439:
501:(CIA) research report investigating the origins of the NLL and its significance, declassified in 2000, found that the NLL was established in an order made on 14 January 1965 by the U.S. Commander Naval Forces, Korea. An antecedent line, under a different name, had been established in 1961 by the same commander. No documentation about the line earlier than 1960 could be located by the CIA, casting doubt on the belief that the NLL was created immediately after the armistice. The sole purpose of the NLL in this original order was to forbid UNC vessels from sailing north of it without special permission. The report noted, however, that in at least two places the NLL crosses into waters presumed to be under uncontested North Korean sovereignty. No evidence was found that North Korea had recognised the NLL.
447:
586:
642:
explicitly dispute or actively violate the NLL until 1973. First, the North Korean negotiators at the 346th meeting of the
Military Armistice Commission challenged the status of the line. North Korea followed this up by sending large groups of patrol ships over the NLL on about 43 occasions in October and November. North Korea states that it had not been informed of the existence of the line, which is now confirmed by declassified U.S. diplomatic cables, so it could not dispute it earlier.
577:
South Korea wished to describe all NLL penetrations as "military provocations", but the U.S. saw that as a major problem for the U.S. position on the armistice agreement. In 1975 the UNC position was that North Korean fishing or patrolling south of the NLL, outside 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of the UNC controlled islands, was not justification for any coercive actions by UNC controlled vessels; the UNC would not participate in establishing an exclusive South Korean fishing zone.
27:
750:"The South and the North have agreed to create a 'special peace and cooperation zone in the West Sea' encompassing Haeju and vicinity in a bid to proactively push ahead with the creation of a joint fishing zone and maritime peace zone, establishment of a special economic zone, utilization of Haeju harbor, passage of civilian vessels via direct routes in Haeju and the joint use of the Han River estuary."
672:, their southern deepwater port, to develop alternative trade opportunities. However, with the NLL enforced, access to Haeju required shipping to travel along North Korean coast for 65 nautical miles (120 km), often within 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of the shore. This prevents the development of Haeju as a large international port.
684:
South Korean seek to use it to spark military conflict. An earlier article reported that at meetings of the military armistice commission in
December 1973 and July 1989 North Korea noted that future clashes were unavoidable unless a clear Military Demarcation Line was drawn in the West Sea, and urging the U.S. to negotiate such measures.
797:
State-Defense
Message" to the U.S. Embassy in Seoul stated that South Korea "is wrong in assuming we will join in attempts to impose NLL", and the U.S. Ambassador told the South Korean government that the 12-mile (19 km) North Korean territorial sea claim created a zone of uncertain status with respect to the NLL.
1637:
We are concerned that ROK may tend to define very broadly what is an NK hostile act or threat to security, and hence may wish to take counter-actions which would be difficult for us to justify. ... Mere NK fishing or patrolling in high seas south of NLL, even if near ROK fishing boats, cannot be used
796:
wrote in a confidential cable, now declassified, that the "Northern Patrol Limit Line does not have international legal status ... Insofar as it purports unilaterally to divide international waters, it is clearly contrary to international law and USG Law of the Sea position." Earlier in 1973 a "Joint
531:
that "We are aware of no evidence that NLL has ever been officially presented to North Korea." However, South Korea argues that until the 1970s North Korea tacitly recognized the line as a sea demarcation line. North Korea recorded in their 1959 Central
Almanac a partial demarcation line close to the
683:
According to a 2002 Korean
Central News Agency article the NLL violates the Korean armistice agreement and the 12 mile territorial waters stipulated by the UN Maritime Convention. The article claims the Northern Limit Line is a root cause of armed clashes, and by insisting on the line the U.S. and
508:
limit of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) was the norm, by the 1970s a limit of 12 nautical miles (22 km) had become internationally accepted, and the enforcement of the NLL prevented North Korea, in areas, from accessing significant territorial waters (arguably actual or prospective). In 1973,
675:
Since
September 1999, North Korea has claimed a more southerly "West Sea Military Demarcation Line" (also called "Inter-Korean MDL"). This maritime demarcation line is an extension line from the land boundary equidistant from the north and south mainlands, with channels to the north-west islands
641:
When the 1953 Armistice was concluded between the U.N. and North Korea, agreement over a maritime extension of the demilitarized zone was not achieved. In 1955, DPRK proclaimed territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles (22 km). from the coastline. Other than this, North Korea did not
576:
However, a 1973 U.S. diplomatic cable, now declassified, noted that UNC protested North Korean intrusions within 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of UNC controlled islands as armistice agreement violations, but did not protest NLL intrusions as the NLL was not mentioned in the armistice agreement.
493:
After the United
Nations Command and North Korea failed to reach an agreement, it is widely believed that the line was set by the UNC as a practical operational control measure a month after the armistice was signed, on August 30, 1953. However original documentation recording this has not been
1387:
We are aware of no evidence that NLL has ever been officially presented to North Korea. We would be in an extremely vulnerable position of charging them with penetrations beyond a line they have never accepted or acknowledged. ROKG is wrong in assuming we will join in attempts to impose NLL on
563:
The UNC emphasized its position on the border issue on 23 August 1999, stating that the NLL issue was non-negotiable because the demarcation line had been recognized as the de facto maritime border for a considerable length of time by both Koreas:
842:
On 1 November 2004 three North Korean vessels crossed the NLL. They were challenged by South Korean patrol boats, but did not respond. The ROK vessels opened fire and the DPRK boats withdrew without returning fire. No casualties were
474:
would remain under the control of the UNC and South Korea. However, they did not agree on a maritime demarcation line, primarily because the UNC wanted to base it on 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) or 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of
785:
The United States government position, separate from the United
Nations Command, is not clearly expressed. When asked about the NLL, United States government representatives usually refer questioners to the UNC in South Korea.
1574:
We have protested, as armistice agreement violations, intrusions within three mile contous waters of UNC controlled islands. However UNC has not protested NLL intrusions since line is not specifically mentioned in armistice
660:
of up to 200 nautical miles (370 km). It also attempted to establish a 50 nautical miles (93 km) military boundary zone around the islands claimed by South Korea along the NLL; however, this claim was rebuffed.
568:
The NLL has served as an effective means of preventing military tension between North and South Korean military forces for 46 years. It serves as a practical demarcation line, which has contributed to the separation of
552:
833:(1999) ā four North Korean patrol boats and a group of fishing boats crossed the border and initiated a gun battle that left one North Korean vessel sunk, five patrol boats damaged, 30 sailors killed, and 70 wounded.
723:
Until a new sea nonaggression demarcation line is established, the NLL will be resolutely maintained like the ground
Military Demarcation Line, and decisive responses will be made to all North Korean intrusions;
494:
found. The line was originally drawn to prevent South Korean incursions into the north that threatened the armistice. However, its role has since been transformed to prevent North Korean ships heading south.
1693:
and the writers were particular enough to include in quotes as we present it. The broader point is that the maritime demarcation line here is NOT a formal extension of the
Military Demarcation Line; compare
442:
A US Government map showing where a North Korean 12 nautical miles (22 km) territorial waters limit would be, when disregarding the north west UN Command islands, compared to the Northern Limit Line.
426:(MDL), and consists of straight line segments between 12 approximate channel midpoints, extended in an arc to prevent egress between both sides. On its western end the line extends out along the
716:
In 2002 the Ministry of National Defense published a paper reasserting the legitimacy of the NLL, and arguing that North Korea's claims regarding NLL were groundless. The paper concluded that:
884:(2010) ā North Korean forces fired around 170 artillery shells at Yeonpyeong, killing four South Koreans, injuring 19, and causing widespread damage to the island's civilian fishing village.
555:, which agreed that areas around the Northern Limit Line would be converted into a maritime peace zone in order to prevent accidental military clashes and guarantee safe fishing activities.
450:
1959 North Korean map of South Hwanghae Province showing a partial demarcation line close to the UNC islands, which South Korea argues shows North Korean acceptance of the NLL as a whole.
2124:
there is an area between the two island groups off the Ongjin Peninsula where a 12-mile North Korean territorial sea claim and the Northern Limit Line create a zone of uncertain status.
419:. Because of the conditions of the armistice, the mainland portion reverted to North Korean control, while the islands remained a part of South Korea despite their close proximity.
856:
On January 27, 2010, North Korea fired artillery shots into the water near the NLL and South Korean vessels returned fire. The incident took place near the South Korean-controlled
548:
regularly patrol the area around the NLL. As North Korea does not recognise the line, its fishing boats work close to or over the limit line, escorted by North Korean naval boats.
1331:
490:
Command set up the "Northern Limit Line" of the West Sea so that the ROK Armed Forces would not attack Hwanghae Island, and this is the starting point of the Northern Limit Line.
1435:
878:, a South Korean corvette, was sunk by an explosion, killing 46 sailors; the resulting South-Korea-led international investigation blamed North Korea, which denied involvement.
2252:
1686:
726:
Any new sea nonaggression demarcation must be established through South-North discussions, and the NLL is not the subject of negotiation between the US or UNC and the North;
1638:
as justification for coercive actions by UNC. ... ROKG should clearly understand that we will not participate in any action to establish area as exclusive ROK fishing zone.
839:(2002) ā two North Korean patrol boats crossed the NLL near Yeonpyeong island and started firing; after becoming outnumbered and suffering damage, the vessels retreated.
186:
1339:
1650:
1006:
766:
argued in 2001 that the legal situation between the two Koreas is a special regime governed by the armistice agreement, and not usual international law such as the
86:
573:
The UNC insisted that the NLL must be maintained until a new maritime MDL could be established through the Joint Military Commission on the armistice agreement.
55:
1259:
331:
486:
Provisional government, which opposed the armistice agreement, attempted to attack the DPRK on the west coast, ignoring the agreement. Accordingly, the
822:
Clashes between North and South Korean fishing boats and naval vessels have frequently occurred along the NLL. As the waters along the NLL are rich in
2291:
2226:
1733:
720:
The NLL has been the practical sea demarcation line for the past 49 years and was confirmed and validated by the 1992 South-North Basic Agreement;
1883:
510:
341:
2380:
817:
204:
2029:
532:
UNC controlled islands, at about three nautical miles distance, which South Korea argues shows North Korean acceptance of the NLL as a whole.
2365:
2360:
2263:
2375:
691:
1953:
690:
For many years North Korea has sold fishing rights in the area of the NLL to Chinese fishing companies, which South Korea regards as
278:
48:
1983:
438:
379:
346:
1683:
1050:
520:
It is unclear when North Korea was informed of the existence of the NLL. Many sources suggest this was done promptly, but in 1973
1292:
1148:
Kim, Jung-Gun (SpringāSummer 1985). "Reflections on the attitude of North Korea toward the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III Treaty)".
808:
said the U.S. stood "shoulder to shoulder" with South Korea and condemned the attack, but did not specifically address the NLL.
729:
North Korea's claims violate the Armistice Agreement and are not compatible with the spirit and provisions of international law.
2012:
657:
514:
2208:
2176:
2137:
687:
On December 21, 2009, North Korea established a "peacetime firing zone" south of the NLL in waters disputed with South Korea.
2284:
1916:
742:
41:
770:. Consequently, the NLL is subject to political agreement between the two Koreas, rather than international law remedies.
1017:
233:
2385:
2370:
1867:
1495:
336:
283:
1834:"Decree by the Central People's Committee establishing the Economic Zone of the People's Democratic Republic of Korea"
1234:
2390:
2059:
1833:
1606:
UNC Rules of Engagement has been that territorial sea rights will be enforced within three miles of ROK land areas.
790:
310:
252:
246:
30:
Incidents have occurred in waters south of the Northern Limit Line, shown in red separating North and South Korea.
2277:
1123:
853:, South Korean vessels opened fire reportedly causing serious damage to a North Korean patrol ship and one death.
759:
rejected this approach, describing the NLL as a "critical border that contributes to keeping peace on our land."
299:
214:
1265:(Report). Central Intelligence Agency. January 1974. BGI RP 74-9 / CIA-RDP84-00825R00300120001-7. Archived from
2400:
1266:
607:
459:
316:
291:
209:
199:
2314:
2162:
1488:
The environmental dimension of Asian security: conflict and cooperation over energy, resources, and pollution
915:ā conflict between the United Kingdom and Iceland about fishing rights that escalated to military involvement
894:
2109:
1622:
1559:
1368:
2395:
2309:
2085:
836:
830:
326:
273:
1734:"Fisheries Cooperation and Maritime Delimitation Issues between North Korea and Its Neighboring Countries"
1591:
1198:
YÅnŹ¼guwÅn, HanŹ¼guk Kukpang (1999). "Defense white paper". Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea.
622:
The locations of specific islands are reflected in the configuration of each maritime boundary, including
498:
146:
114:
2234:
1748:
2033:
1987:
1957:
1818:
1695:
1538:
646:
141:
124:
72:
20:
1890:
1512:
1175:
2327:
2322:
900:
881:
521:
423:
164:
95:
1216:
446:
2355:
2037:
1513:"Unification minister hints at possible shift in North Korea's attitude toward Northern Limit Line"
1374:
823:
763:
119:
541:
482:
In August 1953, shortly after the entry into force of the armistice agreement, the South Korean
1711:
1653:
p. 13 or p. 21.. Strategy research project at the U.S. Army War College; retrieved 26 Nov 2010.
871:
801:
545:
1797:
942:
939:
1203:
709:
The NLL is in the approximate mid-position between the islands and the North Korean mainland;
528:
321:
238:
178:
2192:
33:
1051:"Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime"
863:
668:
in 1991, North Korea wanted to establish a special economic zone and international port at
455:
156:
1961:
1712:"Korean Dispute over the Northern Limit Line: Security, Economics, or International Law?,"
8:
1991:
1814:
1459:
977:. U.S.-Korea Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies
427:
265:
191:
151:
104:
1773:
1662:
1124:"Transcript of Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State (1953)"
2156:
1884:
Maritime Claims Reference Manual ā Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea)
1785:
1157:
1073:
857:
846:
630:
505:
476:
471:
826:, the seaborne clashes have sometimes been dubbed the "Crab Wars". Incidents include:
1940:
1863:
1546:
1491:
1297:
1235:
The Northern Limit Line: The Disputed Maritime Boundary Between North and South Korea
906:
625:
467:
392:
383:
65:
1431:
1430:(Report). The Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea. August 2002. p.
1101:
1100:(Report). The Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea. August 2002. p.
1468:
1065:
860:. Three days later, North Korea continued to fire artillery shots towards the area.
850:
635:
553:
Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula
371:
257:
1682:
27 (2003), 143ā58; note that "Inter-Korean MDL" is cited because it comes from an
2081:
1889:(Report). U.S. Department of Defense. June 23, 2005. DoD 2005.1-M. Archived from
1690:
1587:
943:
The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of the Russian Federation
793:
228:
109:
1427:
1405:
1097:
969:"The Maritime boundary between North & South Korea in the Yellow (West) Sea"
585:
1618:
909:ā 1950s South Korean maritime boundary claim beyond accepted territorial waters
767:
712:
North Korea acquiesced to the NLL until 1973, so implicitly recognized the NLL.
487:
2349:
1517:
756:
416:
1941:
KPA urges U.S. and S. Korea to accept maritime demarcation line at West Sea
1364:
948:
805:
734:
677:
665:
524:
483:
1408:(Report). The Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea. August 2002
1069:
706:
The NLL is an indispensable measure to administer the Armistice Agreement;
2269:
849:(2009) ā A North Korean gun boat crossed the NLL and entered waters near
774:
738:
404:
1161:
2141:
594:
463:
412:
375:
1731:
1472:
26:
653:
to the north" drawn to meet "Washington's self-justified interests."
650:
1457:
Roehrig, Terence (2009). "North Korea and the Northern Limit Line".
527:
stated, in a now declassified, "Joint State-Defense Message" to the
513:, the NLL also prevented North Korea from establishing an effective
2196:
1920:
1678:"The North/South Korea Boundary Dispute in the Yellow (West) Sea,"
973:
912:
408:
388:
479:, while North Korea wanted to use 12 nautical miles (22 km).
2253:"The North/South Korea Boundary Dispute in the Yellow (West) Sea"
2107:
1557:
968:
1428:
The Republic of Korea Position Regarding the Northern Limit Line
1406:
The Republic of Korea Position Regarding the Northern Limit Line
1098:
The Republic of Korea Position Regarding the Northern Limit Line
2251:
Van Dyke, Jon M., Mark J. Valencia and Jenny Miller Garmendia.
2230:
2212:
2180:
2016:
590:
1831:
386:(ROK) in the south. This line of military control acts as the
2087:
Public affairs aspects of North Korea boat/aircraft incidents
1329:
669:
63:
2227:"DPRK fires artillery again near disputed sea border: gov't"
676:
under UNC control, claimed to be based on international law
540:
The border is not officially recognized by North Korea. The
509:
North Korea began disputing the NLL. Later, after the 1982
1485:
1330:
Daniel Ten Kate & Peter S. Green (December 17, 2010).
551:
On 27 April 2018, North Korea and South Korea adopted the
411:
before 1945, and the adjacent offshore islands, including
1857:
1732:
Seong-Geol Hong; Sun-Pyo Kim; Hyung-Ki Lee (2001-06-30).
1542:
1510:
1420:
1665:
Reuters (UK). November 23, 2010; retrieved 26 Nov 2010.
1332:"Holding Korea Line Seen Against Law Still U.S. Policy"
649:
described the line as the "final line for stopping the
16:
Maritime demarcation line between North and South Korea
2108:
U.S. Ambassador Francis Underhill (18 December 1973),
1747:(1). Korea Maritime Institute: 191ā216. Archived from
1696:"NLLāControversial Sea Border Between S.Korea, DPRK, "
1558:
U.S. Ambassador Francis Underhill (20 December 1973),
1860:
Pacific Ocean boundary problems: status and solutions
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
2013:
N. Korea sets 'firing zone' along western sea border
1624:
Future actions in international waters off ROK coast
1539:
NLL ā Controversial Sea Border Between S.Korea, DPRK
1400:
1398:
1396:
1370:
ROKG legal memorandum on northwest coastal incidents
1090:
558:
2193:
North and South Korea exchange fire near sea border
2060:"South Korea's 'Razor Reef' Deters Illegal Fishing"
1293:"Sea border a trigger for Korean peninsula tension"
1228:
1226:
1048:
702:The South Korean position from the 1970s has been:
2101:
2074:
1774:"Factbox: What is the Korean Northern Limit Line?"
1663:"Factbox: What is the Korean Northern Limit Line?"
1580:
1551:
1312:
962:
960:
958:
956:
658:North Korea established an Exclusive Economic Zone
2138:"Crab wars: Calming the waters in the Yellow Sea"
2052:
1908:
1561:ROK legal position on northwest coastal incidents
1393:
2347:
2264:"The Origins of the Northern Limit Line Dispute"
1984:"Withdrawal of "northern limit line" called for"
1858:Johnston, Douglas M.; Valencia, Mark J. (1991).
1809:
1807:
1486:HyÅn, In-tŹ»aek; Schreurs, Miranda Alice (2007).
1359:
1357:
1284:
1223:
2080:
1917:"Importance of the Koreas' Northern Limit Line"
1727:
1725:
1723:
1701:(PRC), November 21, 2002; retrieved 22 Dec 2010
1593:Northern Limit Line: Defining Contiguous Waters
1586:
1240:(Report). The National Committee on North Korea
1016:(Report). U.S. Army War College. Archived from
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
953:
933:
931:
929:
511:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
458:, which was signed by both North Korea and the
1815:"Truth behind "Northern Limit Line" Disclosed"
1715:Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies,
1617:
818:List of border incidents involving North Korea
466:and specified that the five islands including
403:The line runs between the mainland portion of
2285:
2144:. Archived from the original on June 17, 2003
1804:
1504:
1354:
1252:
1004:
800:In November 2010, following the North Korean
755:However the following South Korean President
620:North Korea-declared "Inter-Korean MDL", 1999
49:
2177:Koreas clash in Yellow Sea, blame each other
1943:. Korean Central News Agency. July 21, 1999.
1914:
1720:
1611:
1490:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 121.
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
989:
966:
926:
504:While the NLL was drawn up at a time when a
430:to the median line between Korea and China.
370:) ā ė¶ė°©ķź³ģ (in ROK) ā is a disputed maritime
2090:, U.S. Department of State, 1975STATE046188
1876:
1862:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 81.
1832:Central People's Committee (21 June 1977).
1656:
1627:, U.S. Department of State, 1975STATE201476
1596:, U.S. Department of State, 1974STATE002540
733:On October 4, 2007, South Korean President
2299:
2292:
2278:
2135:
2129:
2114:, U.S. Department of State, 1973SEOUL08512
1839:. United Nations ā Office of Legal Affairs
1825:
1564:, U.S. Department of State, 1973SEOUL08574
1049:Kotch, John Barry; Abbey, Michael (2003).
56:
42:
2111:Defusing western coastal island situation
1771:
1338:. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from
1197:
1035:
697:
645:North Korea's official state news agency
580:
1511:Yoo Kang-moon, Kim Ji-eun (7 May 2018).
777:was established near Yeonpyeong Island.
584:
445:
437:
25:
1772:Editorial, Reuters (23 November 2010).
1651:"The Korean Armistice and the Islands,"
1456:
1290:
1233:Roehrig, Terence (September 30, 2011).
1232:
1141:
422:The line extends into the sea from the
187:June 1974 ROK Coast Guard ship incident
2348:
2209:N. Korea fires into western sea border
1643:
1188:Press release note, 1960 Lee Young-hee
2273:
2030:"KPA Navy Sets up Firing Zone on MDL"
1121:Armistice Agreement, paragraph 13(b).
593:between North and South Korea in the
380:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
37:
2224:
1765:
1363:
1291:Glionna, John M. (January 6, 2011).
1007:The Korean Armistice and the Islands
780:
741:addressed the issue of NLL disputes
2366:Territorial disputes of South Korea
2361:Territorial disputes of North Korea
2266:. NKIDP e-Dossier no. 6 (May 2012).
2036:. December 21, 2009. Archived from
1147:
610:-created Northern Limit Line, 1953
234:Gimpo International Airport bombing
13:
2245:
2136:Glosserman, Brad (June 14, 2003).
1532:
14:
2412:
2381:North KoreaāSouth Korea relations
1915:Rodger Baker (24 November 2010).
811:
559:United Nations Command's position
937:Elferink, Alex G. Oude. (1994).
517:to control fishing in the area.
253:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
2225:Tang, Anne (January 29, 2010).
2218:
2202:
2186:
2169:
2022:
2006:
1976:
1960:. 2 August 2002. Archived from
1946:
1934:
1851:
1704:
1668:
1479:
1450:
1191:
1005:Moo Bong Ryoo (11 March 2009).
395:between North and South Korea.
2376:North KoreaāSouth Korea border
2175:Kim, San (November 10, 2009).
1954:"Northern Limit Line rejected"
1182:
1168:
1115:
967:Jon Van Dyke (July 29, 2010).
762:South Korean academics at the
398:
1:
1990:. 9 July 2002. Archived from
1260:The West Coast Korean Islands
919:
382:(DPRK) in the north, and the
897:ā full text of the armistice
311:2018ā19 Korean peace process
7:
895:Armistice Agreement of 1953
888:
837:Second Battle of Yeonpyeong
499:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
2417:
2062:. Stratfor. 22 August 2016
2034:Korean Central News Agency
1988:Korean Central News Agency
1958:Korean Central News Agency
1819:Korean Central News Agency
1717:Vol. 2008: No. 3, pp. 8ā9.
831:First Battle of Yeonpyeong
815:
433:
292:2017ā18 North Korea crisis
21:Northern Limit Line (film)
18:
2386:Government of North Korea
2371:Military history of Korea
2328:Military Demarcation Line
2323:Korean Demilitarized Zone
2305:
2161:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1178:. 2009-02-04. ģ¶ķģ¬: ģ¤ė§ģ“ė“ģ¤.
1014:Strategy research project
901:Korean Demilitarized Zone
882:Bombardment of Yeonpyeong
664:With the collapse of the
535:
522:Deputy Secretary of State
424:Military Demarcation Line
81:
1649:Ryoo, Moo Bong. (2009).
1375:U.S. Department of State
764:Korea Maritime Institute
737:and North Korean leader
456:1953 Armistice Agreement
172:Other maritime incidents
120:Major Henderson incident
105:1966–1969 conflict
2391:Military of North Korea
773:On November 1, 2018, a
515:Exclusive Economic Zone
337:3rd Inter-Korean Summit
327:2nd Inter-Korean Summit
317:1st Inter-Korean Summit
274:South Korea cyberattack
115:UljināSamcheok Landings
19:For the 2015 film, see
2300:Borders of North Korea
1211:Cite journal requires
802:Shelling of Yeonpyeong
752:
698:South Korea's position
638:
608:United Nations Command
589:The disputed maritime
581:North Korea's position
571:
460:United Nations Command
451:
443:
407:that had been part of
31:
2401:International borders
1741:Ocean Policy Research
1070:10.1353/apr.2003.0024
748:
588:
566:
529:U.S. Embassy in Seoul
449:
441:
332:2018 Singapore Summit
322:Panmunjom Declaration
29:
2237:on February 2, 2010.
2084:(28 February 1975),
2019:. December 21, 2009.
1367:(22 December 1973),
1023:on November 12, 2011
743:in a joint statement
405:Gyeonggi-do province
2396:Korea-related lists
2333:Northern Limit Line
2259:27 (2003), 143ā158.
2215:. January 27, 2010.
2199:. January 27, 2010.
1994:on 2 September 2011
1541:November 21, 2002.
1460:North Korean Review
1436:map copy on commons
847:Battle of Daecheong
546:South Korean navies
360:Northern Limit Line
284:Post-crisis threats
279:Panama ship seizure
125:Axe murder incident
2262:Roehrig, Terence.
1964:on 12 October 2014
1796:has generic name (
1710:Roehrig, Terence,
1689:2012-03-09 at the
1621:(23 August 1975),
1590:(7 January 1974),
1058:Asian Perspectives
858:Baengnyeong Island
791:Secretary of State
789:In February 1975,
656:On 1 August 1977,
639:
631:Baengnyeong Island
506:territorial waters
477:territorial waters
472:Baengnyeong Island
452:
444:
266:2013 Korean crisis
247:1993-1994 tensions
32:
2343:
2342:
1473:10.3172/NKR.5.1.8
1377:, 1973STATE249865
1298:Los Angeles Times
1150:Asian Perspective
907:Syngman Rhee Line
781:The U.S. position
626:Yeonpyeong Island
468:Yeonpyeong Island
462:(UNC), ended the
393:maritime boundary
384:Republic of Korea
376:Yellow (West) Sea
355:
354:
342:2019 Hanoi Summit
67:Division of Korea
2408:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2239:
2238:
2233:. Archived from
2222:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1821:. June 25, 2007.
1811:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1738:
1729:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:"ė¶ė°©ķź³ģ ģ“ ģķ ģ ģ“ė¼ź³ ?"
1172:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1072:. Archived from
1055:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1011:
1002:
987:
986:
984:
982:
964:
951:
935:
851:Daecheong Island
636:Daecheong Island
619:
614:
606:
601:
372:demarcation line
364:North Limit Line
258:Agreed Framework
200:EC-121 shootdown
87:Border incidents
76:
68:
58:
51:
44:
35:
34:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2356:Disputed waters
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2301:
2298:
2248:
2246:Further reading
2243:
2242:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2170:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2082:Henry Kissinger
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2040:on 1 April 2012
2028:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1691:Wayback Machine
1684:academic source
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1630:
1628:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1597:
1588:Henry Kissinger
1585:
1581:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:on July 5, 2017
1269:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1003:
990:
980:
978:
965:
954:
936:
927:
922:
891:
820:
814:
794:Henry Kissinger
783:
753:
700:
692:illegal fishing
633:
628:
623:
621:
615:
612:
611:
602:
599:
598:
583:
561:
538:
436:
401:
356:
351:
347:2019 DMZ Summit
229:Rangoon bombing
110:Blue House raid
77:
70:
66:
64:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2168:
2128:
2100:
2073:
2051:
2021:
2005:
1975:
1945:
1933:
1907:
1875:
1869:978-0792308621
1868:
1850:
1824:
1803:
1764:
1719:
1703:
1699:People's Daily
1674:Van Dyke, Jon
1667:
1655:
1642:
1619:Carlyle E. Maw
1610:
1579:
1550:
1547:People's Daily
1531:
1503:
1497:978-1929223732
1496:
1478:
1449:
1419:
1392:
1353:
1311:
1283:
1251:
1222:
1213:|journal=
1190:
1181:
1167:
1140:
1114:
1089:
1064:(2): 175ā204.
1034:
988:
952:
924:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
910:
904:
898:
890:
887:
886:
885:
879:
861:
854:
844:
840:
834:
816:Main article:
813:
812:Border clashes
810:
782:
779:
768:Law of the Sea
747:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
714:
713:
710:
707:
699:
696:
582:
579:
560:
557:
537:
534:
488:United Nations
435:
432:
400:
397:
353:
352:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
306:
305:
296:
295:
287:
286:
281:
276:
270:
269:
261:
260:
255:
250:
242:
241:
239:KAL Flight 858
236:
231:
225:
224:
222:Terror attacks
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
189:
184:
175:
174:
168:
167:
165:3rd Yeonpyeong
162:
154:
149:
147:2nd Yeonpyeong
144:
142:1st Yeonpyeong
138:
137:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
100:
91:
90:
82:
79:
78:
61:
60:
53:
46:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:Marine Policy
2254:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2061:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1896:on 2012-09-15
1892:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1754:on 2011-07-23
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:Marine Policy
1677:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1518:The Hankyoreh
1514:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1365:Rush, Kenneth
1360:
1358:
1342:on 2010-12-18
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1205:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1128:Our Documents
1125:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1079:on 2011-07-25
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
976:
975:
970:
963:
961:
959:
957:
950:
947:, p. 314, at
946:
945:
941:
940:
934:
932:
930:
925:
914:
911:
908:
905:
903:ā land border
902:
899:
896:
893:
892:
883:
880:
877:
875:
870:(2010) ā The
869:
867:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
828:
827:
825:
819:
809:
807:
803:
798:
795:
792:
787:
778:
776:
771:
769:
765:
760:
758:
757:Lee Myung-bak
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
717:
711:
708:
705:
704:
703:
695:
693:
688:
685:
681:
679:
673:
671:
667:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
643:
637:
632:
627:
618:
609:
605:
596:
592:
587:
578:
574:
570:
565:
556:
554:
549:
547:
543:
533:
530:
526:
523:
518:
516:
512:
507:
502:
500:
495:
491:
489:
485:
480:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
448:
440:
431:
429:
428:38th parallel
425:
420:
418:
417:Baengnyeongdo
414:
410:
406:
396:
394:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:
308:
307:
304:
303:missile tests
302:
298:
297:
294:
293:
289:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
194:
190:
188:
185:
183:
181:
177:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
161:
159:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
136:
134:
130:
129:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
99:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
74:
69:
59:
54:
52:
47:
45:
40:
39:
36:
28:
22:
2332:
2319:South Korea
2256:
2235:the original
2220:
2204:
2188:
2171:
2146:. Retrieved
2131:
2123:
2116:, retrieved
2110:
2103:
2092:, retrieved
2086:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2024:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1948:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1891:the original
1878:
1859:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
1827:
1794:|first=
1777:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1744:
1740:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1658:
1645:
1636:
1629:, retrieved
1623:
1613:
1605:
1598:, retrieved
1592:
1582:
1573:
1566:, retrieved
1560:
1553:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1487:
1481:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1386:
1379:, retrieved
1369:
1346:December 18,
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1335:
1302:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1254:
1242:. Retrieved
1204:cite journal
1193:
1184:
1170:
1156:(1): 57ā94.
1153:
1149:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1130:. 1953-07-27
1127:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1061:
1057:
1025:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1013:
979:. Retrieved
972:
949:Google Books
944:
938:
873:
865:
821:
806:Barack Obama
804:, President
799:
788:
784:
772:
761:
754:
749:
735:Roh Moo-hyun
732:
715:
701:
689:
686:
682:
678:delimitation
674:
666:Soviet Union
663:
655:
644:
640:
616:
603:
575:
572:
567:
562:
550:
542:North Korean
539:
525:Kenneth Rush
519:
503:
496:
492:
484:Syngman Rhee
481:
453:
421:
402:
387:
378:between the
367:
363:
359:
357:
309:
300:
290:
264:
245:
221:
192:
179:
171:
157:
132:
131:
94:
85:
2118:18 December
2094:18 December
2044:19 December
1631:23 December
1600:20 December
1568:20 December
1467:(1): 8ā22.
1381:18 December
1304:January 23,
1027:26 November
981:28 November
775:buffer zone
739:Kim Jong-il
680:decisions.
399:Description
2350:Categories
2148:2010-11-25
2142:Asia Times
1926:4 December
1758:2010-11-28
1575:agreement.
1545:newspaper
1442:2 December
1432:map II.2.C
1412:2 December
1134:2013-09-03
1107:2 December
1102:map II.4.A
1083:2010-11-27
920:References
464:Korean War
413:Yeonpyeong
2157:cite news
1900:March 14,
1786:cite news
1336:Bloomberg
1276:March 14,
1244:March 14,
876:(PCC-772)
843:reported.
824:blue crab
651:defectors
205:Gangneung
152:Daecheong
135:conflicts
98:conflicts
75:conflicts
73:armistice
2197:BBC News
1998:11 March
1968:11 March
1921:STRATFOR
1843:31 March
1687:Archived
1162:43738042
974:38 North
913:Cod Wars
889:See also
595:West Sea
409:Hwanghae
389:de facto
195:incident
182:incident
160:incident
1778:Reuters
874:Cheonan
868:sinking
866:Cheonan
569:forces.
497:A 1974
434:Origins
374:in the
301:Hwasong
158:Cheonan
2315:Russia
2231:Xinhua
2213:Yonhap
2181:Yonhap
2066:11 May
2017:Yonhap
1866:
1676:et al.
1494:
1160:
613:
600:
591:border
536:Status
210:Sokcho
193:Pueblo
180:Dangpo
2310:China
1894:(PDF)
1887:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1752:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1524:7 May
1270:(PDF)
1263:(PDF)
1238:(PDF)
1158:JSTOR
1077:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
1021:(PDF)
1010:(PDF)
872:ROKS
864:ROKS
670:Haeju
215:Yeosu
71:Post-
2163:link
2120:2010
2096:2010
2068:2017
2046:2010
2000:2012
1970:2012
1928:2010
1902:2012
1864:ISBN
1845:2014
1798:help
1633:2010
1602:2010
1570:2010
1526:2018
1492:ISBN
1444:2010
1414:2010
1383:2010
1348:2010
1306:2011
1278:2012
1246:2012
1217:help
1109:2010
1029:2010
983:2010
647:KCNA
544:and
470:and
454:The
415:and
358:The
1543:PRC
1469:doi
1388:NK.
1066:doi
634:3.
629:2.
624:1.
368:NLL
362:or
133:NLL
96:DMZ
2352::
2255:.
2229:.
2211:.
2195:.
2179:.
2159:}}
2155:{{
2140:.
2122:,
2032:.
2015:.
1986:.
1956:.
1919:.
1817:.
1806:^
1790::
1788:}}
1784:{{
1776:.
1745:16
1743:.
1739:.
1722:^
1635:,
1604:,
1572:,
1515:.
1463:.
1395:^
1385:,
1373:,
1356:^
1334:.
1314:^
1295:.
1225:^
1208::
1206:}}
1202:{{
1152:.
1126:.
1062:27
1060:.
1056:.
1037:^
1012:.
991:^
971:.
955:^
928:^
745::
694:.
617:B:
604:A:
597::
2293:e
2286:t
2279:v
2183:.
2165:)
2151:.
2070:.
2048:.
2002:.
1972:.
1930:.
1904:.
1872:.
1847:.
1800:)
1780:.
1761:.
1528:.
1500:.
1475:.
1471::
1465:5
1446:.
1438:)
1434:(
1416:.
1350:.
1308:.
1280:.
1248:.
1219:)
1215:(
1164:.
1154:9
1137:.
1111:.
1086:.
1068::
1031:.
985:.
366:(
57:e
50:t
43:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
