C. (2011). "Treetop happy hour".
746:
688:
Balsa wood is also a popular wood type used in the arts of
666:
603:
476:
300:
59:
1058:
347:. Balsa wood played a historical role in Thor Heyerdahl's
2660:
2151:
1920:
1746:
1640:
1472:
1008:
Strength and related properties of Balsa and Quipo woods
795:, another tree producing lightweight lumber (especially
661:
from balsa logs, and upon it his crew and he sailed the
455:
555:
Sticks of dried balsa are useful as makeshift pens for
760:
Two balsa rafts and a kayak at Lagos de
Montebello in
647:, convinced that early contact between the peoples of
331:
can grow up to 30 m tall, and is classified as a
2722:
International
Federation of Building and Wood Workers
390:. Trees generally do not live beyond 30 to 40 years.
303:
native to the
Americas. It is the sole member of the
906:
904:
562:Balsa wood is often selected as a core material in
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
3466:
901:
1006:Wiepking, C. A.; Doyle, D. V. (November 1955).
999:
636:composed of balsa sandwiched between sheets of
495:where balsa trees grow, the cell walls of kiln-
1084:
1014:
343:television, and even in the floor pans of the
1197:
1138:"Colombia backs eco-friendly gold production"
1113:"Business Innovator: Felipe Arango, Colombia"
1091:. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated.
1078:
1005:
910:
824:
822:
499:balsa wood retain their strong structure of
467:is very soft and light, with a coarse, open
19:"Balsa" redirects here. For other uses, see
775:Balsa construction in a "stick and tissue"
312:. The tree is famous for its wide usage in
1204:
1190:
819:
38:
982:
459:Three different sizes of balsa wood stock
2712:Building and Wood Workers' International
454:
358:
877:United States Department of Agriculture
868:Germplasm Resources Information Network
514:, model buildings, and construction of
3467:
1052:
950:
720:Painting by Frances W. Horne from the
518:; all grades are usable for airworthy
2867:
2866:
1185:
2847:
1135:
1088:Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft
2837:
2697:American Association of Woodturners
1085:Thor Heyerdahl (24 December 2013).
851:
643:Norwegian scientist and adventurer
13:
406:, may be the primary pollinators.
14:
3526:
2727:National Wood Carvers Association
1163:
3426:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:171458-2
2846:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2702:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1169:
768:
753:
728:
713:
594:) for making high-quality balsa
320:is the Spanish word for "raft."
75:
3113:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:26001-1
1211:
1129:
1105:
1046:
685:the wood and sinking the raft.
638:carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic
378:A member of the mallow family,
2707:British Woodworking Federation
932:
923:
890:
602:and topsides of many types of
435:
1:
2717:Caricature Carvers of America
1136:Howe, Marc (1 January 2013).
873:Agricultural Research Service
812:
655:was possible, built the raft
544:Balsa is used to make wooden
50:at the Large Tree Habitat at
7:
963:Wood Science and Technology
784:
428:, balsa is classified as a
299:, is a large, fast-growing
10:
3531:
706:
528:free-flight model aircraft
354:
18:
3495:Trees of Northern America
3485:Monotypic Malvales genera
3149:
2875:
2822:
2796:
2745:
2732:Society of Wood Engravers
2689:
2603:
2553:
2510:
2382:
2375:
2263:
2150:
2092:
1911:
1902:
1845:
1516:
1435:
1426:
1250:
1219:
975:10.1007/s00226-015-0700-5
524:radio-controlled aircraft
248:
241:
215:
208:
72:Scientific classification
70:
46:
37:
30:
3500:Trees of Central America
3490:Plants described in 1920
1029:"Balsa Wood description"
944:www.woodsolutions.com.au
777:free-flight rubber scale
740:Tropical Gardens of Maui
588:glass-reinforced plastic
548:for fishing, especially
349:Kon-Tiki expedition
295:, commonly known as the
52:Tropical Gardens of Maui
1123:Council of the Americas
940:"Balsa | WoodSolutions"
450:
3515:Trees of the Caribbean
3510:Trees of South America
2809:Frameless construction
1890:Wood-plastic composite
673:in 1947. However, the
460:
375:
369:Limbe Botanical Garden
21:Balsa (disambiguation)
539:de Havilland Mosquito
458:
362:
2737:Timber Framers Guild
1591:Australian Blackwood
1178:at Wikimedia Commons
1035:on November 22, 2010
830:"Search results for
2457:Hammer-headed tenon
1976:Janka hardness test
913:National Geographic
671:Tuamotu Archipelago
628:generations of the
534:, most notably the
481:Janka hardness test
3387:Ochroma pyramidale
3181:Ochroma pyramidale
3151:Ochroma pyramidale
1318:Japanese carpentry
1118:Americas Quarterly
736:Ochroma pyramidale
669:to the Polynesian
630:Chevrolet Corvette
512:model bridge tests
461:
424:Being a deciduous
380:Ochroma pyramidale
376:
345:Chevrolet Corvette
329:Ochroma pyramidale
292:Ochroma pyramidale
219:Ochroma pyramidale
201:O. pyramidale
48:Ochroma pyramidale
3462:
3461:
3369:Open Tree of Life
3082:Open Tree of Life
2869:Taxon identifiers
2860:
2859:
2814:Green woodworking
2671:Wood preservation
2599:
2598:
2502:Tongue and groove
2482:Mortise and tenon
2371:
2370:
2069:Warrington hammer
1898:
1897:
1586:African Blackwood
1378:Segmented turning
1174:Media related to
1098:978-1-62914-634-8
288:
287:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
251:Bombax pyramidale
190:
3522:
3480:Malvaceae genera
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2894:
2864:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2380:
2379:
2049:Thickness planer
1909:
1908:
1703:(lime, basswood)
1433:
1432:
1293:Chainsaw carving
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1054:Lovett, Patricia
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1025:
1012:
1011:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
954:
948:
947:
936:
930:
927:
921:
920:
908:
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894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
826:
772:
757:
732:
722:Flora Borinqueña
717:
396:capuchin monkeys
281:
274:
267:
265:Ochroma concolor
260:
253:
221:
186:
80:
79:
66:, United States
42:
28:
27:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
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3519:
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3424:
3419:
3411:
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3198:
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3111:
3106:
3098:
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2989:
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2916:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2818:
2804:Frame and panel
2792:
2741:
2685:
2595:
2554:Surface piecing
2549:
2506:
2427:Crown of thorns
2367:
2353:Smoothing plane
2259:
2146:
2088:
1991:Milling machine
1894:
1855:Cross-laminated
1841:
1512:
1422:
1393:Spindle turning
1383:Shingle weaving
1353:Pallet crafting
1246:
1215:
1210:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1150:
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1134:
1130:
1125:. 24 July 2013.
1111:
1110:
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1072:
1062:British Library
1051:
1047:
1038:
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1004:
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933:
928:
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902:
895:
891:
881:
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857:
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852:
842:
840:
828:
827:
820:
815:
798:Tilia americana
787:
780:
773:
764:
762:Chiapas, Mexico
758:
749:
733:
724:
718:
709:
679:serendipitously
453:
438:
357:
279:Ochroma obtusum
277:
272:Ochroma lagopus
270:
263:
258:Ochroma bicolor
256:
237:
223:
217:
204:
185:
74:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3528:
3518:
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3457:
3456:
3452:wfo-0000390582
3443:
3430:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3326:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3274:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3186:
3171:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:wfo-4000026493
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2912:
2897:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:Quarter sawing
2780:
2775:
2773:Wood splitting
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2681:Wood finishing
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2641:Paint stripper
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
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2588:
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2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
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2537:
2532:
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2522:
2516:
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2508:
2507:
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2499:
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2469:
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2434:
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2414:
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2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Shoulder plane
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Moulding plane
2320:
2315:
2313:Japanese plane
2310:
2305:
2303:Grooving plane
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:Flooring clamp
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Winding sticks
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Timber-framing
2051:
2046:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Particle board
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:Glue laminated
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
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1495:
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1470:
1465:
1460:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1398:Timber framing
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:Relief carving
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:Bush carpentry
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1164:External links
1162:
1159:
1158:
1128:
1104:
1097:
1077:
1070:
1064:. p. 14.
1045:
1013:
998:
969:(2): 403–420.
949:
931:
922:
900:
889:
850:
838:The Plant List
817:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
802:
786:
783:
782:
781:
779:model airplane
774:
767:
765:
759:
752:
750:
734:
727:
725:
719:
712:
708:
705:
645:Thor Heyerdahl
586:together with
516:model aircraft
452:
449:
437:
434:
421:lobed leaves.
413:or dry-season
356:
353:
286:
285:
246:
245:
239:
238:
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
198:
196:
192:
191:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
118:
117:
112:
105:
104:
99:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
67:
44:
43:
35:
34:
16:Genus of trees
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3527:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Trees of Peru
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
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2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Chainsaw mill
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:Organizations
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Steam bending
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2616:French polish
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Rabbet/Rebate
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Mason's mitre
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2361:
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2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Jointer plane
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Compass plane
2286:
2284:
2283:Chamfer plane
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Bedrock plane
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Veneer hammer
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Impact driver
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1891:
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1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
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1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Red Quebracho
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
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1627:
1624:
1622:
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1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
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1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
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1501:
1499:
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1471:
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1379:
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1361:
1359:
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1336:
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1311:
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1301:
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1289:
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1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Bow and arrow
1261:
1259:
1258:Boat building
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1147:
1146:Glacier Media
1143:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1071:9780810941199
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
985:
984:1721.1/102327
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
941:
935:
926:
919:(5): 130–143.
918:
914:
907:
905:
898:
893:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
862:
854:
839:
835:
833:
825:
823:
818:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
794:
793:
789:
788:
778:
771:
766:
763:
756:
751:
748:
744:
741:
737:
731:
726:
723:
716:
711:
710:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Pacific Ocean
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:South America
646:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:wind turbines
569:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:of dry balsa
474:
470:
466:
457:
448:
446:
442:
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
391:
389:
385:
384:pioneer plant
381:
374:
370:
366:
361:
352:
350:
346:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
284:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
222:
220:
214:
211:
210:Binomial name
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
193:
189:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
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142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:Tracheophytes
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
3475:Bombacoideae
3150:
2876:
2621:Heat bending
2566:Edge banding
2338:Router plane
2333:Rebate plane
2293:Finger plane
2024:
1728:
1722:
1702:
1696:Lignum vitae
1565:
1454:
1448:
1413:Wood carving
1388:Shipbuilding
1373:Root carving
1333:Log building
1298:Chip carving
1149:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
1121:. New York:
1116:
1107:
1087:
1080:
1057:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1001:
966:
962:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
912:
892:
880:. Retrieved
866:
860:
853:
841:. Retrieved
837:
831:
804:
796:
790:
735:
698:
687:
683:waterlogging
674:
656:
642:
619:
616:
612:
598:and for the
576:table tennis
561:
554:
543:
536:World War II
520:control line
509:
462:
439:
423:
408:
392:
379:
377:
341:
337:
328:
323:A deciduous
322:
317:
308:
307:
296:
291:
290:
289:
278:
271:
264:
257:
254:Cav. ex Lam.
250:
249:
218:
216:
200:
199:
181:
180:
171:Bombacoideae
134:
121:
108:
95:
47:
31:
25:
3400:kew-2401123
3291:iNaturalist
3175:Wikispecies
3017:iNaturalist
2901:Wikispecies
2842:WikiProject
2788:Rift sawing
2778:Flat sawing
2666:Wood drying
2343:Scrub plane
2328:Razee plane
2278:Block plane
2132:Mitre clamp
2079:Wood scribe
2030:Combination
1772:Purpleheart
1468:Douglas fir
1418:Woodturning
1251:Occupations
1213:Woodworking
1151:19 November
557:calligraphy
493:rainforests
483:(22 to 167
436:Cultivation
314:woodworking
167:Subfamily:
115:Angiosperms
3469:Categories
3395:Plant List
2797:Techniques
2746:Conversion
2676:Wood stain
2604:Treatments
2392:Birdsmouth
2358:Spokeshave
2308:Jack plane
2298:Fore plane
2137:Pipe clamp
2102:Band clamp
2026:Carpenters
1847:Engineered
1797:Rubberwood
1646:Eucalyptus
1450:Calocedrus
1363:Pyrography
1328:Kohlrosing
1060:. London:
1039:2011-01-02
882:26 October
813:References
743:Iao Valley
634:floor pans
596:surfboards
592:fiberglass
564:composites
546:crankbaits
532:aeroplanes
445:plantation
426:angiosperm
325:angiosperm
297:balsa tree
56:Iao Valley
3257:242427577
2892:Q12302824
2586:Parquetry
2581:Oystering
2576:Marquetry
2417:Butterfly
2084:Workbench
2016:Sandpaper
1996:Mitre box
1941:Drawknife
1931:Burnisher
1916:Abrasives
1865:Hardboard
1526:Afromosia
1408:Whittling
1358:Parquetry
1343:Marquetry
1288:Certosina
1283:Carpentry
1273:Cabinetry
1220:Overviews
806:Paulownia
690:whittling
653:Polynesia
608:end-grain
584:laminates
501:cellulose
419:palmately
415:deciduous
411:evergreen
365:Bota Hill
363:Balsa on
195:Species:
161:Malvaceae
85:Kingdom:
3434:Tropicos
3348:61786528
3322:10199021
3309:171458-2
3160:Wikidata
3126:40029970
3121:Tropicos
2886:Wikidata
2832:Category
2611:Adhesive
2591:Purfling
2571:Intarsia
2512:Profiles
2437:Dovetail
2376:Geometry
2215:Hand saw
2200:Crosscut
2185:Circular
2180:Chainsaw
2127:Holdfast
1792:Rosewood
1724:American
1719:Mahogany
1691:Jelutong
1661:Hornbeam
1626:Cocobolo
1621:Chestnut
1536:Andiroba
1348:Millwork
1313:Intarsia
1308:Fretwork
1303:Ébéniste
1232:Glossary
1056:(2000).
785:See also
675:Kon Tiki
658:Kon Tiki
497:seasoned
430:hardwood
402:and the
400:kinkajou
394:include
373:Cameroon
333:hardwood
243:Synonyms
157:Family:
151:Malvales
128:Eudicots
3439:3900204
3270:3152240
3226:Ecocrop
3166:Q187941
3048:1304437
3035:26001-1
2996:3152238
2907:Ochroma
2877:Ochroma
2852:Commons
2768:Whipsaw
2763:Sawmill
2656:Varnish
2651:Thermal
2626:Lacquer
2561:Binding
2530:Chamfer
2397:Biscuit
2363:Surform
2255:Whipsaw
2225:Keyhole
2210:Fretsaw
2190:Compass
2175:Bucksaw
2165:Bandsaw
2160:Backsaw
2142:Sawbuck
2112:F-clamp
2107:C-clamp
1981:Jointer
1885:Plywood
1837:Zebrano
1777:Ovankol
1742:Meranti
1730:African
1701:Linden
1656:Hickory
1611:Cedrela
1606:Camphor
1601:Bubinga
1596:Boxwood
1576:Bilinga
1561:Avodire
1478:Juniper
1463:Cypress
1338:Luthier
1227:History
1176:Ochroma
993:6546811
861:Ochroma
843:1 March
832:Ochroma
707:Gallery
701:panning
694:surfing
580:plywood
552:lures.
473:density
441:Ecuador
355:Biology
309:Ochroma
182:Ochroma
177:Genus:
147:Order:
89:Plantae
32:Ochroma
3408:PLANTS
3374:861917
3244:584793
3205:223832
3189:APDB:
3095:PLANTS
3087:861913
2983:122590
2931:223831
2918:193091
2915:APDB:
2758:Hewing
2497:Splice
2452:Halved
2447:Groove
2442:Finger
2422:Coping
2407:Bridle
2384:Joints
2265:Planes
2250:Veneer
2240:Scroll
2235:Ripsaw
2220:Jigsaw
2195:Coping
2094:Clamps
2021:Square
2011:Shaper
2006:Router
1986:Mallet
1961:Gimlet
1936:Chisel
1832:Willow
1822:Walnut
1812:Totara
1802:Sapele
1767:Poplar
1752:Padauk
1714:Merbau
1686:Jarrah
1671:Imbuia
1666:Idigbo
1631:Cumaru
1616:Cherry
1541:Anigre
1503:Spruce
1456:Cedrus
1323:Khatam
1278:Caning
1241:lumber
1142:Mining
1095:
1068:
991:
692:, and
550:Rapala
505:lignin
471:. The
465:lumber
463:Balsa
409:It is
404:olingo
282:Rowlee
268:Rowlee
261:Rowlee
141:Rosids
64:Hawaii
58:Road,
3361:66662
3335:21602
3317:IRMNG
3296:62810
3283:25473
3218:6SF4P
3192:48466
3100:OCHRO
3074:66661
3061:21599
3043:IRMNG
3022:62820
2970:1OCHG
2957:71378
2636:Paint
2545:Ovolo
2540:Ogive
2525:Bevel
2492:Scarf
2477:Miter
2245:Table
2230:Miter
2205:Frame
2122:Gripe
2038:Speed
2034:Miter
1966:Gauge
1956:Float
1951:Fence
1946:Drill
1904:Tools
1827:Wenge
1817:Utile
1782:Ramin
1737:Maple
1709:Lovoa
1681:Iroko
1651:Hazel
1636:Ebony
1581:Birch
1571:Beech
1566:Balsa
1556:Aspen
1551:Apple
1531:Alder
1488:Kauri
1483:Larch
1445:Cedar
1428:Woods
1403:Treen
989:S2CID
792:Tilia
665:from
626:sixth
622:fifth
604:boats
600:decks
489:float
469:grain
318:balsa
305:genus
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
3421:POWO
3413:OCPY
3382:PfaF
3356:NCBI
3343:IUCN
3330:ITIS
3304:IPNI
3278:GRIN
3265:GBIF
3231:8028
3200:BOLD
3108:POWO
3069:NCBI
3056:ITIS
3030:IPNI
3009:8350
3004:GRIN
2991:GBIF
2965:EPPO
2944:66H5
2926:BOLD
2535:Ogee
2520:Bead
2462:Knee
2432:Dado
2412:Butt
2152:Saws
2064:Vise
2001:Rasp
1926:Adze
1807:Teak
1762:Plum
1757:Pear
1518:Hard
1498:Rimu
1493:Pine
1437:Soft
1237:Wood
1153:2023
1093:ISBN
1066:ISBN
884:2009
845:2016
747:Maui
745:Rd,
667:Peru
651:and
632:had
624:and
620:The
522:and
503:and
477:wood
451:Uses
388:cork
301:tree
235:Urb.
231:Lam.
227:Cav.
60:Maui
3447:WFO
3252:FNA
3239:EoL
3213:CoL
3134:WFO
2978:FNA
2952:EoL
2939:CoL
2661:Wax
2631:Oil
2467:Lap
2402:Box
2170:Bow
2042:Try
1921:Axe
1875:OSB
1870:MDF
1747:Oak
1676:Ipê
1641:Elm
1546:Ash
1508:Yew
1473:Fir
979:hdl
971:doi
917:219
738:at
568:EPS
485:lbf
275:Sw.
229:ex
188:Sw.
3471::
3449::
3436::
3423::
3410::
3397::
3384::
3371::
3358::
3345::
3332::
3319::
3306::
3293::
3280::
3267::
3254::
3241::
3228::
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3202::
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3084::
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3032::
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2028:,
1727:,
1453:,
1144:.
1140:.
1115:.
1016:^
987:.
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871:.
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1042:.
995:.
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886:.
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847:.
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801:)
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
