Olusegun Obasanjo - Knowledge

2647:, announced the full introduction of sharia as the basis of that state's penal code, although specified that it would only apply to Muslim residents and not the non-Islamic minority. This sparked alarm among Christian minorities across northern Nigeria, with protests and counter-protests generating violence, especially in Kaduna. Across Nigeria, Christian opinion was very hostile to the introduction of sharia as the basis of state penal systems. Both houses of the National Assembly urged Obasanjo to take the issue to the Supreme Court. He was eager to avoid this, not wanting the role of sharia to become a constitutional issue. Publicly he sought to distinguish what he called "genuine sharia" from "political sharia", praising the former while insisting that the latter was a fad that would fizzle out. By refusing to intervene, Obasanjo drew criticism for a lack of courage from many southerners, while Muslim hardliners in the north mocked him. Amid popular demand from Muslim communities, four more northern states adopted sharia penal law in 2000 and seven more in 2001. Obasanjo later stated that the issue was the biggest challenge he ever faced as president. 2457: 3029: 2651:

areas. To deal with this, Obasanjo doubled the country's police force from 120,000 to 240,000 between 1999 and 2003. Little was done to deal with police brutality, with the torture of suspects remaining widespread under Obasanjo's administration. Also fuelling the violence were ethnic tensions, with different ethnic and regional groups calling for greater autonomy, leading various commentators to predict the breakup of Nigeria. For Obasanjo, keeping the country united became a major priority. Only on select occasions would he turn to the military to quell unrest, preferring not to have to mobilise the army unless state governors requested it. In his words, "we must utilise military force only when all else has failed. That is my own principle and philosophy." He saw greater value in forgiveness, amnesty, and reconciliation to achieve harmony than in retributive criminal justice of perpetrators. Under Obasanjo's presidency, the levels of violence and disorder in Nigeria declined.

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Nigerian." Throughout his life he expressed a preference for rural over urban life. He has been a lifelong teetotaller. He has been characterised as having a sense of discipline and duty, and emphasised what he saw as the importance of leadership. He was meticulous at planning, and Iliffe called him an "instinctively cautious man". Obasanjo always emphasised the importance of deferring to seniority, a value he had learned in childhood. Iliffe described Obasanjo as a man with "great physical and intellectual energy" who "exercised power with skill and ruthlessness, sometimes unscrupulously but seldom cruelly". Derfler similarly stated that, although Obasanjo could appear "boorish and dull", he had a "sharply perceptive mind" and the capacity to be "tough and ruthless". He had, according to Iliffe, a "remarkable capacity for work". He was cautious with money, living modestly and seeking financial security by investing in property. He is softly-spoken.

2250:. From that point, Christianity played a much larger role in his personal world-view. At Yola, he preached 28 weekly sermons after visiting ministers were temporarily banned. He wrote these sermons down, allowing them to be published when he was released. Obasanjo also tried to reform some of the younger prisoners, following up on their progress once he became a free man. Obasanjo feared that he would be poisoned, particularly amid public speculation that Yar'adua's death had been caused by deliberate poisoning. Abacha died suddenly in June 1998, after which the military commanders appointed Major General Abdulsalami Abubakar as his successor. A week later, Abubakar ordered Obasanjo's release, sending a plane to return him to Ota. Eager to return Nigeria to civilian rule, Abubakar dissolved the country's existing parties and institutions and announced a plan that would lead to a civilian president being installed in May 1999. 1270: 2746:, a vigilante group active primarily in Abia and Anambra states which was responsible for an estimated two thousand killings. He had hesitated doing so before due to the popular support that the group had accrued through fighting criminal gangs, but felt able to move against them after their popularity waned. That same month, an ammunition dump at the Ijeka barracks near Lagos exploded, potentially resulting in as many as a thousand deaths. Obasanjo visited immediately. Violent unrest had also continued in Lagos, and in February 2002, troops were sent into the city to restore stability. In April 2002, Obasanjo proposed legislation that would allow for the proscription of ethnic-based groups if they were deemed to promote violence, but the National Executive rejected this as an overreach of presidential power. 2485:

1982–85 when Nigeria operated exchange control regime that vested all foreign exchange transactions on the central bank of Nigeria. When Obasanjo took office, Nigeria's economy was in a poor state. Inflation had averaged about 30% a year throughout the 1990s, and by 2001 around 20% of Nigerian adults were unemployed. Poverty was widespread, with Obasanjo's government seeking to alleviate this by paying N3,500 a month to around 200,000 people to conduct routine tasks such as sweeping and mending roads. This project was then replaced with a National Poverty Eradication Programme which focused on generating youth employment, rural infrastructure, and conservation. In 2000, Obasanjo's government doubled the legal minimum wage.

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forming a National Council on Privatisation in July 1999. When he took office, Nigeria's federal government owned 588 public enterprises, accounting for over 55% of external debt, and Obasanjo hoped that many of these, although not those involved in oil production, could be sold off. Privatisation was not popular with Nigeria's population, having only 35% support according to a 2000 opinion survey. Obasanjo was also keen to negotiate debt reduction. He insisted that Nigeria's debts were so large as to be unpayable and that they threatened its economy and democracy. Although Canada, Italy, and the U.S. cancelled Nigeria's debts, these were small, and the country's major creditors, the largest of which was the UK, refused.

2099:, whom Obasanjo later described as the most intolerant man he had ever met. The EPG's report stated that while a majority of South Africans desired a non-violent negotiated settlement between the government and anti-apartheid groups, the former was unwilling to contemplate this and had made no significant progress towards ending apartheid. The EPG thus proposed that further international pressure was necessary. A Commonwealth committee accepted the report's findings, with the UK dissenting; this left Obasanjo further frustrated with Thatcher. The Commonwealth then commissioned him to head a committee to determine what the Frontline States needed to defend themselves from South African incursions. 2213:

treason, a capital offense under Nigerian law. He was then taken to the State Security Interrogation Centre at Ikoyi. Abacha insisted that Obasanjo be tried before a military court, which took place on 19 June 1995. At the trial, Obasanjo denied that Bello-Fadile had ever met with him. Bello-Fadile also maintained that he had signed the statement implicating Obasanjo under duress, but the court rejected this retraction. On 14 July, the court sentenced Obasanjo to 25 years in prison; Yar'Adua and fourteen others also accused of being part of the conspiracy were sentenced to death. Obasanjo later called it his "saddest day". After the US President

2731: 1601:. Nigeria's population growth contributed to rapid urbanisation and an urban housing shortage. To deal with this, Obasanjo's 1976 budget outlined plans for the construction of 200,000 new housing units by 1980, although ultimately only 28,500 were built. In 1976, Obasanjo's government also announced rent and price controls. To counteract the disruption of labour strikes, in 1976 Obasanjo's government introduced legislation that defined most major industries as essential services, banned strikes within them, and authorised the detention of disruptive union leaders. In 1978 it merged 42 unions into the single 1340:. Obasanjo insisted that Biafran troops surrender their arms and that a selection of the breakaway state's leaders go to Lagos and formally surrender to Gowon. The next day, Obasanjo spoke on regional radio, urging citizens to stay in their homes and guaranteeing their safety. Many Biafrans and foreign media sources feared that the Nigerian Army would commit widespread atrocities against the defeated population, although Obasanjo was keen to prevent this. He ordered his troops in the region to remain within their barracks, maintain that the local police should take responsibility for law and order. The 1657:, a project to revitalise small-scale farming and which involved students being paid to farm during the holidays. The project also involved abolishing duties on livestock feed and farm implements, subsidizing the use of fertilisers, and easing agricultural credit. In March 1978, Obasanjo issued the Land Use Decree which gave the state propriety rights over all land. This was designed to stop land hoarding and land speculation, and brought praise from the Nigerian left although was disliked by many land-owning families. Obasanjo saw it as one of his government's main achievements. 772: 674: 58: 10366: 10190: 1726: 1564: 2263:(PDP), an umbrella group that sought to be sufficiently broad that if in power it would deter future coups. Prominent PDP members proposed Obasanjo as an ideal presidential candidate. They felt that he could command international respect and that as a military figure he could hold the country together against future coups and secessionist movements. They also argued that Nigeria needed a southern president to balance out its previous northern leadership and that Obasanjo had proved himself as a southerner who had no partisan prejudice against the north. 794: 11006: 10942: 1984:. By 1992, his opposition to Babangida's rule had led him to call for a re-democratisation of Nigeria. He also began to reject the economic indigenisation policies of the 1970s, arguing that the constitution should prohibit the confiscation of foreign investments. Instead, he thought the government should emphasise private-led development. He became increasingly concerned by rapid population growth, a topic he had ignored while in power, urging Nigerians to have smaller families "in their own economic and national socio-economic interest". 2301: 10990: 1344:, which was more isolated, did carry out reprisal attacks on the local population. Obasanjo was tough on the perpetrators, having those guilty of looting flogged and those guilty of rape shot. Gowon's government made Obasanjo responsible for reintegrating Biafra into Nigeria, in which position he earned respect for emphasising magnanimity. As an engineer, he emphasised restoration of the water supply; by May 1970 all major towns in the region were reconnected to the water supply. Obasanjo's role in ending the war made him a 2978:

that had become dominant in the 1990s. Iliffe thought that throughout his career, Obasanjo had always displayed an "ambivalence" about the level of state involvement in the economy. His general attitude was that poverty was caused by idleness. While campaigning for the 1999 presidential election, Obasanjo called himself a "market-oriented social democrat" although was vague on his proposed economic strategy. During his presidency, his government brought together figures who were committed to free markets, who favoured more

2424:, claimed Obasanjo informed him about the agenda shortly after he became senate president. He said: "Immediately, I became senate president, he told me of his intentions and told me how he wanted to achieve it. I initially did not take him seriously until the events began to unfold." He also insinuated that Eight Billion Naira was spent to corrupt legislators to support the agenda, asking: "How can someone talk like this that he didn't know about it, yet money, both in local and foreign currencies, exchanged hands." 2514: 1818: 11054: 3081: 10930: 3097:

increasingly committed to the belief that it was his God-commanded destiny to rule Nigeria. Obasanjo's critics believed that he had been corrupted by power and that, particularly during his second term in office, he became driven by the idea of indefinitely retaining power for himself. During his first term as head of state, he earned some enmity from fellow Yoruba who believed that he should have done more to advance the interests of his own ethnic group in government.

1881:. Several factions agreed to a ceasefire, to form a government of national unity, and to allow Nigerian troops to act as peacekeepers. The war nevertheless continued and Nigeria responded by cutting off its oil supply to Chad. A second conference on the conflict took place in Lagos in August 1979, resulting in the formation of another short-lived transitional government. In the final year of his military government, he headed an OAU mission to resolve the conflict in 2547: 11026: 2229:, where he spent time in the prison hospital for his hypertension and diabetes. Conditions in Kirikiri were overcrowded and unsanitary, with Obasanjo stating that he "would not wish it on my worst enemy". There, Bello-Fadile apologised to Obasanjo for having implicated him, at which Obasanjo forgave him. A note written by Bello-Fadile explaining the situation was then smuggled out of the prison and published, helping to demonstrate Obasanjo's innocence. 2326:. While appointing his new government, he selected an even number of ministers from the north and south of Nigeria, although the fact that a majority were Christian upset some Muslim northerners. Critics generally characterised Obasanjo's cabinet as being too old and conservative, as well as lacking in experience, especially when dealing with economic matters. During his first administration the levels of freedom experienced by Nigerians increased; 1866:. At the next conference, he urged the formation of a Pan-African military which could engage in peace-keeping efforts on the continent. To promote Nigeria's role internationally, Obasanjo involved himself in various mediation efforts across Africa. In 1977, he persuaded Benin and Togo to end their border dispute and reopen their frontier. He also attempted to mediate a quarrel among several East African states and thus prevent the collapse of the 10954: 699: 658: 11070: 10978: 2966:

while Babangida envisioned a centre-left and centre-right party competing against each other, it would inevitably develop into one party representing the Christian south and the other representing the Muslim north. He instead argued that there should be no limit on the number of political parties that could be formed, although suggested that if this could not occur then Nigeria should become a one-party state. Amid the collapse of the

9888: 11042: 10966: 2909:. He was committed to a form of Nigerian patriotism and the belief that Nigeria should be retained as a single nation-state, rather than being broken up along ethnic lines. In 2001, he stated that his long-term goal was "the nullification of all forms of identification except Nigerian citizenship". He argued that dismantling Nigeria along ethnic lines would result in the ethnic cleansing and violence that had been seen during the 2197:

treason. Although Obasanjo refused to endorse Abiola's claim, he did advise Abacha not to arrest him. He then led a group of traditional leaders at a meeting in which they attempted to initiate a dialogue between Abacha and Abiola. His refusal to support Abiola angered many Yoruba people and Obasanjo's property in Yorubaland was attacked. Obasanjo was upset by what he saw as punishment for not backing Yoruba sectarian interests.

2946: 1906:, as had happened elsewhere in Africa, it argued for various checks on their power, including a federal structure whereby independent elected institutions would exist at the federal, state, and local level. The draft constitution was published in October 1976 and debated in public for the following year. A constituent assembly met to discuss the draft in October 1977. The assembly deadlocked over what role to give 1242:, recognised that although Olusegun was not Igbo, as a southerner he was still in danger from the mutinous troops. To protect them, Katsina sent Olusegun and his wife back to Maiduguri for ten days, while the violence abated. After this, Obasanjo sent his wife to Lagos while returning to Kaduna himself, where he remained until January 1967. At this point he was the most senior Yoruba officer present in the north. 2691:. The military destroyed most of the town; the government claimed that 43 had been killed, but a local NGO put the number of civilian deaths at 2,483. Obasanjo described the destruction as "avoidable" and "regrettable" and visited Odi in March 2001; he refused to condemn the army, apologise for the destruction, pay compensation or rebuild the town, although the Niger Delta Development Commission did the latter. 2028: 8136: 2623: 2655: 8157: 2786:, with control over nominations for governmental positions and even policy and strategy. As one Western diplomat said, "He intends to sit in the passenger seat giving advice and ready to grab the wheel if Nigeria goes off course." He voluntarily resigned as the chairman board of trustees of the PDP in April 2012. Afterwards, he withdrew from political activities with PDP. 1357:

meantime, a ban on political parties remained in forces; Gowon made little progress towards establishing a civilian government. Under the military government, Obasanjo sat on the decommissioning committee which recommended dramatic reductions of troop numbers in the Nigerian Army over the course of the 1970s. In 1974 Obasanjo went to the UK for a course at the

964:. His later passport gave his date of birth as 5 March 1937, although this was a later estimate, with no contemporary records surviving. His father was Amos Adigun Obaluayesanjo "Obasanjo" Bankole and his mother was Bernice Ashabi Bankole. The first of nine children, only he and a sister (Adunni Oluwole Obasanjo) survived childhood. He was born to the 1964:

Farms Limited. He devoted particular attention to poultry farming; by the mid-1980s, his farm was hatching 140,000 chicks a week. He also set up farms in other southwestern cities, and by 1987 his farms had over 400 employees at eight locations. Like other popular Yoruba figures, Obasanjo sponsored poor students at his former school in Abeokuta.

1926:. Obasanjo was angered that many of the politicians were making promises that they could not keep. The elections took place over the course of July and August 1979. Turnout was low, at between 30 and 40 percent of legally registered voters, and there was rigging on various sides, although it was peaceful. There was debate as to who won the 1745:(ECOWAS) and angered many of its Francophone members after insisting that, as the largest financial contributor to the organisation, Nigeria should host the organisation's headquarters in Lagos. Relations with nearby Ghana also declined; in 1979, Nigeria cut off oil supplies to the country to protest the execution of political opponents by 2193:

latter did, but refused to support Abacha's government until it announced a date for its own departure. Abacha then abolished the existing political parties and democratic institutions and called for politicians from various backgrounds to join his Federal Executive Council; Obasanjo refused to nominate anyone for this council.

2168:(SDP) claimed victory, but this was challenged in court. Babangida then annulled the election result, promising a second election soon after. The SDP opposed any second election as they argued that their candidate had already won the first. Babangida then agreed to step down in favour of an interim civilian government, led by 1257:. The fighting between the Nigerian Army and the Biafran separatists broke out on 6 July. On 9 July, Ojukwu sent a column of Biafran troops over the Niger Bridge in an attempt to seize the Mid-West, a position from which it could attack Lagos. Obasanjo sought to block the roads leading to the city. The Yoruba commander 1678:. The severity of these measures was perhaps due to suspicions that the student unrest was linked to a planned military coup that was uncovered in February 1978. Obasanjo was frustrated at the protesting student's behaviour, arguing that it reflected a turn away from traditional values such as respect for elders. 2106:, the latter freed Mandela from prison. One of Mandela's first foreign trips was to Nigeria, where he visited Obasanjo at his home. Two months later, Obasanjo led a Nigerian delegation to South Africa for talks with prominent political figures. In September 1991, he visited again, where he urged the Zulu leader 2937:

was "a guiding principle" throughout Obasanjo's career. While in power during the 1970s, Obasanjo expressed criticism of "institutionalized opposition" to the government. In his view this was "profoundly incongruent with most African political culture and practice." Instead of constantly opposing the

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by Rice. On page 628 or page 638, she discussed Obasanjo's meeting with Bush, how he told the former American President that he wanted to see how he could amend the Constitution so that he could go for a third term. To his surprise, Bush told him not to try it. Bush told him to be patriotic and leave

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Friends and family urged him not to run, saying that he would damage his good reputation or be killed. Obasanjo appeared reluctant, but on 28 October he joined the PDP and a week later announced that he was putting himself forward to be the party's presidential nominee. In his campaign, he emphasized

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in Spain. In 2009, the doctor, known only as 'AM', was sentenced to one year in jail for negligence in Spain and ordered to pay restitution to her son of about $ 176,000. He was largely private about his relationships with these women. Some of his children were resentful that he gave them no special

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Before Obasanjo's administration, Nigeria's GDP growth had been painfully slow since 1987, and only managed 3 percent between 1999 and 2000. However, under Obasanjo, the growth rate doubled to 6 percent until he left office, helped in part by higher oil prices. Nigeria's foreign reserves rose from $

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In March 1995, Obasanjo was in Denmark for a UN Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. While there, he heard that Yar'Adua had been detained and that he would probably face the same fate if he returned to Nigeria. He nevertheless argued that he had done nothing wrong and thus decided to return.

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Obasanjo began warning that Nigeria was headed towards another civil war along ethnic divisions, and in May 1994 he and Yar'Adua launched the National Unity Promoters, a group dedicated to preventing this outcome. In June, Abiola unilaterally declared himself Nigeria's president and was arrested for

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Amid a dispute in the Commonwealth of Nations over the UK's more lenient view of South Africa, it was agreed that an Eminent Persons Group (EPG) would be formed to initiate dialogue with the South African government in the hope of encouraging it toward dismantling apartheid. At the recommendation of

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Obasanjo was also eager to hasten the end of white minority rule in southern Africa; according to Iliffe, this became "the centrepiece of his foreign policy". Nigeria gave grants to those fighting white minority rule in the region, allowed these groups to open offices in Lagos, and offered sanctuary

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Obasanjo emphasised national concerns over those of the regions; he encouraged both children and adults to recite the new national pledge and the national anthem. Interested in getting a broader range of perspectives, each Saturday he held an informal seminar on a topical issue to which people other

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at the University of Ibadan and built his contacts in the Yoruba elite. During the war, there was popular unrest in the Western State, and to avoid responsibility for these issues, Obasanjo resigned from the Western State Executive Council. While Obasanjo was away from Ibadan in November 1968, armed

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John Iliffe described Obasanjo as "the outstanding member of the second generation of independent African leaders who dedicated themselves to the consolidation of their postcolonial states". He thought that there were four major achievements of Obasanjo's presidency: that he partially contained the

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Ethnically, Obasanjo is Yoruba, a cultural identification he reflected in his speech and choice of clothing. However, he always foregrounded his Nigerian identity above his Yoruba one, repeatedly stating that "I am a Nigerian who happens to be a Yoruba man. I am not a Yoruba man who happens to be a

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economic strategies, and those sympathetic to socialism. Obasanjo was contemptuous of ideological arguments about capitalism and socialism. The decisions he took were usually based on political considerations rather than on legal or constitutional principles, something which was a source of concern

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Democracy may not necessarily ensure rapid economic development or affluence but it is, at least, the best form of government so far devised that ensures reasonable participation by majority of people in the means and issues that concern their governance. Democracy is the option which the governed

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On taking office, Obasanjo had vowed to withdraw Nigerian troops from Sierra Leone. In August 1999, he announced a schedule for their withdrawal, although this was suspended while a UN peacekeeping force was assembled, to which Nigeria provided 4000 troops. This force withdrew in 2005. Amid turmoil

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called a general strike in protest for June 2000 and Obasanjo ultimately compromised, reducing the subsidy rather than abolishing it. This situation allowed Obasanjo to be portrayed as an "enemy of the poor" on the public imagination. To further reduce expenditure, Obasanjo turned to privatisation,

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He invited the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to review Nigeria's economy and offer advice on how to improve it; they warned that the government was overspending. In 2001, Obasanjo declared himself "a believer in market efficiency" and related that he had seen the damage caused by "public sector

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In the initial months of his presidency, Obasanjo retired around 200 military officers, including all 93 who held political positions, thus making a coup by experienced officers less likely. He also moved the Defence Ministry from Lagos to Abuja, ensuring it was brought under more direct government

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Another of those accused of being involved in the plot, Colonel Bello-Fadile, a military lawyer, had been tortured, during which he signed a statement that he had gone to Ota to inform Obasanjo about the coup as it was in preparation. This was used as evidence to charge Obasanjo with concealment of

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in the north. To meet the country's growing demand for electricity, Obasanjo oversaw the launch of two new hydroelectric projects and a thermal plant. The oil industry remained an important part of Nigeria's economy and under Obasanjo the Ministry of Petroleum Resources was merged with the Nigerian

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expenditure by a sixth, curtailing prestige projects while spending more on education, health, housing, and agriculture. He also set up an anti-inflation task force, and within a year of Obasanjo taking office, inflation had fallen to 30%. Obasanjo was generally adverse to borrowing money, but with

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noted that of the triumvirate, Obasanjo was "the work-horse and the brains" and was the most eager for a return to civilian rule. Together, the triumvirate introduced austerity measures to stem inflation, established a Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, replaced all military governors with new

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ousted Gowon, who fled to Britain. They had not informed Obasanjo of their plans as he was known to be critical of coups as an instrument of regime change. The coup plotters wanted to replace Gowon's autocratic rule with a triumvirate of three brigadiers whose decisions could be vetoed by a Supreme

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In 1970, Obasanjo bought a former Lebanese company in Ibadan, employing an agent to manage it. In 1973 he registered a business, Temperance Enterprises Limited, through which he could embark on commercial ventures after retiring from the military. He also continued to invest in property; by 1974 he

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in Nigeria. He nevertheless insisted that this one-party state must facilitate general public participation in governance, respect human rights, and protect freedom of expression. Later in the 1980s, he warned against the proposed two-party state which Babangida was putting forward, believing that

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In March 2008, Obasanjo was "supposedly" indicted by a committee of the Nigerian parliament for awarding $ 2.2bn-worth of energy contracts during his eight-year rule, without due process. The report of this probe was never accepted by the whole Nigerian parliament due to manipulation of the entire

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One of Obasanjo's major tasks, in which he succeeded, was to improve Nigeria's international reputation, which had been tarnished under Abacha. He spent over a quarter of his first term abroad, having visited 92 countries by October 2002. In October 1999, Obasanjo launched a South African-Nigerian

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epidemic, with Obasanjo immediately ordering a situation report on the topic after taking office. He then established a Presidential Committee on AIDS, which he headed as chair, and created a National Action Plan Committee to prepare a campaign for 2000–03 which would focus on publicity, training,

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corroborated Nnamani's account but put the figure differently, stating: "The money totaled over N10 billion. How could N10bn be taken out of the national treasury for a project when you were the sitting President, yet that project was not your idea? Where did the money come from?" In the following

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where they spent several months. Obasanjo was initially given only the Bible and Quran to read, but gradually allowed a wider range of literature. Writing material was also granted to him, allowing him to correspond with various people and institutions, and eventually Stella was permitted to visit

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Before he left office, in April 1979, Obasanjo promoted himself to the role of general; as a four-star general he continued to receive a salary from the state. Having left office in October, he returned to Abeokuta. Following a six-week course at an agricultural training college, Obasanjo then set

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law in the constitution. Obasanjo called the assembly together and warned them of the social impact of their decision, urging them to take a more conciliatory attitude. In September 1978, the Supreme Military Council announced the new constitution; it had made several amendments to the version put

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Obasanjo continued the push for universal primary education in Nigeria, a policy inherited from Gowon. He introduced the Primary Education Act in 1976; between 1975–76 and 1979–80, enrolment in free but voluntary primary schooling grew from 6 million to 12.5 million, although there was a

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In June 1970, Obasanjo returned to Abeokuta, where crowds welcomed him as a returning hero. He was then posted to Lagos as the Brigadier commanding the Corps of Engineers. In October, Gowon announced that the military government would transfer authority to a civilian administration in 1976. In the

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Obasanjo's writings after his imprisonment reflected his commitment to Biblical literalism. He called the Darwinian theory of evolution a "debasing, devaluing and dehumanising" idea. After his release from prison his writings placed far less emphasis on traditional culture as a guide to morality,

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In office, Obasanjo's task was to ensure that Nigeria functioned both politically and economically. Over the course of his political career, Obasanjo moved from the belief in the advantages of state involvement in heavy industry, which was common in the 1970s, to a commitment to market liberalism

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Iliffe noted that as a politician, Obasanjo displayed an "open-minded pragmatism". A tactic employed by Obasanjo at various points was to deliberately polarise an issue so as to rally support for his perspective. Iliffe thought that although Obasanjo had been too young to play a major role in the

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A major hub of secessionist sentiment was in the Niger Delta region, where indigenous groups wanted to retain a far greater proportion of the proceeds from the area's lucrative oil reserves. In July 1999, Obasanjo sent the National Assembly a bill to create a Niger Delta Development Commission to

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ranked it the world's most corrupt country. Several days after taking office he presented an Anti-Corruption Bill to the National Assembly, although this aroused much opposition from critics who thought it gave the government excessive powers. Compromises were reached that watered-down Obasanjo's

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club amounting to some $ 18 billion and paid another $ 18 billion to be debt free. Most of these loans were accumulated from short-term trade arrears during the exchange control period. (Point of correction). Most of these loans were accumulated not out of corruption but during a period

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on which to establish his farm, there moving in to a brick farmhouse. There was local hostility to his obtaining so much land, and much litigation was brought against him because of it. His agricultural activities were organised through his Temperance Enterprises Limited, later renamed Obasanjo's

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The military government has assembled a constituent drafting committee to devise a new constitution which could be used amid a transfer to civilian rule. The committee argued that Nigeria should change its governance system, which was based on the British parliamentary system, to one based on the

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forces. Obasanjo backed the plan, and visited Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, and the Democratic Republic of Congo to urge their governments to do the same. However, after Thatcher became UK Prime Minister, Nigeria distanced itself from British efforts to end the Rhodesian Bush War and was excluded

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missionaries from a station near Bukavu. The mutineers considered executing him but were ordered to release him. In May 1961, the Fifth Battalion left the Congo and returned to Nigeria. During the conflict, he had been appointed a temporary captain. He later noted that the time spent in the Congo

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Meanwhile, Obasanjo's father had abandoned his wife and two children. Falling into poverty, Obasanjo's mother had to operate in trading to survive. To pay his school fees, Obasanjo worked on cocoa and kola farms, fished, collected firewood, and sold sand to builders. During the school holidays he

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reporter Gold Oruh who bore him two children. He married his second wife, Stella Abebe, in 1976, having met her on a visit to London. He married Stella in 1976 and they had three children. Obasanjo's other partners include businesswoman Lynda Soares who was murdered by car thieves in 1986. On 23

2571:; Bush visited Abuja in 2000, and Obasanjo visited Washington DC in 2006. Pursuing warmer relations with the U.K. than he had in the 1970s, he attended his first Commonwealth Conference in November 1999 and hosted that in December 2003, where he received an honorary knighthood from British Queen 2278:

The PDP was gaining ground in Nigeria, proving the most successful party in the local government elections of December 1998, the state elections in January 1999, and the Senate and House of Representatives elections in February 1999. On 14 February 1999, a PDP convention was called to select its

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General Sani Abach reminds one of a man, who with other do-gooders proposed a meal for the blind man. As soon as the others turned their back, this seemingly good Samaritan went back to snatch the pot of soup from the blind man for himself. Again, most of us Nigerians, as spectators, applauded.

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in the 1970s and for his Pan-African efforts to encourage cooperation across the continent. Critics maintain that he was guilty of corruption, that his administrations oversaw human rights abuses, and that as president he became too interested in consolidating and maintaining his personal power.

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When Obasanjo came to power, he was appalled that Nigeria was experiencing widespread unrest and violence, resulting in thousands of deaths. This violence was being exacerbated by a rapidly growing population which brought with it spiralling urbanisation and competition for scarce land in rural

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of free markets, privatisation, and limited state expenditure, government expenditure as a share of GDP rose from 29% in 1997 to 50% in 2001. In January 2000, Nigeria received a US$ 1 billion stand-by loan, which allowed the government to enter debt rescheduling negotiations with its creditors.

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In his second term, Obasanjo continued to ensure the expansion of the country's police force, which rose to 325,000 in 2007. Ongoing rural violence between Muslims and Christians in Plateau State led Obasanjo to declare a state of emergency there in May 2004, suspending the state government and

2192:

consolidated his control of the military and in November 1993 pressured Shonekan into resigning, allowing himself to take power. Obasanjo had telephoned Abacha prior to the coup, urging him not to take this course of action. After Abacha had seized power, he asked Obasanjo to meet with him. The

1764:

meant that the UK had become a competitor rather than a customer of Nigerian oil. Obasanjo's government was also angry that the UK refused to extradite Gowon and suspected that the British government might have been involved in the coup against Murtala. For these reasons, in 1976 it considered

3096:

Obasanjo was repeatedly accused of corruption throughout his career, although he himself maintained that his dealings were honest. Obasanjo's critics believed that after his imprisonment in the 1990s, he increasingly perceived himself as a messianic figure, having lost his humility and become

1967:

Obasanjo grew critical of Shagari's civilian government, deeming the president weak and ill-prepared. Nigeria entered economic recession due to fluctuations in global oil prices. In May 1983, senior military figures asked Obasanjo to take over control in the country again, but he declined. In

1426:

In October 1975, the government announced plans for an election which would result in civilian rule in October 1979. It also declared plans to create a committee to draft a new constitution, with Obasanjo largely responsible for selecting the 49 committee members. On the recommendation of the

1150:

Registry Office, only informing their families after the event. That year, Obasanjo was ordered back to Nigeria, although his wife remained in London for three more years to finish her course. Once in Nigeria, Obasanjo took command of the Field Engineering Squadron based at Kaduna. Within the

2771: 1045:

was being transferred to the control of the Nigerian colonial government, in preparation for an anticipated full Nigerian independence, and there were attempts afoot to get more native Nigerians into the higher ranks of its military. He was then sent to a Regular Officers' Training School at

2468:

With the oil revenue, Obasanjo created the Niger Delta Development Commission and implemented the Universal Basic Education Program to enhance the literacy level of Nigerians. He constituted both the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission.

2241:

called for his release, with Indian and German foundations both awarding him international prizes. The Africa Leadership Forum produced two volumes of letters and essays written in his honour; the Forum itself had been forced to relocate to Accra in Ghana to avoid persecution from Abacha's

1797:

because New Zealand, which was competing, had sporting ties with South Africa, a country that was banned from competing due to apartheid. In 1977, Obasanjo barred any contractors with South African links from operating in Nigeria; the main companies that were hit were British Petroleum and

3093:

domestic turmoil permeating Nigeria, that he kept control of the military, that he helped to form the African Union, and that he liquidated the country's external debt. In December 1999, his approval rating was at 84%; by 2001 it was at 72%; and by September 2003 it had fallen to 39%.

2942:, and that politicians should pursue a search for consensus rather than engaging in constant competition. He thought that political competition had a destabilising effect that was particularly dangerous for a developing country such as Nigeria, and that stability should be preserved. 2510:

proposals, allowing him to sign the new law in June 2000. There is no evidence that corruption declined in Nigeria in Obasanjo's first term, and his government did nothing to check Nigeria's endemic low-level corruption, which was widespread at the state and local government levels.

2271:. Most of these donations came from military men and the new business class. He toured the country, giving speeches and seeking audiences with influential persons; courting state governors was a significant element of his approach. His campaign overshadowed that of his main rival, 2638:

became a major debate in Nigerian politics. Since the country's independence, sharia had been restricted to civil cases between Muslims in the northern states; criminal cases were not governed by sharia law, something that offended some Muslims. In September 1999, the Governor of

2532:

Public health was also a key issue in Nigeria. During the 1990s, Nigeria had spent about 0.2% of its GDP on public health services, the joint lowest percentage in the world. Obasanjo's government increased this to over 0.4%. The most urgent health crisis impacting Nigeria was the

2139:, which would help to provide skills and training for politicians from across the continent. It began holding meetings, known as the Farm House Dialogues, from Obasanjo's home about six times a year. It also held quarterly international meetings and issued a quarterly magazine, 2563:

Bi-National Commission to discuss cooperation between the two countries, the largest powers on Sub-Saharan Africa. Obasanjo retained Nigeria's close ties with the U.S., bringing in U.S. advisers to help train the Nigerian military. He had close ties with U.S. President

2494:

Obasanjo's government benefited from high international oil prices during his first presidential term. It planned both to increase Nigeria's oil output and to produce increasing quantities of liquefied natural gas, which was first exported from the country in 1999.

1685:. Evidence emerged of extensive corruption in the country's government, and while accusations were often made against Obasanjo himself, no hard evidence was produced. To hinder the image of corruption in the government, Obasanjo's administration banned the use of 1592:

Nigeria took out a $ 1 billion loan from a syndicate of banks. Leftist critics argued that doing so left the country subservient to Western capitalism. In the subsequent two years of Obasanjo's government, Nigeria borrowed a further $ 4,983 million.

1210:

of southern Nigeria. Obasanjo was among those warning that the situation could descend into civil war. He offered to serve as an intermediary between the coup plotters and the civilian government, which had transferred power to the military Commander-in-Chief

871:

appointed Obasanjo as head of state. Continuing Murtala's policies, Obasanjo oversaw budgetary cut-backs and an expansion of access to free school education. Increasingly aligning Nigeria with the United States, he also emphasised support for groups opposing

2999:, in 1967. Iyabo had a close relationship with her father. Oluremi was unhappy that Obasanjo maintained relationships with other women and alleged that he beat her. They divorced in the mid-1970s. That decade, Obasanjo began a common-law relationship with 2610:, he was part of a team tasked with dealing with Zimbabwe by the Commonwealth. Obasanjo and Mbeki visited Zimbabwe three times to work on quiet diplomacy, unsuccessfully urging Mugabe to either retire or form a power sharing government with the opposition 2113:

Obasanjo also worked on developments elsewhere in Africa. He visited Angola twice during 1988, contributing to efforts to end the civil war there. He also visited Sudan three times between 1987 and 1989, unsuccessfully encouraging negotiations to end the

1596:

Nigeria was undergoing nearly 3% annual population growth during the 1970s, something which would double the country's population in just over 25 years. Obasanjo later noted that he was unaware of this at the time, with his government having no policy on

1861:

As head of state, Obasanjo attended OAU summits. At that held in July 1977, he proposed the formation of a standing committee to mediate disputes between OAU member states. At the 1978 conference, he warned of interference from both sides in the

1470:

were being assisted by the white minority government in South Africa. As well as providing material aid to the MPLA, Nigeria began lobbying other African countries to also recognise the MPLA administration, and by early 1976 most states in the

1697:

was also banned. Pushing for cut-backs in the military, Obasanjo's government saw 12,000 soldiers demobilised over the course of 1976 and 1977. These troops went through new rehabilitation centres to assist them in adjusting to civilian life.

1040:

In March 1958, Obasanjo enlisted in the Nigerian Army. He saw it as an opportunity to continue his education while earning a salary; he did not immediately inform his family, fearing that his parents would object. It was at this time that the

1510:. He expressed his desire to resign from government, but the Council successfully urged him to replace Murtala as head of state. He therefore became the council's chair. Concerned about further attempts on his life, Obasanjo moved into the 1709:, was raided and burned to the ground after a member of his entourage was involved in an altercation with military personnel. Fela and his family were beaten and raped and his aged mother, the political activist and founding mother Chief 1498:

was assassinated. An attempt was also made on Obasanjo's life, but the wrong individual was killed. Dimka lacked widespread support among the military and his coup failed, forcing him to flee. Obasanjo did not attend Murtala's funeral in

2538:

counselling, and testing to combat the virus. To advance public health more broadly, he launched a new primary care campaign that used local government funds to try to build a clinic in every one of Nigeria's 774 local government areas.

2245:

In early 1996, Obasanjo was moved from Jos to the more remote prison at Yola, Adamawa State. There, he was allowed to cultivate a garden. Obasanjo related that in prison he deepened his Christian faith and grew closer to God, becoming a

1669:

Concomitantly, Nigeria cut back on university funding; in 1978 it ceased issuing student loans and trebled university food and accommodation charges. Student protests erupted in several cities, resulting in fatal shootings in Lagos and

2702:

resulted in around 500 deaths before the army moved in and regained control. Obasanjo then visited and urged reconciliation. In October 2001, Muslim demonstrators in Kano killed around 200 Igbo in response to Nigeria's support for the

1269: 987:

Obasanjo's father was a farmer and until he was eleven years old, the boy was involved in agricultural labour. Aged eleven, he joined the village primary school, and after three years, in 1951, he moved on to the Baptist Day School in

2151:

Obasanjo voiced concern that, despite his professed claims to support a return to democracy, Babangida had no intention of stepping down as military head of state. After the presidential primaries were cancelled in 1992, Obasanjo and

2035:. He related that it "was an encounter never to be forgotten. I saw in a South African indeed an African and a world leader of no mean order. He towered physically and metaphorically above all the leaders we met inside South Africa." 1938:, unsuccessfully challenged at the Supreme Court. Shagari took office in October 1979; at his inauguration ceremony, Obasanjo presented Shagari with a copy of the new constitution. This marked the start of Nigeria's Second Republic. 773: 6757: 1435:. Also on the commission's recommendation, it announced gradual plans to move the Nigerian capital from Lagos to the more central Abuja. In January 1976, both Obasanjo and Danjuma were promoted to the ranks of Lieutenant General. 2913:

of the 1990s. Iliffe argued that Obasanjo's Nigerian nationalism was impacted both by his detachment from the Yoruba elite and by his time in the army, where he worked alongside soldiers from a broad range of ethnic backgrounds.

1950:, urged him to remain in power. His refusal to back Awolowo, a fellow Yoruba, earned him the enmity of much of the Yoruba elite. Awolowo accused Obasanjo of orchestrating Shagari's victory, something Obasanjo strenuously denied. 3049:

calling on fellow Nigerians to reject much of their pre-Christian "way of life". Iliffe noted that Obasanjo's born-again Christianity was "strikingly orthodox" and was aligned with Orthodox Pentecostal teaching. He rejected the

1803: 2804:

On 24 January 2018, he wrote serving President Muhammadu Buhari highlighting his areas of weakness and advising him not to run for office in 2019. To date all his letters to incumbent presidents have preceded their downfall.

895:

seized power in a military coup. Obasanjo was openly critical of Abacha's administration and in 1995 was arrested and convicted of being part of a planned coup, despite protesting his innocence. While imprisoned, he became a

1089:

as an infantry subaltern with the Fifth Battalion. His time in Kaduna was the first time that Obasanjo lived in a Muslim-majority area. It was while he was there, in October 1960, that Nigeria became an independent country.

2039:

Seeking to retain influence on the global stage, Obasanjo launched the Africa Leadership Forum from his Ota farm. From 1981 to 1982, he also sat on the Palme Commission, a group chaired by the former Swedish Prime Minister

1145:

in England. There, he excelled and was described as "the best Commonwealth student ever". That year, he paid for Akinlawon to travel to London where she could join a training course. The couple married in June 1963 at the

2800:

On 16 February 2015, he quit the ruling party and directed a PDP ward leader to tear his membership card during a press conference. He was later to be known as the navigator of the newly formed opposition party, the APC.

2258:

Now a free man, Obasanjo travelled to South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where he underwent medical treatment. New political parties were forming across Nigeria, one of the largest of which was the

2287:. About a quarter of those eligible to vote did so, and there was some rigging although no violence. The official tally gave Obasanjo 63 percent of the vote; he was the loser in all six states of his native Yorubaland. 2049: 1941:

Obasanjo's role in returning Nigeria to civilian rule would form the basis of the good reputation he retained for the next two decades. However, various domestic and foreign individuals, including the Zambian President

1760:, formed a close personal friendship with Obasanjo, while Carter visited Nigeria in 1978. However, the decision to shift allegiances was made for pragmatic rather than ideological reasons; the discovery of oil in the 1666:

shortage of teachers and materials to cope with the demand. In the 1977–78 school year, Obasanjo introduced free secondary educational in technical subjects, something extended to all secondary schooling in 1979–80.

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In his sixties, Obasanjo would regularly work 18 to 20 hour days, getting very little sleep. He would start each day with prayers. Obasanjo suffers from diabetes and high blood-pressure. He enjoyed playing squash.

2922:

In the Nigerian situation, democracy is the only integrative glue that can bind different sub-national groups together into a nation with common destinies, equal status and common identity on a permanent basis.

2830:

On 22 January 2022, Obasanjo declared that he had retired from partisan politics; he stated this after receiving national delegates of the Peoples Democratic Party in his residence in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

2698:(OPC), a Yoruba nationalist group involved in violence against other ethnicities, and ordered the arrest of its leaders. In September 2001, violence between indigenous Christians and northern Muslim traders in 2433:

warned Obasanjo to desist from his plan to contest presidential election for the third term. He commented: "If you want to be convinced that the man is only telling a lie, pick up a copy of the book written by

2205:. Obasanjo was moved between various detention centres, while former US President Carter personally contacted Abacha requesting Obasanjo's release. Obasanjo was then returned to Ota, where he was placed under 1369:, although no hard evidence of this ever emerged. His marriage with Oluremi became strained as she opposed his relationships with other women. In the mid-1970s their marriage was dissolved. In 1976 he married 2134:

ethnic groups. He had begun calling for closer integration across Africa, proposing this could be achieved through the formation of six regional confederations. In June 1987, he had sketched out plans for an

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In the mid-1970s, Nigeria also faced declining agricultural production, a process caused by successive governments finding it cheaper to import food than grow it domestically. In May 1976, Obasanjo launched

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formulate and implement a plan for dealing with the region, something he hoped would quell violence there. Amid much debate, the commission was finally launched in December 2000. In November 1999, he also

1361:. On returning, in January 1975 Gowon appointed him as the Commissioner for Works and Housing, a position he held for seven months, during which he was largely responsible for building military barracks. 2267:

his desire to restore what he deemed the legacy of good governance when he left office in 1979. At a fundraising dinner, he gained N356 million, of which N120 million had been donated by industrialist

1514:, while 39 people accused of being part of Dimka's coup were executed, generating accusations that Obasanjo's response was excessive. As head of state, Obasanjo vowed to continue Murtala's policies. 1141:

On his return, Obasanjo bought his first car, and was hospitalised for a time with a stomach ulcer. On his recovery, he was transferred to the Army Engineering Corps. In 1962 he was stationed at the

2201:

Once at Lagos Airport, his passport was confiscated and the next day, police picked him up from his Ota home. The police accused Obasanjo of links to a coup against Abacha being plotted by Colonel

1765:

suspending diplomatic relations with the UK, but ultimately did not. Obasanjo nevertheless refused to visit the UK and discouraged his officials from doing so. Relations were further damaged when

2279:

presidential candidate. Obasanjo received 1,658 votes, to 521 for Ekwueme, and 260 for the other five candidates. Seeking a northerner as the PDP's vice presidential candidate, Obasanjo selected

1833:

and Obasanjo's government maintained that armed struggle was the only option for overthrowing Rhodesia's government. He encouraged unity among the various anti-government factions there, urging

1142: 1781:. In response, Nigeria seized a British tanker that was believed to be transporting Nigerian oil to South Africa, banned British firms from competing for Nigerian contracts, and nationalised 2095:

In March 1986, the entirety of the EPG visited South Africa, during a period of growing domestic unrest and violence. There they met with senior government figures, including Prime Minister

908:

which he won. As president, he de-politicised the military and both expanded the police and mobilised the army to combat widespread ethnic, religious, and secessionist violence. He withdrew

1547:. Obasanjo encouraged debate and consensus among the Supreme Military Council. Many wondered why Obasanjo – as a Yoruba and a Christian – had appointed Yar'Adua, a member of the northern 2409:, Obasanjo denied involvement in what has been defined as "Third Term Agenda". He said that it was the National Assembly that included tenure elongation amongst the other clauses of the 1995:, an account of his experiences during the civil war; it was published in November that year. Some readers criticised what they saw as Obasanjo's disloyalty to Murtala Muhammed, while 9076: 8380: 1245:

In January 1967, Obasanjo was posted to Lagos as the Chief Army Engineer. Tensions between the Igbo and northern ethnic groups continued to grow, and in May the Igbo military officer

1151:

military, Obasanjo steadily progressed through the ranks, becoming a major in 1965. He used his earning to purchase land, in the early 1960s obtaining property in Ibadan, Kaduna, and

3100:

After his imprisonment, Obasanjo claimed that criticism only served to confirm "the rightness of my cause" and demonstrated his critics' "depravity in a fallen and perverted world".

2469:

Resuscitated the National Fertilizer Company in Kaduna and (Onne) Port Harcourt. Obasanjo increased the share of oil royalties and rents to the state of origin from 3 to 13 percent.

7395: 2727:. Obasanjo ordered the army in, where they rounded up and killed as many as 250 to 300 local men. Obasanjo visited the area in 2002 and apologised for the excessive use of force. 1914:

Along with the new constitution, Obasanjo lifted the ban on political parties. A variety of groups then formed to compete in the ensuing election, most notably the Unity Party of

1289:, which was operating in the Mid-West. Based at Ibadan, Obasanjo was responsible for ensuring that the Second Division was kept supplied. In the city, Obasanjo taught a course in 1972:

became the new military head of state. Obasanjo was initially supportive of Buhari's government, stating that representative democracy had failed in Nigeria. He praised Buhari's

1752:

Under Obasanjo, Nigeria loosened its longstanding ties with the United Kingdom and aligned more closely with the United States. Obasanjo was favourable to the U.S. government of

1737:

Obasanjo was eager to establish Nigeria as a prominent leader in Africa and under his tenure its influence in the continent increased. He revived Gowon's plan to hold the second

1617: 7249: 2217:

stated that his country would embargo Nigerian oil if these executions took place, Abacha commuted their sentences to imprisonment and reduced Obasanjo's sentence to 15 years.

11190: 11120: 11115: 10904: 9069: 8373: 2456: 7296: 2060:, fell ill, Obasanjo was considered as a potential successor. After Pérez de Cuéllar announced his resignation, Obasanjo began campaigning to replace him. At a vote of the 11215: 6727: 2156:

launched the Association for Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria. The group's inaugural meeting brought together 31 domestic political figures at Ota in May 1993. An

1234:. Hearing of it, he quickly returned to Kaduna. There, he found that northern troops from the Third Battalion were rounding up, torturing, and killing Igbo soldiers. The 2088:(ANC). Obasanjo alone was permitted to meet with Mandela; he later commented that he was greatly impressed by him. Obasanjo then met with senior ANC figures in exile in 1874:

dispute between Ethiopia and Somalia but was again unsuccessful. He also failed to mend the breach that had emerged between Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

1713:, was thrown from a window. This resulted in serious injuries, and eventually led to her death. Fela subsequently carried a coffin to the then presidential residence at 1314: 904:

strongly influencing his subsequent worldview. He was released following Abacha's death in 1998. Obasanjo entered electoral politics, becoming the PDP candidate for the

732: 3028: 1175:. Obasanjo was appalled at the starvation that he witnessed in India although took an interest in the country's culture, something that encouraged him to read books on 11195: 2808:

On 31 January 2018, his political movement called "Coalition for Nigeria Movement" (CNM) was launched in Abuja. On 10 May 2018, the movement adopts a political party,

2579:

in Liberia, Obasanjo ordered Nigerian troops into the country in August 2003; they passed into a UN command two months later. Obasanjo granted Liberia's ousted leader

1313:. He toured every part of the front, and was wounded while doing so. These actions earned him a reputation for courage among his men. In December, Obasanjo launched 1000:. Although there is no evidence that he was then involved in any political groups, it was at secondary school that Obasanjo rejected his forename of "Matthew" as an 7962: 2757:

were involved in conflicts with the President, who battled many impeachment attempts from both houses. Obasanjo managed to survive impeachment and was renominated.

2377:

passed a resolution declaring that the withdrawal of Nigerian troops from the Bakassi Peninsula was illegal, Obasanjo gave the order for it to continue as planned.

6542:"UN, Agreement Transferring Authority Over Bakassi Peninsula from Nigeria to Cameroon 'Triumph for the Rule of Law' Secretary-General says in Message for Ceremony" 2225:

Obasanjo spent the next four months at the Ikoyi Centre, where he was initially chained up in solitary confinement. He was then transferred to Lagos' main prison,

1825:

as British Prime Minister contributed to deteriorating UK-Nigerian relations; Obasanjo deemed her too sympathetic to white minority governments in southern Africa

1418:

officers who reported directly to Obasanjo as Chief of Staff, and launched "Operation Deadwood" through which they fired 11,000 officials from the civil service.

11150: 10399: 1544: 1309:

to take up the new position on 16 May 1969; he was now in charge of between 35,000 and 40,000 troops. He spent his first six weeks repelling a Biafran attack on

1305:, who was leading the attack on Biafra, but needed another senior Yoruba. He chose Obasanjo, despite the latter's lack of combat experience. Obasanjo arrived at 11205: 2974:

anti-colonialist struggle for Nigerian independence from British rule, he was "marked for ever" by the "optimism and dedication" of the independence movement.

7322: 1849:. In 1977, the UK and US drew up proposals for a transition to majority rule in Rhodesia, amid a period in which the country would be under the management of 1701:

Obasanjo was also accused of being responsible for political repression. In one famous instance, the compound of the Nigerian musician and political activist

11175: 9657: 8605: 1645:, which was 62% financed by the NNPC; the project was abandoned by his successor amid spiralling cost increases. Obasanjo also continued the planning of the 1806:

in Lagos, while Obasanjo visited the U.S. in October where he urged the country to stop selling arms to South Africa. While in the country he addressed the

1054:. When stationed abroad, he sent letters and presents to his fiancé in Nigeria. In September 1958, he was selected for six months of additional training at 10432: 10389: 10080: 2080:. Obasanjo reluctantly agreed. In February 1986, he and Fraser travelled to Cape Town where they asked to meet with the imprisoned anti-apartheid activist 1431:, the government also announced the creation of seven new states; at Obasanjo's insistence, Abeokuta was to become the capital of one of these new states, 1428: 758: 48: 6617: 11110: 9847: 1999:, a senior Yoruba political figure, urged for the book to be withdrawn to prevent it sowing division. A more positive assessment was made by his friend, 1391: 868: 10232: 8492: 2750: 10897: 10394: 1613: 314: 1298:

attacked the Ibadan City Hall. Troops retaliated, killing ten of the rioters. When Obasanjo returned he ordered a court of inquiry into the events.

10441: 9803: 2961:

Frustrated with what he regarded as the failures of representative democratic rule during the early 1980s, Obasanjo began expressing support for a

2350:, was Muslim and drew his support mainly from the north. Capturing 61.8% of the vote, Obasanjo defeated Buhari by more than 11 million votes. 1741:

in Nigeria; it took place in Lagos in February 1977, although domestic critics argued that it was too expensive. Obasanjo gave low priority to the

1479:, where he declared: "This is a symbolic date, marking the beginning of the final struggle against colonialism, imperialism and racism in Africa." 10815: 9410: 2611: 2970:

in the early 1990s and the subsequent move towards multi-party politics across Africa, Obasanjo again became supportive of multi-party systems.

2707:. Obasanjo then visited to urge reconciliation but was booed by residents. Also in October, soldiers had been sent to calm tensions between the 10384: 9597: 9504: 8909: 8836: 8820: 8679: 8593: 8440: 7839: 2684: 2676: 7230: 8722: 2797:

requesting that he should mediate on behalf of the Nigerian government for the release of the Chibok girls held by the Boko Haram militants.

2397:

so he could serve a third, four-year term as president. This led to a political media uproar in Nigeria and the bill was not ratified by the

2044:

which discussed disarmament and international security. Obasanjo followed this with membership on similar panels for the United Nations, the

1976:, his halving of imports, and his restoration of a balanced budget. In August 1985, Buhari was also overthrown, with the Army Chief of Staff 1078:

and its right to rule over its colonised subjects. At Mons, he received a commission and a certificate in engineering. While Obasanjo was in

11200: 1756:, who was elected in 1976, because of Carter's commitment to ensuring majority rule across southern Africa. Carter's ambassador to Nigeria, 11105: 10890: 8966: 8685: 7403: 1959:

himself up as a farmer, hoping to set an example in encouraging agricultural self-reliance. He obtained at least 230 hectares of land in

7653: 11170: 11100: 3339: 2602:'s Zimbabwe government over the latter's encouragement of the violent seizure of white-owned farms. Along with South African President 2583:

refuge in Nigeria, although subsequently returned him to Liberia to face trial for war crimes at the request of new Liberian President

1365:

owned two houses in Lagos and one each in Ibadan and Abeokuta. Rumours arose that Obasanjo engaged in the corruption that was becoming

7553: 1223:. In Ibadan, troops of northern Nigerian origin rebelled and killed Ironsi, also massacring around two hundred Igbo soldiers. General 1011:

In 1956, Obasanjo took his secondary school exams, having borrowed money to pay for the entry fees. That same year, he began courting

996:, also in the town. His school fees were partly financed by state grants. Obasanjo did well academically, and at school became a keen 7246: 1742: 10425: 10073: 7205: 1855: 1555:

than politicians and civil servants were invited. Among those whose advice he sought were Islamic scholars and traditional chiefs.

2590:

Eager to keep Nigeria out of domestically unpopular conflicts, he refused requests for the Nigerian military to participate in an

2178:

Under all sorts of excuses, there was no shortage of partakers in the meal. And they were not troubled by the moral implications.

9840: 2057: 1987:

During the eleven years after Obasanjo left office, he published four books. In 1980, Obasanjo was a Distinguished Fellow at the

1638: 1507: 960:

Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Aremu Obasanjo (or Matthew Olusegun Aremu Obasanjo) was born in Ibogun-Olaogun, a village in southwest

6735: 1980:

taking power. Obasanjo was critical of some of the economic reforms that Babangida introduced, including the devaluation of the

1491: 1105: 1074:

institution, and found it difficult adjusting to the colder, wetter English weather. It reinforced his negative opinions of the

844: 10225: 9816: 9092: 8396: 6485: 3239: 888:, where he became a farmer, published four books, and took part in international initiatives to end various African conflicts. 7861: 7527: 7370: 2897:(NOUN). He now holds a Ph.D. in theology. That was about two years after he completed his master's degree in the same course. 1120:. In the Congo, Obasanjo and others were responsible for protecting civilians, including the ethnic Belgian minority, against 1023:, but although he passed it he found that he could not afford the tuition fees. Obasanjo then decided to pursue a career as a 11210: 6146: 2704: 2790:

process by the leadership of the power probe committee. It is not on any official record that Chief Obasanjo was indicted.

2580: 1778: 1770: 1674:. In response to the unrest, Obasanjo closed several universities, banned political activity on campus, and proscribed the 10410: 2015:, in which he warned against Babangida's argument for instituting a two-party system in Nigeria. In 1990, his third book, 11160: 10808: 10418: 10066: 8251: 2894: 2866: 2343: 2157: 1927: 1675: 1463: 937: 913: 905: 877: 587: 6642: 1608:

Obasanjo continued with three major irrigation schemes in northern Nigeria that were first announced under Murtala: the

1442:, a cause reflected in their foreign policy choices. This cause increasingly became a preoccupation for Obasanjo. After 11180: 11145: 9833: 8320: 8242: 8140: 8079: 8060: 7425: 2816: 2754: 2260: 817: 450: 7607: 10218: 9856: 8101: 2165: 1878: 805: 142: 72: 7502: 6701: 1930:, and Obasanjo refused to adjudicate, insisting that the Electoral Commission take on that role. They declared that 1438:

Both Murtala and Obasanjo were committed to ending ongoing European colonialism and white minority rule in southern

10445: 8347: 2983:

for some of his critics. Derfler thought that during his first term in office, Obasanjo was a "cautious reformer".

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After several weeks, Obasanjo and the other alleged conspirators were moved to Jos prison in the central plateau,

7817: 7451: 2061: 1811: 1807: 1397: 1387: 1199: 11155: 10801: 2950: 2402: 1219:

in Nigeria through his unification decree in May 1966, something which inflamed ethnic tensions. In late July,

1160: 7344: 3212:

Addressing Africa's Youth Employment and food security Crisis: The Role of African Agriculture in Job Creation

2110:

to engage in negotiations with other factions to help end apartheid and hold a fully representative election.

1475:(OAU) had done so. In February 1976, Obasanjo led a Nigerian delegation to an MPLA anniversary celebration in 10717: 8189: 8184: 5417: 3000: 2598:

and the 2002 peacekeeping mission to the Côte d'Ivoire. At the UK's request, he assisted in a mediation with

1540: 1472: 1261:, who was leading the Biafran attack force, tried to convince Obasanjo to let them through, but he declined. 1027:, and to access this profession, in 1958 answered an advert for officer cadet training in the Nigerian Army. 1015:, the Owu daughter of a station master. They were engaged to be married by 1958. Leaving school, he moved to 364: 7476: 2003:, who called it masterly but believed that it had involved much editorial assistance. In 1987, he published 10913: 2398: 2053: 1235: 1168: 1121: 993: 720: 2663: 912:

and privatised various public enterprises to limit the country's spiraling debt. He was re-elected in the

11165: 11130: 10241: 8762: 8545: 8166: 2809: 2346:

that had violent ethnic and religious overtones. His main opponent, fellow former military ruler General

1589: 973: 243: 3264: 1649:

integrated steel mill, an inherited project that many critics in the civil service argued was unviable.

11185: 11135: 10551: 10124: 9797: 9645: 2708: 2506: 2068:

taking on the role. He left his home on several visits; in 1986 he visited Japan, and in 1987 the U.S.

1919: 1220: 529: 10089: 9101: 8409: 8172: 2115: 2085: 2045: 1968:

December, they overthrew Shagari without Obasanjo's involvement, in a coup that saw little violence.

1923: 1654: 1532: 1413:

to become head of state, with Obasanjo as his second-in-command, and Danjuma as the third. Historian

1055: 863:

established a junta with Obasanjo as part of its ruling triumvirate. After the triumvirate's leader,

577: 189: 151: 95: 3072:

of Ibogun-Olaogun. A number of other members of his family hold or have held chieftaincies as well.

2730: 11140: 10106: 10008: 9948: 9061: 8365: 6519: 2498: 2358: 1973: 1870:, but failed in this attempt. As the chair of the OAU mediation committee, he tried to mediate the 1602: 948: 17: 10882: 2497:

Obasanjo was determined to abolish the petrol subsidy, increasing prices to commercial rates. The

10916: 10732: 10651: 10621: 10049: 9897: 8089: 8012: 2595: 2410: 2394: 2136: 1996: 1947: 1572: 1414: 1254: 591: 6660: 1681:

As a consequence of Nigeria's state-directed development, the country saw a rapid growth in the

1128:'s government. In February 1961, Obasanjo was captured by the mutineers while he was evacuating 11125: 10998: 10782: 10491: 10118: 10022: 8298: 8259: 7580: 3364: 2939: 2695: 1867: 1789:

to various refugees fleeing the governments of southern Africa. Taking a hard line against the

1710: 1401: 1341: 909: 236: 157: 125: 7630: 2393:

Obasanjo was embroiled in controversy regarding his "Third Term Agenda", a plan to modify the

2283:. The presidential election took place on 27 February; Obasanjo's sole opponent was the APP's 1503:, but declared that the government would finance construction of a mosque on the burial site. 10824: 10566: 10531: 10355: 10335: 9922: 9651: 9527: 8515: 2783: 2584: 2416:

Obasanjo was condemned by major political players during the Third Term Agenda saga. Senator

2209:

for two months, during which time he was denied access to media, the telephone, or visitors.

2065: 1366: 1212: 1164: 836: 8190:

Lt-General Olusegun Obasanjo Opening the First Lagos International Trade Fair, November 1977

7813: 2815:

On 20 November 2018, Obasanjo officially announced his return to the main opposition party,

2381:

installing six months of military rule. On 22 August 2005, the then governor of Abia State,

11095: 11034: 10757: 10727: 10692: 10646: 10581: 10511: 10476: 10440: 10345: 9997: 9322: 9230: 9224: 8960: 8814: 8357: 8288: 8274: 8247: 8212: 6541: 3065: 2906: 2490: 2327: 2247: 2107: 1988: 1794: 1286: 1176: 1020: 897: 813: 809: 561: 113: 76: 57: 6758:"Leadership, Policy Making, and Economic Growth in African Countries: The Case of Nigeria" 2353:

In November 2003, Obasanjo was criticized for his decision to grant asylum to the deposed

2076:, Obasanjo was nominated to co-chair the group alongside former Australian Prime Minister 2011:, with whom he had served in the Congo. 1989 saw the publication of Obasanjo's next book, 928:

from 2004 to 2006. Obasanjo's attempts to change the constitution to abolish presidential

8: 10989: 9622: 9427: 9368: 9339: 9259: 3499: 3313: 2659: 2413:

that were to be amended. Obasanjo stated: "I never toyed with the idea of a third term."

2362: 2323: 2119: 1326: 1253:. On 3 July, Nigeria's government posted Obasanjo to Ibadan to serve as commander of the 880:, after which he transferred control of Nigeria to the newly elected civilian president, 737: 10767: 10365: 10189: 8072:

The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders: Olof Palme, Olusegun Obasanjo, and Indira Gandhi

6679: 2172:, which took power in August 1993 and set out plans for new elections in February 1994. 1725: 1563: 10712: 10506: 10466: 10305: 9680: 9178: 9149: 8628: 8576: 8553: 8107: 7503:"No going back to partisan politics, Obasanjo insists | The Guardian Nigeria News" 4990: 3218:

Dust Suspended: A memoir of Colonial, Overseas and Diplomatic Service Life 1953 to 1986

2934: 1899: 1830: 1609: 1598: 1579:

measures to reduce public expenditure. In his 1976 budget, Obasanjo proposed to reduce

1536: 1246: 1188: 856: 851:, rising to the rank of major. In the late 1960s, he played a senior role in combating 727: 10641: 7806: 7270: 4973:

Grass, Randall F. (Spring 1986). "Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: The Art of an Afrobeat Rebel".

3286: 1575:

with a 34% inflation rate. To deal with Nigeria's economic problems, Obasanjo pursued

11030: 10656: 10606: 10330: 10320: 10164: 10100: 10027: 9978: 9774: 9703: 9195: 8115: 8097: 8075: 8056: 3050: 3018: 2824: 2794: 2518: 2425: 2374: 2238: 2126:. In 1994 and 1995, he visited Burundi, where he worked to calm tensions between the 1977: 1822: 1782: 1766: 1706: 1528: 1447: 1302: 1203: 702: 6493: 3017:

privileges and treated their mothers poorly. One of his sons, Adeboye Obasanjo is a

2505:

Obasanjo blamed many of Nigeria's economic problems on endemic corruption; in 2000,

943:

Obasanjo has been described as one of the great figures of the second generation of

10841: 10722: 10682: 10486: 10265: 10141: 10032: 9973: 9932: 9868: 9762: 9674: 9563: 9155: 8340: 8205: 4982: 2992: 2461: 2435: 2347: 2300: 2008: 1969: 1793:

regime in South Africa, Obasanjo announced that Nigeria would not take part in the

1632:. Some reforestation projects were also initiated to stall the encroachment of the 1495: 1410: 1290: 1282: 1155:. In 1965, Obasanjo was sent to India. En route, he visited his wife in London. In 1147: 1012: 1001: 864: 765: 469: 212: 169: 10591: 10210: 8111: 1620:. His government also continued the Agricultural Development Projects launched in 1198:

Obasanjo flew back to Nigeria in January 1966 to find the country in the midst of

10994: 10982: 10777: 10762: 10707: 10601: 10561: 10546: 10310: 10290: 10179: 9983: 9768: 9697: 9487: 9481: 9452: 9362: 9201: 9006: 8931: 8858: 8509: 7253: 6648: 3058: 3005: 2962: 2551: 2169: 2153: 1935: 1488: 1370: 1125: 901: 788: 780: 504: 434: 430: 10856: 6562: 2513: 2385:, submitted a petition alleging corrupt practices against Obasanjo to the EFCC. 1773:, initiating a warmer British approach to the white minority administrations of 1535:

completing the military triumvirate, with Obasanjo as head of state and General

947:

African leaders. He received praise both for overseeing Nigeria's transition to

11053: 10970: 10702: 10661: 10586: 10571: 10541: 10501: 10496: 10481: 10461: 10350: 10275: 10159: 10129: 9906: 9722: 9458: 9276: 9109: 9045: 9012: 8903: 8887: 8768: 8570: 8486: 8463: 8417: 8330: 7396:"Obasanjo's seven letters till date have preceded fall of incumbent presidents" 3054: 3033: 3013: 2996: 2852: 2735: 2568: 2521: 2430: 2382: 2280: 2161: 2103: 2081: 2077: 2032: 1981: 1943: 1915: 1882: 1850: 1746: 1714: 1642: 1527:

Aware of the danger of alienating northern Nigerians, Obasanjo brought General

1511: 1337: 1249:

declared the independence of Igbo-majority areas in the southeast, forming the

1239: 1129: 1109: 1075: 1024: 917: 357: 276: 101: 10747: 10742: 9181:(Commerce July 2006–January 2007, Commerce and Industry January 2007–May 2007) 8179: 7654:"Obasanjo bags PhD in Christian Theology after 163 minutes drill by Panelists" 3517: 3080: 11089: 11062: 11046: 11010: 10871: 10861: 10737: 10636: 10616: 10596: 10556: 10471: 10340: 10255: 10174: 10058: 9957: 9745: 9628: 9616: 9544: 9391: 9029: 8937: 8925: 8864: 8716: 8222: 8161: 8119: 7289: 5418:"General Olusegun Obasanjo Hands Power To Alhaji Shehu Shagari, October 1979" 3022: 2979: 2910: 2878: 2859: 2858:

During the Zimbabwean election of July 2013, Obasanjo headed a delegation of

2848: 2775: 2699: 2688: 2640: 2599: 2439: 2268: 2233: 2202: 2073: 2000: 1931: 1895: 1834: 1799: 1686: 1682: 1633: 1322: 1306: 1042: 969: 944: 921: 881: 860: 840: 828: 679: 181: 9825: 932:

were unsuccessful and brought criticism. After retiring, he earned a PhD in

10929: 10866: 10626: 10516: 10315: 10285: 10270: 10169: 10153: 10147: 9927: 9877: 9475: 9345: 9305: 9299: 9253: 9247: 9172: 8989: 8954: 8710: 8645: 8622: 8185:

General Olusegun Obasanjo Hands Power To Alhaji Shehu Shagari, October 1979

7963:"Obasanjo's Community Gets Secondary School As Sons Bag Chieftaincy Titles" 3590: 3570: 2967: 2743: 2720: 2672: 2572: 2564: 2555: 2489:

mismanagement" first hand. However, while expressing his commitment to the

2272: 2214: 2206: 2019:, was published. It provided an account of his time governing the country. 1842: 1817: 1757: 1753: 1730: 1459: 1405: 1330: 1258: 1224: 1099: 876:

in southern Africa. Committed to restoring democracy, Obasanjo oversaw the

715: 387: 288: 224: 1894:

U.S. presidential system whereby a single elected president would be both

1333:

airstrip on 12 January. At this, the Biafran leaders agreed to surrender.

804:

5 March 1937) is a Nigerian general and statesman who served as Nigeria's

11074: 11058: 11018: 10946: 10934: 10846: 10752: 10697: 10677: 10611: 10576: 10325: 10300: 10295: 10135: 10037: 9992: 9791: 9580: 9433: 9207: 9126: 8983: 8739: 8662: 8469: 8446: 8313: 2945: 2840: 2716: 2680: 2607: 2603: 2546: 2417: 2406: 2189: 2096: 1629: 1548: 1500: 1207: 965: 929: 892: 824: 10793: 2991:

Obasanjo lived a polygamous lifestyle. Obasanjo married his first wife,

1877:

On behalf of the OAU, Obasanjo held a conference at Kano to mediate the

1641:(NNPC). Obasanjo also supported the creation of a liquefaction plant at 1019:, where he took a teaching job. There, he sat for the entrance exam for 627: 11014: 10851: 10772: 10536: 10521: 10260: 9739: 9293: 9143: 8842: 8797: 8785: 8745: 8599: 8534: 8434: 7840:"Obasanjo decorates son shot by Boko Haram with Brigadier General rank" 7297:"Obasanjo initiates contact with Boko Haram to help #BringBackOurGirls" 6728:"Obasanjo is a joker, liar, he was behind third term – Nnamani, others" 4994: 3009: 2882: 2712: 2644: 2635: 2473:

2 billion in 1999 to $ 43 billion on leaving office in 2007.

2041: 1585: 1580: 1432: 1216: 997: 980:. His village also contained Muslims and his sister later converted to 569: 439: 36: 8146: 7323:"Why I directed PDP Ward Leader to tear my membership card – Obasanjo" 5140: 2027: 1450:. Nigeria recognised the legitimacy of the government declared by the 1215:. As the coup failed, Olusegun met Ironsi in Lagos. Ironsi soon ended 11025: 11005: 10941: 10631: 5156: 5109: 5006: 5004: 4384: 3207:

The Challenges of Agricultural Production and Food Security in Africa

3085: 2938:

government, he believed that opposition parties should instead offer

2724: 2627: 2622: 2366: 2315: 2284: 1960: 1790: 1761: 1738: 1717:

in Lagos as a protest against the government's political repression.

1702: 1694: 1576: 1310: 1277:, page 7, 12 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra. 1231: 1059: 885: 873: 345: 40: 9091: 8395: 4986: 4829: 4523: 4495: 4464: 4268: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3793: 3719: 3671: 3669: 2742:

In January 2002, Obasanjo ordered the mobile police to break-up the

1567:

Obasanjo with U.S. President Jimmy Carter in the White House in 1977

1206:. Almost all of those involved in organising the coup were from the 1008:

also worked at the school, cutting the grass and other manual jobs.

698: 10912: 10526: 9510: 9374: 8881: 8791: 3537: 2870: 2534: 2319: 2311: 1903: 1863: 1774: 1646: 1551:, as his second-in-command, rather than a fellow Yoruba Christian. 1345: 1295: 1067: 989: 977: 933: 832: 9887: 7888: 7862:"PHOTO: Obasanjo decorates son with new rank of brigadier-general" 5311: 5200: 5184: 5001: 4877: 4861: 4845: 3428: 3426: 2770: 10953: 9860: 8160:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6492:. National Bureau of Statistics. pp. 595–596. Archived from 4699: 4649: 4633: 4578: 4431: 4400: 4339: 4308: 4233: 4205: 4189: 3984: 3968: 3952: 3842: 3809: 3666: 3650: 2525: 2370: 2354: 1854:

from any significant role in the UK-brokered process that led to

1690: 1455: 1318: 1079: 1063: 961: 823:

Born in the village of Ibogun-Olaogun to a farming family of the

3061:

also became a key part of his worldview after his imprisonment.

1689:

cars as government transport and instead introduced more modest

1421: 11069: 10977: 8150: 8135: 6618:"Inside EFCC report on corruption allegations against Obasanjo" 3423: 3162:: The Fifth David M. Abshire Endowed Lecture, 15 December 1987. 2954: 2654: 2591: 2481: 2089: 1907: 1871: 1621: 1476: 1443: 1439: 1409:

Military Council. For this triumvirate, they convinced General

1325:. This cut Biafra in half. On 7 January 1970, he then launched 1250: 1117: 1086: 1085:

In 1959, Obasanjo returned to Nigeria. There, he was posted to

1071: 1047: 1016: 852: 7206:"Nigeria: House gives reasons for Obasanjo impeachment threat" 3476: 1829:

Opposition to white minority rule in Rhodesia had sparked the

972:. The village church was part of a mission set up by the U.S. 11041: 10965: 7982: 7980: 7554:"Ethiopia, Tigrayan Rebels Reach Truce in Two-Year Civil War" 6212: 6210: 3383: 2839:

Obasanjo was appointed Special Envoy by UN Secretary-General

2477: 2275:, who was widely mistrusted by northerners and the military. 2131: 1671: 1625: 1467: 1156: 1152: 1051: 981: 848: 2893:

In December 2017, Obasanjo defended his Ph.D. thesis at the

2617: 2253: 1733:

with Obasanjo on the former's state visit to Nigeria in 1978

1506:

After the assassination, Obasanjo attended a meeting of the

1482: 1336:

On 13 January, Obasanjo met with Biafran military commander

7723: 7159: 3228:

Africa's Critical Choices: A Call for a Pan-African Roadmap

3197:

War Wounds: Development Costs of Conflict in Southern Sudan

2874: 2322:

in May. On 29 May he took the presidential oath in Abuja's

2127: 1846: 1838: 1451: 1172: 1113: 1112:

peacekeeping force. There, the battalion were stationed in

7977: 7928: 7916: 7781: 7147: 7087: 7024: 7012: 6907: 6844: 6669:, 17 May 2006. Includes transcript. Accessed 19 July 2012. 6598: 6398: 6386: 6350: 6311: 6207: 6195: 6102: 5989: 5977: 5950: 5926: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5803: 5694: 5601: 5574: 5510: 4167: 4165: 4041: 4039: 3223:

L'Afrique en Marche: un manuel pour la reussite économique

7945: 7943: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7176: 7174: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7104: 7102: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7041: 7039: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6971: 6969: 6956: 6954: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6924: 6922: 6897: 6895: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6811: 6809: 6796: 6794: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6666: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6468: 6466: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6340: 6338: 6301: 6299: 6274: 6272: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6242: 6240: 6227: 6225: 6185: 6183: 6170: 6168: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6080: 6078: 6065: 6063: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6033: 6031: 6006: 6004: 5967: 5965: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5820: 5818: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5672: 5670: 5657: 5655: 5618: 5616: 5591: 5589: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5522: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5436: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 3182:

Democracy Works: Re-Wiring Politics to Africa's Advantage

3068:

titles, Chief Obasanjo is the holder of the title of the

1133:

strengthened the "Pan-African fervour" of his battalion.

8281:

as Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council of Nigeria

7904: 5465: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5351: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5243: 5221: 5219: 5130: 5128: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4611: 4609: 4594: 4485: 4483: 4372: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3447: 3445: 2995:, in London in 1963; she gave birth to his first child, 2634:

Shortly after Obasanjo's election, the place of Islamic

2446: 2305:

Seal of the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

2072:

Nigeria's Deputy Secretary-General of the Commonwealth,

7754: 7752: 7750: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7528:"Head of AU vote monitors Obasanjo arrives in Zimbabwe" 7247:

Obasanjo Suddenly Quits as Chair of PDP? Trustees Board

4766: 4764: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4544: 4542: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4421: 4419: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4329: 4327: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4162: 4150: 4128: 4126: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4051: 4036: 4012: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3886: 3884: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3830: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3615: 3613: 3500:"Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica" 3314:"Olusegun Obasanjo | president of Nigeria | Britannica" 2723:

states; a Tiv militia then captured and killed them in

920:

ideas, he was a keen supporter of the formation of the

843:

and specialised in engineering and was assigned to the

755:

Chief Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo

7992: 7940: 7764: 7735: 7711: 7699: 7687: 7520: 7186: 7171: 7135: 7114: 7099: 7068: 7051: 7036: 7000: 6981: 6966: 6951: 6934: 6919: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6821: 6806: 6791: 6774: 6581: 6520:"Asylum for Taylor an impeachable offence – MD Yusufu" 6463: 6451: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6374: 6362: 6335: 6323: 6296: 6284: 6269: 6252: 6237: 6222: 6180: 6165: 6114: 6090: 6075: 6060: 6043: 6028: 6016: 6001: 5962: 5938: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5830: 5815: 5791: 5779: 5767: 5742: 5730: 5718: 5706: 5682: 5667: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5613: 5586: 5551: 5534: 5477: 4943: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 2022: 1804:

United Nations Conference for Action Against Apartheid

1082:, his mother died. His father then died a year later. 1066:. Obasanjo disliked it there, believing that it was a 11191:

Candidates in the 1999 Nigerian presidential election

11121:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

11116:

Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic

5498: 5448: 5392: 5363: 5339: 5327: 5296: 5267: 5255: 5231: 5216: 5172: 5125: 5097: 5064: 5041: 5020: 4922: 4905: 4893: 4776: 4665: 4621: 4606: 4480: 4284: 4138: 3685: 3442: 3171:

Letters to Change the World: From Pankhurst to Orwell

2683:

group who had captured and killed police officers in

2330:

allowed for considerable criticism of the president.

2013:

Constitution for National Integration and Development

1543:, the three went on to re-establish control over the 1517: 7876: 7747: 7668: 7452:"Obasanjo's coalition adopts ADC as political party" 7426:"Obasanjo's Coalition for Nigeria launched in Abuja" 6651:. Published: 13 May 2006. Access date: 18 July 2012. 4817: 4805: 4793: 4761: 4744: 4727: 4715: 4682: 4566: 4554: 4539: 4511: 4447: 4416: 4355: 4324: 4296: 4249: 4221: 4177: 4123: 4104: 4080: 4063: 4024: 4000: 3935: 3908: 3896: 3881: 3858: 3781: 3760: 3735: 3702: 3625: 3610: 2673:

sent two army battalions into the Niger Delta region

2438:, a former US secretary of state. It is actually an 1739:

World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture

1381: 1104:

Shortly after, the Fifth Battalion were sent to the

1030: 11216:

Honorary Fellows of the African Academy of Sciences

10240: 8243:

Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) Presidential Nominee

7814:"Doctor jailed over former first lady's lipo death" 7581:"Why Obasanjo spent less than two years on his PhD" 3553: 3457: 1810:and two weeks later Nigeria received a seat on the 1351: 1136: 8213:Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria 8044:Olusegun Obasanjo: Nigeria's Most Successful Ruler 3411: 3399: 2050:Inter-Action Council of Former Heads of Government 1281:Obasanjo was then appointed the rear commander of 1230:While this coup was taking place, Obasanjo was in 1193: 11196:Candidates in the Nigerian general election, 2003 10442:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity 6702:"National Assembly initiated 3rd term – Obasanjo" 6662:Nigeria Rejects Term-Limit Change in Constitution 6517: 2760: 1273:"Colonel Olu Obasanjo, Commander, 3rd division". 11087: 2401:. Consequently, Obasanjo stepped down after the 859:, accepting their surrender in 1970. In 1975, a 9120:Agriculture (and Water Resources from Jan 2007) 6680:"President of Nigeria loses bid for a 3rd term" 3115:My Watch Volume 2: Political and Public Affairs 2847:. He held separate meetings with DRC President 1392:Supreme Military Council of Nigeria (1966–1979) 1264: 1035: 11151:Peoples Democratic Party presidents of Nigeria 10088: 7477:"Obasanjo Announce His Official Return to PDP" 3265:"Obasanjo's story, Aremu set to hit the stage" 2812:(ADC), to realise its dream of a new Nigeria. 1934:was the winner, something that the runner up, 992:'s Owu quarter. In 1952 he transferred to the 11206:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 10898: 10809: 10426: 10226: 10074: 9855: 9841: 9469:Internal Affairs (Interior from January 2007) 9077: 8381: 7965:. The Premium Times of Nigeria. 21 April 2019 7572: 6682:. International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009 3287:"Statement by Obasanjo to the United Nations" 2146: 1953: 1856:multi-racial democratic elections in Rhodesia 1422:Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters: 1975–76 27:Nigerian head of state, 1976–79 and 1999–2007 11176:Military personnel of the Nigerian Civil War 9446:(merged to Commerce & Industry Jan 2007) 8830:Mines and Steel Development (Solid Minerals) 6644:Bid to Allow Nigerian a Third Term Hits Snag 6147:"Obasanjo reveals 'saddest day' of his life" 3365:"Nigeria needs more 'rebels', says Obasanjo" 3340:"At 80years, Obasanjo bags Ph.D in Theology" 3338:Adegbite, Charles Segun (16 December 2017). 2476:He was able to secure debt pardons from the 1531:as his replacement and second-in-command as 1492:launched a coup against Nigeria's government 8050: 7801:Africa: Dispatches from a Fragile Continent 7606:Dimeji, Kayode-Adedeji (15 December 2017). 3160:Forging a Compact in U.S. African Relations 3004:October 2005, the President lost his wife, 867:, was assassinated the following year, the 11111:Graduates of the Mons Officer Cadet School 10905: 10891: 10816: 10802: 10433: 10419: 10233: 10219: 10081: 10067: 9848: 9834: 9166:Commerce and Industry (initially Commerce) 9084: 9070: 8388: 8374: 3110:My Watch Volume 1: Early Life and Military 2373:peninsula border dispute. Even though the 2337: 2220: 1376: 1348:and a nationally known figure in Nigeria. 1093: 138:13 February 1976 – 1 October 1979 56: 10823: 10048:*Civilian; headed transition to abortive 9668:Tourism, Culture and National Orientation 8948:Tourism, Culture and National Orientation 7631:"Obasanjo bags PhD in Christian Theology" 6153:. Dimeji Kayode-Adedeji. 14 February 2017 2793:In May 2014, Obasanjo wrote to President 2618:Confronting ethnic and religious tensions 2567:and also got on with Clinton's successor 2295: 2290: 2254:Campaigning for the presidency: 1998–1999 1841:, to accept the leadership of his rival, 1743:Economic Community of West African States 1483:Murtala's assassination: 13 February 1976 1317:, ordering his troops to advance towards 955: 820:(PDP) from 1998 to 2015, and since 2018. 7651: 7628: 7371:"Full text: Obasanjo's letter to Buhari" 3337: 3079: 3027: 3012:of Nigeria, after she died following an 2944: 2769: 2729: 2653: 2621: 2545: 2512: 2455: 2342:Obasanjo was re-elected in a tumultuous 2299: 2026: 1816: 1724: 1562: 1268: 411:Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Aremu Obasanjo 202:29 July 1975 – 13 February 1976 9287:Environment (and Housing from Jan 2007) 8069: 7998: 7898: 7775: 5321: 5210: 5194: 5166: 5150: 5119: 5014: 4960: 4887: 4871: 4855: 4839: 4787: 4709: 4676: 4659: 4643: 4627: 4615: 4588: 4533: 4505: 4489: 4474: 4441: 4410: 4394: 4349: 4318: 4290: 4278: 4243: 4215: 4199: 4144: 3994: 3978: 3962: 3852: 3824: 3803: 3729: 3696: 3679: 3660: 3600: 3580: 3547: 3527: 3436: 3084:Statue of Olusegun Obasanjo in Owerri, 3075: 2751:Speaker of the House of Representatives 2405:. In an exclusive interview granted to 2183:— Obasanjo, on Sani Abacha's coup, 1994 1639:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 1522: 519: 1976; died 2005) 315:Federal Minister of Petroleum Resources 14: 11088: 9189:Communications (later and Information) 9093:Cabinet of President Olusegun Obasanjo 8528:Co-operation and Integration in Africa 8397:Cabinet of President Olusegun Obasanjo 8088: 8041: 7986: 7949: 7934: 7922: 7910: 7894: 7882: 7787: 7758: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7681: 7605: 7500: 7192: 7180: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7108: 7093: 7081: 7062: 7045: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6994: 6975: 6960: 6945: 6928: 6913: 6901: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6815: 6800: 6785: 6604: 6592: 6518:Habeeb I. Pindiga (10 November 2003). 6472: 6457: 6445: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6290: 6278: 6263: 6246: 6231: 6216: 6201: 6189: 6174: 6133: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6069: 6054: 6037: 6022: 6010: 5995: 5983: 5971: 5956: 5944: 5932: 5920: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5824: 5809: 5797: 5785: 5773: 5761: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5661: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5607: 5595: 5580: 5568: 5545: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5471: 5459: 5442: 5403: 5386: 5374: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5317: 5305: 5290: 5278: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5206: 5190: 5178: 5162: 5146: 5134: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5058: 5035: 5010: 4937: 4916: 4899: 4883: 4867: 4851: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4770: 4755: 4738: 4721: 4705: 4693: 4655: 4639: 4600: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4529: 4517: 4501: 4470: 4458: 4437: 4425: 4406: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4345: 4333: 4314: 4302: 4274: 4262: 4239: 4227: 4211: 4195: 4183: 4171: 4156: 4132: 4117: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4057: 4045: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3990: 3974: 3958: 3946: 3929: 3917: 3902: 3890: 3875: 3848: 3836: 3820: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3754: 3725: 3713: 3675: 3656: 3644: 3619: 3604: 3596: 3584: 3576: 3564: 3543: 3531: 3523: 3486: 3482: 3470: 3451: 3432: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3389: 3240:Olusegun Obasanjo Presidential Library 2928:— Olusegun Obasanjo on democracy, 1990 2715:communities along the borders between 10886: 10797: 10414: 10214: 10062: 9829: 9065: 8369: 7629:Awoyinfa, Samuel (16 December 2017). 7579:Amoo, Abdussalam (16 December 2017). 6486:"Annual Abstract of Statistics, 2012" 4972: 2900: 2447:Economic, social and foreign policies 1911:forward by the constituent assembly. 1902:. To avoid this president becoming a 1802:. That same year, Nigeria hosted the 1637:National Oil Corporation to form the 1182: 1143:Royal College of Military Engineering 787: 365:Federal Minister of Works and Housing 9421:Information and National Orientation 8733:Information and National Orientation 8010: 7578: 7345:"APC recruits Obasanjo as navigator" 3308: 3306: 3150:Africa Through the Eyes of A Patriot 3103: 2888: 2881:, culminating in a ceasefire of the 2460:Obasanjo with the Iranian President 2451: 2388: 1888: 1660: 1533:Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters 1448:a civil war broke out in the country 1446:secured independence from Portugal, 1294:villagers mobilised by the farmers' 910:Nigeria's military from Sierra Leone 190:Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters 11106:Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office 9817:Cabinet of President Umaru Yar'Adua 8808:Labour, Employment and Productivity 7652:Olatunji, Daud (15 December 2017). 7501:Coffie, Charles (23 January 2022). 6750: 5415: 3036:meets with Obasanjo in October 2021 2895:National Open University of Nigeria 2541: 2237:him once a month. Both Mandela and 2084:, a prominent member of the banned 2023:International activities: 1979–1993 1676:National Union of Nigerian Students 938:National Open University of Nigeria 831:, Obasanjo was educated largely in 812:from 1999 to 2007. Ideologically a 808:from 1976 to 1979 and later as its 588:National Open University of Nigeria 24: 10364: 10188: 9716:(merged with Agriculture Jan 2007) 9557:(merged into Interior in Jan 2007) 9404:(merged into Environment Jan 2007) 8321:Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office 7271:"Nigerian deals 'wasted billions'" 3192:Challenges of Leadership in Africa 3064:In addition to a variety of other 2626:Bush talks with Obasanjo during a 2429:quotes, Nnamani said US president 1558: 1518:Military Head of State (1976–1979) 1373:in a traditional Yoruba ceremony. 1367:increasingly widespread in Nigeria 89:29 May 1999 – 29 May 2007 25: 11227: 11171:20th-century Nigerian politicians 11101:Chairpersons of the African Union 8217:13 February 1976– 1 October 1979 8128: 7402:. 25 January 2018. Archived from 7325:. Premium Times. 18 February 2015 6563:"Nigeria to appeal Bakassi delay" 3303: 2933:Iliffe noted that an emphasis on 2369:which formally put an end to the 2361:. On 12 June 2006, he signed the 1720: 1571:By the mid-1970s, Nigeria had an 1382:Coup d'état of 1975 and aftermath 1031:Early military career (1958–1966) 143:Military Head of State of Nigeria 11201:Baptist Boys' High School alumni 11068: 11052: 11040: 11024: 11004: 10988: 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10928: 9886: 8348:Chairperson of the African Union 8155: 8134: 8074:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 8004: 7955: 7854: 7832: 7793: 7645: 7622: 7599: 7546: 7494: 7469: 7444: 7418: 7388: 7363: 7337: 7315: 7263: 7240: 7224: 7198: 6720: 6694: 6672: 6654: 6636: 6610: 6555: 6534: 6511: 6478: 6139: 5409: 4966: 2986: 2875:Tigray People's Liberation Front 2845:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2422:president of the Nigerian Senate 2124:1994 Mozambican general election 1359:Royal College of Defence Studies 1352:Post-Civil War career: 1970–1975 1301:Gowon decide to replace Colonel 1137:Return from the Congo: 1961–1966 764: 697: 672: 656: 583:Royal College of Defence Studies 545: 485: 10242:Ministers of Defence of Nigeria 8094:Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World 7818:Australian Broadcasting Company 7608:"Obasanjo bags PhD in Theology" 3492: 3120:My Watch Volume 3: Now and Then 2819:(PDP) during a book launch for 2778:-Zimbabwe General Election 2013 2749:Some public officials like the 1812:United Nations Security Council 1808:United Nations General Assembly 1194:Pre-Civil War career: 1966–1967 541: 516: 481: 10376:Ministers of State for Defence 7610:. Premium Times. Premium Times 3357: 3331: 3279: 3257: 3155:Making Africa Work: A handbook 2951:African Development Bank Group 2905:Ideologically, Obasanjo was a 2823:, written by former President 2761:Post-presidency (2007–present) 2612:Movement for Democratic Change 2606:and Australian Prime Minister 2158:election followed in June 1993 2064:, he came third, with Egypt's 1769:became British Prime Minister 1161:Defence Services Staff College 13: 1: 8919:Sports and Social Development 8587:Environment (Later + Housing) 8051:Adinoyi Ojo, Onukaba (1997). 7842:. Daily Post. 20 January 2022 6490:National Bureau of Statistics 3245: 2694:In 2000, Obasanjo banned the 1618:South Chad Irrigation Project 1473:Organisation of African Unity 1116:, with their headquarters at 801: 11211:Defence ministers of Nigeria 9538:National Planning Commission 8013:"Books by Olusegun Obasanjo" 7864:. The Cable. 20 January 2022 3250: 2834: 2102:After Botha was replaced by 1265:Civil War command: 1967–1970 1236:Governor of Northern Nigeria 1036:Military training: 1958–1959 721:1960 Force Publique mutinies 7: 9967:Military regime (1983–1999) 9916:Military regime (1966–1979) 9023:Women and Youth Development 3233: 2865:In 2022, Obasanjo mediated 2810:African Democratic Congress 2765: 2705:U.S. bombing of Afghanistan 2403:April 2007 general election 2365:with Cameroonian President 2031:In 1986, Obasanjo met with 1590:International Monetary Fund 884:. Obasanjo then retired to 244:Federal Minister of Defence 10: 11232: 11161:Vice presidents of Nigeria 10125:Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme 10090:Vice presidents of Nigeria 9498:Justice (Attorney General) 8779:Justice (Attorney General) 8293:29 May 1999 – 29 May 2007 8034: 3202:Guides to Effective Prayer 2877:under the auspices of the 2782:He became chairman of the 2658:Olusẹgun Obasanjo and the 2507:Transparency International 2314:, Obasanjo moved into the 2147:Opposing Abacha: 1992–1995 1954:Pre-presidency (1979–1999) 1487:In February 1976, Colonel 1385: 1186: 1097: 906:1999 presidential election 789:[olúʃɛ́ɡũɔbásanɟɔ] 11181:Yoruba military personnel 11146:Politicians from Abeokuta 10923: 10831: 10670: 10452: 10375: 10362: 10248: 10199: 10186: 10096: 10046: 10006: 9966: 9946: 9915: 9895: 9884: 9867: 9813: 9784: 9755: 9732: 9713: 9690: 9667: 9638: 9610:(later Mines & Steel) 9607: 9590: 9573: 9554: 9537: 9520: 9497: 9468: 9443: 9420: 9401: 9384: 9355: 9332: 9315: 9286: 9269: 9240: 9217: 9188: 9165: 9136: 9119: 9100: 9038: 9022: 8999: 8986:(June 1999–February 2001) 8976: 8947: 8928:(June 1999–February 2001) 8918: 8896: 8874: 8851: 8829: 8807: 8778: 8755: 8732: 8703: 8699: 8682:(June 1999–February 2001) 8672: 8655: 8638: 8625:(June 1999–February 2001) 8615: 8586: 8573:(June 1999–February 2001) 8563: 8544: 8527: 8502: 8479: 8456: 8427: 8408: 8404: 8354: 8345: 8337: 8327: 8318: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8286: 8271: 8266: 8256: 8240: 8234: 8229: 8219: 8210: 8202: 8197: 8173:Federal Research Division 3344:Successful People's World 2949:Obasanjo speaking at the 2160:, which saw low turnout. 2143:, between 1991 and 1993. 2116:Second Sudanese Civil War 2086:African National Congress 2046:World Health Organization 2007:, a memoir of his friend 1924:National Party of Nigeria 1655:Operation Feed the Nation 1388:1975 Nigerian coup d'état 1315:Operation Finishing Touch 1122:soldiers who had mutinied 1056:Mons Officer Cadet School 1021:University College Ibadan 994:Baptist Boys' High School 816:, he was a member of the 748: 733:Operation Finishing Touch 708: 693: 685: 667: 651: 646: 635: 621: 601: 578:Mons Officer Cadet School 568: 557: 497:Lynda (ex-wife, deceased) 458: 454:(1998–2015; 2018–present) 446: 406: 401: 397: 381: 370: 363: 351: 339: 331: 320: 313: 309: 305: 300:Other ministerial offices 298: 294: 282: 270: 260: 249: 242: 230: 218: 206: 195: 187: 175: 163: 149: 131: 119: 107: 93: 82: 71: 67: 55: 34: 10107:Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey 9725:(July 2003–January 2007) 9700:(July 2003–January 2007) 9583:(July 2003–January 2007) 9566:(July 2003–January 2007) 9461:(June 2005–January 2007) 9413:(June 2005–January 2007) 9158:(November 2006–May 2007) 8963:(July 2000–January 2001) 8934:(February 2001–May 2002) 8742:(June 1999–January 2001) 8725:(February 2001–May 2003) 8723:Kolawole Babalola Jamodu 8472:(February 2001–May 2003) 8466:(May 1999–February 2001) 8230:Party political offices 8096:. Boydell & Brewer. 8070:Derfler, Leslie (2011). 8042:Adeolu, Adebayo (2017). 3053:that was taught by some 2817:Peoples Democratic Party 2499:Nigerian Labour Congress 2261:Peoples Democratic Party 1974:War Against Indiscipline 1785:'s Nigerian operations. 1603:Nigerian Labour Congress 1508:Supreme Military Council 1221:a second coup took place 976:and Obasanjo was raised 949:representative democracy 869:Supreme Military Council 818:Peoples Democratic Party 451:Peoples Democratic Party 427:(official date of birth) 10917:Commonwealth of Nations 10914:Chairs-in-Office of the 9806:(January 2007–May 2007) 9371:(July 2006–August 2006) 8046:. Ibadan: Safari Books. 7252:4 February 2015 at the 2755:President of the Senate 2596:Guinea-Bissau civil war 2411:Constitution of Nigeria 2338:Second term (2003–2007) 2221:Imprisonment: 1995–1998 2166:Social Democratic Party 2137:Africa Leadership Forum 2118:. He then served as an 2054:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1997:Robert Adeyinka Adebayo 1920:Nigerian People's Party 1494:, during which General 1377:In Murtala's government 1094:Congo crisis: 1960–1961 984:to marry a Muslim man. 974:Southern Baptist Church 855:separatists during the 642:, Baba Iyabo, Ebora owu 10369: 10193: 9794:(April 2004–June 2005) 9765:(July 2003–March 2006) 9591:Science and Technology 9377:(August 2006–May 2007) 8897:Science and Technology 3145:The Thabo Mbeki I know 3089: 3037: 3032:US Secretary of State 2958: 2940:constructive criticism 2925: 2779: 2739: 2696:Oodua Peoples Congress 2667: 2631: 2559: 2529: 2465: 2307: 2296:First term (1999–2003) 2291:Presidency (1999–2007) 2180: 2036: 1868:East African Community 1826: 1749:' new military junta. 1734: 1711:Funmilayo Ransome Kuti 1568: 1278: 1275:New Nigerian Newspaper 956:Early life (1937–1958) 784: 11156:Presidents of Nigeria 10825:Africa Progress Panel 10400:Fidelia Akubata Njeze 10368: 10356:Bashir Salihi Magashi 10336:Haliru Mohammed Bello 10192: 9800:(July 2005–June 2006) 9771:(March 2006–Sep 2006) 9742:(July 2003–June 2005) 9654:(July 2005–June 2006) 9652:Saidu Samaila Sambawa 9648:(July 2003–July 2005) 9528:Hassan Muhammed Lawal 9484:(June 2005–June 2006) 9430:(July 2003–June 2005) 9365:(July 2003–July 2006) 9342:(July 2003–July 2006) 9256:(June 2005–June 2006) 9175:(July 2003–June 2006) 9146:(July 2003–July 2005) 9009:(June 1999–June 2001) 8957:(June 1999–July 2000) 8817:(June 1999–July 2000) 8516:Haliru Mohammed Bello 8512:(June 1999–June 2001) 7633:. The Punch Newspaper 7349:www.pmnewsnigeria.com 3166:Africa in Perspective 3135:The Animal Called Man 3083: 3031: 2948: 2917: 2784:PDP Board of Trustees 2773: 2733: 2657: 2625: 2585:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf 2549: 2516: 2459: 2303: 2175: 2066:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 2030: 1821:The 1979 election of 1820: 1728: 1566: 1321:, which they took on 1272: 1213:Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi 1169:School of Engineering 686:Years of service 438:(now Ibogun-Olaogun, 10346:Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 10249:Ministers of Defence 9748:(June 2005–May 2007) 9660:(June 2006–May 2007) 9600:(July 2003–May 2007) 9530:(July 2003–May 2007) 9513:(June 2005–May 2007) 9490:(June 2006–May 2007) 9436:(June 2005–May 2007) 9394:(July 2003–May 2007) 9348:(July 2006–May 2007) 9325:(July 2003–May 2007) 9323:Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai 9302:(June 2005–Dec 2005) 9279:(July 2003–May 2007) 9262:(June 2006–May 2007) 9250:(July 2003–Mar 2005) 9231:Thomas Aguiyi-Ironsi 9225:Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso 9198:(July 2003–Aug 2006) 9152:(July 2005–Nov 2006) 9129:(July 2003–May 2007) 9015:(June 2001–May 2003) 8992:(February 2001–2003) 8961:Alabo Graham-Douglas 8884:(June 1999–Jan 2000) 8815:Alabo Graham-Douglas 8688:(February 2001–2003) 8520:(June 2001–May 2003) 8449:(February 2001–2007) 8358:Denis Sassou-Nguesso 8289:President of Nigeria 8275:Abdulsalami Abubakar 8143:at Wikimedia Commons 8011:Obasanjo, Olusegun. 7732:, pp. 201, 204. 7656:. Vanguard Newspaper 7168:, pp. 187, 193. 6738:on 27 September 2013 3076:Reception and legacy 2907:Nigerian nationalist 2885:on 2 November 2022. 2862:election observers. 2594:intervention in the 2491:Washington Consensus 2328:freedom of the press 2316:presidential complex 2248:born-again Christian 2108:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 2058:UN Secretary-General 1989:University of Ibadan 1795:1976 Summer Olympics 1523:Military triumvirate 1462:, because the rival 1458:group backed by the 1296:Agbekoya Association 1177:comparative religion 1159:, he studied at the 898:born again Christian 814:Nigerian nationalist 562:Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello 544: 1991; 484: 1963; 114:Abdulsalami Abubakar 77:President of Nigeria 10119:Shehu Musa Yar'Adua 9777:(Sep 2006–Jan 2007) 9706:(Jan 2007–May 2007) 9631:(Jan 2007–May 2007) 9623:Obiageli Ezekwesili 9547:(Jan 2007–May 2007) 9428:Chukwuemeka Chikelu 9369:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 9340:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala 9308:(Jan 2006–May 2007) 9260:Obiageli Ezekwesili 9210:(Jan 2007–May 2007) 9204:(Aug 2006–Jan 2007) 9112:(May 2003–May 2007) 8940:(May 2002–May 2003) 8788:(Jun 1999–Jan 2000) 8719:(2000–January 2001) 8606:Mohammed Kabir Said 8602:(2000–January 2001) 8443:(2000–January 2001) 8055:. Africana Legacy. 8053:In the Eyes of Time 7989:, pp. 158–159. 7937:, pp. 100–101. 7925:, pp. 184–185. 7820:. 22 September 2009 7790:, pp. 101–102. 7558:Wall Street Journal 7156:, pp. 187–188. 7096:, pp. 185–186. 7033:, pp. 219–220. 7021:, pp. 218–219. 6916:, pp. 210–211. 6853:, pp. 204–205. 6607:, pp. 192–193. 6407:, pp. 174–175. 6395:, pp. 172–174. 6359:, pp. 169–170. 6320:, pp. 166–167. 6219:, pp. 155–156. 6204:, pp. 154–155. 6111:, pp. 152–153. 5998:, pp. 143–144. 5986:, pp. 141–142. 5959:, pp. 138–139. 5935:, pp. 131–132. 5882:, pp. 122–123. 5870:, pp. 121–123. 5858:, pp. 130–131. 5812:, pp. 120–121. 5703:, pp. 108–109. 5610:, pp. 104–105. 5583:, pp. 103–104. 5519:, pp. 99, 100. 5416:Makinde, Adeyinka. 4393:, pp. 45, 48; 2873:government and the 2821:My Transition Hours 2660:President of Brazil 2407:Channels Television 2363:Greentree Agreement 2062:UN Security Council 1946:and Togo President 1584:the support of the 1541:Chief of Army Staff 1402:Shehu Musa Yar'Adua 1327:Operation Tail-Wind 874:white minority rule 785:Olúṣẹ́gun Ọbásanjọ́ 738:Operation Tail-Wind 433:, Southern Region, 237:Shehu Musa Yar'Adua 158:Shehu Musa Yar'Adua 126:Umaru Musa Yar'Adua 11166:Yoruba politicians 11131:Nigerian engineers 10390:Roland Oritsejafor 10370: 10306:Theophilus Danjuma 10194: 9681:Babalola Borishade 9316:FCT Administration 9179:Aliyu Modibbo Umar 9150:Babalola Borishade 8629:Mohammed Abba Gana 8616:FCT Administration 8577:Babalola Borishade 8554:Theophilus Danjuma 8267:Political offices 8112:10.7722/j.ctt81pgm 7430:Daily Post Nigeria 7406:on 1 February 2018 7351:. 22 December 2013 7258:This Day Newspaper 7231:Africa's Barometer 7212:. 5 September 2002 6499:on 28 January 2015 5531:, pp. 99–100. 5445:, pp. 93, 94. 5153:, pp. 93, 95. 4603:, pp. 49, 56. 4532:, pp. 48–49; 4473:, pp. 46–47; 4381:, pp. 45, 48. 4277:, pp. 42–43; 3728:, pp. 12–13; 3530:, pp. 72–73; 3504:www.britannica.com 3371:. 19 February 2022 3318:www.britannica.com 3090: 3038: 2959: 2953:annual meeting in 2935:consensus politics 2901:Political ideology 2780: 2740: 2668: 2632: 2560: 2530: 2466: 2308: 2037: 1948:Gnassingbé Eyadéma 1900:head of government 1831:Rhodesian Bush War 1827: 1735: 1610:Kano River Project 1599:population control 1573:overheated economy 1569: 1537:Theophilus Danjuma 1429:Irifeke Commission 1279: 1251:Republic of Biafra 1247:C. Odumegwu Ojukwu 1189:Nigerian Civil War 1183:Nigerian Civil War 924:and served as its 857:Nigerian Civil War 728:Nigerian Civil War 11186:Nigerian generals 11136:Nigerian Baptists 11083: 11082: 10880: 10879: 10836:Olusegun Obasanjo 10791: 10790: 10408: 10407: 10378:(junior minister) 10331:Adetokunbo Kayode 10321:Shettima Mustapha 10281:Olusegun Obasanjo 10208: 10207: 10203: 10165:Goodluck Jonathan 10113:Olusegun Obasanjo 10101:Babafemi Ogundipe 10056: 10055: 10007:President of the 9947:President of the 9896:President of the 9823: 9822: 9785:Youth Development 9775:Cornelius Adebayo 9756:Works and Housing 9704:Cornelius Adebayo 9196:Cornelius Adebayo 9059: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9039:Works and Housing 8695: 8694: 8364: 8363: 8355:Succeeded by 8328:Succeeded by 8306:Diplomatic posts 8296:Succeeded by 8284: 8257:Succeeded by 8220:Succeeded by 8198:Military offices 8141:Olusegun Obasanjo 8139:Media related to 7913:, pp. 28–29. 7560:. 4 November 2022 7432:. 31 January 2018 5474:, pp. 93–94. 5389:, pp. 92–93. 5360:, pp. 90–91. 5293:, pp. 82–83. 5252:, pp. 76–77. 5169:, pp. 93–94. 5122:, pp. 94–95. 5094:, pp. 75–76. 4842:, pp. 88–89. 4508:, pp. 84–85. 4174:, pp. 41–42. 4159:, pp. 31–32. 4101:, pp. 29–30. 4060:, pp. 27–28. 4048:, pp. 26–27. 4021:, pp. 25–26. 3932:, pp. 21–22. 3839:, pp. 16–17. 3806:, pp. 73–74. 3550:, pp. 72–73. 3267:. 13 October 2019 3104:Books by Obasanjo 3051:prosperity gospel 3019:brigadier general 2993:Oluremi Akinlawon 2889:Further education 2851:and rebel leader 2825:Goodluck Jonathan 2795:Goodluck Jonathan 2675:to apprehend the 2630:France, June 2003 2519:Russian President 2443:by 29 May 2007." 2426:Femi Gbajabiamila 2399:National Assembly 2389:Third term agenda 2239:Pope John Paul II 1991:, where he wrote 1978:Ibrahim Babangida 1928:presidential vote 1889:Transfer of power 1879:Chadian Civil War 1823:Margaret Thatcher 1783:British Petroleum 1767:Margaret Thatcher 1707:Kalakuta Republic 1661:Domestic policies 1303:Benjamin Adekunle 1204:Emmanuel Ifeajuna 1013:Oluremi Akinlawon 752: 751: 530:Mojisola Adekunle 494:Bola Alice (wife) 393: 392: 45:Olusegun Obasanjo 16:(Redirected from 11223: 11073: 11072: 11057: 11056: 11045: 11044: 11029: 11028: 11009: 11008: 10999:Persad-Bissessar 10993: 10992: 10981: 10980: 10969: 10968: 10957: 10956: 10945: 10944: 10933: 10932: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10884: 10883: 10842:Michel Camdessus 10818: 10811: 10804: 10795: 10794: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10412: 10411: 10266:Muhammadu Ribadu 10235: 10228: 10221: 10212: 10211: 10201: 10142:Augustus Aikhomu 10083: 10076: 10069: 10060: 10059: 9988: 9890: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9827: 9826: 9763:Adeseye Ogunlewe 9675:Femi Fani-Kayode 9658:Bala Bawa Ka'oje 9564:Broderick Bozimo 9227:(July 2003–2006) 9156:Femi Fani-Kayode 9086: 9079: 9072: 9063: 9062: 9048:(June 1999–2003) 8969:(February 2001–) 8867:(February 2001–) 8861:(June 1999–2000) 8756:Internal Affairs 8748:(February 2001–) 8701: 8700: 8665:(June 1999–2003) 8648:(June 1999–2003) 8631:(February 2001–) 8608:(February 2001–) 8596:(June 1999–2000) 8579:(February 2001–) 8556:(June 1999–2003) 8493:Precious Ngelale 8489:(June 1999–2002) 8437:(June 1999–2000) 8406: 8405: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8367: 8366: 8341:Joaquim Chissano 8338:Preceded by 8311:Preceded by 8278: 8272:Preceded by 8235:Preceded by 8206:Murtala Muhammed 8203:Preceded by 8195: 8194: 8176: 8159: 8158: 8138: 8123: 8085: 8066: 8047: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7810: 7804: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7762: 7756: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7456:Punch Newspapers 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7375:Punch Newspapers 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7267: 7261: 7244: 7238: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7112: 7106: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7066: 7060: 7049: 7043: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6979: 6973: 6964: 6958: 6949: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6819: 6813: 6804: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6762: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6734:. 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The import of 1496:Murtala Muhammed 1411:Murtala Muhammed 1329:, capturing the 1291:military science 1283:Murtala Muhammed 1148:Camberwell Green 916:. Influenced by 865:Murtala Muhammed 839:. He joined the 803: 799: 798: 797: 791: 778: 777: 776: 775: 768: 761: 701: 678: 676: 675: 662: 660: 659: 647:Military service 631: 630: 628:Official website 611:military officer 564:, amongst others 549: 547: 543: 520: 518: 489: 487: 483: 429:Ibogun-Olaogun, 425: 421: 419: 402:Personal details 384: 375: 354: 342: 325: 296: 295: 285: 273: 263: 254: 233: 221: 213:Murtala Muhammed 209: 200: 178: 170:Murtala Muhammed 166: 154: 145: 136: 122: 110: 98: 87: 62:Obasanjo in 2001 60: 32: 31: 21: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11141:Obasanjo family 11086: 11085: 11084: 11079: 11067: 11051: 11039: 11023: 11003: 10987: 10975: 10963: 10951: 10939: 10927: 10919: 10911: 10881: 10876: 10827: 10822: 10792: 10787: 10666: 10454: 10453:Organisation of 10448: 10439: 10409: 10404: 10395:Mike Onolememen 10377: 10371: 10360: 10311:Rabiu Kwankwaso 10291:Akanbi Oniyangi 10244: 10239: 10209: 10204: 10195: 10184: 10180:Kashim Shettima 10092: 10087: 10057: 10052: 10042: 10009:Fourth Republic 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5086: 5078: 5065: 5057: 5042: 5034: 5021: 5009: 5002: 4987:10.2307/1145717 4971: 4967: 4959: 4944: 4936: 4923: 4915: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4882: 4878: 4866: 4862: 4850: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4745: 4737: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4683: 4675: 4666: 4654: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4540: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4481: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4448: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4210: 4206: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3989: 3985: 3973: 3969: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3859: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3819: 3810: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3761: 3753: 3736: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3674: 3667: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3554: 3542: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3458: 3454:, pp. 7–8. 3450: 3443: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3236: 3106: 3078: 3059:Providentialism 3055:Pentecostalists 3006:Stella Obasanjo 2989: 2963:one-party state 2931: 2927: 2921: 2903: 2891: 2837: 2768: 2763: 2620: 2552:Donald Rumsfeld 2544: 2454: 2452:Economic policy 2449: 2391: 2375:Nigerian Senate 2340: 2298: 2293: 2256: 2223: 2186: 2182: 2170:Ernest Shonekan 2154:Anthony Enahoro 2149: 2025: 1956: 1936:Obafemi Awolowo 1891: 1729:U.S. President 1723: 1663: 1614:Bakalori Scheme 1561: 1559:Economic policy 1545:military regime 1525: 1520: 1489:Buka Suka Dimka 1485: 1424: 1394: 1386:Main articles: 1384: 1379: 1354: 1287:Second Division 1267: 1200:a military coup 1196: 1191: 1185: 1139: 1126:Patrice Lumumba 1102: 1096: 1038: 1033: 958: 902:providentialism 847:, Britain, and 793: 792: 771: 770: 763: 757: 744: 673: 671: 657: 655: 626: 625: 617: 597: 553: 551: 548: 1998) 539: 535: 532: 522: 514: 510: 507: 491: 488: 1976) 479: 475: 472: 453: 447:Political party 437: 435:British Nigeria 428: 426: 423: 417: 415: 413: 412: 382: 376: 371: 352: 340: 326: 321: 301: 283: 271: 261: 255: 250: 231: 219: 207: 201: 196: 176: 164: 150: 140: 139: 137: 132: 120: 108: 94: 88: 83: 63: 51: 46: 43: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11229: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11077: 11065: 11049: 11037: 11021: 11001: 10985: 10973: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10910: 10909: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10821: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10798: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10458: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10438: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10415: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10381: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10351:Mansur Dan Ali 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10238: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10215: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10160:Atiku Abubakar 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10130:Tunde Idiagbon 10127: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10086: 10085: 10078: 10071: 10063: 10054: 10053: 10050:Third Republic 10047: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9981: 9976: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9954: 9952: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9903: 9901: 9898:First Republic 9893: 9892: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9874: 9872: 9865: 9864: 9857:Heads of state 9853: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9830: 9821: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9804:S. A. Jankanda 9801: 9795: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9743: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9723:Muktar Shagari 9719: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9701: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9655: 9649: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9613: 9611: 9608:Solid Minerals 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9560: 9558: 9555:Police Affairs 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9508: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9459:Fidelis Tapgun 9456: 9449: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9437: 9431: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9407: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9277:Edmund Daukoru 9273: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9228: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9192: 9190: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9123: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9113: 9110:Atiku Abubakar 9106: 9104: 9102:Vice President 9098: 9097: 9089: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9066: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9013:Muktar Shagari 9010: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8993: 8987: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8935: 8929: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8913: 8912: 8907: 8904:Ebitimi Banigo 8900: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8890: 8888:Olusegun Agagu 8885: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8853: 8852:Police Affairs 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8769:Mohammed Shata 8766: 8763:Sunday Afolabi 8759: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8707: 8705: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8626: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8574: 8571:Tunde Adeniran 8567: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8550: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8504: 8503:Communications 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8490: 8487:Mustapha Bello 8483: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8464:Olusegun Agagu 8460: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8418:Atiku Abubakar 8414: 8412: 8410:Vice President 8402: 8401: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8370: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8353: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8331:Lawrence Gonzi 8329: 8326: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8299:Umaru Yar'Adua 8297: 8294: 8285: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8260:Umaru Yar'Adua 8258: 8255: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8218: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8153: 8144: 8130: 8129:External links 8127: 8125: 8124: 8102: 8086: 8081:978-1349290512 8080: 8067: 8062:978-1575790749 8061: 8048: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8003: 7991: 7976: 7954: 7952:, p. 159. 7939: 7927: 7915: 7903: 7897:, p. 13; 7887: 7875: 7853: 7831: 7805: 7792: 7780: 7763: 7746: 7744:, p. 172. 7734: 7722: 7710: 7708:, p. 130. 7698: 7696:, p. 115. 7686: 7667: 7644: 7621: 7598: 7571: 7545: 7534:. 27 July 2013 7519: 7493: 7468: 7443: 7417: 7387: 7362: 7336: 7314: 7288: 7262: 7239: 7223: 7197: 7195:, p. 189. 7185: 7183:, p. 188. 7170: 7158: 7146: 7144:, p. 193. 7134: 7132:, p. 194. 7113: 7111:, p. 186. 7098: 7086: 7084:, p. 192. 7067: 7065:, p. 191. 7050: 7048:, p. 190. 7035: 7023: 7011: 7009:, p. 218. 6999: 6997:, p. 219. 6980: 6978:, p. 220. 6965: 6963:, p. 217. 6950: 6948:, p. 200. 6933: 6931:, p. 203. 6918: 6906: 6904:, p. 210. 6891: 6889:, p. 208. 6879: 6877:, p. 207. 6867: 6865:, p. 206. 6855: 6843: 6841:, p. 204. 6820: 6818:, p. 202. 6805: 6803:, p. 205. 6790: 6788:, p. 201. 6773: 6749: 6719: 6708:. 7 April 2012 6693: 6671: 6653: 6635: 6609: 6597: 6595:, p. 185. 6580: 6554: 6533: 6510: 6477: 6475:, p. 195. 6462: 6460:, p. 184. 6450: 6448:, p. 183. 6433: 6431:, p. 176. 6421: 6419:, p. 175. 6409: 6397: 6385: 6383:, p. 169. 6373: 6371:, p. 171. 6361: 6349: 6347:, p. 168. 6334: 6332:, p. 167. 6322: 6310: 6308:, p. 165. 6295: 6293:, p. 164. 6283: 6281:, p. 160. 6268: 6266:, p. 158. 6251: 6249:, p. 157. 6236: 6234:, p. 156. 6221: 6206: 6194: 6192:, p. 155. 6179: 6177:, p. 154. 6164: 6138: 6136:, p. 153. 6113: 6101: 6099:, p. 152. 6089: 6087:, p. 149. 6074: 6072:, p. 147. 6059: 6057:, p. 148. 6042: 6040:, p. 145. 6027: 6025:, p. 144. 6015: 6013:, p. 146. 6000: 5988: 5976: 5974:, p. 140. 5961: 5949: 5947:, p. 132. 5937: 5925: 5923:, p. 127. 5908: 5906:, p. 125. 5896: 5894:, p. 124. 5884: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5846:, p. 126. 5829: 5827:, p. 121. 5814: 5802: 5800:, p. 120. 5790: 5788:, p. 122. 5778: 5776:, p. 112. 5766: 5764:, p. 114. 5741: 5739:, p. 111. 5729: 5727:, p. 110. 5717: 5715:, p. 109. 5705: 5693: 5691:, p. 108. 5681: 5679:, p. 128. 5666: 5664:, p. 129. 5651: 5649:, p. 136. 5639: 5637:, p. 116. 5627: 5625:, p. 105. 5612: 5600: 5598:, p. 104. 5585: 5573: 5571:, p. 102. 5550: 5548:, p. 101. 5533: 5521: 5509: 5497: 5495:, p. 100. 5476: 5464: 5447: 5435: 5408: 5391: 5379: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5320:, p. 89; 5310: 5295: 5283: 5266: 5254: 5242: 5230: 5215: 5209:, p. 81; 5199: 5193:, p. 81; 5183: 5171: 5165:, p. 74; 5155: 5149:, p. 79; 5139: 5124: 5118:, p. 79; 5108: 5096: 5084: 5063: 5040: 5019: 5013:, p. 73; 5000: 4981:(1): 131–148. 4965: 4942: 4921: 4904: 4892: 4886:, p. 65; 4876: 4870:, p. 58; 4860: 4854:, p. 57; 4844: 4838:, p. 60; 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4775: 4760: 4743: 4726: 4714: 4708:, p. 67; 4698: 4681: 4664: 4658:, p. 57; 4648: 4642:, p. 56; 4632: 4620: 4605: 4593: 4587:, p. 50; 4577: 4565: 4553: 4538: 4522: 4510: 4504:, p. 48; 4494: 4479: 4463: 4446: 4440:, p. 46; 4430: 4415: 4409:, p. 48; 4399: 4383: 4371: 4354: 4348:, p. 45; 4338: 4323: 4317:, p. 43; 4307: 4295: 4283: 4267: 4248: 4242:, p. 40; 4232: 4220: 4214:, p. 42; 4204: 4198:, p. 42; 4188: 4176: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4122: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4062: 4050: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3993:, p. 25; 3983: 3977:, p. 24; 3967: 3961:, p. 23; 3951: 3934: 3922: 3907: 3895: 3880: 3857: 3851:, p. 17; 3841: 3829: 3823:, p. 16; 3808: 3802:, p. 16; 3792: 3780: 3759: 3734: 3718: 3701: 3684: 3678:, p. 12; 3665: 3659:, p. 10; 3649: 3624: 3609: 3603:, p. 73; 3589: 3583:, p. 72; 3569: 3552: 3536: 3516: 3491: 3475: 3456: 3441: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3382: 3356: 3330: 3302: 3278: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3077: 3074: 3034:Antony Blinken 3014:abdominoplasty 2988: 2985: 2916: 2902: 2899: 2890: 2887: 2853:Laurent Nkunda 2836: 2833: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2736:George W. Bush 2734:Obasanjo with 2619: 2616: 2581:Charles Taylor 2569:George W. Bush 2550:Obasanjo with 2543: 2542:Foreign policy 2540: 2522:Vladimir Putin 2517:Obasanjo with 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2431:George W. Bush 2390: 2387: 2383:Orji Uzor Kalu 2359:Charles Taylor 2339: 2336: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2281:Atiku Abubakar 2255: 2252: 2222: 2219: 2174: 2162:Moshood Abiola 2148: 2145: 2104:F. W. de Klerk 2082:Nelson Mandela 2078:Malcolm Fraser 2033:Nelson Mandela 2024: 2021: 1955: 1952: 1944:Kenneth Kaunda 1890: 1887: 1883:Western Sahara 1851:United Nations 1837:, the head of 1747:Jerry Rawlings 1722: 1721:Foreign policy 1719: 1715:Dodan Barracks 1662: 1659: 1560: 1557: 1529:Shehu Yar'Adua 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1512:Dodan Barracks 1484: 1481: 1423: 1420: 1396:In July 1975, 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1353: 1350: 1342:Third Division 1338:Philip Effiong 1266: 1263: 1240:Hassan Katsina 1195: 1192: 1187:Main article: 1184: 1181: 1138: 1135: 1130:Roman Catholic 1110:United Nations 1095: 1092: 1076:British Empire 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1025:civil engineer 968:branch of the 957: 954: 918:Pan-Africanist 827:branch of the 750: 749: 746: 745: 743: 742: 741: 740: 735: 725: 724: 723: 712: 710: 706: 705: 695: 691: 690: 687: 683: 682: 669: 668:Branch/service 665: 664: 653: 649: 648: 644: 643: 637: 633: 632: 623: 619: 618: 616: 615: 612: 609: 605: 603: 599: 598: 596: 595: 585: 580: 574: 572: 566: 565: 559: 555: 554: 537: 533: 528: 527: 526: 525: 512: 508: 503: 502: 501: 500: 498: 495: 477: 473: 470:Esther Oluremi 468: 467: 466: 465: 462: 460: 456: 455: 448: 444: 443: 410: 408: 404: 403: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 385: 379: 378: 368: 367: 361: 360: 358:Edmund Daukoru 355: 349: 348: 343: 337: 336: 333: 329: 328: 318: 317: 311: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 292: 291: 286: 280: 279: 277:Illiya Bisalla 274: 268: 267: 264: 258: 257: 247: 246: 240: 239: 234: 228: 227: 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 193: 192: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 155: 152:Chief of Staff 147: 146: 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 111: 105: 104: 102:Atiku Abubakar 99: 96:Vice President 91: 90: 80: 79: 69: 68: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 47: 44: 37:His Excellency 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11228: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11126:Living people 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10908: 10903: 10901: 10896: 10894: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10873: 10872:Tidjane Thiam 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10862:Linah Mohohlo 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10814: 10812: 10807: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671:African Union 10669: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10455:African Unity 10451: 10447: 10446:African Union 10443: 10436: 10431: 10429: 10424: 10422: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10374: 10367: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10341:Olusola Obada 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10276:I. D. Bisalla 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256:Tafawa Balewa 10254: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10231: 10229: 10224: 10222: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10198: 10191: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10175:Yemi Osinbajo 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10084: 10079: 10077: 10072: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9945: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9923:Aguiyi-Ironsi 9921: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9851: 9846: 9844: 9839: 9837: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9818: 9812: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9798:Musa Mohammed 9796: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9776: 9773: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9746:Maryam Ciroma 9744: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733:Women Affairs 9731: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9712: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9656: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9646:Musa Mohammed 9644: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9630: 9629:Leslye Obiora 9627: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9617:Odion Ugbesia 9615: 9614: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9546: 9545:Abdallah Wali 9543: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9442: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9411:Rahman Mimiko 9409: 9408: 9406: 9400: 9393: 9392:Eyitayo Lambo 9390: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9346:Nnenadi Usman 9344: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9209: 9206: 9203: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9087: 9082: 9080: 9075: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9030:Aishat Ismail 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8938:Stephen Akiga 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8926:Damishi Sango 8924: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8865:Stephen Akiga 8863: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8770: 8767: 8765:(June 1999 -) 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8717:Stephen Akiga 8715: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8323: 8322: 8315: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8291: 8290: 8283: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8223:Shehu Shagari 8215: 8214: 8207: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8163: 8162:public domain 8154: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8103:9781847010278 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8001:, p. 84. 8000: 7995: 7988: 7983: 7981: 7964: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7901:, p. 84. 7900: 7896: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7863: 7857: 7841: 7835: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7802: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7778:, p. 86. 7777: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7655: 7648: 7632: 7625: 7609: 7602: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7324: 7318: 7303:. 28 May 2014 7302: 7301:Premium Times 7298: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7243: 7236: 7235:Time Magazine 7232: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7175: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7110: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6888: 6883: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6707: 6706:Vanguard News 6703: 6697: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6657: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6639: 6624:. 26 May 2018 6623: 6622:Premium Times 6619: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6543: 6537: 6522:. Daily Trust 6521: 6514: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6152: 6151:PREMIUM TIMES 6148: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6024: 6019: 6012: 6007: 6005: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5656: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5507:, p. 99. 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5468: 5462:, p. 94. 5461: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5406:, p. 93. 5405: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5377:, p. 91. 5376: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5354: 5348:, p. 90. 5347: 5342: 5336:, p. 89. 5335: 5330: 5324:, p. 87. 5323: 5319: 5314: 5308:, p. 88. 5307: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5287: 5281:, p. 82. 5280: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5264:, p. 80. 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5240:, p. 75. 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 77. 5227: 5222: 5220: 5213:, p. 95. 5212: 5208: 5203: 5197:, p. 93. 5196: 5192: 5187: 5181:, p. 81. 5180: 5175: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5137:, p. 79. 5136: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5106:, p. 76. 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5082:, p. 73. 5081: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5061:, p. 83. 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5038:, p. 74. 5037: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5017:, p. 93. 5016: 5012: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4963:, p. 88. 4962: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4940:, p. 63. 4939: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4919:, p. 62. 4918: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4902:, p. 65. 4901: 4896: 4890:, p. 89. 4889: 4885: 4880: 4874:, p. 89. 4873: 4869: 4864: 4858:, p. 89. 4857: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4826:, p. 60. 4825: 4820: 4814:, p. 59. 4813: 4808: 4802:, p. 61. 4801: 4796: 4790:, p. 89. 4789: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4773:, p. 58. 4772: 4767: 4765: 4758:, p. 66. 4757: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4741:, p. 64. 4740: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4724:, p. 67. 4723: 4718: 4712:, p. 90. 4711: 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 57. 4695: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4679:, p. 90. 4678: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4662:, p. 90. 4661: 4657: 4652: 4646:, p. 87. 4645: 4641: 4636: 4630:, p. 92. 4629: 4624: 4618:, p. 87. 4617: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4597: 4591:, p. 85. 4590: 4586: 4581: 4575:, p. 50. 4574: 4569: 4563:, p. 51. 4562: 4557: 4551:, p. 56. 4550: 4545: 4543: 4536:, p. 85. 4535: 4531: 4526: 4520:, p. 49. 4519: 4514: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4492:, p. 94. 4491: 4486: 4484: 4477:, p. 94. 4476: 4472: 4467: 4461:, p. 47. 4460: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4444:, p. 83. 4443: 4439: 4434: 4428:, p. 48. 4427: 4422: 4420: 4413:, p. 83. 4412: 4408: 4403: 4397:, p. 83. 4396: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4369:, p. 45. 4368: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4352:, p. 82. 4351: 4347: 4342: 4336:, p. 44. 4335: 4330: 4328: 4321:, p. 81. 4320: 4316: 4311: 4305:, p. 43. 4304: 4299: 4293:, p. 82. 4292: 4287: 4281:, p. 81. 4280: 4276: 4271: 4265:, p. 40. 4264: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4246:, p. 79. 4245: 4241: 4236: 4230:, p. 42. 4229: 4224: 4218:, p. 80. 4217: 4213: 4208: 4202:, p. 79. 4201: 4197: 4192: 4186:, p. 41. 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4147:, p. 78. 4146: 4141: 4135:, p. 31. 4134: 4129: 4127: 4120:, p. 30. 4119: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4095: 4089:, p. 29. 4088: 4083: 4077:, p. 28. 4076: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4033:, p. 26. 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4009:, p. 24. 4008: 4003: 3997:, p. 76. 3996: 3992: 3987: 3981:, p. 76. 3980: 3976: 3971: 3965:, p. 76. 3964: 3960: 3955: 3949:, p. 22. 3948: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3920:, p. 21. 3919: 3914: 3912: 3905:, p. 20. 3904: 3899: 3893:, p. 17. 3892: 3887: 3885: 3878:, p. 39. 3877: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3855:, p. 74. 3854: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3827:, p. 74. 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3790:, p. 15. 3789: 3784: 3778:, p. 14. 3777: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3757:, p. 13. 3756: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3732:, p. 73. 3731: 3727: 3722: 3716:, p. 12. 3715: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3699:, p. 73. 3698: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3682:, p. 73. 3681: 3677: 3672: 3670: 3663:, p. 73. 3662: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 16. 3646: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3622:, p. 10. 3621: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3599:, p. 9; 3598: 3593: 3586: 3582: 3579:, p. 9; 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3549: 3546:, p. 9; 3545: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3526:, p. 9; 3525: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3485:, p. 8; 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3439:, p. 72. 3438: 3435:, p. 7; 3434: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3392:, p. 7; 3391: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3288: 3282: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3070:Olori Omo Ilu 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3023:Nigerian army 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987:Personal life 2984: 2981: 2980:protectionist 2975: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2915: 2912: 2911:Yugoslav Wars 2908: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2879:African Union 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2860:African Union 2856: 2854: 2850: 2849:Joseph Kabila 2846: 2842: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776:Robert Mugabe 2772: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2738:in March 2006 2737: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700:Plateau State 2697: 2692: 2690: 2689:Bayelsa State 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2665: 2664:Lula da Silva 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641:Zamfara State 2637: 2629: 2624: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:Robert Mugabe 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2444: 2441: 2440:autobiography 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2344:2003 election 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269:Aliko Dangote 2264: 2262: 2251: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2234:Plateau State 2230: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2203:Lawan Gwadabe 2198: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:Emeka Anyaoku 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2029: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Ken Saro-Wiwa 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1932:Shehu Shagari 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:head of state 1886: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:Robert Mugabe 1832: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Barclays Bank 1796: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683:public sector 1679: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1658: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1634:Sahara Desert 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:Christmas Day 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Port Harcourt 1304: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1271: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1255:Western State 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1202:led by Major 1201: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167:and then the 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Kivu Province 1111: 1108:as part of a 1107: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1043:Nigerian Army 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1003: 1002:anti-colonial 999: 995: 991: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Yoruba people 967: 963: 953: 950: 946: 945:post-colonial 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922:African Union 919: 915: 914:2003 election 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 889: 887: 883: 882:Shehu Shagari 879: 878:1979 election 875: 870: 866: 862: 861:military coup 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:Nigerian Army 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:head of state 796: 790: 786: 782: 774: 767: 760: 756: 747: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 713: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 681: 680:Nigerian Army 670: 666: 654: 650: 645: 641: 638: 634: 629: 624: 620: 613: 610: 607: 606: 604: 600: 593: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 573: 571: 567: 563: 560: 556: 531: 524: 523: 506: 499: 496: 493: 492: 471: 464: 463: 461: 457: 452: 449: 445: 441: 436: 432: 424:(age 87) 409: 405: 400: 396: 389: 386: 383:Head of State 380: 374: 369: 366: 362: 359: 356: 350: 347: 344: 338: 334: 330: 324: 319: 316: 312: 308: 304: 297: 293: 290: 287: 281: 278: 275: 269: 265: 262:Head of State 259: 253: 248: 245: 241: 238: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 208:Head of State 205: 199: 194: 191: 186: 183: 182:Shehu Shagari 180: 174: 171: 168: 162: 159: 156: 153: 148: 144: 135: 130: 127: 124: 118: 115: 112: 106: 103: 100: 97: 92: 86: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 59: 54: 50: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 10958: 10867:Robert Rubin 10857:Graça Machel 10835: 10687: 10385:Dupe Adelaja 10316:Yayale Ahmed 10286:Iya Abubakar 10280: 10271:Yakubu Gowon 10170:Namadi Sambo 10154:Mike Akhigbe 10148:Oladipo Diya 10112: 10017: 9937: 9878:Elizabeth II 9625:(June 2005–) 9619:(–June 2005) 9598:Isoun Turner 9507:(–June 2005) 9505:Akin Olujimi 9478:(–June 2005) 9476:Iyorchia Ayu 9455:(–June 2005) 9306:Helen Esuene 9300:Iyorchia Ayu 9296:(–July 2005) 9254:Chinwe Obaji 9248:Fabian Osuji 9173:Idris Waziri 8990:Ojo Maduekwe 8955:Ojo Maduekwe 8910:Turner Isoun 8906:(June 1999–) 8839:(June 1999–) 8837:Musa Gwadabe 8821:Musa Gwadabe 8711:Iyorchia Ayu 8680:Tim Menakaya 8646:Adamu Ciroma 8623:Ibrahim Bunu 8594:Hassan Adamu 8441:Hassan Adamu 8346: 8319: 8287: 8280: 8279: 8241: 8211: 8167: 8093: 8090:Iliffe, John 8071: 8052: 8043: 8020:. 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Wey 197: 177:Succeeded by 133: 121:Succeeded by 84: 73:5th and 12th 29: 11096:1937 births 10847:Peter Eigen 10728:Hailemariam 10326:Godwin Abbe 10301:Sani Abacha 10296:Domkat Bali 10136:Ebitu Ukiwe 10011:(from 1999) 9951:(1979–1983) 9900:(1963–1966) 9871:(1960–1963) 9792:Frank Nweke 9581:Liyel Imoke 9434:Frank Nweke 9208:Frank Nweke 9127:Adamu Bello 9046:Tony Anenih 8984:Kema Chikwe 8800:(2002–2003) 8771:(–May 2003) 8740:Dapo Sarumi 8663:Sule Lamido 8537:(May 1999–) 8495:(–May 2003) 8470:Kema Chikwe 8447:Adamu Bello 8428:Agriculture 8420:(1999–2007) 8314:John Howard 8147:Appearances 7987:Iliffe 2011 7950:Iliffe 2011 7935:Iliffe 2011 7923:Iliffe 2011 7911:Iliffe 2011 7895:Iliffe 2011 7883:Iliffe 2011 7788:Iliffe 2011 7759:Iliffe 2011 7742:Iliffe 2011 7730:Iliffe 2011 7718:Iliffe 2011 7706:Iliffe 2011 7694:Iliffe 2011 7682:Iliffe 2011 7507:Guardian.ng 7486:20 November 7400:BusinessDay 7329:18 February 7193:Iliffe 2011 7181:Iliffe 2011 7166:Iliffe 2011 7154:Iliffe 2011 7142:Iliffe 2011 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Abacha 2188:Meanwhile, 2097:P. W. Botha 2017:Not My Will 1549:aristocracy 1415:John Iliffe 1208:Igbo people 1062:, southern 930:term limits 893:Sani Abacha 640:Baba Africa 636:Nickname(s) 552:(deceased) 341:Preceded by 272:Preceded by 220:Preceded by 165:Preceded by 109:Preceded by 11090:Categories 10852:Bob Geldof 10768:Tshisekedi 10733:Abdel Aziz 10647:Bouteflika 10492:Boumédiène 10261:Inuwa Wada 10202:† military 9740:Rita Akpan 9294:Bala Mande 9144:Isa Yuguda 8843:Kanu Agabi 8798:Kanu Agabi 8786:Kanu Agabi 8746:Jerry Gana 8704:Industries 8600:Sani Daura 8535:Jerry Gana 8435:Sani Daura 8352:2004–2006 8325:2003–2005 7969:1 February 7868:20 October 7846:20 October 7591:31 January 7587:. EduCeleb 7564:4 November 7436:1 February 7410:31 January 7380:31 January 6766:30 October 3271:30 October 3246:References 3140:A New Dawn 3125:My Command 3088:, Nigeria. 3010:First Lady 2883:Tigray War 2645:Ahmed Sani 2636:sharia law 2048:, and the 2042:Olof Palme 1993:My Command 1922:, and the 1616:, and the 1586:World Bank 1581:government 1217:federalism 1165:Wellington 1098:See also: 837:Ogun State 652:Allegiance 608:Politician 602:Occupation 570:Alma mater 442:, Nigeria) 440:Ogun State 418:1937-03-05 11031:Rajapaksa 10783:Ghazouani 10778:Assoumani 10763:Ramaphosa 10713:Mutharika 10662:Mwanawasa 10607:Babangida 10532:Ramgoolam 10512:Hassan II 9987:(interim) 9979:Babangida 9815:See also 9691:Transport 9241:Education 9095:2003–2007 8977:Transport 8967:Boma Jack 8686:ABC Nwosu 8564:Education 8399:1999–2003 8120:796383923 8017:goodreads 7803:, p. 283. 7660:3 January 7637:3 January 7614:3 January 7307:15 August 7210:IRIN News 6742:10 August 5424:. 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