401:(NBR, HNBR, HSN, Buna-N): a common material for o-rings because of its good mechanical properties, its resistance to lubricants and greases, and its relatively low cost. The physical and chemical resistance properties of NBR materials are determined by the acrylonitrile (ACN) content of the base polymer: low content ensures good flexibility at low temperatures, but offers limited resistance to oils and fuels. As the ACN content increases, the low temperature flexibility reduces and the resistance to oils and fuels improves. Physical and chemical resistance properties of NBR materials are also affected by the cure system of the polymer. Peroxide-cured materials have improved physical properties, chemical resistance and thermal properties, as compared to sulfur-donor-cured materials. Standard grades of NBR are typically resistant to mineral oil-based lubricants and greases, many grades of hydraulic fluids, aliphatic hydrocarbons, silicone oils and greases and water to about 176 °F (80 °C). NBR is generally not resistant to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuels with a high aromatic content, polar solvents, glycol-based brake fluids and non-flammable hydraulic fluids (HFD). NBR also has low resistance to ozone, weathering and aging. HNBR has considerable improvement of the resistance to heat, ozone and aging, and gives it good mechanical properties.
395:(FKM): noted for their very high resistance to heat and a wide variety of chemicals. Other key benefits include excellent resistance to aging and ozone, very low gas permeability and the fact that the materials are self-extinguishing. Standard FKM materials have excellent resistance to mineral oils and greases, aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, fuels, non-flammable hydraulic fluids (HFD) and many organic solvents and chemicals. Generally not resistant to hot water, steam, polar solvents, glycol-based brake fluids and low molecular weight organic acids. In addition to the standard FKM materials, a number of specialty materials with different monomer compositions and fluorine content (65% to 71%) are available that offer improved chemical or temperature resistance and/or better low temperature performance.
450:(SiR): noted for their ability to be used over a wide temperature range and for excellent resistance to ozone, weathering and aging. Compared with most other sealing elastomers, the physical properties of silicones are poor. Generally, silicone materials are physiologically harmless so they are commonly used by the food and drug industries. Standard silicones are resistant to water up to 212 °F (100 °C), aliphatic engine and transmission oils and animal and plant oils and fats. Silicones are generally not resistant to fuels, aromatic mineral oils, steam (short term to 248 °F (120 °C) is possible), silicone oils and greases, acids or alkalis. Fluorosilicone elastomers are far more resistant to oils and fuels. The temperature range of applications is somewhat more restricted.
692:, the cold O-ring, once compressed, will take longer than normal to return to its original shape. O-rings (and all other seals) work by producing positive pressure against a surface, thereby preventing leaks. On the night before the launch, exceedingly low air temperatures were recorded. Due to this, NASA technicians performed an inspection; the ambient temperature was within launch parameters, and the launch sequence was allowed to proceed. However, the temperature of the rubber O-rings remained significantly lower than that of the surrounding air. During his investigation of the launch footage, Feynman observed a small out-gassing event from the
145:... kneads or works the material of the ring to keep it alive and pliable without deleterious effects of scuffing which are caused by purely static sliding of rubber upon a surface. By this slight turning or kneading action, the life of the ring is prolonged." His application filed in 1937 says that it "is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Serial No. 704,463 for Hydraulic brakes, filed December 29, 1933, now U. S. Patent No. 2,115,383 granted April 26, 1938".
4287:
488:: Polyurethanes differ from classic elastomers in that they have much better mechanical properties. In particular they have a high resistance to abrasion, wear and extrusion, a high tensile strength and excellent tear resistance. Polyurethanes are generally resistant to aging and ozone, mineral oils and greases, silicone oils and greases, nonflammable hydraulic fluids HFA & HFB, water up to 122 °F (50 °C) and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
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installation, they seal with 4 contact surfaces—2 small contact surfaces on the top and bottom. This contrasts with the standard O-ring's comparatively larger single contact surfaces top and bottom. X-rings are most commonly used in reciprocating applications, where they provide reduced running and breakout friction and reduced risk of spiraling when compared to O-rings.
571:), especially in low volumes. The physical sealing performance of square rings in static applications is superior to that of O-rings, however in dynamic applications it is inferior to that of O-rings. Square rings are usually used only in dynamic applications as energizers in cap seal assemblies. Square rings can also be more difficult to install than O-rings.
701:
with the material, cure date, and batch information. O-rings can, if needed, be recalled off the shelf. Furthermore, O-rings and other seals are routinely batch-tested for quality control by the manufacturers, and often undergo quality assurance testing several more times by the distributor and ultimate end-users.
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Spiral failure – Found on long-stroke piston seals and – to a lesser degree – on rod seals. The seal gets "hung up" at one point on its diameter (against the cylinder wall) and slides and rolls at the same time. This twists the O-ring as the sealed device is cycled and finally causes a
602:
There are O-ring materials which can tolerate temperatures as low as −330 °F (−200 °C) or as high as 480 °F (250 °C). At the low end, nearly all engineering materials become rigid and fail to seal; at the high end, the materials often burn or decompose. Chemical attack can degrade
558:
There are also rings with a square profile, commonly called square-cuts, lathe cuts, tabular cut or Square rings. When O-rings were selling at a premium because of the novelty, lack of efficient manufacturing processes and high labor content, Square rings were introduced as an economical substitution
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O-rings come in a variety of sizes. Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) Aerospace Standard 568 (AS568) specifies the inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances, and size identification codes (dash numbers) for O-rings used in sealing applications and for straight thread tube fitting boss gaskets.
218:
The seal is designed to have a point contact between the O-ring and sealing faces. This allows a high local stress, able to contain high pressure, without exceeding the yield stress of the O-ring body. The flexible nature of O-ring materials accommodates imperfections in the mounting parts. But it is
214:
being contained does not exceed the contact stress of the O-ring, leaking cannot occur. The pressure of the contained fluid transfers through the essentially incompressible O-ring material, and the contact stress rises with increasing pressure. For this reason, an O-ring can easily seal high pressure
193:
diameter (thickness). In the US the most common standard inch sizes are per SAE AS568C specification (e.g. AS568-214). ISO 3601-1:2012 contains the most commonly used standard sizes, both inch and metric, worldwide. The UK also has standards sizes known as BS sizes, typically ranging from BS001 to
700:
Since the accident, rubber production companies have enacted changes. Many O-rings now come with batch and cure date coding, as is done in medicine production, to precisely track and control distribution. For aerospace and military applications, O-rings are usually individually packaged and labeled
614:
Elastomers are sensitive to ionizing radiation. In typical applications, O-rings are well-protected from less-penetrating radiation such as ultraviolet and soft X-rays, but more-penetrating radiation such as neutrons may cause rapid deterioration. In such environments, soft metal seals are used.
704:
As for the boosters themselves, NASA and Morton-Thiokol redesigned them with a new joint design, which now incorporated three O-rings instead of two, with the joints themselves having onboard heaters that can be turned on when temperatures drop below 50 °F (10 °C). No O-ring issues have
137:. In his previously filed application in 1933, resulting in Patent 2115383, he opens by saying, "This invention relates to new and useful improvements in hydraulic brakes and more particularly to an improved seal for the pistons of power conveying cylinders." He describes "a circular section ring
312:
The World's
Largest O-ring was produced in a successful Guinness World Record attempt by Trelleborg Sealing Solutions Tewkesbury partnered with a group of 20 students from Tewkesbury School. The O-ring once finished and placed around the Medieval Tewkesbury Abbey had a 364 m (1,194 ft)
554:
Although the O-ring was originally so named because of its circular cross section, there are now variations in cross-section design. The shape can have different profiles, such as an x-shaped profile, commonly called the X-ring, Q-ring, or by the trademarked name Quad Ring. When squeezed upon
223:
and becomes increasingly inflexible and glassy. Surface finish is also especially important in dynamic applications. A surface finish that is too rough will abrade the surface of the O-ring, and a surface that is too smooth will not allow the seal to be adequately lubricated by a fluid film.
308:
Metric O-rings are usually defined by the internal dimension x the cross section. Typical part number for a metric O-ring - ID x CS 2x1N70 = defines this O-ring as 2mm id with 1mm cross section made from
Nitrile rubber which is 70Sh. BS O-rings are defined by a standard reference.
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oils and greases, many polar solvents and many diluted acids and chemicals. Special formulations are excellent for use with glycol-based brake fluids. Unsuitable for use with mineral oil products: lubricants, oils, or fuels. Peroxide-cured compounds are suitable for higher
81:
solid such that it is impermeable to the fluid or gas, and (3) the O-ring material is resistant to degradation by the fluid or gas. The wide range of potential liquids and gases that need to be sealed has necessitated the development of a wide range of O-ring materials.
322:
180:
O-ring mounting for an ultra-high vacuum application. Pressure distribution within the cross-section of the O-ring. The orange lines are hard surfaces, which apply high pressure. The fluid in the seams has lower pressure. The soft O-ring bridges the pressure over the
27:
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Explosive decompression – An O-ring embolism, also called gas expansion rupture, occurs when high pressure gas becomes trapped inside the elastomeric seal element. This expansion causes blisters and ruptures on the surface of the
696:
at the joint between two segments in the moments immediately preceding the disaster. This was blamed on a failed O-ring seal. The escaping high-temperature gas impinged upon the external tank, and the entire vehicle was destroyed as a result.
950:
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for O-rings. The square ring is typically manufactured by molding an elastomer sleeve which is then lathe-cut. This style of seal is sometimes less expensive to manufacture with certain materials and molding technologies (
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85:
O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they are inexpensive, easy to make, reliable and have simple mounting requirements. They have been tested to seal up to 5,000
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British
Standard (BS) which are imperial sizes or metric sizes. Typical dimensions of an O-ring are internal dimension (id), outer dimension (od) and thickness / cross section (cs)
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pistons. Static applications of O-rings may include fluid or gas sealing applications in which: (1) the O-ring is compressed resulting in zero clearance, (2) the O-ring material is
236:
applications, the permeability of the material renders the point contacts unusable. Instead, higher mounting forces are used and the ring fills the whole groove. Also, round
69:
The O-ring may be used in static applications or in dynamic applications where there is relative motion between the parts and the O-ring. Dynamic examples include rotating
599:
O-ring materials may be subjected to high or low temperatures, chemical attack, vibration, abrasion, and movement. Elastomers are selected according to the situation.
507:
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Successful O-ring joint design requires a rigid mechanical mounting that applies a predictable deformation to the O-ring. This introduces a calculated mechanical
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93:) of pressure. The maximum recommended pressure of an O-ring seal depends on the seal hardness, material, cross-sectional diameter, and radial clearance.
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gas at very low concentrations, unless protected. Swelling by contact with a low viscosity fluid causes an increase in dimensions, and also lowers the
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of the rubber. Other failures can be caused by using the wrong size of ring for a specific recess, which may cause extrusion of the rubber.
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still important to maintain good surface finish of those mating parts, especially at low temperatures where the seal rubber reaches its
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as a critical war-related item and gave the right to manufacture to other organizations. Christensen received a lump sum payment of
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In some high-temperature applications, O-rings may need to be mounted in a tangentially compressed state, to compensate for the
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on
January 28, 1986. A crucial factor was cold weather prior to the launch. This was famously demonstrated on television by
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circumference, an approximately 116 m (381 ft) inner diameter, and a cross section of 7.2 mm (0.28 in).
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129:, the inventor of the O-ring, received the patent. The US patent for the O-ring was filed in 1937 by a then 72-year-old
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75,000 for his efforts. Litigation resulted in a $ 100,000 payment to his heirs in 1971, 19 years after his death.
378:(EPDM): good resistance to hot water and steam, detergents, caustic potash solutions, sodium hydroxide solutions,
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152:(trams). Despite his legal efforts, the patents were passed from company to company until they ended up at
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141:... made of solid rubber or rubber composition", and explains, "this sliding or partial rolling of the ring
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the material, start brittle cracks or cause it to swell. For example, NBR seals can crack when exposed to
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as long as it does not fail mechanically. The most common failure is extrusion through the mating parts.
62:, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, forming a
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O-rings are available in various metric and inch standard sizes. Sizes are specified by the inside
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O-ring selection is based on chemical compatibility, application temperature, sealing pressure,
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Installation damage – This is caused by improper installation of the O-ring.
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and the partial pressure of gases only at the seal, their gradients will be steep near the
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665:, when he placed a small O-ring into ice-cold water, and subsequently showed its loss of
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are used to save the ring from excessive deformation. Because the ring is subject to the
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series of deep spiral cuts (typically at a 45-degree angle) on the surface of the seal.
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Soon after migrating to the United States in 1891, he patented an air brake system for
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Automotive cylinder heads are typically sealed by flat gaskets faced with copper.
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1069:"MDC Vacuum Products-Vacuum Components, Chambers, Valves, Flanges & Fittings"
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873:. S.A.E. Annual Meeting. Hamilton Standard Prop. Div. of United Aircraft Corp.
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1153:"Trelleborg Sets Guinness World Record for the Largest O-Ring Ever Produced"
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The first patent for the O-ring is dated May 12, 1896, as a
Swedish patent.
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1044:"Nor-Cal Products, Inc. - NW Stainless Steel Centering Rings with O-ring"
1013:, Christensen, Niels A., "Hydraulic brake", issued 1938-04-26
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and shallow in the bulk (opposite to the gradient of the contact stress (
1251:"John Crane seals measure up to API standards: News from John Crane EAA"
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The failure of an O-ring seal was determined to be the cause of the
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Elastomers or soft metals that solidify in place are used as seals.
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1167:"O-ring Design, O-ring Design Guide, O-ring Seal Design -Mykin Inc"
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Inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances and designation codes
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Knife edges pressed into copper gaskets are used for high vacuum.
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967:, Christensen, Niels A., "Packing", issued 1939-11-21
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1129:"AS568: Aerospace Size Standard for O-Rings - SAE International"
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This article is about the mechanical seal. For other uses, see
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Thermoplastic etheresterelastomers (TEEEs) copolyesters
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Similar devices with a non-round cross-sections are called
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O-rings. Also, vacuum systems that have to be immersed in
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26:
676:, which was specified by the shuttle motor contractor,
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Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, ULDPE
514:
Air, 200 to 300 °F (93 to 149 °C) – Silicone
194:
BS932. Several other size specifications also exist.
2002:
944:
634:
618:There are a few common reasons for O-ring failure:
526:
Hydraulic Oil (Petroleum Base, Industrial) – Buna-N
871:O-Ring Seals in the Design of Hydraulic Mechanisms
206:at the O-ring contacting surfaces. As long as the
948:, Niels A. Christensen, issued 1939-11-21
923:. Inventors.about.com. 2010-06-15. Archived from
16:Mechanical, toroid gasket that seals an interface
4303:
1253:. Processingtalk.com. 2005-12-09. Archived from
1215:
287:
887:. Parker O-Ring & Engineered Seals Division
1333:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1988:
1319:
885:"Frequently Asked O-ring Technical Questions"
160:, the US government commandeered the O-ring
1180:
1092:. Glossary.oilfield.slb.com. Archived from
1009:
963:
740:Housing dimensions for general applications
1995:
1981:
1326:
1312:
819:. EPM, Inc. - The Seal Man. Archived from
1392:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
811:
545:
320:
175:
25:
529:Hydraulic Oils (Synthetic Base) – Viton
197:
4304:
726:ISO 3601 Fluid power systems — O-rings
709:, and they did not play a role in the
672:The material of the failed O-ring was
227:
1976:
1307:
1115:"DHCAE Tools GMBH: OpenFOAM-solution"
868:
778:O-ring theory of economic development
680:. When an O-ring is cooled below its
1299:O-ring basics from C. Otto Gehrckens
984:
982:
980:
746:Anti-extrusion rings (back-up rings)
171:
921:"O-Ring - Who Invented the O-Ring?"
669:before an investigative committee.
13:
14:
4328:
1292:
977:
645:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
550:O-ring and other sealing profiles
4286:
4285:
814:"The Seal Man's O-Ring Handbook"
594:
578:, packings or gaskets. See also
523:Gasoline – Buna-N or Viton (FKM)
376:Ethylene propylene diene monomer
96:
1494:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
1268:
1243:
1229:
1159:
1145:
1121:
1107:
1082:
1061:
1036:
1023:
1003:
503:Thermoplastic Vulcanizate (TPV)
494:Thermoplastic polyamide (PEBA)
256:) High-vacuum systems below 10
957:
938:
913:
899:
877:
862:
837:
805:
541:
30:Typical O-ring and application
1:
799:
500:Melt Processible Rubber (MPR)
364:Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
288:High temperature applications
1276:"What is O-Ring Shelf Life?"
1203:. Dichtomatik Americas. 2012
869:Pearl, D.R. (January 1947).
720:
682:glass transition temperature
520:Chlorine Water – Viton (FKM)
221:glass transition temperature
7:
750:
316:
101:O-rings can be produced by
10:
4335:
1335:Internal combustion engine
642:
120:
18:
4281:
4205:
3931:
3083:
2032:
2014:
1952:
1916:
1876:
1831:
1803:Diesel particulate filter
1788:
1755:Idle air control actuator
1737:
1704:
1696:Engine control unit (ECU)
1686:
1633:
1587:
1549:
1469:
1354:
1341:
387:Ethylene propylene rubber
1868:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1780:Throttle position sensor
1489:Overhead camshaft layout
1223:"Chemical Compatibility"
812:Whitlock, Jerry (2004).
454:Styrene-butadiene rubber
299:
1407:Core plug (freeze plug)
1225:. The O-Ring Store LLC.
468:Thermoplastic elastomer
436:Polytetrafluoroethylene
551:
508:Chemical Compatibility
326:
182:
31:
1031:U.S. patent 5,516,122
946:US patent 2180795
549:
324:
284:at low temperatures.
252:Vacuum flange#KF.2FQF
179:
29:
1648:Compression ignition
1020:, applied 1933-12-29
992:. Uh.edu. 2004-08-01
974:, applied 1937-10-02
694:Solid Rocket Booster
198:Typical applications
1798:Catalytic converter
1237:"X-ring simulation"
788:Polymer degradation
561:compression molding
535:Motor Oils – Buna-N
411:Polyacrylate rubber
228:Vacuum applications
2008:by standard number
1924:Knocking / pinging
1516:Combustion chamber
661:physics professor
552:
430:Polysulfide rubber
405:Perfluoroelastomer
327:
325:Some small O-rings
183:
75:hydraulic cylinder
66:at the interface.
54:; it is a loop of
50:in the shape of a
46:, is a mechanical
38:, also known as a
32:
4299:
4298:
2022:ISO romanizations
1970:
1969:
1939:Stratified charge
1706:Electrical system
1688:Engine management
1521:Compression ratio
1461:Starter ring gear
1360:rotating assembly
990:"No. 555: O-Ring"
569:injection molding
416:Polychloroprene (
372:rubber (ECH, ECO)
341:Synthetic rubbers
337:, size and cost.
280:becomes hard and
276:O-rings, because
172:Theory and design
135:Niels Christensen
133:-born machinist,
107:injection molding
4324:
4289:
4288:
2009:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1813:Exhaust manifold
1678:Spark plug wires
1564:Boost controller
1551:Forced induction
1328:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1201:O-ring elastomer
1193:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:. Mdc-vacuum.com
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1046:. Archived from
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
986:
975:
973:
972:
968:
961:
955:
954:
953:
949:
942:
936:
935:
933:
932:
917:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
881:
875:
874:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
825:
818:
809:
609:tensile strength
565:transfer molding
352:Butadiene rubber
294:Gow-Joule effect
242:ambient pressure
144:
140:
115:transfer molding
111:pressure molding
4334:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4277:
4201:
3927:
3079:
2028:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1971:
1966:
1948:
1944:Top dead centre
1912:
1872:
1827:
1784:
1733:
1707:
1700:
1689:
1682:
1629:
1583:
1545:
1501:Tappet / lifter
1484:Flathead layout
1474:
1465:
1359:
1350:
1337:
1332:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1278:. Oringsusa.com
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
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1181:
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1127:
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1087:
1083:
1074:
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1062:
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1037:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1004:
995:
993:
988:
987:
978:
970:
962:
958:
951:
943:
939:
930:
928:
919:
918:
914:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
883:
882:
878:
867:
863:
853:
851:
849:Gallagher Seals
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
823:
816:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:Obturating ring
753:
744:ISO 3601-4:2008
738:ISO 3601-2:2016
732:ISO 3601-1:2012
728:
723:
705:occurred since
691:
687:
663:Richard Feynman
647:
641:
597:
544:
470:(TPE) styrenics
448:Silicone rubber
393:Fluoroelastomer
370:Epichlorohydrin
319:
302:
290:
270:liquid nitrogen
230:
200:
174:
142:
138:
123:
99:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4332:
4331:
4320:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
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2152:
2147:
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2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1833:Cooling system
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1790:Exhaust system
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:Inlet manifold
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Fuel injection
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
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1555:
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1528:
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1503:
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1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Connecting rod
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:External links
1291:
1289:
1288:
1267:
1242:
1228:
1214:
1197:"Type details"
1179:
1158:
1144:
1120:
1106:
1081:
1060:
1035:
1022:
1002:
976:
956:
937:
912:
907:"Factory Tour"
898:
876:
861:
836:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:
790:
785:
783:Ozone cracking
780:
775:
773:Labyrinth seal
770:
765:
763:Diaphragm seal
760:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
741:
735:
727:
724:
722:
719:
711:Space Shuttle
689:
685:
678:Morton-Thiokol
651:Space Shuttle
643:Main article:
640:
635:Space Shuttle
633:
632:
631:
627:
623:
596:
593:
543:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
505:
504:
501:
498:
492:
489:
476:Thermoplastic
474:
471:
461:Thermoplastics
458:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
414:
408:
402:
399:Nitrile rubber
396:
390:
384:
373:
367:
361:
355:
333:requirements,
318:
315:
301:
298:
289:
286:
229:
226:
199:
196:
173:
170:
127:J. O. Lundberg
122:
119:
98:
95:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4317:ISO standards
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
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3990:
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2500:
2497:
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2277:
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2255:
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2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
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2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
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2208:
2205:
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2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
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2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
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2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:IEC standards
2023:
2019:
2018:ISO standards
2013:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:Water cooling
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1823:Oxygen sensor
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:Intake system
1736:
1730:
1729:Starter motor
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Ignition coil
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Petrol engine
1598:
1596:
1595:Diesel engine
1593:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Blowoff valve
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1476:Cylinder head
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Balance shaft
1365:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1277:
1271:
1257:on 2009-02-24
1256:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1168:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1096:on 2011-06-07
1095:
1091:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1050:on 2007-09-21
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1012:
1006:
991:
985:
983:
981:
966:
960:
947:
941:
927:on 2009-03-15
926:
922:
916:
908:
902:
886:
880:
872:
865:
850:
846:
845:"GFS O-Rings"
840:
826:on 2019-08-10
822:
815:
808:
804:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
729:
718:
716:
714:
708:
702:
698:
695:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
654:
646:
638:
628:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
612:
610:
606:
600:
595:Failure modes
592:
589:
586:
583:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
556:
548:
539:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
511:
509:
502:
499:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
469:
466:
465:
464:
462:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
383:temperatures.
381:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
349:
348:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
323:
314:
310:
306:
297:
295:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
253:
247:
243:
239:
238:back-up rings
235:
225:
222:
216:
213:
209:
205:
195:
192:
191:cross section
188:
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
136:
132:
128:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
97:Manufacturing
94:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:cross-section
58:with a round
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
4144:27000 series
2520:
1853:Electric fan
1653:Coil-on-plug
1579:Turbocharger
1574:Supercharger
1446:Main bearing
1436:Firing order
1426:Displacement
1372:Block heater
1356:Engine block
1344:Part of the
1343:
1280:. Retrieved
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1245:
1231:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1200:
1171:. Retrieved
1161:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1084:
1073:. Retrieved
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:the original
1038:
1025:
1005:
994:. Retrieved
959:
940:
929:. Retrieved
925:the original
915:
901:
889:. Retrieved
879:
870:
864:
852:. Retrieved
848:
839:
828:. Retrieved
821:the original
807:
712:
706:
703:
699:
671:
652:
648:
636:
617:
613:
601:
598:
590:
587:
584:
573:
557:
553:
538:
532:Water – EPDM
506:
478:polyurethane
459:
424:Polyisoprene
358:Butyl rubber
339:
328:
311:
307:
303:
291:
249:
231:
217:
201:
184:
158:World War II
154:Westinghouse
147:
124:
100:
84:
68:
43:
39:
35:
33:
3932:20000–29999
3084:10000–19999
1877:Lubrication
1841:Air cooling
1658:Distributor
1610:Fuel filter
1588:Fuel system
1569:Intercooler
1536:Timing belt
1526:Head gasket
1456:Piston ring
1169:. Mykin.com
1133:www.sae.org
891:December 7,
758:Cooper Ring
667:flexibility
542:Other seals
517:Beer - EPDM
331:lubrication
73:shafts and
44:toric joint
4312:Seal rings
4306:Categories
3711:16949 (TS)
3308:11941 (TR)
2006:standards
1929:Power band
1889:Oil filter
1863:Thermostat
1808:EGT sensor
1770:MAF sensor
1765:MAP sensor
1750:Air filter
1714:Alternator
1673:Spark plug
1605:Carburetor
1531:Rocker arm
1471:Valvetrain
1402:Crankshaft
1346:Automobile
1282:2011-03-25
1261:2011-03-25
1173:2011-03-25
1138:2018-02-20
1100:2011-03-25
1075:2011-03-25
1054:2008-01-25
996:2011-03-25
931:2011-03-25
830:2018-12-08
800:References
707:Challenger
653:Challenger
637:Challenger
496:Polyamides
345:Thermosets
156:. During
150:streetcars
79:vulcanized
3666:15926 WIP
3030:9592/9593
2955:9000/9001
2843:8805/8806
1663:Glow plug
1625:Fuel tank
1620:Fuel pump
1387:Crankcase
721:Standards
717:of 2003.
486:polyester
482:polyether
442:Sanifluor
335:durometer
103:extrusion
89:(34
56:elastomer
4291:Category
2016:List of
1962:Category
1907:Dry sump
1903:Wet sump
1894:Oil pump
1858:Radiator
1775:Throttle
1635:Ignition
1506:Camshaft
1431:Flywheel
1412:Cylinder
1397:Crankpin
1090:"O-ring"
854:4 August
751:See also
715:disaster
713:Columbia
655:disaster
639:disaster
418:neoprene
380:silicone
317:Material
208:pressure
189:and the
187:diameter
4192:29199-2
4064:23094-2
4059:23094-1
4049:23090-3
3918:19794-5
3913:19775-1
3701:16612-2
3691:16355-1
3380:13406-2
3338:12234-2
3106:10118-3
1934:Redline
1818:Muffler
1719:Battery
1643:Magneto
1207:9 April
1011:2115383
965:2180795
659:Caltech
580:washers
282:brittle
210:of the
121:History
40:packing
4206:30000+
3045:9797-1
2853:8820-5
2798:8501-1
2354:1073-2
2349:1073-1
2033:1–9999
1957:Portal
1745:Airbox
1724:Dynamo
1451:Piston
1441:Stroke
1420:layout
1348:series
1017:
971:
952:
768:Gasket
480:(TPU)
444:(FEPM)
438:(PTFE)
420:) (CR)
407:(FFKM)
278:rubber
274:indium
266:nickel
262:copper
234:vacuum
204:stress
181:seams.
162:patent
143:
139:
131:Danish
48:gasket
36:O-ring
4273:80000
4268:56000
4263:55000
4258:50001
4253:45001
4248:42010
4243:40500
4238:39075
4233:38500
4228:37001
4223:32000
4218:31000
4213:30170
4197:29500
4187:29148
4183:29110
4179:28000
4174:27729
4169:27006
4164:27005
4159:27002
4154:27001
4149:27000
4139:26324
4134:26300
4129:26262
4124:26000
4119:25964
4114:25178
4109:24728
4104:24707
4099:24617
4094:24613
4089:24517
4084:23941
4079:23360
4074:23271
4069:23270
4054:23092
4044:23009
4039:23008
4034:23003
4029:23000
4024:22537
4019:22395
4014:22301
4009:22300
4004:22275
3999:22000
3994:21827
3989:21500
3984:21122
3979:21047
3974:21001
3969:21000
3964:20830
3959:20802
3954:20400
3949:20121
3944:20022
3939:20000
3923:19831
3908:19770
3903:19757
3898:19752
3893:19600
3888:19510
3883:19509
3878:19508
3873:19507
3868:19506
3863:19505
3858:19503
3853:19502
3848:19501
3843:19500
3838:19439
3833:19407
3828:19136
3823:19125
3818:19115
3813:19114
3796:19092
3791:19011
3786:19005
3781:18916
3776:18629
3771:18245
3766:18181
3761:18014
3756:18004
3751:17799
3746:17506
3741:17442
3736:17369
3731:17203
3726:17100
3721:17025
3716:17024
3706:16750
3696:16485
3686:16262
3681:16023
3676:15938
3671:15930
3661:15926
3656:15924
3651:15919
3646:15897
3641:15707
3629:15706
3624:15693
3619:15686
3614:15511
3609:15504
3604:15438
3599:15445
3582:15444
3577:15408
3572:15398
3567:15291
3562:15288
3557:15189
3552:15022
3547:14971
3542:14882
3537:14764
3532:14698
3527:14651
3522:14649
3517:14644
3512:14617
3460:14496
3455:14443
3450:14396
3445:14289
3440:14224
3435:14031
3430:14000
3425:13818
3420:13816
3415:13616
3410:13584
3405:13568
3400:13567
3395:13490
3390:13485
3385:13450
3375:13399
3370:13250
3365:13216
3348:13211
3343:12620
3333:12207
3328:12182
3323:12052
3318:12006
3313:11992
3303:11941
3293:11940
3288:11898
3283:11889
3278:11801
3273:11785
3268:11784
3263:11783
3258:11544
3253:11404
3248:11179
3243:11172
3238:11170
3233:11073
3228:10967
3223:10962
3218:10957
3213:10861
3208:10746
3203:10664
3198:10646
3193:10628
3188:10589
3183:10585
3178:10383
3146:10303
3141:10279
3136:10218
3131:10206
3126:10179
3121:10165
3116:10161
3111:10160
3101:10116
3096:10007
3091:10006
1917:Other
1541:Valve
1511:Chest
824:(PDF)
817:(PDF)
630:seal.
605:ozone
576:seals
456:(SBR)
432:(PSR)
413:(ACM)
389:(EPR)
366:(CSM)
360:(IIR)
300:Sizes
212:fluid
52:torus
42:or a
21:Oring
3171:-238
3075:9995
3070:9985
3065:9984
3060:9945
3055:9899
3050:9897
3040:9660
3035:9594
3025:9564
3020:9529
3015:9506
3010:9496
3005:9407
3000:9362
2995:9314
2990:9293
2985:9241
2980:9227
2975:9141
2970:9126
2965:9075
2960:9036
2950:8879
2903:-8-I
2858:8859
2848:8807
2838:8691
2833:8652
2828:8651
2823:8632
2818:8613
2813:8601
2808:8583
2803:8571
2793:8373
2788:8217
2783:8178
2778:8093
2773:8000
2768:7942
2763:7816
2758:7813
2753:7812
2748:7811
2743:7810
2738:7736
2733:7637
2721:7498
2716:7200
2711:7185
2706:7098
2701:7064
2696:7027
2691:7010
2686:7002
2681:7001
2676:6943
2671:6709
2666:6523
2661:6438
2656:6429
2651:6425
2646:6385
2641:6373
2636:6346
2631:6344
2626:6166
2621:5964
2616:5807
2611:5800
2606:5776
2601:5775
2596:5725
2591:5428
2586:5427
2581:5426
2576:5218
2571:4909
2566:4217
2561:4165
2556:4157
2551:4031
2546:3977
2541:3950
2536:3901
2531:3864
2526:3602
2521:3601
2516:3307
2511:3297
2489:3166
2484:3103
2479:3029
2474:2921
2469:2852
2464:2848
2459:2788
2454:2720
2449:2711
2444:2709
2439:2533
2434:2281
2429:2240
2424:2146
2419:2145
2414:2108
2409:2047
2404:2033
2399:2022
2394:2015
2389:2014
2384:1989
2379:1745
2374:1629
2369:1538
2364:1413
2359:1155
2344:1007
2339:1004
2334:1000
2157:68-1
1899:Sump
1416:bank
1377:Bore
1209:2013
893:2018
856:2021
426:(IR)
354:(BR)
272:use
260:use
258:Torr
250:See
246:seal
166:US$
71:pump
64:seal
3505:-20
3500:-17
3495:-14
3490:-12
3485:-11
3480:-10
3166:-28
3161:-22
3156:-21
3151:-11
2943:-16
2938:-15
2933:-14
2928:-13
2923:-12
2918:-11
2913:-10
2329:999
2324:965
2319:898
2314:860
2309:843
2304:838
2299:764
2294:732
2289:704
2284:690
2279:668
2274:657
2269:646
2237:639
2232:519
2227:518
2222:500
2217:361
2212:306
2207:302
2202:262
2197:261
2192:259
2187:233
2182:228
2177:226
2172:217
2167:216
2162:128
2150:-13
2145:-12
2140:-11
2135:-10
2004:ISO
1884:Oil
1473:and
1358:and
674:FKM
264:or
232:In
113:or
91:MPa
87:psi
34:An
4308::
3806:-2
3801:-1
3634:-2
3592:-9
3587:-3
3475:-6
3470:-3
3465:-2
3358:-2
3353:-1
3297:-2
2908:-9
2898:-8
2893:-7
2888:-6
2883:-5
2878:-4
2873:-3
2868:-2
2863:-1
2726:-1
2504:-3
2499:-2
2494:-1
2262:-6
2257:-5
2252:-3
2247:-2
2242:-1
2130:-9
2125:-8
2120:-7
2115:-6
2110:-5
2105:-4
2100:-3
2095:-1
2090:-0
2085:31
2080:17
2075:16
2024:–
2020:–
1905:,
1418:,
1199:.
1182:^
1131:.
979:^
847:.
582:.
567:,
563:,
510::
484:,
463::
347::
343:-
296:.
117:.
109:,
105:,
3299:)
3295:(
2070:9
2065:7
2060:6
2055:4
2050:3
2045:2
2040:1
1996:e
1989:t
1982:v
1909:)
1901:(
1422:)
1414:(
1327:e
1320:t
1313:v
1285:.
1264:.
1239:.
1211:.
1176:.
1155:.
1141:.
1117:.
1103:.
1078:.
1057:.
999:.
934:.
909:.
895:.
858:.
833:.
690:g
686:g
684:T
254:.
23:.
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