52:
82:
31:
675:
507:
727:
and Jan van Eyck in the 1420s and 1430s, is today generally considered to be the beginning of the early
Northern Renaissance in painting. This detailed realism was greatly respected in Italy, but there was little reciprocal influence on the North until nearly the end of the 15th century. Despite
518:
Finally, the
Renaissance in Europe would also be kindled by a weakening of the Roman Catholic Church. The slow demise of feudalism also weakened a long-established policy in which church officials helped keep the population of the manor under control in return for tribute. Consequently, the early
793:
and the large number of surviving classical artworks and monuments encouraged many
Italian painters to explore Greco-Roman themes more prominently than northern artists, and likewise the famous 15th-century German and Dutch paintings tend to be religious. In the 16th century,
547:, and was a central figure at the intersection of classical humanism and mounting religious questions. Forms of artistic expression which a century ago would have been banned by the church were now tolerated or even encouraged in certain circles.
503:), and a general increase in agricultural productivity due to improving farming technology and methods. As in Italy, the decline of feudalism opened the way for the cultural, social, and economic changes associated with the Renaissance in Europe.
900:, art historians are increasingly questioning its validity: Lisa Deam, "Flemish versus Netherlandish: A Discourse of Nationalism," in Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 28–29.
558:, spread political ideas and generally impacted the course of the Renaissance in northern Europe. As in Italy, the printing press increased the availability of books written in both
767:
developed styles that were imitated by many subsequent generations. Later in the 16th century
Northern painters increasingly looked and travelled to Rome, becoming known as the
747:. DĂĽrer, in turn, was influenced by the art he saw there and is agreed to be one of the first Northern High Renaissance painters. Other notable northern painters such as
798:
and other themes from history became more uniform amongst northern and
Italian artists. Northern Renaissance painters, however, had new subject matter, such as
1133:
1874:
616:, who were Italian explorers, the development would end Northern Italy's role as the trade crossroads of Europe, shifting wealth and power westwards to
1018:
300:. From the last years of the 15th century, its Renaissance spread around Europe. Called the Northern Renaissance because it occurred north of the
2095:
499:
interested in reducing the power of feudal lords, the increasing uselessness of feudal armies in the face of new military technology (such as
1570:
1050:
970:
2085:
1244:
600:. This combination of European and North African ship building technologies for the first time made extensive trade and travel over the
832:
in the latest
Mannerist style, but succeeded in establishing a durable national style. By the end of the 16th century, artists such as
2353:
17:
813:
styles moved through northern Europe, they changed and were adapted to local customs. In
England and the northern Netherlands the
2194:
1647:
1320:
1227:
544:
2306:
1337:
1190:
665:
1288:
980:
941:
922:
532:
275:
152:
1158:
1143:
2521:
2444:
1471:
51:
1849:
1817:
2201:
1768:
1563:
1173:
1080:
877:
417:
were greatly influenced by the
Italian Renaissance model and were part of the same intellectual movement. During the
122:
1688:
1419:
1168:
1043:
317:
223:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2434:
1720:
1530:
1138:
1728:
2063:
1494:
1254:
1001:
550:
The velocity of transmission of the
Renaissance throughout Europe can also be ascribed to the invention of the
433:
composed works of lasting influence. The
Renaissance was brought to Poland directly from Italy by artists from
2486:
2408:
2370:
2246:
2234:
2036:
2000:
1489:
1479:
1249:
1205:
1163:
959:
2311:
2291:
1995:
1556:
1305:
1281:
1195:
1185:
1006:
989:
720:
661:
81:
648:
began extensive colonisation activities. This period of exploration and expansion has become known as the
324:
Renaissances, and in turn created other national and localized movements, each with different attributes.
2021:
1952:
1896:
1484:
1036:
519:
15th century saw the rise of many secular institutions and beliefs. Among the most significant of these,
63:
2418:
2413:
2217:
2135:
1605:
1342:
1102:
821:
2403:
2358:
2152:
736:—were among the first artists in the Low Countries to clearly reflect Italian formal developments.
360:
268:
2516:
1123:
764:
377:
and the printed book helped spread the spirit of the age through France, the Low Countries and the
107:
893:
2439:
1980:
1537:
1520:
1429:
1347:
825:
213:
892:
Although the notion of a north to south-only direction of influence arose in the scholarship of
596:
One of the most important technological development of the Renaissance was the invention of the
2511:
2184:
2100:
1908:
1715:
1445:
1300:
1276:
1239:
1148:
814:
748:
609:
536:
461:
203:
157:
147:
132:
817:
2463:
2338:
1736:
1515:
1424:
1369:
1293:
1200:
712:, and art historians have debated the "hidden symbolism" of works by artists like Hubert and
469:
198:
57:
759:
influence that was still popular in the north, while highly individualistic artists such as
2491:
2189:
2130:
2073:
2031:
1985:
1822:
1642:
1525:
1374:
1364:
1310:
1217:
1067:
790:
693:
613:
520:
386:
261:
162:
127:
87:
8:
2375:
2296:
2147:
2140:
2120:
2068:
2026:
2005:
1869:
1812:
1668:
1622:
1617:
1579:
1450:
1392:
1329:
1266:
1107:
768:
430:
426:
418:
332:
313:
301:
208:
193:
178:
604:
feasible. While first introduced by the Italian states and the early captains, such as
444:
In some areas the Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its
2105:
1891:
1805:
1773:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1455:
1402:
1397:
1357:
1222:
1095:
845:
799:
669:
579:
563:
511:
492:
438:
414:
344:
321:
309:
305:
188:
183:
39:
2467:
2348:
2343:
2301:
2256:
1924:
1881:
1854:
1839:
1800:
1763:
1412:
1407:
1352:
1271:
1261:
1234:
1212:
1128:
997:
976:
937:
918:
873:
729:
528:
495:, the growing number of serfs living as freemen, the formation of nation-states with
460:
or even unions of countries. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the
410:
378:
348:
340:
244:
142:
137:
112:
740:
2333:
1947:
1903:
1632:
1612:
1510:
1085:
837:
833:
829:
772:
760:
744:
680:
649:
591:
249:
239:
44:
1957:
464:
with the resulting long series of internal and external conflicts between various
2363:
2283:
2251:
1932:
1627:
1180:
810:
685:
605:
524:
422:
117:
30:
1937:
1886:
1864:
1859:
1844:
1834:
1827:
897:
824:
in England, portrait painting was slow to spread from the elite. In France the
803:
551:
445:
394:
389:
in the early 16th century – a process halted by the religious schism caused by
2480:
2459:
2398:
724:
633:
567:
465:
402:
398:
1990:
795:
776:
752:
713:
689:
457:
34:
448:
of political power. While Italy and Germany were dominated by independent
347:. This included not only the then Kingdom of France but also the adjacent
2125:
1600:
1153:
1075:
1059:
709:
582:, a factor often attributed to the spread of the Protestant Reformation.
488:
484:
382:
336:
293:
73:
972:
The Invention of Northern Aesthetics in 18th-Century English Literature
756:
559:
449:
390:
374:
364:
1548:
732:(1500–1530)—chronologically overlapping with but unrelated to Italian
27:
Renaissance that occurred in the European countries north of the Alps.
2115:
2110:
1962:
1090:
784:
733:
514:-era Press on display at the Printing History Museum in Lyon, France.
500:
480:
1015:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 5, The Renaissance in the North
2090:
2078:
849:
645:
617:
601:
555:
496:
434:
406:
743:
made his two trips to Italy, where he was greatly admired for his
506:
1637:
841:
780:
701:
629:
597:
540:
368:
356:
92:
674:
637:
625:
491:
environment, the increasing use of money rather than land as a
453:
352:
328:
1028:
359:
in the 16th increased cultural exchange between Italy and the
697:
621:
575:
571:
641:
297:
343:), and built grand palaces at great expense, starting the
636:. These states all began to conduct extensive trade with
393:
who had earlier extensively employed Italian artisans at
708:
Early Netherlandish painting often included complicated
867:
872:(5th, rev. ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
818:
brought religious painting almost completely to an end
371:
even as painters increasingly drew on Italian models.
787:
that were in vogue had a great impact on their work.
652:. Eventually European power spread around the globe.
363:; however in art, and especially architecture, late
351:. Trade and commerce in then Burgundian cities like
934:The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
783:and the late Renaissance stylistic tendencies of
562:languages and the publication of new and ancient
487:. The reasons for this decline include the post-
367:influences remained present until the arrival of
2478:
554:. Its power to disseminate information enhanced
523:would lay the philosophical grounds for much of
2096:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
957:
1564:
1044:
728:frequent cultural and artistic exchange, the
269:
912:
2086:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
964:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
483:was on the decline at the beginning of the
1571:
1557:
1051:
1037:
543:, for example, was important in spreading
339:, commissioned Italian artists (including
276:
262:
655:
968:
931:
868:Janson, H.W.; Anthony F. Janson (1997).
673:
505:
50:
29:
1578:
14:
2479:
666:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
1552:
1032:
861:
296:that occurred in Europe north of the
2235:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
437:and the Low Countries, starting the
2445:History of the Mediterranean region
1648:International relations (1648–1814)
585:
24:
951:
25:
2533:
2202:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1769:Journalism of Early Modern Europe
1081:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1024:
844:in a brief but intense phase of
820:. Despite several very talented
405:. Writers and humanists such as
80:
2435:History of Western civilization
1721:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1058:
906:
2064:Christianity in the modern era
1850:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
932:Campbell, Gordon, ed. (2009).
913:Chipps Smith, Jeffrey (2004).
886:
828:was begun by Italians such as
13:
1:
2409:History of the European Union
2247:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
2037:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2001:War of the Spanish Succession
855:
2312:Early Netherlandish painting
1282:Platonism in the Renaissance
1186:Early Netherlandish painting
975:. Cambridge Scholars Press.
961:The Renaissance in the North
721:Early Netherlandish painting
662:Early Netherlandish painting
7:
1953:Absolute monarchy in France
1897:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
936:. Oxford University Press.
545:humanist ideas in the north
475:
421:(which overlapped with the
64:Pieter Brueghel the Younger
10:
2538:
2522:Cultural history of Europe
2419:Military history of Europe
2414:Maritime history of Europe
2307:Dutch and Flemish painting
2218:Science in the Renaissance
1191:Dutch and Flemish painting
1134:Central and Eastern Europe
1103:Outline of the Renaissance
822:artists of the Tudor Court
659:
589:
2457:
2427:
2404:Genetic history of Europe
2391:
2384:
2326:
2276:
2269:
2226:
2210:
2174:
2165:
2153:European wars of religion
2056:
2049:
2014:
1996:Second Hundred Years' War
1973:
1917:
1793:
1786:
1756:
1749:
1708:
1701:
1656:
1593:
1586:
1503:
1470:
1438:
1383:
1328:
1319:
1116:
1066:
996:, 1985, Harry N. Abrams,
969:Bezrucka, Yvonne (2017).
304:, this period became the
994:Northern Renaissance Art
958:O'Neill, J, ed. (1987).
915:The Northern Renaissance
765:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
719:The detailed realism of
578:became widely available
472:having lasting effects.
355:in the 15th century and
18:Northern Renaissance art
2440:History of Christianity
2022:French–Habsburg rivalry
1981:French Wars of Religion
826:School of Fontainebleau
2507:17th century in Europe
2502:16th century in Europe
2497:15th century in Europe
2185:Renaissance philosophy
2101:Protestant Reformation
1909:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1716:Fall of Constantinople
749:Hans Holbein the Elder
739:Around the same time,
705:
656:Painting and sculpture
610:Giovanni da Verrazzano
515:
462:Protestant Reformation
67:
48:
2464:History of philosophy
2339:Industrial Revolution
1737:Scientific Revolution
1516:Medieval renaissances
1294:Scientific Revolution
896:and was continued by
894:Max Jakob Friedländer
677:
509:
470:Roman Catholic Church
58:Adoration of the Magi
54:
33:
2487:Northern Renaissance
2190:Renaissance humanism
2074:Bohemian Reformation
2032:Treaties of Nijmegen
1643:Age of Enlightenment
1385:Northern Renaissance
848:that also spread to
791:Renaissance humanism
694:Saint Bavo Cathedral
521:Renaissance humanism
290:Northern Renaissance
88:The School of Athens
2376:Revolutions of 1848
2297:Florentine painting
2148:Counter-Reformation
2069:Proto-Protestantism
2027:Peace of Westphalia
1870:Seventeen Provinces
1729:Printing Revolution
1623:Early modern Europe
1618:Early modern period
1580:Early modern Europe
1338:Bergamo and Brescia
1330:Italian Renaissance
1108:Renaissance studies
684:(interior view) by
574:. Furthermore, the
556:scientific research
431:Christopher Marlowe
427:William Shakespeare
419:English Renaissance
302:Italian Renaissance
2106:Ninety-five Theses
1892:Kingdom of Bohemia
1806:Free imperial city
1774:The General Crisis
1456:Spanish Golden Age
1096:Northern Mannerism
846:Northern Mannerism
730:Antwerp Mannerists
706:
692:, completed 1432.
670:Northern Mannerism
516:
512:Johannes Gutenberg
493:medium of exchange
456:began emerging as
439:Polish Renaissance
425:) writers such as
415:Desiderius Erasmus
345:French Renaissance
68:
49:
40:Arnolfini Portrait
2474:
2473:
2468:History of Europe
2453:
2452:
2349:French Revolution
2344:Age of Revolution
2322:
2321:
2302:Venetian painting
2265:
2264:
2257:Leonardo da Vinci
2161:
2160:
2045:
2044:
1986:Thirty Years' War
1925:Habsburg monarchy
1882:Habsburg monarchy
1855:Cossack Hetmanate
1840:Portuguese Empire
1801:Holy Roman Empire
1782:
1781:
1764:Absolute monarchy
1745:
1744:
1697:
1696:
1546:
1545:
1466:
1465:
1439:Iberian peninsula
1206:Italian sculpture
982:978-1-5275-0302-1
943:978-0-19-533466-1
924:978-0-7148-3867-0
917:. Phaidon Press.
411:Pierre de Ronsard
379:Holy Roman Empire
349:Duchy of Burgundy
341:Leonardo da Vinci
286:
285:
245:Continuity thesis
232:History and study
16:(Redirected from
2529:
2389:
2388:
2334:Great Divergence
2292:Italian painting
2274:
2273:
2172:
2171:
2054:
2053:
2006:Seven Years' War
1948:House of Bourbon
1904:Protestant Union
1875:Economic history
1791:
1790:
1754:
1753:
1706:
1705:
1633:Age of Discovery
1613:High Renaissance
1591:
1590:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1511:Cloak and dagger
1326:
1325:
1196:Italian painting
1086:High Renaissance
1053:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1029:
986:
965:
947:
928:
901:
890:
884:
883:
865:
838:Hendrik Goltzius
834:Karel van Mander
830:Rosso Fiorentino
773:High Renaissance
761:Hieronymus Bosch
681:Ghent Altarpiece
650:Age of Discovery
592:Age of Discovery
586:Age of Discovery
510:Reproduction of
278:
271:
264:
250:High Renaissance
240:Age of Discovery
84:
70:
69:
45:National Gallery
21:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2517:Renaissance art
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2449:
2423:
2380:
2318:
2284:Renaissance art
2261:
2252:Matteo Palmieri
2222:
2206:
2195:Northern Europe
2167:
2157:
2041:
2010:
1969:
1933:House of Stuart
1913:
1778:
1741:
1693:
1664:Northern Europe
1652:
1628:Elizabethan era
1582:
1577:
1547:
1542:
1499:
1462:
1434:
1379:
1315:
1228:Northern Europe
1112:
1062:
1057:
1027:
983:
954:
952:Further reading
944:
925:
909:
904:
891:
887:
880:
866:
862:
858:
811:Renaissance art
672:
658:
634:the Netherlands
606:Giovanni Caboto
594:
588:
564:classical texts
525:Renaissance art
478:
468:groups and the
423:Elizabethan era
282:
219:Northern Europe
95:
91:(1509–1511) by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:Coalition Wars
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:House of Tudor
1935:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1887:Russian Empire
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1865:Dutch Republic
1862:
1860:Swedish Empire
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Spanish Empire
1842:
1837:
1835:Ottoman Empire
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:British Empire
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1750:Social history
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1725:Technological:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1026:
1025:External links
1023:
1022:
1021:
1004:
987:
981:
966:
953:
950:
949:
948:
942:
929:
923:
908:
905:
903:
902:
898:Erwin Panofsky
885:
878:
870:History of Art
859:
857:
854:
804:genre painting
741:Albrecht DĂĽrer
657:
654:
590:Main article:
587:
584:
580:in translation
552:printing press
477:
474:
446:centralization
395:Nonsuch Palace
381:, and then to
333:King Francis I
284:
283:
281:
280:
273:
266:
258:
255:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
234:
233:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
123:Greek scholars
120:
115:
110:
102:
101:
97:
96:
85:
77:
76:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2534:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Art of Europe
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:Human history
2456:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Art of Europe
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Revolutionary
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:End of period
2325:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Ancien RĂ©gime
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1733:Intellectual:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1689:Low Countries
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Low Countries
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Italian domes
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Snyder, James
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Snyder, James
988:
984:
978:
974:
973:
967:
963:
962:
956:
955:
945:
939:
935:
930:
926:
920:
916:
911:
910:
899:
895:
889:
881:
879:0-8109-3442-6
875:
871:
864:
860:
853:
851:
847:
843:
840:collected in
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:, retained a
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
726:
725:Robert Campin
722:
717:
715:
711:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
676:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
644:, and in the
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:nation-states
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Thomas Wolsey
400:
399:Hampton Court
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:Low Countries
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:Low Countries
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
260:
259:
257:
256:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
236:
235:
231:
230:
225:
224:Low Countries
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
99:
98:
94:
90:
89:
83:
79:
78:
75:
72:
71:
65:
61:
59:
53:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
19:
2240:
2233:
1991:Cabinet wars
1663:
1531:12th century
1384:
1124:Architecture
1014:
1011:Introduction
1010:
993:
971:
960:
933:
914:
907:Bibliography
888:
869:
863:
808:
796:mythological
789:
777:Michelangelo
753:Jean Fouquet
738:
718:
714:Jan van Eyck
707:
690:Jan van Eyck
679:
595:
549:
517:
479:
443:
375:Universities
373:
326:
289:
287:
218:
108:Architecture
86:
55:
38:
35:Jan van Eyck
2492:Renaissance
2371:Nationalism
2181:Philosophy:
2136:Switzerland
2126:Lutheranism
1601:Renaissance
1538:Reenactment
1521:Carolingian
1154:Plateresque
1076:Renaissance
1060:Renaissance
815:Reformation
710:iconography
485:Renaissance
450:city-states
383:Scandinavia
337:Italian art
294:Renaissance
74:Renaissance
66:, 1584–1638
60:in the snow
2481:Categories
2364:Napoleonic
2288:Painting:
2175:Philosophy
1657:By country
1495:Structures
1301:Technology
1277:Philosophy
1240:Literature
1159:Portuguese
1002:0136235964
856:References
660:See also:
560:vernacular
537:technology
497:monarchies
466:Protestant
452:, most of
391:Henry VIII
158:Technology
148:Philosophy
133:Literature
2166:Academic
2116:Huguenots
2111:Calvinism
2057:Overviews
2015:Diplomacy
1963:Louis XIV
1794:Countries
1709:Political
1587:Overviews
1490:Humanists
1480:Composers
1321:By region
1201:Sculpture
1149:Palladian
1091:Mannerism
800:landscape
785:Mannerism
769:Romanists
734:Mannerism
723:, led by
501:gunpowder
481:Feudalism
335:imported
118:Fine arts
2385:See also
2131:Scottish
2091:Haskalah
2079:Hussites
2050:Religion
1929:England
1818:Germany
1787:Politics
1757:Concepts
1526:Ottonian
1446:Portugal
1430:Scotland
1348:Lombardy
1343:Florence
1267:Medicine
1218:Humanism
1174:Venetian
1117:By field
1017:, 1987,
850:Flanders
646:Americas
618:Portugal
614:Columbus
602:Atlantic
476:Overview
435:Florence
407:Rabelais
292:was the
214:Scotland
204:Portugal
128:Humanism
47:, London
43:, 1434,
2277:General
2241:Authors
2211:Science
2141:Radical
2121:English
1944:France
1918:Leaders
1823:Britain
1684:Germany
1669:England
1638:Baroque
1606:Outline
1504:Related
1485:Figures
1403:Germany
1393:England
1311:Warfare
1306:Theatre
1289:Science
1255:Spanish
1169:Spanish
1068:General
842:Haarlem
781:Raphael
775:art of
702:Belgium
630:England
598:caravel
541:Erasmus
533:science
387:Britain
369:Baroque
357:Antwerp
314:English
189:Germany
179:England
171:Regions
163:Warfare
153:Science
100:Aspects
93:Raphael
2392:Europe
2168:fields
1813:France
1702:Events
1679:France
1674:Papacy
1425:Poland
1408:Saxony
1398:France
1375:Venice
1370:Urbino
1365:Sicily
1358:Papacy
1250:French
1223:France
1164:Purism
1139:French
1019:online
1000:
979:
940:
921:
876:
771:. The
757:Gothic
745:prints
686:Hubert
668:, and
638:Africa
632:, and
626:France
489:Plague
454:Europe
401:under
365:Gothic
353:Bruges
329:France
322:Polish
310:French
306:German
199:Poland
184:France
37:, The
2428:World
2227:Works
1472:Lists
1451:Spain
1413:Weser
1272:Music
1262:Magic
1245:Dutch
1235:Latin
1213:Dance
1129:Brick
698:Ghent
622:Spain
576:Bible
572:Latin
568:Greek
529:music
209:Spain
194:Italy
143:Music
138:Magic
113:Dance
2270:Arts
1974:Wars
1594:Eras
1353:Rome
998:ISBN
977:ISBN
938:ISBN
919:ISBN
874:ISBN
836:and
802:and
779:and
763:and
751:and
688:and
678:The
642:Asia
640:and
612:and
570:and
535:and
429:and
413:and
397:and
385:and
320:and
298:Alps
288:The
56:The
1181:Art
1013:to
809:As
806:.
566:in
327:In
2483::
2466:•
2462:•
1009:,
992:.
852:.
716:.
700:,
696:,
664:,
628:,
624:,
620:,
608:,
539:.
531:,
527:,
441:.
409:,
331:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
62:,
2243::
1572:e
1565:t
1558:v
1052:e
1045:t
1038:v
985:.
946:.
927:.
882:.
704:.
277:e
270:t
263:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
