499:(CoW) mechanisms. (Most commonly, a standard file system is shared between partitions, and those partitions that change the files automatically create their own copies.) This is easier to back up, more space-efficient and simpler to cache than the block-level copy-on-write schemes common on whole-system virtualizers. Whole-system virtualizers, however, can work with non-native file systems and create and roll back snapshots of the entire system state.
36:
441:, different distributions are fine, but other operating systems such as Windows cannot be hosted. Operating systems using variable input systematics are subject to limitations within the virtualized architecture. Adaptation methods including cloud-server relay analytics maintain the OS-level virtual environment within these applications.
348:
all that is available. Several containers can be created on each operating system, to each of which a subset of the computer's resources is allocated. Each container may contain any number of computer programs. These programs may run concurrently or separately, and may even interact with one another.
347:
With operating-system-virtualization, or containerization, it is possible to run programs within containers, to which only parts of these resources are allocated. A program expecting to see the whole computer, once run inside a container, can only see the allocated resources and believes them to be
371:
Other typical scenarios include separating several programs to separate containers for improved security, hardware independence, and added resource management features. The improved security provided by the use of a chroot mechanism, however, is not perfect. Operating-system-level virtualization
343:
in the context in which it runs. The operating system may also hide those resources, so that when the computer program enumerates them, they do not appear in the enumeration results. Nevertheless, from a programming point of view, the computer program has interacted with those resources and the
367:
environments, where it is useful for securely allocating finite hardware resources among a large number of mutually-distrusting users. System administrators may also use it for consolidating server hardware by moving services on separate hosts into containers on the one server.
1719:
A total of 14 user capabilities are considered safe within a container. The rest may cannot be granted to processes within that container without allowing that process to potentially interfere with things outside that
436:
Operating-system-level virtualization is not as flexible as other virtualization approaches since it cannot host a guest operating system different from the host one, or a different guest kernel. For example, with
2236:
LXC now has support for user namespaces. LXC is no longer running as root so even if an attacker manages to escape the container, he'd find himself having the privileges of a regular user on the host.
1767:
Each container can have its own IP addresses, firewall rules, routing tables and so on. Three different networking schemes are possible: route-based, bridge-based, and assigning a real network device (
1925:
There are many other OS-level virtualization systems such as: Linux OpenVZ, Linux-VServer, FreeBSD Jails, AIX Workload
Partitions (WPARs), HP-UX Containers (SRP), Solaris Containers, among others.
260:
features to limit the impact of one container's activities on other containers. Linux containers are all based on the virtualization, isolation, and resource management mechanisms provided by the
1755:
Available since Linux kernel 2.6.18-028stable021. Implementation is based on CFQ disk I/O scheduler, but it is a two-level schema, so I/O priority is not per-process, but rather per-container.
306:
On ordinary operating systems for personal computers, a computer program can see (even though it might not be able to access) all the system's resources. They include:
3684:
2808:
256:
mechanism, which changes the apparent root folder for the current running process and its children. In addition to isolation mechanisms, the kernel often provides
2081:"System administration guide: Oracle Solaris containers-resource nanagement and Oracle Solaris zones, Chapter 31: About branded zones and the Linux branded zone"
1546:, an advanced Kubernetes ready root-less secure drop-in replacement for Docker with support for multiple container image formats, including OCI and Docker images
1865:
Non-global zones are restricted so they may not affect other zones via a capability-limiting approach. The global zone may administer the non-global zones.
1907:
1826:
2880:
3051:
3003:
1555:
2498:
Oracle
Solaris 11.1 administration, Oracle Solaris zones, Oracle Solaris 10 zones and resource management E29024.pdf, pp. 356–360. Available
2056:"System administration guide: Oracle Solaris containers-resource management and Oracle Solaris zones, Chapter 16: Introduction to Solaris zones"
3022:
2512:
1549:
2550:
3705:
2434:
546:
1962:
3076:
100:
2951:
72:
53:
2465:
17:
295:
79:
3359:
2996:
2420:
355:: In the latter, only one computer program is placed in an isolated container and the isolation applies to file system only.
3762:
3672:
86:
2248:
339:
The operating system may be able to allow or deny access to such resources based on which program requests them and the
3757:
2055:
475:
inside "lx" zones. However, in 2010 Linux branded zones were removed from
Solaris; in 2014 they were reintroduced in
279:, while most popularly referring to OS-level virtualization systems, is sometimes ambiguously used to refer to fuller
3738:
3639:
2031:
119:
1938:
68:
2989:
2783:
3777:
2827:
455:
or 9 version in a
Solaris 10 host. Linux branded zones (referred to as "lx" branded zones) are also available on
257:
463:
and support for the execution of Linux applications; additionally, Solaris provides utilities needed to install
3782:
2080:
1998:
1730:
1629:
57:
3278:
2608:
2130:
1661:
1619:
2758:
3066:
1768:
242:
1729:
Disk quotas per container are possible when using separate partitions for each container with the help of
3104:
2499:
1733:, or when the underlying host filesystem is btrfs, in which case btrfs subvolumes are automatically used.
460:
241:, CPU power, quantifiable hardware capabilities) of that computer. However, programs running inside of a
148:
2965:
3601:
3083:
1380:
1330:
1009:
900:
800:
700:
377:
352:
1679:
Root user can easily escape from chroot. Chroot was never supposed to be used as a security mechanism.
3503:
3333:
3284:
1624:
1593:
237:
running on an ordinary operating system can see all resources (connected devices, files and folders,
233:). Such instances may look like real computers from the point of view of programs running in them. A
144:
93:
451:
feature, which provides the ability to run an environment within a container that emulates an older
3289:
3269:
464:
3425:
2740:
1875:
428:). This form of virtualization also does not require hardware support for efficient performance.
3767:
3694:
3634:
3586:
3581:
3030:
2224:
311:
46:
2266:
3699:
3664:
3568:
3400:
1655:
1270:
840:
2481:
3274:
3136:
2249:"Sylabs brings Singularity containers into commercial HPC | Top 500 supercomputer sites"
1988:
2948:
2449:
2297:
2166:
1639:
1230:
1019:
3461:
252:
operating systems, this feature can be seen as an advanced implementation of the standard
8:
3614:
3576:
3544:
3430:
3241:
2960:
1562:
1538:
1227:
1217:
695:
389:
332:
166:
2301:
3420:
3329:
3236:
2529:
2320:
2285:
2084:
2059:
2037:
1650:
994:
472:
417:
184:
162:
2462:
3734:
3619:
3446:
3196:
3088:
2325:
2202:
2027:
1994:
1634:
1470:
1425:
1325:
949:
624:
615:
170:
1561:
Bottlerocket is a Linux-based open-source operating system that is purpose-built by
3644:
3518:
2315:
2305:
2041:
2019:
1609:
1420:
340:
265:
234:
136:
2106:
1576:
392:
because programs in OS-level virtual partitions use the operating system's normal
3629:
3482:
2955:
2469:
2310:
1644:
1588:
1572:
425:
401:
364:
318:
280:
238:
2933:"Bottlerocket is a Linux-based operating system purpose-built to run containers"
2370:
2014:
Huang, D. (2015). "Experiences in using os-level virtualization for block I/O".
1874:
Check the "allow.quotas" option and the "Jails and file systems" section on the
1789:
Each container may have root access without possibly affecting other containers.
3772:
3649:
3591:
3124:
3012:
2966:
Virtualization and containerization of application infrastructure: A comparison
2629:
2482:"Managing network virtualization and network resources in Oracle® Solaris 11.2"
2148:
1485:
1370:
750:
633:
444:
373:
291:
140:
3751:
3405:
3324:
3319:
2726:
2691:
2662:
2641:
1912:
1118:
1068:
684:
530:
496:
448:
283:
environments operating in varying degrees of concert with the host OS, e.g.,
245:
can only see the container's contents and devices assigned to the container.
2587:
2023:
3689:
3678:
3395:
3364:
3309:
2683:
2329:
1963:"Secure Bottlerocket deployments on Amazon EKS with KubeArmor | Containers"
1847:
Starting in
Solaris 11.3 Beta, Solaris Kernel Zones may use live migration.
1059:
484:
261:
226:
2981:
2184:
3624:
3477:
3226:
3186:
3119:
2421:"Initial public prerelease of Virtuozzo (named ASPcomplete at that time)"
1568:
1177:
1123:
1073:
1004:
850:
480:
405:
393:
388:
Operating-system-level virtualization usually imposes less overhead than
230:
27:
Operating system paradigm allowing multiple isolated user space instances
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2284:
Kurtzer, Gregory M.; Sochat, Vanessa; Bauer, Michael W. (May 11, 2017).
3722:
3549:
3314:
3304:
3129:
3094:
3035:
2932:
1614:
1275:
535:
324:
2893:
2835:
2741:"IBM fix pack information for: WPAR network isolation - United States"
2388:
3554:
3146:
2794:
2344:
1320:
954:
940:
571:
452:
284:
249:
2633:
2402:
35:
2971:
2857:
2513:"Contain your enthusiasm - Part two: Jails, zones, OpenVZ, and LXC"
2107:"The dream is alive! Running Linux containers on an illumos kernel"
1430:
1280:
397:
2588:"[Announcement] VPS // OS virtualization // alpha release"
1838:
Only when top level is a KVM zone (illumos) or a kz zone (Oracle).
3528:
3508:
3487:
3248:
3158:
3061:
2975:
2567:
1604:
1598:
1222:
1168:
1163:
1113:
1064:
1000:
476:
413:
287:
269:
216:
3654:
3513:
3456:
3451:
3415:
3354:
3294:
3221:
3206:
3201:
3151:
3114:
3099:
3056:
1543:
1172:
890:
740:
565:
468:
328:
253:
194:
174:
1571:
is an open-source Linux distribution that is purpose-built by
1565:
for running containers on virtual machines or bare metal hosts
3609:
3264:
3216:
3191:
3071:
2914:
2700:
2551:"Implementing a clonable network stack in the FreeBSD kernel"
1908:"Software containers: Used more frequently than most realize"
1743:
1530:
1480:
1375:
945:
895:
845:
795:
745:
691:
628:
620:
438:
317:
Data that can be read or written, such as files, folders and
2435:"Parallels Virtuozzo now provides native support for Docker"
2286:"Singularity: Scientific containers for mobility of compute"
2218:
2216:
447:
partially overcomes the limitation described above with its
3523:
3299:
3231:
3211:
3163:
1014:
669:
409:
2961:
A short intro to three different virtualization techniques
2809:"2.3. Modifying control groups Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7"
2463:
Network virtualization and resource control (Crossbow) FAQ
2167:"Install Docker desktop on Windows | Docker documentation"
672:
363:
Operating-system-level virtualization is commonly used in
3410:
3141:
3109:
2718:
2658:
2213:
1692:
1534:
790:
456:
421:
158:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2699:"vkernel, vcd, vkd, vke - virtual kernel architecture".
310:
Hardware capabilities that can be employed, such as the
1939:"Namespaces and Cgroups, the basis of Linux Containers"
2719:"vkernel, vcd, vkd, vke - virtual kernel architecture"
2684:"vkernel, vcd, vkd, vke — virtual kernel architecture"
2016:
Proceedings of the 10th
Parallel Data Storage Workshop
1856:
Cold migration (shutdown-move-restart) is implemented.
1807:
Docker containers can run inside
Virtuozzo containers.
1715:
1713:
2769:
1783:
1707:
Networking is based on isolation, not virtualization.
1993:. O'Reilly Series. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 59.
1774:
344:
operating system has managed an act of interaction.
2149:"Docker drops LXC as default execution environment"
1827:
Solaris network virtualization and resource control
1801:
1780:
Docker containers can run inside OpenVZ containers.
1710:
459:-based Solaris systems, providing a complete Linux
404:, as is the case with full virtualization (such as
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2881:Rootless containers with Podman and fuse-overlayfs
2580:
2517:Jails were first introduced in FreeBSD 4.0 in 2000
2283:
3749:
1987:Korff, Yanek; Hope, Paco; Potter, Bruce (2005).
1986:
1810:
1695:scheduler, there is a separate queue per guest.
3023:Comparison of platform virtualization software
2681:
2628:
2104:
1859:
1832:
1703:
1701:
1552:, a set of container tools used on HPC systems
2997:
2828:"CoreOS is building a container runtime, rkt"
2530:"Hierarchical resource limits - FreeBSD Wiki"
396:interface and do not need to be subjected to
3706:Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation
2968:, June 22, 2015, by Mathijs Jeroen Scheepers
2894:"Overview — Charliecloud 0.25 documentation"
2677:
2675:
3011:
2413:
2225:"LXC 1.0: Security features [6/10]"
1736:
1698:
1673:
1526:Linux containers not listed above include:
557:Partition checkpointing and live migration
3004:
2990:
2702:DragonFly miscellaneous information manual
2688:DragonFly miscellaneous information manual
2609:"3.5. Limiting your program's environment"
2560:
2131:"3.5. Limiting your program's environment"
1841:
1798:Available since version 4.0, January 2008.
1742:I/O rate limiting is supported when using
380:of containers between nodes in a cluster.
294:in general since 1960 can be found in the
147:allows the existence of multiple isolated
2672:
2622:
2319:
2309:
2185:"Get started with Docker desktop for Mac"
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2653:
2651:
1819:
495:Some implementations provide file-level
290:containers. A more historic overview of
2667:treats the disk image as copy-on-write.
1850:
14:
3750:
2759:"Live application mobility in AIX 6.1"
2222:
1990:Mastering FreeBSD and OpenBSD security
1749:
1723:
1687:
1685:
296:Timeline of virtualization development
3360:System Center Virtual Machine Manager
2985:
2711:
2648:
2342:
2013:
1763:
1761:
351:Containerization has similarities to
3673:Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet
2522:
2447:
1905:
519:Actively developed since or between
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2223:Graber, Stéphane (1 January 2014).
1792:
1682:
24:
3084:LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC
2267:"SIF — Containing your containers"
1758:
502:
25:
3794:
3739:List of computer system emulators
3640:Symantec Workspace Virtualization
2949:An introduction to virtualization
2942:
2825:
2407:OpenVZ Virtuozzo Containers Wiki
2375:OpenVZ Virtuozzo Containers Wiki
2345:"Comparison on OpenVZ wiki page"
1936:
1533:, an alternative wrapper around
1136:
483:Solaris fork, supporting 32-bit
34:
2925:
2907:
2886:
2874:
2850:
2819:
2751:
2733:
2601:
2543:
2505:
2492:
2474:
2456:
2441:
2427:
2395:
2381:
2371:"I/O priorities for containers"
2363:
2336:
2277:
2259:
2241:
2195:
2177:
2159:
2141:
1881:
1868:
668:Only in experimental mode with
45:needs additional citations for
2978:, May 28, 2015, by Josh Berkus
2972:Containers and persistent data
2723:DragonFly On-Line Manual Pages
2659:"vkd(4) — Virtual kernel disc"
2532:. Wiki.freebsd.org. 2012-10-27
2123:
2098:
2073:
2048:
2007:
1980:
1955:
1930:
1899:
1630:Sandbox (software development)
431:
327:it can interact with, such as
13:
1:
2682:Sascha Wildner (2007-01-08).
2105:Bryan Cantrill (2014-09-28).
1893:
1662:Virtual resource partitioning
1620:Portable application creators
400:or be run in an intermediate
376:can also be used for dynamic
3471:Virtual kernel architectures
2311:10.1371/journal.pone.0177459
301:
7:
3763:Operating system technology
2883:, CERN workshop, 2019-06-04
1582:
577:Varies by operating system
383:
372:implementations capable of
10:
3799:
1906:Hogg, Scott (2014-05-26).
521:
490:
353:application virtualization
314:and the network connection
3758:Operating system security
3731:
3715:
3663:
3600:
3567:
3537:
3496:
3470:
3439:
3388:
3377:
3347:
3285:Parallels Desktop for Mac
3257:
3179:
3172:
3044:
3029:
3020:
2556:. usenix.org. 2003-06-13.
1625:Open Container Initiative
560:Root privilege isolation
518:
515:
512:
509:
69:"OS-level virtualization"
3290:Parallels Server for Mac
3270:Microsoft Virtual Server
1667:
465:Red Hat Enterprise Linux
169:, HP-UX SRP Containers,
3695:Virtual security switch
3635:Remote Desktop Services
3587:Remote Desktop Services
3582:Citrix Virtual Desktops
3497:Related kernel features
2813:Red Hat Customer portal
2203:"Paper - Linux-VServer"
2024:10.1145/2834976.2834982
1594:Container orchestration
358:
190:virtual private servers
133:OS-level virtualization
18:OS-level virtualisation
3778:Linux containerization
3700:Virtual Extensible LAN
3440:Application containers
3401:iCore Virtual Accounts
2450:"Our ZFS I/O throttle"
1887:Available since TL 02.
1656:Virtual private server
1271:iCore Virtual Accounts
554:Nested virtualization
527:File system isolation
143:paradigm in which the
3783:Linux kernel features
3275:Parallels Workstation
3137:VMware Infrastructure
1876:FreeBSD jail man page
2189:Docker documentation
1916:. Network world, Inc
1640:Serverless computing
1231:proprietary software
206:virtual environments
54:improve this article
3615:Citrix Virtual Apps
3577:Citrix Virtual Apps
3431:Workload Partitions
3242:Virtual DOS machine
2862:linuxcontainers.org
2788:www.freedesktop.org
2638:BSD cross reference
2343:Bronnikov, Sergey.
2302:2017PLoSO..1277459K
2191:. December 6, 2019.
1563:Amazon Web Services
696:Windows Server 2016
688:(security context)
473:Linux distributions
390:full virtualization
258:resource-management
3421:Solaris Containers
3330:VMware Workstation
3237:Windows on Windows
2954:2019-11-28 at the
2468:2008-06-01 at the
2389:"Docker inside CT"
2173:. 9 February 2023.
2085:Oracle Corporation
2060:Oracle Corporation
2018:. pp. 13–18.
1651:Storage hypervisor
1486:Apache license 2.0
995:Solaris Containers
751:Apache license 2.0
634:Apache license 2.0
574:operating systems
551:Network isolation
540:I/O rate limiting
418:paravirtualization
185:Solaris containers
163:Solaris containers
151:instances, called
3745:
3744:
3735:List of emulators
3563:
3562:
3373:
3372:
3343:
3342:
3197:Cooperative Linux
3089:Logical partition
2919:katacontainers.io
2568:"VPS for FreeBSD"
2500:within an archive
2207:linux-vserver.org
1829:for more details.
1771:) to a container.
1635:Separation kernel
1524:
1523:
513:Operating system
335:, scanner, or fax
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3790:
3411:Linux Containers
3386:
3385:
3177:
3176:
3042:
3041:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2834:. Archived from
2823:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2784:"systemd-nspawn"
2780:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2695:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:. 31 August 2012
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2472:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2448:Pijewski, Bill.
2445:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2273:. 14 March 2018.
2263:
2257:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1817:
1816:Yes with illumos
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1610:Linux namespaces
1558:MicroVM Platform
1490:2014–2018
1182:2006–2009
679:
653:
507:
506:
266:Linux namespaces
235:computer program
137:operating system
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3727:
3711:
3659:
3630:Microsoft App-V
3596:
3559:
3533:
3492:
3483:User-mode Linux
3466:
3435:
3380:
3369:
3339:
3253:
3168:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3010:
2956:Wayback Machine
2945:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
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2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2820:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2765:. June 3, 2008.
2757:
2756:
2752:
2747:. 21 July 2011.
2739:
2738:
2734:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2634:"sys/vkernel.h"
2627:
2623:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2606:
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2593:
2591:
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2585:
2581:
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2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2493:
2486:docs.oracle.com
2480:
2479:
2475:
2470:Wayback Machine
2461:
2457:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2296:(5): e0177459.
2282:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2034:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1919:
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1904:
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1766:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1647:package manager
1601:package manager
1589:Container Linux
1585:
1575:and similar to
1573:Microsoft Azure
1556:Kata Containers
1018:
1008:
687:
677:
651:
505:
503:Implementations
493:
479:, which is the
434:
426:User-mode Linux
402:virtual machine
386:
365:virtual hosting
361:
304:
281:virtual machine
212:virtual kernels
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Virtualization
3765:
3760:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:VMware ThinApp
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3592:VMware Horizon
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
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3166:
3161:
3156:
3155:
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3149:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:VMware vSphere
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3013:Virtualization
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2958:
2944:
2943:External links
2941:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2906:
2885:
2873:
2849:
2818:
2793:
2768:
2750:
2732:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2671:
2647:
2630:Matthew Dillon
2621:
2600:
2579:
2559:
2542:
2521:
2504:
2491:
2473:
2455:
2440:
2426:
2412:
2394:
2380:
2362:
2335:
2276:
2258:
2253:www.top500.org
2240:
2212:
2194:
2176:
2158:
2140:
2122:
2111:slideshare.net
2097:
2072:
2047:
2032:
2006:
1999:
1979:
1967:aws.amazon.com
1954:
1929:
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1407:
1404:
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1398:
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1378:
1373:
1371:systemd-nspawn
1367:
1366:
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871:
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853:
848:
843:
837:
836:
833:
830:
827:
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812:
809:
806:
803:
798:
793:
787:
786:
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748:
743:
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712:
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689:
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674:
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663:
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648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
631:
618:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
568:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
544:
543:Memory limits
541:
538:
533:
528:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
504:
501:
492:
489:
433:
430:
385:
382:
378:load balancing
374:live migration
360:
357:
337:
336:
321:
319:network shares
315:
303:
300:
292:virtualization
239:network shares
141:virtualization
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3795:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:Orchestration
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Linux-VServer
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:OS containers
3387:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:VMware Server
3323:
3321:
3320:VMware Fusion
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2838:on 2019-04-01
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:Polvi, Alex.
2822:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2727:DragonFly BSD
2724:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:DragonFly BSD
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2663:DragonFly BSD
2660:
2654:
2652:
2643:
2642:DragonFly BSD
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2611:. Freebsd.org
2610:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2501:
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2408:
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2350:
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2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2271:www.sylabs.io
2268:
2262:
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2250:
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2237:
2226:
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2204:
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2180:
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2126:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:9781450340083
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1940:
1937:Rami, Rosen.
1933:
1926:
1915:
1914:
1913:Network World
1909:
1902:
1898:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1853:
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1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:Linux cgroups
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:Fedora CoreOS
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:developed by
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
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1489:
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1476:
1472:
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1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:GNU LGPLv2.1+
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
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1199:
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1187:
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1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:DragonFly BSD
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:DragonFly BSD
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1011:
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1002:
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988:
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947:
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910:
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904:
902:
899:
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869:
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849:
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844:
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834:
831:
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789:
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781:
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772:
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731:
728:
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722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
693:
690:
686:
685:Linux-VServer
683:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
649:
647:Not directly
646:
643:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
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569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:Copy on write
529:
526:
525:
508:
500:
498:
497:copy-on-write
488:
486:
485:Linux kernels
482:
478:
474:
470:
467: 3.x or
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:branded zones
446:
442:
440:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
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381:
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244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
217:DragonFly BSD
214:
213:
208:
207:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
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146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2020
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3690:Open vSwitch
3679:Ethernet VPN
3396:FreeBSD jail
3378:
3365:Virt-manager
3310:Virtual Iron
2927:
2918:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2888:
2876:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2831:
2821:
2812:
2787:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2722:
2713:
2701:
2687:
2666:
2637:
2624:
2613:. Retrieved
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2545:
2534:. Retrieved
2524:
2516:
2507:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2458:
2443:
2429:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2235:
2228:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2075:
2064:. Retrieved
2050:
2015:
2009:
1989:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1969:. 2022-10-20
1966:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1932:
1924:
1918:. Retrieved
1911:
1901:
1883:
1878:for details.
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1675:
1550:Charliecloud
1525:
1474:
1060:FreeBSD jail
678:(since 1.10)
652:(since 1.10)
494:
443:
435:
387:
370:
362:
350:
346:
341:user account
338:
305:
276:
274:
262:Linux kernel
247:
227:FreeBSD jail
221:
220:
211:
210:
205:
204:
199:
198:
189:
188:
179:
178:
153:
152:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3625:InstallFree
3602:Application
3478:Rump kernel
3258:Independent
3227:SheepShaver
3187:Basilisk II
3180:Specialized
3120:VMware ESXi
3036:hypervisors
2832:CoreOS Blog
2763:www.ibm.com
2403:"Container"
2355:28 December
2349:OpenVZ Wiki
2230:12 February
2135:freebsd.org
1569:Azure Linux
1178:BSD License
1124:BSD Licence
1074:BSD License
1020:Proprietary
1005:OpenSolaris
851:BSD Licence
841:Singularity
536:Disk quotas
481:open source
432:Flexibility
406:VMware ESXi
394:system call
325:peripherals
285:Microsoft's
231:chroot jail
3752:Categories
3733:See also:
3723:BlueStacks
3550:Kubernetes
3545:Amazon ECS
3519:namespaces
3315:Virtual PC
3305:VirtualBox
3105:Proxmox VE
3095:LynxSecure
2867:2021-02-11
2615:2014-01-15
2594:2016-02-20
2573:2016-02-20
2536:2014-01-15
2116:2014-10-10
2091:2014-09-02
2066:2014-09-02
2000:0596006268
1973:2023-06-20
1920:2015-07-09
1894:References
1720:container.
1691:Using the
1615:Hypervisor
1276:Windows XP
1228:Commercial
1084:Yes (ZFS)
1030:Yes (ZFS)
755:2013–2015
547:CPU quotas
510:Mechanism
471: 3.x
461:user space
323:Connected
264:, notably
200:partitions
154:containers
149:user space
80:newspapers
3555:OpenShift
3426:Virtuozzo
3379:Operating
3147:XenServer
2899:4 October
1947:18 August
1539:Canonical
1331:GNU GPLv3
1321:Sandboxie
955:Trialware
941:Virtuozzo
901:GNU GPLv2
801:GNU GPLv2
701:GNU GPLv2
572:UNIX-like
522:Features
453:Solaris 8
420:(such as
398:emulation
302:Operation
277:container
275:The term
250:Unix-like
243:container
3716:See also
3708:(GENEVE)
3077:KubeVirt
3031:Hardware
3015:software
2952:Archived
2842:12 March
2632:(2006).
2466:Archived
2351:. OpenVZ
2330:28494014
2290:PLOS ONE
1583:See also
1431:Freemium
1356:Partial
1344:Partial
1281:Freeware
1105:Partial
1051:Partial
1048:Partial
1036:Partial
997:(Zones)
983:Partial
929:Partial
817:Partial
814:Partial
785:Partial
776:Partial
735:Partial
726:Partial
583:Partial
516:License
384:Overhead
3702:(VXLAN)
3665:Network
3569:Desktop
3529:seccomp
3509:cgroups
3488:vkernel
3279:Extreme
3249:Win4Lin
3159:XtratuM
3062:Hyper-V
2976:LWN.net
2745:ibm.com
2321:5426675
2298:Bibcode
2042:3867190
1599:Flatpak
1426:Windows
1326:Windows
1169:OpenBSD
1164:sysjail
1114:vkernel
1065:FreeBSD
1010:Solaris
1001:illumos
950:Windows
625:Windows
491:Storage
477:Illumos
445:Solaris
414:Hyper-V
333:printer
288:Hyper-V
270:cgroups
209:(VEs),
94:scholar
3681:(EVPN)
3675:(DOVE)
3655:ZeroVM
3620:Dalvik
3514:chroot
3504:BrandZ
3457:lmctfy
3452:Podman
3447:Docker
3416:OpenVZ
3381:system
3355:Ganeti
3334:Player
3295:PearPC
3222:PikeOS
3207:DOSEMU
3202:DOSBox
3173:Hosted
3152:XCP-ng
3130:vCloud
3115:SIMMON
3100:PikeOS
3091:(LPAR)
3057:CP/CMS
3045:Native
2915:"Home"
2328:
2318:
2171:Docker
2087:. 2010
2062:. 2010
2040:
2030:
1997:
1544:Podman
1475:rocket
1173:NetBSD
891:OpenVZ
741:lmctfy
616:Docker
566:chroot
469:CentOS
416:) and
329:webcam
254:chroot
219:), or
195:OpenVZ
175:Podman
171:Docker
165:, AIX
145:kernel
135:is an
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3773:Linux
3685:NVGRE
3645:Turbo
3610:Ceedo
3348:Tools
3265:bhyve
3217:86Box
3192:Bochs
3072:oVirt
3052:Adeos
2858:"LXD"
2554:(PDF)
2153:InfoQ
2038:S2CID
1942:(PDF)
1744:Btrfs
1668:Notes
1658:(VPS)
1481:Linux
1435:2012
1421:Turbo
1385:2010
1376:Linux
1335:2004
1285:2008
1235:2007
1218:WPARs
1128:2006
1078:2000
1024:2004
959:2000
946:Linux
905:2005
896:Linux
855:2015
846:Linux
805:2008
796:Linux
746:Linux
705:2001
692:Linux
638:2013
629:macOS
621:Linux
580:1982
570:Most
439:Linux
412:, or
222:jails
180:zones
167:WPARs
139:(OS)
101:JSTOR
87:books
3524:eBPF
3300:QEMU
3232:SIMH
3212:PCem
3164:z/VM
2901:2020
2844:2019
2357:2018
2326:PMID
2232:2014
2028:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1949:2016
1825:See
1645:Snap
1520:Yes
1511:Yes
1508:Yes
1505:Yes
1502:Yes
1499:Yes
1496:Yes
1493:Yes
1465:Yes
1456:Yes
1438:Yes
1415:Yes
1406:Yes
1403:Yes
1400:Yes
1397:Yes
1394:Yes
1391:Yes
1388:Yes
1365:Yes
1341:Yes
1338:Yes
1294:Yes
1288:Yes
1262:Yes
1256:Yes
1253:Yes
1250:Yes
1247:Yes
1244:Yes
1238:Yes
1203:Yes
1185:Yes
1158:Yes
1149:Yes
1146:Yes
1143:Yes
1134:Yes
1131:Yes
1108:Yes
1102:Yes
1099:Yes
1096:Yes
1093:Yes
1090:Yes
1087:Yes
1081:Yes
1054:Yes
1045:Yes
1042:Yes
1039:Yes
1033:Yes
1027:Yes
1015:CDDL
989:Yes
986:Yes
980:Yes
977:Yes
974:Yes
971:Yes
968:Yes
965:Yes
962:Yes
935:Yes
932:Yes
926:Yes
923:Yes
920:Yes
917:Yes
914:Yes
911:Yes
908:Yes
885:Yes
864:Yes
861:Yes
858:Yes
835:Yes
832:Yes
829:Yes
826:Yes
823:Yes
820:Yes
811:Yes
808:Yes
773:Yes
770:Yes
767:Yes
764:Yes
761:Yes
758:Yes
723:Yes
720:Yes
717:Yes
714:Yes
711:Yes
708:Yes
676:Yes
670:CRIU
665:Yes
662:Yes
659:Yes
656:Yes
650:Yes
644:Yes
641:Yes
627:x64
604:Yes
410:QEMU
359:Uses
268:and
73:news
3462:rkt
3142:Xen
3110:QNX
3067:KVM
2316:PMC
2306:doi
2020:doi
1769:NIC
1731:LVM
1693:CFQ
1535:LXC
1531:LXD
1471:rkt
1462:No
1459:No
1453:No
1450:No
1447:No
1444:No
1441:No
1362:No
1359:No
1353:No
1350:No
1347:No
1312:No
1306:No
1303:No
1300:No
1297:No
1291:No
1259:No
1241:No
1223:AIX
1209:No
1206:No
1200:No
1197:No
1194:No
1191:No
1188:No
882:No
879:No
876:No
873:No
870:No
867:No
791:LXC
782:No
732:No
610:No
607:No
601:No
598:No
595:No
592:No
589:No
586:No
457:x86
424:or
422:Xen
312:CPU
248:On
229:or
197:),
187:),
177:),
159:LXC
56:by
3754::
3737:,
2974:,
2917:.
2860:.
2830:.
2811:.
2796:^
2786:.
2771:^
2761:.
2743:.
2725:.
2721:.
2690:.
2686:.
2674:^
2665:.
2661:.
2650:^
2640:.
2636:.
2515:.
2484:.
2405:.
2373:.
2347:.
2324:.
2314:.
2304:.
2294:12
2292:.
2288:.
2269:.
2251:.
2234:.
2215:^
2205:.
2187:.
2169:.
2151:.
2133:.
2109:.
2083:.
2058:.
2036:.
2026:.
1965:.
1923:.
1910:.
1760:^
1712:^
1700:^
1684:^
1517:?
1514:?
1477:)
1412:?
1409:?
1315:?
1309:?
1265:?
1212:?
1171:,
1155:?
1152:?
1140:?
1137:—
1067:,
1007:),
948:,
779:?
729:?
694:,
623:,
487:.
408:,
331:,
298:.
272:.
203:,
173:,
161:,
3336:)
3332:(
3281:)
3277:(
3038:)
3034:(
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2991:v
2935:.
2921:.
2903:.
2870:.
2846:.
2815:.
2790:.
2729:.
2705:.
2694:.
2644:.
2618:.
2597:.
2576:.
2539:.
2502:.
2488:.
2452:.
2437:.
2423:.
2409:.
2391:.
2377:.
2359:.
2332:.
2308::
2300::
2255:.
2209:.
2155:.
2137:.
2119:.
2094:.
2069:.
2044:.
2022::
2003:.
1976:.
1951:.
1746:.
1473:(
1017:,
1003:(
225:(
215:(
193:(
183:(
157:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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