Literacy - Knowledge

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susceptible to environmental factors, meaning socioeconomics affects them cognitively and can have adverse effects as their brains continue to develop. However, another study done by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggests a slightly different conclusion. While the study agrees that poverty negatively affects childhood literacy, some nuances are added. In both studies, children who experienced poverty scored lower in reading assessments, but the NLSY's study noted that the duration of poverty altered the literacy outcome. It found that children ages 5–11 who experienced "persistent poverty" were more adversely affected than their peers who never experienced poverty. The study acknowledged that other factors affected these children's reading scores, particularly maternal influence. The mothers of these households were scaled based on a "home environment" score, which measured their emotional and verbal responsiveness, acceptance, and involvement with the child and organization. Households experiencing poverty tended to have lower scores, and lower scores correlated with lower reading levels. The study also showed that the effects of poverty on child literacy differed by ethnicity, culture, and gender.

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asking whether household members could read and write; in 1988, some countries started using self-reporting as well. Self-reported data is subjective and has several limitations. First, a simple yes-or-no question does not capture the continuum of literacy. Second, self-reports are dependent on what each individual interprets "reading" and "writing" to mean. In some cultures, drawing a picture may be understood as writing one's name. Lastly, many of the surveys asked one individual to report literacy on behalf of others, which "introduces further noise, in particular when it comes to estimating literacy among women and children, since these groups are less often considered 'head of household'".

1894:(UNDP), uses education as one of its three indicators. Originally, adult literacy represented two-thirds of this education index weight. In 2010, however, the UNDP replaced the adult literacy measure with mean years of schooling. A 2011 UNDP research paper frames this change as a way to "ensure current relevance", arguing that gains in global literacy already achieved between 1970 and 2010 mean that literacy will be "unlikely to be as informative of the future." Other scholars, however, have since warned against overlooking the importance of literacy as an indicator and goal for development, particularly for marginalized groups such as women and rural populations. 1934: 2329: 2233:. As the name suggests, the three-cueing system uses three cues to determine the meaning of words: grapho-phonetic cues (letter-sound relationships); syntactic cues (grammatical structure); and semantic cues (a word making sense in context). However, cognitive neuroscientist Mark Seidenberg and professor Timothy Shanahan do not support the theory. They say the three-cueing system's value in reading instruction "is a magnificent work of the imagination", and it developed not because teachers lack integrity, commitment, motivation, sincerity, or intelligence, but because they "were poorly trained and advised" about 11334: 11304: 11274: 1917:(PISA) assesses children on reading and math skills at age 15. PISA-D encourages and facilitates PISA testing in low- and middle-income countries. In 2019, "PISA-D results reveal exceptionally low scores for participating countries. Only 23 percent of students tested achieved the minimum level of proficiency in reading, compared with 80 percent of OECD." Minimum proficiency requires students to "read 'simple and familiar texts and understand them literally', as well as demonstrating some ability to connect pieces of information and draw inferences." 2253:

learned inductively, emerge naturally, and have no significant negative consequences. This proposal challenges the commonly held belief that written language requires formal instruction and schooling; thus, its success would change current views of literacy and schooling. Using developments in behavioral science and technology, Technology-Assisted Reading Acquisition (TARA), an interactive system, would enable young pre-literate children to accurately perceive and learn the properties of written language through simple exposure to the written form.

1692:, which predominantly impacts girls, tends to reduce literacy levels. A 2008 analysis of the issue in Bangladesh found that for every additional year a girl's marriage is delayed, her likelihood of literacy increases by 5.6%. Similarly, a 2014 study found that in sub-Saharan Africa, marrying early significantly decreases a girl's probability of literacy, even after accounting for other variables. Therefore, a 2015 literature review recommended marriage postponement as part of a strategy to increase educational attainment levels, including 1742:

home environment. Research demonstrates that for children who grow up in poverty, their socioeconomic circumstances severely strain their "neuro-endocrine and brain function". This affects a child's ability to regulate environmental stimuli, process and structure information, and plan and effectively execute tasks that involve their working memory—all of these are necessary cognitive facilities to successfully learn how to read and write. Living in poverty is stressful for all involved but is cognitively damaging for young children.

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the transition from war to peace. Learners can select one area of vocational training for a year-long period; they also complete required courses in agriculture, life skills, literacy, and numeracy. Results have shown that active participation and management of the members of the program are important to the success of the program. These programs share the use of integrated basic education, e.g., literacy, numeracy, scientific knowledge, local history and culture, native and mainstream language skills, and apprenticeships.

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lower-class households heard about 125,000 words, and children from households on welfare were exposed to the fewest words—62,000 words. This indicates that a child from an upper-class family would be exposed to 8 million more words than a child from a family on welfare. Outside of word exposure, which is essential for word acquisition, the National Center for Educational Statistics found that 41.9% of children from low-income families scored substantially lower on most reading achievements for grades 4, 8, and 12 in 2013.

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engraved in stone or bronze. The Republic amassed huge archives of reports on every aspect of public life." The imperial civilian administration produced masses of documentation used in judicial, fiscal, and administrative matters, as did the municipalities. The army kept extensive records relating to supply and duty rosters and submitted reports. Merchants, shippers, and landowners (and their personal staffs), especially of the larger enterprises, must have been literate.

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rates are as high as 90% of second-grade students in Malawi, 85.4% in rural India, 83% in Ghana, and 64% in Uganda. In India, over 50% of Grade 5 students have not mastered Grade 2 literacy. In Nigeria, only about 1 in 10 women who completed Grade 6 can read a single sentence in their native language. This data reveals that literacy rates measured by using years of schooling as a proxy are potentially unreliable and do not reflect the true literacy rates of populations.

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allowed women in Kiota to own small businesses, sell in the market, attend literacy classes, and organize small associations that can give microloans. Maman personally teaches children in and around Kiota, with special attention to girls. Maman has her students require instructor permission to allow the girls' parents to marry their daughters early, increasing the amount of education these girls receive as well as delaying marriage, pregnancy, and having children.

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taken steps to improve the literacy rate. The government recognized the slow progress and began creating ministries for basic education and literacy in their national languages in 2007; they also increased the education budget by 3%, when it was at 35% in 2007. The lack of literate adults causes the programs to be slowed—they need qualified female instructors, which is problematic as many men refuse to send female family members to be trained by male teachers.

3801: 2617: 1494:, while the percentage of adults who were illiterate decreased, the actual number of illiterate adults increased from 700 million in 1950 to 878 million in 1990, before starting to decrease and falling to 745 million by 2015. The number of illiterate adults remains higher than in 1950, "despite decades of universal education policies, literacy interventions and the spread of print material and information and communications technology (ICT)". 1282: 2349: 607: 3606: 2507: 2341:

language immediately upon arrival. In most instances, a migrant will not have the opportunity to start school again in grade one and acquire the language naturally; instead, alternative interventions need to take place. In these cases, a visual arts approach can be helpful—taking a photo, sketching an event, or painting an image have been seen as effective ways to understand the intention of the learner as they can incorporate

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the effects of demographic growth. As a result, the number of illiterate adults has risen by 27% over the last 20 years, reaching 169 million in 2010. Thus, out of the 775 million illiterate adults in the world in 2010, more than one fifth (20%) were in sub-Saharan Africa. The countries with the lowest levels of literacy in the world are also concentrated in this region, where adult literacy rates can be well below 50%.

2119:), all of which provide a necessary platform for reading fluency and comprehension. Once these skills are acquired, it is believed a reader can attain full language literacy, which includes the abilities to apply to printed material critical analysis, inference, and synthesis; to write with accuracy and coherence; and to use information and insights from text as the basis for informed decisions and creative thought. 915:. During this era, literacy was "a largely functional matter, propelled by the need to manage the new quantities of information and the new type of governance created by trade and large scale production". Early writing systems first emerged as a recording system in which people used tokens with impressed markings to manage trade and agricultural production. The token system served as a precursor to early 635:) in its treatment of literacy. It defined literacy as "the ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential." It included three types of adult literacy: prose (e.g., a newspaper article), documents (e.g., a bus schedule), and quantitative literacy (e.g., the use of arithmetic operations in a product advertisement). 1905:, has developed the Learning Poverty concept and an associated measure that measures the proportion of students who are unable to read and understand a simple story by age 10. In low- and middle-income countries, 53% of children are "learning-poor", as are up to 80% of children in poor countries. In fact, these new measures indicate that these high rates of illiteracy are an "early warning sign that 80: 1546:

illiterate" and an "isolated illiterate". A "proximate illiterate" lives in a household with literate members, while an "isolated illiterate" lives in a household where everyone is illiterate. Isolated illiteracy is more common among older populations in wealthier nations, where people are less likely to live in multigenerational households with potentially literate relatives. A 2018/2019

2091:. Evidence has supported the integration of reading and writing at all levels of schooling, as improvement in one area supports the other. A series of metastudies have examined the effectiveness of various methods of teaching writing, revealing that attention to context, cognitive/motivational factors, and the instruction strategy, among other things, are important. 10826: 1870:

sometimes over relatively short periods of a few years. Even adults with very low literacy levels can acquire literacy over time. Whether a person experiences gains or losses depends on a range of factors, and one of the key factors are the demands and opportunities to engage in literary practices in the workplace, home, or other contexts.

3724:, the primary school completion rate is 67%, which is lower than the national average of 70%. Furthermore, a gender gap exists, with only 65% of girls completing primary school compared to 68% of boys. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the education expenditure per student at the primary school level (age 5–9) is Rs 8,638 ($ 30, €28). 991:), written documents were central to the formation and policing of a hierarchical bureaucratic governance structure reinforced through law. Within this legal order, written records kept track of and controlled citizen movements, created records of misdeeds, and documented the actions and judgments of government officials. 1771:; in these contexts, children of literate mothers are 50% more likely to live past age 5 than children of illiterate mothers. Therefore, public health research has increasingly focused on the potential for literacy skills to allow women to more successfully access healthcare and thereby facilitate gains in child health. 10855: 1862:

the impetus for UNESCO's focus on literacy is a broader effort to respond to globalization and "the shift towards knowledge-based societies" that it has produced. While globalization presents emerging challenges, it also provides new opportunities. Many education and development specialists are hopeful that new

1721:. For example, literate people can be more easily trained than illiterate people and generally have a higher socioeconomic status; thus, they enjoy better health and employment prospects. The international community has come to consider literacy as a key facilitator and goal of development. In regard to the 3530:

In 2023, the Iranian government stopped a literacy campaign that had begun in 1930, despite 9 million people still being reported as illiterate. The government reported that elementary school education cost 5–40 million toman (approximately US$ 12–95 or €11–89) per child per year, and 27% of children

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dialect. While literacy in Chinese can be assessed by reading comprehension tests, just as in other languages, historically, literacy has often been judged by the number of Chinese characters introduced during the speaker's schooling, with a few thousand considered the minimum for practical literacy.

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has a very low literacy rate of 28.7%, defined as anyone at least 15 years of age who can read and write. To improve the literacy rate, the government has received at least 80 volunteer teachers. A severe lack of primary school teachers causes problems for any attempt to improve the literacy rate and

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countries were far more successful in implementing educational reform because their governments were more willing to invest in the population as a whole. Government oversight allowed countries to standardize curriculum and secure funding through legislation, thus enabling educational programs to have

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in 1716 and remained there for the rest of his life. He organized and introduced a Welsh language-circulating school system, which was attractive and effective for Welsh speakers, while also teaching them English, which gave them access to broader educational sources. The circulating schools may have

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A pressing challenge in education is the instruction of literacy to migrant English-language learners (MELLs), a term coined by Pellerine and not limited to English. "Due to the growing share of immigrants in many Western societies, there has been increasing concern for the degree to which immigrants

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Using a visual arts approach to literacy instruction can provide benefits by incorporating a traditional literacy approach (reading and writing) while also addressing 21st-century digital literacy through the use of digital cameras and posting images onto the web. Many scholars, such as Hutchison and

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Programs have been implemented in regions that have an ongoing conflict or are in a post-conflict stage. The Norwegian Refugee Council Pack program has been used in 13 post-conflict countries since 2003. The program organizers believe that daily routines and otherwise predictable activities help ease

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reading instruction, in which novice readers learn about the individual letters in words on a just-in-time, just-in-place basis that is tailored to meet each student's reading and writing learning needs. That is, teachers provide phonics instruction opportunistically, within the context of stories or

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published a set of case studies on programs that successfully improved female literacy rates. The report features countries from a variety of regions and differing income levels, reflecting the general global consensus on "the need to empower women through the acquisition of literacy skills." Part of

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Parenting also affects a child's literacy. Field research was done by collecting data from families that were upper, middle, or lower class, or on welfare. The results found that, in a 100-hour week, children in upper-class households experienced an average of over 200,000 words, those in middle- and

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As socioeconomics affects brain development and brain functions are heavily involved in processing both input and output, a learner's environment can affect the cognitive process of learning how to read and write. Before a child enters a school setting, their executive function is influenced by their

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A majority of prisoners have been found to be illiterate, and in Edinburgh prison, winner of the 2010 Libraries Change Lives Award, "the library has become the cornerstone of the prison's literacy strategy", reducing recidivism and reoffending and allowing incarcerated people to work toward attaining

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has consistently shown the literacy underachievement of boys within member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In view of such findings, many education specialists have recommended changing classroom practices to better accommodate boys' learning styles and

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saw technological improvements in paper production. The new distribution networks, enabled by improved roads and rail, resulted in an increased capacity to supply printed material. Social and educational changes increased the demand for reading matter, as rising literacy rates, particularly among the

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Phoenician, which is considered to contain the first linear alphabet, rapidly spread to Mediterranean port cities in northern Canaan. Some archeologists believe that Phoenician influenced the Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets, as these languages evolved during the same time period, share similar features,

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adult skills surveys, included "written texts" in its definition of literacy, i.e., "the ability to understand, evaluate, use and engage with written texts in order to participate in society, achieve one's goals, and develop one's knowledge and potential." Also, it treats numeracy and problem solving

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About 91.6% of Filipinos ages 10–64 were functionally literate in 2019, according to the results of the 2019 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey; this translates to around 73.0 million out of the population of 79.7 million. Starting in 300 BCE, early Filipinos devised and used their

3710:, she said that while the primary school completion rate is higher at 76%, there is a gender gap of 8 percentage points: 72% of girls compared to 80% for boys. She also noted that the average cost per primary school student (ages 5–9) was higher in Punjab at Rs 6,998 (approximately US$ 24 or €22.5). 3453:

has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world. As of 2020, over 10 million youth and adults are illiterate. However, since 2016, the country has made significant progress. While in 2016–2017 the literacy rate was 34.8%, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics recently confirmed that it has increased

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had not attempted to improve their education or economic standing until Saida Oumul Khadiri Niass, known as Maman and married to a leader of the Niass Tijaniyya, talked to men and women throughout the community, changing the community's beliefs on appropriate behavior for women. Maman's efforts have

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in 2015, the adult literacy rate was 33%, one of the lowest in the world, with males having a 43.1% literacy rate and females having a 24.6% rate. The government defines literacy as anyone at least 15 who can read or write. In recent years, the government of Mali and international organizations have

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has a literacy rate of 41%, defined as anyone at least 15 years old who can read or write. Guinea was the first to use the Literacy, Conflict Resolution, and Peacebuilding (LCRP) project. This project was developed to increase agriculture production, develop key skills, resolve conflict, and improve

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In sub-Saharan Africa, youth from wealthier families often have more educational opportunities to become literate than poorer youth, who may need to leave school because they are needed at home to farm or care for siblings. Additionally, the rate of literacy has not improved enough to compensate for

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said "cognitive psychology directly refutes any notion of teaching via a 'global' or 'whole language' method." He goes on to talk about "the myth of whole-word reading", saying it has been refuted by recent experiments. "We do not recognize a printed word through a holistic grasping of its contours,

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Everyone in Europe has the right to acquire literacy. EU Member States should ensure that people of all ages, regardless of social class, religion, ethnicity, origin and gender, are provided with the necessary resources and opportunities to develop sufficient and sustainable literacy skills in order

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These indirect measurements are potentially problematic, as many countries measure literacy based on years of schooling. In Greece, an individual is considered literate if they have finished six years of primary education, while in Paraguay, individuals are considered literate if they have completed

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An image of a student explaining to a group and elaborating on a drawn series of milestones in her life. This student had a very basic ability and, with some help, was able to write brief captions under the images. While she speaks, her story is recorded to help her understand and develop it in the

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While learning literacy in one's first language can be challenging, the challenge becomes even more cognitively demanding when learning a second language. The task can become considerably more difficult when confronted by a migrant who has made a sudden change by immigrating and requires the second

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reported that in the trials carried out in Ethiopia, for example, it was found that all ten of the participants had problems with vision. In order to overcome this or avoid such challenges, preliminary health checks can help inform pre-teaching in order to better assist in the teaching and learning

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A series of pilot projects have been carried out in the Middle East and Africa, and significant interest from the learners has been seen in the use of visual arts as springboards for literacy-oriented instruction. In one project, migrant women were provided with cameras and took the instructor on a

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approaches to teaching literacy to migrant English-language learners (ELLs). Harvard scholar Catherine Snow called for the gap to be addressed: "The TESOL field needs a concerted research effort to inform literacy instruction for such children—to determine when to start literacy instruction and how

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However, a 2012 hypothesis proposed that reading might be acquired naturally, in the same manner as spoken language, if print is constantly available at an early age. According to this theory, if an appropriate form of written text is made available before formal schooling begins, reading should be

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representations with context and imagery. Both approaches have their critics—those who oppose structured literacy claim that by restricting students to phonemes, their fluency development is limited; critics of balanced literacy claim that if phonics and decoding instruction are neglected, students

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In 2020, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimated the global literacy rate at 86.68%. It is important to understand how literacy rates have been measured in the past as well as how they are currently being measured. Starting in 1975, the head of a household answered a simple yes-or-no question

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indicates that socioeconomics plays a role for children who are young when the family experiences poverty, but shows no indication of adverse effects on reading achievement or behavior for adolescents entering poverty. The data extensively shows that children from low socioeconomic backgrounds have

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Social barriers can limit opportunities to increase literacy skills among women and girls; making literacy classes available can be ineffective when it conflicts with the use of the valuable limited time of women and girls. School-age girls may face more expectations than their male counterparts to

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decreased significantly. In recent years, however, this progress has stagnated, with the gender gap holding almost constant over the last two decades. In general, the gender gap in literacy is not as pronounced as the regional gap; that is, differences between countries are often larger than gender

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In much of the world, high youth literacy rates suggest that illiteracy will become less common as more educated younger generations replace less educated older ones. However, in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where the vast majority of the world's illiterate youth live, lower school enrollment

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Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends our industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourers—and many of our labourers are utterly uneducated—are, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and

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However, there are still a large number of people who lack literacy and opportunities to access continuing education. There is also a substantial gender gap: the literacy rate for men stands at 55%, while for women it is only 29.8%. The UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning has provided technical

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has a literacy rate of 49.7%, defined as anyone who is at least 15 and can read and write. However, many students do not attend school long enough to be considered literate. The government did not begin actively attempting to improve the literacy rate until 1971, when it gave the responsibility to

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among people below 20 years of age is over 70%, as the first 8 years of primary school are provided tuition-free by the government. In January 2008, the government began offering a limited program of free secondary education. Literacy is much higher among the young than among the older population,

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of the mid-19th century that paper and books became affordable to all classes of industrialized society. Until then, only a small percent of the population was literate, as only wealthy individuals and institutions could afford the materials. Even today, the cost of paper and books is a barrier to

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instruction. The structured literacy approach explicitly and systematically focuses on phonological awareness, word recognition, phonics, decoding, spelling, and syntax at both the sentence and paragraph levels. The balanced literacy approach, as the name suggests, balances emphasis on phonics and

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However, emerging research reveals that educational attainment (e.g., years of schooling) does not perfectly correlate with literacy. Literacy tests show that in many low-income countries, a large proportion of students who have attended two years of primary school cannot read a single word. These

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perform household work and care for younger siblings. Generational dynamics can also perpetuate these disparities; illiterate parents may not readily appreciate the value of literacy for their daughters, particularly in traditional, rural societies with expectations that girls will remain at home.

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describing it as "simply incoherent." For example, even the extremely early stages of acquiring mastery over symbol shapes take place in a particular social context (even if that context is "school"), and, after print acquisition, every instance of reading or writing will be for a specific purpose

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report noted that "conversely, in low and lower middle income countries, isolated illiteracy is concentrated among younger people," along with increased rates among rural populations and women. This evidence indicates that illiteracy is a complex phenomenon with multiple factors impacting rates of

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However, the distinction between literacy and illiteracy is not clear-cut. Given that having a literate person in the household confers many of the benefits of literacy, some recent literature in economics, starting with the work of Kaushik Basu and James Foster, distinguishes between a "proximate

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even the common people, both in town and country, are equally intense in their admiration. Frequently, have we seen the butcher-boy, with his tray on his shoulder, reading with the greatest avidity the last "Pickwick"; the footman (whose fopperies are so inimitably laid bare), the maidservant, the

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National Report for 2021 reported that 82.6% of five-year-olds are on track to develop good language and cognitive skills. In 2012–2013, Australia had 1515 public library service points, lending almost 174 million items to 10 million members at an average per capita cost of just under AU$ 45. By

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On average, girls do better than boys at English, yet nearly one in ten young adult women have poor reading and writing skills in the UK in the 21st century, which seriously damages their employment prospects. Many are trapped in poverty but hide their lack of reading skills due to social stigma.

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development is key to literacy remains dominant, at least in the United States, where it is understood as the progression of skills that begins with the ability to understand spoken words and decode written words and culminates in the deep understanding of the text. Reading development involves a

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has gained currency, particularly in English Language Arts curricula, on the grounds that reading "is interactive and informative, and occurs in ever-increasingly technological settings where information is part of spatial, audio, and visual patterns (Rhodes & Robnolt, 2009)". Objections have

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is the ability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (word and letter recognition); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly

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had access to. According to Graff, learning was increasing outside of formal settings (e.g., schools), and this uncontrolled, potentially critical, reading could lead to increased radicalization of the populace. In his view, mass schooling was meant to temper and control literacy, not spread it.

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Despite lacking a system of free and compulsory primary schooling, England reached near universal literacy in the 19th century as a result of shared, informal learning provided by family members, fellow workers, or benevolent employers. Even with near-universal literacy, the gap between male and

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were investigated, starting with simple trials aiming to test the effects of teaching photography to participants with no prior photography background and then painting and sketching activities that could later be integrated into a larger pedagogical initiative. In efforts to develop alternative

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to prioritize support for adult women's literacy. Efforts to increase adult literacy often encompass other development priorities as well; for example, initiatives in Ethiopia, Morocco, and India have combined adult literacy programs with vocational skills trainings in order to encourage program

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While informal learning within the home can play an important role in literacy development, gains in childhood literacy often occur in primary school settings. Continuing the global expansion of public education is thus a frequent focus of literacy advocates. These kinds of broad improvements in

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was "a civilization based on the book and the register" and that "no one, either free or slave, could afford to be illiterate". Similarly, Dupont points out, "The written word was all around them, in both public and private life: laws, calendars, regulations at shrines, and funeral epitaphs were

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In 2007, several countries began introducing literacy tests as a more accurate measurement of literacy rates, including Liberia, South Korea, Guyana, Kenya, and Bangladesh. However, in 2016, the majority of counties still reported literacy through either self-reported measures or other indirect

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In the 19th century, reading would become even more common in the United Kingdom. Public notes, broadsides, handbills, catchpennies and printed songs would have been usual street literature before newspapers became common. Other forms of popular reading material included advertising for events,

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fell in the 470s, literacy continued to be a distinguishing mark of the elite, as communication skills were still important in political and church life (bishops were largely drawn from the senatorial class) in a new cultural synthesis that made "Christianity the Roman religion". However, these

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for producing and consuming writing, and they also have beliefs about these practices. Reading, in this view, is always reading something for some purpose; writing is always writing something for someone for some purpose. Beliefs about reading and writing and their value for society and for the

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to adapt it to the LS reader's needs." Recent developments to address the gap in teaching literacy to foreign language learners have been ongoing, with promising results seen with a curricular framework from the Harvard Graduate School of Education, which integrates Teaching for Understanding.

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Literacy, broadly conceived as the basic knowledge and skills needed by all in a rapidly changing world, is a fundamental human right. (...) There are millions, the majority of whom are women, who lack opportunities to learn or who have insufficient skills to be able to assert this right. The

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They shall give him twenty Psalms or two of the Apostles' epistles or some other part of Scripture. And if he is illiterate he shall go at the first, third and sixth hours to someone who can teach and has been appointed for him. He shall stand before him and learn very studiously and with all

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Although most people acquire literacy during childhood, it continues to develop throughout life; literacy is not a skill that is fixed once a person leaves school but remains malleable across the entire lifespan. Among adults, both gains and losses in literacy occur in roughly equal measure,

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According to a study performed by ANOVA, multiple socioeconomic variables influence children, such as parental education level, parental occupation, health history, and even usage of technology within the home. With these factors in mind, their study showed that young children are especially

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Existing evidence suggests that most early acts of literacy were, in some areas (such as Egypt), closely tied to power and chiefly used for management practices, and probably less than 1% of the population was literate, as it was confined to a very small group. Scholarship by others, such as

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Nagata, referencing the report, said that the most common reason for children ages 10–18 (both boys and girls) leaving school is "the child not willing to go to school", which may be related to quality and learning outcome. She added that the second-highest reason for girls living in rural

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An image taken during a phototour of the participant's village. This image is of the individual at her shop with one of the products she sells: dung for cooking fuel. The image helps the instructor understand the realities of the participant's daily life, and most importantly, it gives the

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Unskilled labor forces were common in Western Europe, and, as British industry improved, more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and complex situations were needed. Literacy was essential to be hired. A senior government official told Parliament in 1870:

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In a study based in Ethiopia, participants were asked to rate their preference for activity on a scale of 1–10. The survey prompt was: "On a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate photography as an activity that helped you get inspiration for your writing activities (think of enjoyment and

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and coauthors found a rather significant correlation between the level of literacy in the early 19th century and successful modernization and economic breakthroughs in the late 20th century, as "literate people could be characterized by a greater innovative-activity level, which provides

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the Department for Vocational Training at the Secretariat for Youth and Sports. This department, and those that followed, had no clear policy on literacy until the Department of Literacy and Basic Education was formed in 1986. The government of Senegal relies heavily on funding from the

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Obstacles to literacy vary by country and culture, as writing systems, quality of education, availability of written material, competition from other sources (television, video games, cell phones, and family obligations), and culture all influence literacy levels. In Laos, which has a

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Other organizations might include numeracy skills and technology skills separately but alongside literacy skills; still others emphasize the increasing involvement of computers and other digital technologies in communication that necessitates additional skills (e.g., interfacing with

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challenge is to enable them to do so. This will often imply the creation of preconditions for learning through awareness raising and empowerment. Literacy is also a catalyst for participation in social, cultural, political and economic activities, and for learning throughout life.

1103:, these inscriptions consisted of alphabetic signs that originated during the transitional development from pictographic script to a linear alphabet. Moreover, he asserts, "These inscriptions also provided clues to extend the decipherment of earlier and later alphabetic texts". 1750:

poorer literacy performance, especially in reading. A study done by the OECD, which included over 25 countries in Europe, found that in all studied countries, students who lived in low-income households scored lower in reading than students who lived in high-income households.

2122:

For this reason, teaching English reading literacy in the United States is dominated by a focus on a set of discrete decoding skills. From this perspective, literacy—or rather, reading—comprises a number of sub-skills that can be taught to students. These sub-skills include

626:

since the 1990s suggests that this shift in understanding from "discrete skill" to "social practice" is both ongoing and uneven. Some definitions remain fairly closely aligned with the traditional "ability to read and write" connotation, whereas others take a broader view:

3285:. Official statistics put the literacy rate at 43.3%. Sierra Leone was the second country to use the Literacy, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding project. However, fighting near the city where the project was centered caused a delay until an arms amnesty was in place. 1129:

According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that

1367:

skills were less needed in the absence of a large imperial administrative apparatus whose middle and top echelons were dominated by the elite. Even so, in pre-modern times, it is unlikely that literacy was found in more than about 30–40% of the population. During the

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Print illiteracy generally corresponds with less knowledge about modern health, hygiene, and nutritional practices, and a lack of knowledge can exacerbate a range of health issues. Within developing countries in particular, literacy rates also have implications for

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walking tour of their village. There, they photographed places and activities that would later be used for writings about their daily lives—in essence, a narrative of life. Other primers for writing activities include painting, sketching, and other craft projects.

706:

Some researchers define literacy as "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In this view, humans in literate societies have

843:). These categories have been contested—as has the concept of "illiteracy" itself—for being predicated on narrow assumptions, primarily derived from school-based contexts, about what counts as reading and writing (e.g., comprehending and following instructions). 3731:, the primary school completion rate is 63%, with a gender gap of 67% of girls completing primary school compared to 60% of boys. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the education expenditure per student at the primary school level (age 5–9) is Rs 5,019 ($ 17.50, €16.50). 971:

in 1200 BCE. These systematic notations, inscribed on bones, recorded sacrifices made, tributes received, and animals hunted, which were activities of the elite. These oracle-bone inscriptions were the early ancestors of modern Chinese script and contained

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literacy and numeracy skills. The LCRP worked within refugee camps near the border of Sierra Leone; however, this project only lasted from 1999 to 2001. There are several other international projects working within the country that have similar goals.

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During the 4th and 5th centuries, the Church made efforts to ensure a better clergy, especially the bishops, who were expected to have a classical education—the hallmark of a socially acceptable person in higher society. Even after the remnants of the

7617:

Lipina, Sebastian; Segretin, Soledad; Hermida, Julia; Prats, Lucia; Fracchia, Carolina; Camelo, Jorge; Colombo, Jorge (2013). "Linking childhood poverty and cognition: environmental mediators of non-verbal executive control in an Argentine sample".

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for education and all related global goals are in jeopardy." Current progress in improving literacy rates is seen as much too slow to meet the SDG goals, as at the current rate, approximately 43% of children will still be learning poorly by 2030.

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became the most widespread of these derived scripts by the 11th century. Early chroniclers, who came during the first Spanish expeditions to the islands, noted the proficiency of some of the natives, especially the chieftain and local kings, in

653:

included "printed and written materials" and "varying contexts" in its definition of literacy, i.e., "the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying

2751:'s census data in 1970 showed a national average illiteracy rate of 25.8%, which had decreased to under 7% by the 2010 census. Mexico still has a gender educational bias—the illiteracy rate for women was 8.1% compared with 5.6% for men. 2415:

The collection of such writings into books can trigger both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Feedback by students involved in such initiatives indicates that the healthy pressures of collective and collaborative work were beneficial.

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Authorship programs have been successful in bringing student work together in book format as part of the program's culmination. These books can be used to document learning, and more importantly, to reinforce language and content goals.

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approaches for literacy instruction utilizing visual arts, work was carried out with Afghan laborers, Bangladeshi tailors, Emirati media students, internal Ethiopian migrants (both laborers and university students), and a street child.

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A painting created by composite in a graphics editing program. With further training, participants can learn how to blend images, thereby introducing elements of digital literacy that are beneficial in many spheres of life in the 21st

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student writing that feature repeat instances of a particular letter or group of letters. Embedded instruction combines letter-sound knowledge with the use of meaningful context to read new and difficult words. Techniques such as

1954:

Unlike medieval times, when reading and writing skills were restricted to a few elites and the clergy, literacy skills are now expected from every member of society. Literacy is therefore considered a human right, essential for

1013:, however, suggest that this was not the case in all ancient societies: both Charpin and the EU's emerging scholarship suggest that writing and literacy were far more widespread in Mesopotamia than scholars previously thought. 3578:, with thousands of symbols to be memorized. However, a lack of books and other written materials has hindered functional literacy in Laos. Many children and adults read so haltingly that the skill is hardly beneficial. 1778:, Nigeria. The study shows that developing literacy in the region will bring "economic empowerment and will encourage rural women to practice hygiene, which will in turn lead to the reduction of birth and death rates." 1420:

Literacy was well established in early 18th century England, when books geared towards children became far more common. Near the end of the century, as many as 50 were printed every year in major cities around England.

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In 2015, the United Nations Statistics Division defined the youth literacy rate as "the percentage of the population aged 15–24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on everyday

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was arrested and exiled for teaching peasants to read. However, since democracy returned to Brazil, there has been a steady increase in the percentage of literate people. Educators with the Axé project in the city of

3589:; the most popular, however, are traditional Laotian fairy tales. Two popular collections of folktales were written by Siphone Vouthisakdee, who comes from a village where only five children finished primary school. 7786: 3461:

To improve the literacy rate, the US military taught Afghan Army recruits how to read before teaching them how to fire a weapon. In 2009, US commanders estimated that as many as 65% of recruits may be illiterate.

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The proportion of population in Pakistan lacking basic reading and writing is too high. This is a serious obstacle for individual fulfillment, to the development of societies, and to mutual understanding between

2083:, and writing about reading is one of the major approaches for teaching writing in higher education. Intertextuality, however, can also be implicit through well-known, recognizable phrases from specific works or 3703:, and provincial and area departments of education, Nagata pointed out that in Pakistan, although 70% of children finish primary school, a gender gap still exists as 68% of girls finish compared to 71% of boys. 3857:

A 2016–2017 survey of adult skills conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics on behalf of the OECD found that one in five adults of working age has low literacy skills, numeracy skills, or both. The

1001:. Because it has not been deciphered, linguists disagree on whether it is a complete and independent writing system; however, it is generally thought to be an independent writing system that emerged in the 1416:

implemented programs in 1723 aimed at making the population fully literate. Other countries implemented similar measures at this time. These included Denmark in 1739, Poland in 1783, and France in 1794/5.

8803:

Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction: Reports of the

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also emerged sometime between 1200 and 1000 BCE. Although early examples are scarce, archeologists have uncovered a wide range of later Aramaic texts, written as early as the seventh century BCE. In the

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Al-Mekhlafy, Tawfiq A. (2008). "Strategies for Gender Equality in Basic and Secondary Education: A Comprehensive and Integrated Approach in the Republic of Yemen". In Tembon, Mercy; Fort, Lucia (eds.).

10263:

McCaffery, Juliet (December 2005). "Using transformative models of adult literacy in conflict resolution and peacebuilding processes at community level: examples from Guinea, Sierra Leone and Sudan".

2571:, from the Middle Ages to the 18th century, was limited to the wealthy and the clergy. Following the Roman occupation and the conquest by the English, education in Wales was at a low point during the 1470:

In the late 19th century, gas and electric lighting were becoming more common in private homes, replacing candlelight and oil lamps, enabling reading after dark and increasing the appeal of literacy.

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During the Spanish colonization of the islands, reading materials were destroyed far less than during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Education and literacy were introduced solely to the

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The CIA World Factbook says 96.7% of Chinese people are literate; however, social science surveys in China have repeatedly found that just over half the population of China is conversant in spoken

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was introduced into Europe via Spain in the 11th century and spread north slowly over the next four centuries. Literacy saw a resurgence as a result, and by the 15th century, paper was widespread.

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Word reading is fundamental for multiple forms of communication. Beginning in the 1940s, the term literacy has often been used to mean having knowledge or skill in a particular field, such as:

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The Literate Pakistan Foundation, a non-profit organization established in 2003, is a case study bringing to light solutions for improving literacy rates in Pakistan. Their data shows that in

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implies that illiteracy will persist to a greater degree. According to 2013 data, the youth literacy rate (ages 15 to 24) is 84% in South Asia and North Africa and 70% in sub-Saharan Africa.

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is largely pictorial and has not yet been deciphered; as such, it is unknown whether it includes abstract signs. It is thought that they wrote from right to left and that the script is

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Although there is considerable awareness that language deficiencies, including a lack of proficiency, are disadvantageous to immigrants settling into a new country, there is a lack of

1729:

has declared the "central role of literacy in responding to sustainable development challenges such as health, social equality, economic empowerment and environmental sustainability."

1378:

dating back to the beginning of the first millennium CE has been taken to imply a relatively high degree of literacy among the general population in the ancient Arabic-speaking world.

8083: 2209:. For students at both primary and secondary levels, writing about what they read as they are learning to write has been found to also be effective in improving their reading skills. 7156:

Parsons, Jennifer; Edmeades, Jeffrey; Kes, Aslihan; Petroni, Suzanne; Sexton, Maggie; Wodon, Quentin (3 July 2015). "Economic Impacts of Child Marriage: A Review of the Literature".

1822:

education often require centralized efforts by national governments; however, local literacy projects implemented by NGOs can play an important role, particularly in rural contexts.

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emerged between 3300 BCE and 3100 BCE; the iconography emphasized power among royals and other elites. The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system was the first notation system to have

7910: 1668:. Moreover, Nussbaum links literacy to the ability for women to effectively communicate and collaborate with one another "to participate in a larger movement for political change." 2868:

The literacy rates in Africa vary significantly between countries. The registered literacy rate in Libya was 86.1% in 2004, and UNESCO says that the literacy rate in the region of

1704:

While women and girls comprise the majority of the global illiterate population, in many developed countries, a literacy-gender gap exists in the opposite direction. Data from the

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will expand literacy learning opportunities for children and adults, even in countries that have historically struggled to improve literacy rates through more conventional means.

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says illiterate women are more vulnerable to becoming trapped in an abusive marriage, given that illiteracy limits their employment opportunities and worsens their position when

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shows that the worldwide literacy rate among adults has increased, on average, by 5 percentage points every decade since 1950, from 55.7% in 1950 to 86.2% in 2015. Due to rapid

3832:. Its youth literacy rate stands at 98%, its computer literacy rate at 35%, and its primary school enrollment rate at over 99%. An education system that dictates nine years of 3585:, publishes colorful, easy-to-read books, then delivers them during book parties at rural schools. Some of the books are modeled on successful western books by authors such as 1599:

has documented, historically, literacy has included the transformation of social systems that rely on literacy and the changing uses of literacy within those evolving systems.

1457:

middle and working classes, created a new mass market for printed material. Wider schooling helped increase literacy rates, which in turn helped lower the cost of publication.

2196:, in which a novice reader pronounces each individual sound and blends them to pronounce the whole word. Another approach is embedded phonics instruction, used more often in 2063:

In school, reading and writing are often taught as separate skills. However, children show curiosity about the written word and begin to experiment with both in a process of

8148:

Wicht, Alexandra; Rammstedt, Beatrice; Lechner, Clemens M. (2 January 2021). "Predictors of Literacy Development in Adulthood: Insights from a Large-scale, Two-wave Study".

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Woodward, feel that it is necessary to include digital literacy under the traditional umbrella of literacy instruction, specifically when engaging second language learners.

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was an exception, as it achieved widespread literacy without formal schooling, libraries, or printed books via informal tuition by religious leaders and peasant teachers.

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and occasion with particular readers and writers in mind. Reading and writing, therefore, are never separable from social and cultural elements. A corollary point made by

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uses "the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, compute, and communicate using visual, audible, and digital materials across disciplines and in any context."

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Another significant discovery was made in 1953 when three arrowheads were uncovered, each containing identical Canaanite inscriptions from 12th century BCE. According to

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period. Nonetheless, professional scribes became central to law, finances, accounting, government, administration, medicine, magic, divination, literature, and prayers.

762:

Disaster literacy – Proposed model for the ability to understand and use life-saving information, including the ability to respond and recover from disasters effectively

1466:

if we leave our work–folk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in the competition of the world.

2860:, especially youth living on the streets, through the use of cultural music and dances. Then, "they are encouraged to go on learning and become professional artists." 2668:; as a result, literacy in these countries was specifically focused on reading. However, as late as the 19th century, many Swedes, especially women, could not write. 2656:) made literacy compulsory, and by 1800, the percent of people able to read was close to 100%. This was directly dependent on the need to read religious texts in the 7130: 6198: 2256:

In Australia, a number of state governments have introduced Reading Challenges to improve literacy. The Premier's Reading Challenge in South Australia, launched by

6122: 2260:, has one of the highest participation rates in the world for reading challenges. It has been embraced by more than 95% of public, private, and religious schools. 3735:

communities dropping out is that their "parents did not allow" them to continue school, which might be related to prejudice and cultural norms surrounding girls.

8897:"Sublexical: the parts of a word (i.e. letters, phonemes & graphemes), Cues to Stress Assignment in Reading Aloud, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2018" 1959:

and social change, as supported by the 1996 Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty-First Century and the 1997 Hamburg Declaration:

1371:, the highest percentage of literacy was found among the clergy and monks, as they made up much of the staff needed to administer the states of western Europe. 1040:

The importance of Greek culture of the subsequent history of Western Europe has led to an over-emphasis, by classicists and others, on the addition of specific

12012: 9171:

Bernhardt, Anna Caroline; Yorozu, Rika; Medel-Añonuevo, Carolyn (2014). "Literacy and life skills education for vulnerable youth: What policy makers can do".

3717:, although almost the same amount (Rs 6,985) is spent per child as in Punjab, the primary school completion rate is only 53%: 54% for girls and 52% for boys. 10463: 7504:

Anderson, Sara; Leventhal, Tama (2014). "Exposure to Neighborhood Affluence and Poverty in Childhood and Adolescence and Academic Achievement and Behavior".

7054: 10628: 1635:, about two-thirds (63%) of the world's illiterate adults are women. This disparity was even starker in previous decades, and from 1970 to 2000, the global 1595:

has argued, "the ways in which people address reading and writing are themselves rooted in conceptions of knowledge, identity, and being." Consequently, as

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Puchner, Laurel D. (1 July 1995). "Literacy links: Issues in the relationship between early childhood development, health, women, families, and literacy".

7666:

Lee, Kyunghee (2009). "The Bidirectional Effects of Early Poverty on Children's Reading and Home Environment Scores: Associations and Ethnic Differences".

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to 43%. "That is a remarkable 8 percent increase." In addition, the literacy rate for youths aged 15–24 has substantially increased and now stands at 65%.

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has the lowest overall literacy rate and the widest gender gap: 52% of adult women and 68% of adult men are literate. A similar gender disparity exists in

10698: 10434: 10169: 4219: 3699:

Referring to the recent national survey carried out by the Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education with the support of UNESCO,

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gratitude. The fundamentals of a syllable, the verbs and nouns shall all be written for him and even if he does not want to he shall be compelled to read.

6727: 10022: 9368: 7129:

Nguyen, Minh Cong; Wodon, Quentin (September 2014), "Impact of Child Marriage on Literacy and Education Attainment in Africa", in Wodon, Quentin (ed.),

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around the age of 7. The national literacy campaign introduced in 1978 increased literacy rates to between 37% (unofficial) and 63% (official) by 1984.

2189: 11473: 3592:

Big Brother Mouse has also created village reading rooms and published books for adult readers about subjects such as Buddhism, health, and baby care.

3515: 1826: 11399: 10649: 11148: 7036: 2469:"from the nearest shores of Britain". Literacy was widespread under Roman rule but became very rare, limited almost entirely to churchmen, after the 9308: 6868: 5027:

p. 3. Csíkos, Csaba, and Gabriella Dohány. "Connections between music literacy and music-related background variables: An empirical investigation."

3844:

and A. Ratnayake. Sri Lanka is one of the few countries in the world that provides universal free education from the primary to the tertiary stage.

3208:

has an extremely low literacy rate of 28.7%, in part due to the gender gap—men have a literacy rate of 42.9%, while for women it is only 15.1%. The

7971:

Literacy programmes with a focus on women to reduce gender disparities: case studies from UNESCO Effective Literacy and Numeracy Practices Database

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been raised that this concept downplays the importance of reading instruction that focuses on "alphabetic representations". However, these are not

688: 10207: 4252: 3960:

The condition of not being able to read or write well enough to do things that are needed for living and working in society - Cambridge Dictionary

9128:"Acquiring Literacy Naturally: Behavioral science and technology could empower preschool children to learn to read naturally without instruction" 6380: 3682:

Illiteracy in Pakistan has fallen over two decades, thanks to the government and people of Pakistan for their efforts working toward meeting the

1657:, held in Jomtien, Thailand, brought attention to the literacy gender gap and prompted many developing countries to prioritize women's literacy. 1273:

Until recently, it was thought that the majority of people were illiterate in the classical world, though recent work challenges this perception.

1149:

suggest that the Greeks may have adopted the consonantal alphabet as early as 1100 BCE and later "added in five characters to represent vowels".

9749: 7767:

Okoji, O. F.; Ladeji, O. O. (2014). "Influence of Adult Literacy Education on Socio-Economic Empowerment of Rural Women in Oyo State, Nigeria".

11312: 11282: 9079: 8554: 5411: 3471: 2012: 1914: 1705: 10747: 8082:

Wicht, Alexandra; Durda, Tabea; Krejcik, Luise; Artelt, Cordula; Grotlüschen, Anke; Rammstedt, Beatrice; Lechner, Clemens M. (12 March 2021).

2743:

has been steadily decreasing. In the 1960s, because the majority of the residents of the federal capital were illiterate, the planners of the

11342: 10510: 8851: 1386:

Post-Antiquity illiteracy was made worse by the lack of a suitable writing medium, as when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the import of

11071: 12092: 9718: 7209:

Watson, Anne; Kehler, Michael; Martino, Wayne (1 February 2010). "The Problem of Boys' Literacy Underachievement: Raising Some Questions".

2493:

female rates persisted until the early 20th century. Many women in the West during the 19th century were able to read but unable to write.

1478: 9039: 8014: 7988: 2229:

These strategies are taught to students as part of the balanced literacy approach based on a theory about reading development called the

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with the total being about 81.54% for the country. Most of this literacy, however, is at an elementary level—not secondary or advanced.

3458:

support to the government of Afghanistan since 2012, with the aim of improving the literacy skills of an estimated 1.2 million people.

1798:

of adult literacy training, which concluded that there were economic gains for the individuals, the companies they worked for, and the

1685: 1405:

stressed the importance of literacy and being able to read the Bible. The Protestant countries were the first to attain full literacy.

8249: 7424:

Hackman, D; Gallop, R; Farah, M. J. (2015). "Socioeconomics status and executive function: Developmental trajectories and mediation".

3778:

and remained a privilege until the arrival of Americans, who introduced a public school system to the country, and English became the

1650:, where 70% of adult women are literate versus 86% of adult men. In South Asia, 58% of adult women and 77% of adult men are literate. 1292: 10488: 5194:"Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework" 5153:"Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework" 4406: 4380: 4106:"Understanding functional illiteracy from a policy, adult education, and cognition point of view: Towards a joint referent framework" 3671: 2715:

Graff also says, using the example of Sweden, that mass literacy can be achieved without formal schooling or instruction in writing.

1863: 10141: 9847: 1968:

In 2016, the European Literacy Policy Network (an association of European literacy professionals) published a document entitled the

1518:, have adult literacy rates over 90%. In other regions, illiteracy persists at higher rates; as of 2013, the adult literacy rate in 927:

depicting objects being counted. Though the traditional view had been that cuneiform literacy was restricted to a class of scribes,

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Rates differ across regions and states. The states with the highest poverty rate had greater than 15% illiteracy in 2010: 17.8% in

2202: 225: 10323: 2313:

It should be pointed out that in these challenging contexts, sometimes the teaching of literacy may have unforeseen barriers. The

2154:(individual language sounds), though the degree of correspondence between letters and sounds varies between alphabetic languages. 1627:

Gender parity indices in youth literacy rates by region, 1990–2015. Progress towards gender parity in literacy started after 1990.

12290: 11800: 11633: 10053: 7842: 7076:

Field, Erica; Ambrus, Attila (1 October 2008). "Early Marriage, Age of Menarche, and Female Schooling Attainment in Bangladesh".

4205: 2407: 10603: 10558: 10532: 7000: 3518:

as the ability of "a person aged 7 years and above to both write and read with understanding in any language." According to the

2055: 8718:

Graham, Steve; Liu, Xinghua; Aitken, Angelique; Ng, Clarence; Bartlett, Brendan; Harris, Karen R.; Holzapfel, Jennifer (2018).

3783: 2797: 2192:). It teaches readers to decode the letters, or groups of letters, that make up a word. A common method of teaching phonics is 1858: 1726: 128: 10381: 6617: 3686:. Today, 70 percent of Pakistani youths can read and write. In 20 years, illiterate population has been reduced significantly. 3125:

The Ethiopians are among the first literate people in the world, having written, read, and created manuscripts in the ancient

2237:. In England, the simple view of reading and synthetic phonics are intended to replace "the searchlights multi-cueing model". 1623: 1554:

Literacy has rapidly spread in several regions in the last twenty-five years, and the United Nations's global initiative with

1254:". During this period, literacy spread among the merchant classes, and 15-20% of the total population may have been literate. 12234: 11200: 11114: 10244: 10003: 9898: 9780: 9699: 9647: 9622: 9597: 9569: 9544: 9519: 9494: 9110: 9062: 8659: 8594: 8453: 8132: 7982: 7893: 7601: 7386: 7298: 6896: 6737: 6710: 6685: 6639: 6581: 6469: 6358: 6325: 6175: 6054: 6029: 5962: 5914: 5741: 5642: 5424: 5394: 5309: 5242: 5120: 4952: 4805: 4763: 4676: 4647: 4603: 4563: 4538: 4513: 4473: 4319: 9272: 8800: 570:

began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural aspects of reading and writing and

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Spivey, N. N.; King, J. R. (1994). "Readers as writers compose from sources". In Ruddell, Robert B.; Unrau, Norman (eds.).

8535:. International Conference on Adult Education, 5th, Hamburg, Germany, 1997. UNESCO Institute for Education. 1997. p. 6 1891: 1878: 1533: 1092:, some of these inscriptions were mythological texts (written in an early Canaanite dialect) that consisted of a 30-letter 824:

Inability to read well enough to manage daily living and employment tasks that require reading skills beyond a basic level.

220: 7403: 7139: 6206: 827:

Inability to understand complex texts despite adequate schooling, language skills, elementary reading skills, age, and IQ.

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Law, state, and society in early Imperial China: Study and translation of the legal texts from Zhangjiashan Tomb no. 247

5261:

Chrisomalis, Stephen (2009). "The Origins and Coevolution of Literacy and Numeracy". In Olsen, D.; Torrance, N. (eds.).

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Compensatory strategies include memorizing words, using context to guess words, and even skipping ones they do not know.

3863:

2020–2021, this had increased to a total of 1690 library outlets with just over 9 million registered or active members.

11623: 11570: 11501: 3902: 2600:

taught half the country's population to read. Literacy rates in Wales by the mid-18th century were one of the highest.

2325:

A visual arts approach to literary instruction for migrant populations can also be blended with core curricular goals.

1830: 1591:, among others, is that the cognitive and societal effects of acquiring literacy are not easily predictable, since, as 1502:

Available global data indicates significant variations in literacy rates between world regions. North America, Europe,

681: 9013: 1156:

When the Israelites migrated to Canaan between 1200 and 1000 BCE, they adopted a variation of the Canaanite alphabet.

3891: 3653: 2554: 2305: 2042: 1842: 1324: 551: 3635: 2536: 646:

defined literacy as "the ability to read and write in all media (print or electronic), including digital literacy."

9334:

Hutchison; Woodward (March 2014). "A Planning Cycle for Integrating Digital Technology Into Literacy Instruction".

8193:"Practice makes perfect: Practice engagement theory and the development of adult literacy and numeracy proficiency" 5014: 2470: 2150:

to master basic reading skills. For this purpose, a writing system is "alphabetic" if it uses symbols to represent

1854:

enrollment and address the complex needs of women (and other marginalized groups) who lack economic opportunities.

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Funding for both youth and adult literacy programs often comes from large international development organizations.

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writing and bar-and-dot numerical notation systems for purposes related to royal iconography and calendar systems.

327: 4450: 1837:

toward the issue of childhood literacy by developing the Early Grade Reading Assessment. Advocacy groups like the

1615: 12039: 10632: 7062: 1902: 1709:

removing any gender stereotypes that may create the perception that reading and writing are feminine activities.

1632: 1515: 1025:, there are two interpretations regarding the origin of the alphabet. Many classical scholars, such as historian 931:

including Claus Wilcke and Dominique Charpin have argued that functional literacy was somewhat widespread by the

10729: 9796: 7909:

Eldred, Janine; Robinson-Pant, Anna; Nabi, Rafat; Chopra, Priti; Nussey, Charlotte; Bown, Lalage (4 July 2014).

7490: 4206:"A Brief History of the Quantitative Literacy Movement, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching" 2575:; in particular, formal education was only available in English while the majority of the population spoke only 1774:

A 2014 descriptive research survey project correlates literacy levels with the socioeconomic status of women in

1607: 12183: 12160: 12102: 12054: 11817: 11106: 10706: 10438: 10177: 4223: 3809: 3631: 2532: 1906: 1555: 1106:

The Canaanite script's consonantal system inspired alphabetical developments in later systems. During the Late

9250: 8315: 3581:

A literacy project in Laos addresses this by using what it calls "books that make literacy fun!" The project,

691:(PIRLS), which has monitored international trends in reading achievement at the fourth grade level since 2001. 577: 11607: 10026: 8806:. Washington, D. C.: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health. 6486:"Global education monitoring report 2019: Migration, displacement and education: building bridges, not walls" 3907: 2791: 2747:

designed a series of unique icons to identify each station in the system in addition to its formal name. The

1722: 615: 305: 143: 53: 10656: 9251:"Teaching for Understanding in Higher Education: A Framework for Developing Literacy within a TESOL Context" 5055:

Vágvölgyi, Réka; Coldea, Andra; Dresler, Thomas; Schrader, Josef; Nuerk, Hans-Christoph (10 November 2016).

5041: 1226:

peninsulas, eventually making its way to Africa; and east, where it later influenced the development of the

12321: 12295: 12199: 12097: 12077: 12067: 11407: 11318:

Mobile phones and literacy: Empowerment in Women's Hands; A Cross-Case Analysis of Nine Experiences

8045:"Stability and change in adults' literacy and numeracy skills: Evidence from two large-scale panel studies" 3683: 2592: 1453: 11152: 8511:

Benson Mkandwire, Sitwe (2018). "Literacy versus Language: Exploring their Similarities and Differences".

7252:

Senn, Nicole (1 November 2012). "Effective Approaches to Motivate and Engage Reluctant Boys in Literacy".

2230: 1933: 821:

Inability to use reading, writing, and calculation skills for their own and their community's development.

12204: 10820:"The condition of receiving more than the approved tuition fees in non-government schools was announced" 9371:

Order No. 1383180 University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), 1996. United States -- Puerto Rico:

9312: 9127: 8675:

Graham, Steve (September 2020). "The Sciences of Reading and Writing Must Become More Fully Integrated".

7884:

Bartlett, Lesley; Frazier, Julia (2017). "Literacy and Development". In McGrath, Simon; Gu, Qing (eds.).

4619:

Boche, Benjamin (2014). "Multiliteracies in the Classroom: Emerging Conceptions of First-Year Teachers".

4082: 3674:

aims to bring literacy to adults, especially women. While speaking at a function held in connection with

2457:

Literacy is first documented to have occurred in the area of modern England on 24 September 54 BCE, when

1575: 835:(i.e., the inability to read and write a short, simple statement concerning one's own everyday life) and 17: 12004: 8986: 8968:

Writing to read: Evidence for how writing can improve reading. A Carnegie Corporation Time to Act Report

7462:

Haft, S.; Hoeft, F. (2017). "Poverty's impact on children's executive function: Global considerations".

6266: 6228: 4710: 2328: 2188:

instruction, for example, focuses on reading at the level of letters or symbols and their sounds (i.e.,

12331: 11628: 11439: 11053: 10909:"Contextual factors affecting learning in Laos and the implications for information literacy education" 8801:

National Reading Panel (U.S.); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.) (2000).

8751:

Graham, S.; Harris, K.; Santangelo, T. (2015). "Research-based writing practices and the common core".

3885: 3675: 3484:, but this is primarily for foreigners or those needing to demonstrate professional proficiency in the 1665: 1578:

that it makes little sense to speak of reading or writing outside of a specific context, with linguist

1390:

to Europe ceased. Since papyrus perishes easily and does not last well in the wetter European climate,

1368: 63: 8044: 7722:"Maternal Literacy and Child Health in Less-Developed Countries: Evidence, Processes, and Limitations" 6395: 5979: 3253:. A 2013 FSNAU survey indicates considerable differences per region, with the autonomous northeastern 12326: 11216: 10514: 9757: 5785:

Cross, Frank Moore (1980). "Newly Found Inscriptions in Old Canaanite and Early Phoenician Scripts".

5698:"Review of: Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia (translated by Jane Marie Todd)" 3627: 2591:. One of the first modern national education methods to use the native Welsh language was started by 2528: 2071:

they see used around them. Every new piece of writing draws on previous reading through a process of

1846: 1795: 1511: 1218:

script. This Imperial Aramaic alphabet rapidly spread: west, to the Kingdom of Nabataea, then to the

677:

in the UK included oral communication skills (listening and speaking) under the umbrella of literacy.

372: 10599: 10581: 10023:"National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15-24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)" 8394: 7090: 6288: 5430: 4945:

Addressing Difficulties in Literacy Development: Responses at Family School Pupil and Teacher Levels

1977:

to effectively understand and use written communication be in handwritten, in print or digital form.

12254: 12249: 11938: 11638: 11002:

Gunawardena, Chandra (1997). "Problems of Illiteracy in a Literate Developing Society: Sri Lanka".

10755: 8583:

Mobile phones and literacy: Empowerment in Women's Hands; A Cross-Case Analysis of Nine Experiences

8558: 6597:

Mkandwire, S. B. (2018). "Literacy versus Language: Exploring their Similarities and Differences".

5576: 3813: 3805: 3616: 3094:

is around 70%, which is attributed to the fact that education is compulsory and free up to age 17.

2517: 2425: 2298: 2184:. Each is shaped by its assumptions about what literacy is and how it is best learned by students. 2116: 932: 521: 260: 8855: 7949: 793: – Ability to interpret information in images, e.g., body language, pictures, maps, and video 148: 11674: 11245: 8610: 5276: 3620: 2687:

Although present-day concepts of literacy have much to do with the 15th-century invention of the

2633: 2521: 2159: 1887: 1584: 1338: 946: 674: 255: 11333: 11303: 11273: 11079: 9726: 6097: 5474: 5057:"A Review about Functional Illiteracy: Definition, Cognitive, Linguistic, and Numerical Aspects" 4821:

Brown, Lisa M.; Haun, Jolie N.; Peterson, Lindsay (2014). "A Proposed Disaster Literacy Model".

4145: 3786:, the Japanese were able to teach their language and teach the children their written language. 1717:

Many policy analysts consider literacy rates to be a crucial measure of the value of a region's

12244: 12059: 11897: 11867: 11812: 11795: 11725: 11494: 8720:"Effectiveness of Literacy Programs Balancing Reading and Writing Instruction: A Meta-Analysis" 7085: 4349: 3921: 3795: 3567: 2823: 2473:. In 12th and 13th century England, the ability to recite a particular passage from the Bible ( 2124: 1636: 1089: 1076:

reasoned that these letters contain an alphabet as well as references to the Canaanite goddess

178: 133: 103: 11371:

The legacies of literacy : continuities and contradictions in western culture and society

9409:"New Technology and Digital Worlds: Analyzing Evidence of Equity in Access, Use, and Outcomes" 8023: 6123:"How religion may affect educational attainment: scholarly theories and historical background" 5879: 3500:, where previously literacy was generally limited to the aristocracy, merchants, and priests. 12117: 11978: 11705: 11539: 9689: 7322: 6457: 5634: 5126: 4366: 3714: 3519: 2695: 2625: 2374:

usefulness)?" The activities used as primers for writing were rated, in order of preference:

2206: 2139:. Mastering each of these sub-skills is necessary for students to become proficient readers. 2132: 1430: 814: 809: 544: 501: 168: 10623: 10621: 8878: 6167: 4692: 4312:

Skills Matter: Additional Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Skills Studies, OECD

1064:

as early as 1500 BCE. Much of this theory's development is credited to English archeologist

753: – Ability to navigate various types of media and see their claims in a broader context 11892: 11807: 11346: 11316: 11286: 11011: 10109: 9928: 9408: 9180: 8581: 8480:"Girls' schooling and women's literacy: schooling targets alone won't reach learning goals" 8260: 8204: 7969: 6955:

Hill, M. Anne; King, Elizabeth (1 July 1995). "Women's education and economic well-being".

6778: 6345: 5510: 5351: 3912: 3833: 3117:

has a relatively high literacy rate. The adult literacy rate in 2010 was estimated at 72%.

2707: 2486: 2147: 1409: 1363: 957: 938: 866:

Script is thought to have developed independently at least five times in human history: in

856: 738: 394: 10684: 10484: 8788:

Writing Next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescent middle and high school

8278: 6994:"The Economic and Social Cost of Illiteracy: A Snapshot of Illiteracy in a Global Context" 4410: 4384: 8: 12137: 11943: 11882: 11755: 11659: 11602: 11595: 11524: 10618: 10298: 6753: 5622: 5342: 5192:

Réka, Vágvölgyi; Bergström, Aleksandar; Bulajić, Maria Klatte; Falk, Huettig (May 2019).

4104:

Réka, Vágvölgyi; Bergström, Aleksandar; Bulajić, Maria Klatte; Falk, Huettig (May 2019).

3841: 3209: 2572: 2143: 1991: 1567: 1510:

have almost achieved full literacy for men and women aged 15 or older. Most countries in

1115: 1111: 1081: 1068:, who, in 1905, came across a series of Canaanite inscriptions in the turquoise mines of 799:– Refers to culturally determined systems of knowledge in music and to musical abilities. 756: 725:, as children can become proficient in word-reading while engaging with multiliteracies. 571: 414: 250: 235: 108: 11015: 10113: 9663: 9184: 8829:"Glossary of Reading Terms - The Cognitive Foundations of Learning to Read: A Framework" 8208: 5514: 5355: 4189:"Measuring Literacy: Performance Levels for Adults (2005), National Academy of Sciences" 3496:. In classical Chinese civilization, access to literacy for all classes originated with 3197:

was estimated at 89.8% in 2011. Male literacy was 92.3%, and female literacy was 87.3%.

1566:

The traditional concept of literacy widened as a consensus emerged among researchers in

11877: 11775: 11765: 11575: 11035: 11027: 10411: 10280: 9485:

Tomlin, R. S. O. (2011). "Writing and Communication". In Allason-Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

9446: 9231: 9196: 8921: 8896: 8828: 8768: 8700: 8230: 8173: 7941: 7819: 7749: 7521: 7234: 7191: 7111: 7029:

Girls' Education in the 21st Century: Gender Equality, Empowerment, and Economic Growth

6937: 6837: 6804: 6554: 6079: 6002: 5932:"Ancient Literacy in New Testament Research: Incorporating a Few More Lines of Enquiry" 5861: 5853: 5810: 5802: 5604: 5577:"The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" 5542: 5367: 5215: 5174: 5083: 5056: 4996: 4971:; Tolchinsky, Liliana (2002). "Developing Linguistic Literacy: a Comprehensive Model". 4854: 4127: 4063: 3927: 3829: 3721: 2729: 2680: 1643: 1527: 976:

script and numerals. By the time of the consolidation of the Chinese Empire during the

912: 875: 852: 722: 670: 631:

The 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (USA) included "quantitative literacy" (

511: 367: 173: 138: 39: 11149:"Who was "Father" of free education in Sri Lanka?: C.W.W. Kannangara or A. Ratnayake?" 10350: 9691:

The literacy myth: cultural integration and social structure in the nineteenth century

8428: 7862: 7721: 5497: 5363: 4911: 1660:

In many contexts, female illiteracy coexists with other aspects of gender inequality.

1588: 1230:

in India. Over the next few centuries, Imperial Aramaic script in Persia evolved into

12316: 12224: 12127: 12082: 11963: 11862: 11750: 11735: 11730: 11720: 11585: 11580: 11529: 11487: 11196: 11193:

Building skills for all in Australia: policy insights from the Survey of Adult Skills

11110: 11039: 10769: 10284: 10240: 10234: 9999: 9776: 9695: 9643: 9618: 9593: 9565: 9540: 9515: 9490: 9450: 9438: 9200: 9106: 9058: 8926: 8807: 8772: 8704: 8692: 8655: 8590: 8530: 8368: 8234: 8222: 8177: 8165: 8128: 8103: 8064: 8043:

Lechner, Clemens M.; Gauly, Britta; Miyamoto, Ai; Wicht, Alexandra (1 October 2021).

7978: 7945: 7933: 7889: 7854: 7741: 7706: 7645: 7597: 7525: 7441: 7382: 7357: 7294: 7269: 7226: 7195: 7183: 7115: 7103: 6972: 6941: 6929: 6892: 6842: 6824: 6733: 6706: 6681: 6635: 6577: 6485: 6465: 6424: 6354: 6321: 6171: 6050: 6025: 6006: 5958: 5910: 5865: 5845: 5814: 5757: 5737: 5705: 5638: 5596: 5534: 5526: 5420: 5390: 5371: 5305: 5238: 5219: 5178: 5116: 5088: 4988: 4948: 4893: 4846: 4838: 4801: 4759: 4672: 4643: 4599: 4559: 4534: 4509: 4469: 4315: 4131: 4067: 3933: 3582: 3509: 3171: 3126: 2954: 2869: 2744: 2482: 2245: 2217: 2193: 2095: 2064: 1956: 1654: 1491: 1223: 1157: 1100: 1069: 744: 732: 481: 265: 240: 98: 46: 11130: 10415: 10351:"RELIGION SOCIAL CAPITAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SAHEL: THE NIASS TIJANIYYA IN NIGER" 7753: 7238: 6558: 5608: 5546: 4858: 3690:

She also emphasized the need to do more to improve literacy in the country, saying:

2297:

In another series of pilot studies, alternatives to instructing literacy to migrant

2234: 12336: 12264: 12072: 11837: 11745: 11710: 11019: 10988: 10401: 10393: 10272: 9428: 9420: 9386: 9223: 9188: 9139: 8916: 8908: 8760: 8731: 8684: 8496: 8491: 8479: 8290: 8212: 8157: 8095: 8056: 7925: 7733: 7702: 7675: 7635: 7627: 7548: 7513: 7433: 7261: 7218: 7173: 7165: 7095: 6964: 6921: 6832: 6816: 6625: 6546: 6163: 5994: 5837: 5794: 5672: 5630: 5588: 5518: 5359: 5205: 5164: 5078: 5068: 5000: 4980: 4885: 4830: 4666: 4554:

Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michelle (2007). "Sampling the 'New' in New Literacies".

4117: 4055: 3873: 3707: 3575: 3571: 3477: 3270: 3269:

government defines literacy as anyone over the age of 15 who can read and write in

3220:

order, has started anti-poverty, empowerment, and literacy campaigns. The women in

3130: 2226:

will have to rely on compensatory strategies when confronted with unfamiliar text.

2080: 1809: 1787: 1693: 1375: 1215: 1211: 1180: 796: 537: 449: 337: 210: 188: 90: 8340: 8161: 7539:

Sulkunen, Sari (2013). "Adolescent Literacy in Europe-An Urgent Call for Action".

7169: 3939: 2213: 2181: 2020: 1987: 1300: 202: 12107: 11973: 11907: 11887: 11872: 11847: 11832: 11790: 11715: 11534: 11446: 10989:"Over the edge of the world: Magellan's terrifying circumnavigation of the globe" 10908: 9993: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9915: 7929: 7911:"Women's right to learning and literacy: Women learning literacy and empowerment" 7818:

Korotayev, Andrey; Zinkina, Julia; Bogevolnov, Justislav; Malkov, Artemy (2011).

7737: 7517: 7288: 6886: 4246:"EUROPEAN DECLARATION OF THE RIGHT TO LITERACY, European Literacy Policy Network" 3896: 3438: 2857: 2853: 2775: 2170: 2072: 1768: 1661: 1394:

was used, which was expensive and accessible only by the church and the wealthy.

1235: 1231: 1219: 1146: 1119: 1065: 920: 790: 777: 765: 717: 708: 700: 496: 491: 404: 183: 10885: 9465: 5998: 5210: 5193: 5169: 5152: 4122: 4105: 3539: 1084:

deciphered the text using new evidence, including a series of inscriptions from

712:

individual always influence the ways literacy is taught, learned, and practiced.

12274: 12259: 11993: 11933: 11857: 11827: 11822: 11785: 11770: 11669: 11554: 11378:

The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth Century City

11288:

Reading the past, writing the future: Fifty years of promoting literacy

9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 8217: 8192: 8060: 6912:

Nussbaum, Martha C. (1 January 2004). "Women's Education: A Global Challenge".

6630: 6572:

Beach, Richard; Green, Judith; Kamil, Michael; Shanahan, Timothy, eds. (2005).

6550: 4043: 3991: 3837: 3555: 3278: 3274: 3212:

defines literacy as anyone who can read or write over the age of 15. The Niass

2691: 2676: 2621: 2576: 2462: 2197: 2099:

range of complex language underpinnings, including awareness of speech sounds (

2068: 1689: 1579: 1537:

Literacy has rapidly spread in several regions over the last twenty-five years.

1165: 1010: 928: 750: 623: 459: 270: 230: 11023: 10276: 9912: 9192: 8987:"An Explanation of Structured Literacy, and a Comparison to Balanced Literacy" 6537:

Gee, James Paul (1989). "Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics: Introduction".

4984: 4732: 4059: 3476:

The Chinese government conducts standardized testing to assess proficiency in

911:

Between 3500 BCE and 3000 BCE, in southern Mesopotamia, the ancient Sumerians

12310: 12229: 11958: 11948: 11902: 11740: 11679: 11549: 10142:"Family Ties: Remittances and Livelihoods Support in Puntland and Somaliland" 9442: 9424: 9290: 8696: 8247: 8226: 8169: 8107: 8068: 7937: 7858: 7361: 7273: 7230: 7187: 7107: 6976: 6933: 6828: 5849: 5709: 5697: 5664: 5600: 5592: 5530: 5109:

Shaking Up the Schoolhouse: How to Support and Sustain Educational Innovation

5073: 4842: 4170: 3821: 3751: 3190: 2782:

were below 3% in the 2010 census (2.1%, 2.2%, 2.6%, and 2.6%, respectively).

2711: 2466: 2458: 2289: 2088: 2024: 1718: 1346: 1227: 1173: 1161: 1131: 1073: 968: 889: 774:

literacy – Ability to read, write, understand, and speak any type of language

590: 486: 300: 11174: 10435:"Interview: "Literacy rate in Afghanistan increased to 43 per cent", UNESCO" 9942: 9564:. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. 9273:"How an educator from Nova Scotia uses cameras to teach English in Ethiopia" 8811: 5522: 4873: 4336:"About The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies" 3213: 2771: 2094:

Critiques of autonomous models of literacy notwithstanding, the belief that

1841:

have frequently called upon international organizations such as UNESCO, the

1164:. The early Hebrew alphabet was prominent in the Mediterranean region until 12112: 11912: 11780: 11684: 11664: 11338: 11308: 11278: 10230: 9899:"Information bulletin: School and teaching resources in sub-Saharan Africa" 8930: 7745: 7649: 7445: 7055:"Child Marriage and the 2030 Agenda: Selected Findings from Early Research" 6846: 6152: 6047:

Imperial Rome and Christian triumph: the art of the Roman Empire AD 100-450

5828:

McCarter, P. Kyle (September 1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet".

5538: 5495:

Pohl, Mary E. D.; Pope, Kevin O.; von Nagy, Christopher (6 December 2002).

5092: 4992: 4897: 4850: 3915: – Society in which literacy is uncommon due to technological advances 3775: 3764: 3497: 3266: 3102: 3054: 2914: 2848: 2703: 2688: 2579:. The first modern grammar schools were established in Welsh towns such as 1647: 1592: 1523: 1507: 1352:

would expect the literacy of a candidate for admission to his monasteries:

1197: 1160:, Jeremiah's scribe, used this alphabet to create the later scripts of the 994: 973: 295: 215: 10464:"Unesco: Bangladesh literacy rate reaches all-time high of 72.76% in 2016" 8295: 7679: 6820: 4432: 12150: 12034: 11700: 9156:

Center for National Policy, Washington DC, What States Can Do, 2 May 2012

8981: 8979: 8977: 4968: 3879: 3825: 3574:, where spelling and pronunciation rules are filled with exceptions, and 3450: 3433: 3404: 3309: 2873: 2767: 2766:. In contrast, the illiteracy rates in the Federal District (now part of 2657: 2608: 2596: 2278: 2104: 1402: 1141:. While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated circa 8th century BCE, 1036:) that used distinctive signs for consonants and vowels. Goody contests: 1026: 998: 981: 977: 879: 867: 771: 696: 506: 429: 319: 11462: 10974: 10819: 9143: 8636: 7222: 6083: 4889: 4834: 3800: 2811: 12155: 12122: 11654: 11400:"The Pakistani Education System – An Overview of the Current Situation" 11031: 10406: 10093: 10091: 10089: 9433: 9235: 8912: 8099: 7640: 7631: 7552: 7437: 7265: 7178: 6462:

Childhood and adolescence: cross-cultural perspectives and applications

6347:

Reading the past, writing the future: Fifty years of promoting literacy

5857: 5806: 4798:

Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World

3995: 3559: 3544: 3322: 3238: 2632:

The ability to read did not necessarily mean the ability to write. The

2478: 2434:

Most illiterate people now live in southern Asia or sub-Saharan Africa.

2136: 1898: 1850: 1681: 1596: 1519: 1205: 1107: 1022: 619: 516: 444: 439: 362: 332: 11416: 11392:

Adult Illiteracy in the United States: A Report to the Ford Foundation

10730:"United States Training Plan for Afghanistan: Read First, Shoot Later" 10644: 10642: 9872: 8974: 7290:

Me Read? No Way!: A Practical Guide to Improving Boys' Literacy Skills

6968: 5980:"His master's voice: Tiro and the rise of the roman secretarial class" 5151:

Bulajić, Aleksandar; Despotović, Miomir; Lachmann, Thomas (May 2019).

2616: 1029:, credit the Ancient Greeks for creating the first alphabetic system ( 11928: 11760: 11434: 11385:

Literacy in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Theory, and Practice

8944: 7820:"Global Unconditional Convergence among Larger Economies after 1998?" 4912:"What Is Health Literacy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" 4335: 4188: 3978: 3899: – Empowerment of individuals regarding issues involving the law 3768: 3586: 3570:

alphabet, reading is relatively easy to learn—especially compared to

3414: 3194: 3014: 2588: 2257: 2155: 2108: 2100: 1802:, as well as the economy and the country as a whole (e.g., increased 1799: 1775: 1571: 1503: 1391: 1349: 1251: 1189: 1185: 1142: 1093: 1045: 924: 916: 894: 10802: 10699:"Interview: "Literacy rate in Afghanistan increased to 43 per cent"" 10086: 9227: 8736: 8719: 8688: 6860:"Education and Health: Where do Gender Differences Really Matter?". 6253: 6251: 6249: 5931: 5841: 5798: 3605: 2506: 2348: 2272: 1813:

opportunities for modernization, development, and economic growth."

759: – Ability to understand natural systems and their interactions 703:

programs, organizing and altering the configuration of files, etc.).

606: 12269: 12145: 12035: 11953: 11842: 11440:

UNESCO Effective Literacy and Numeracy Practices Database – LitBase

10639: 10397: 9821: 9254: 9014:"How a flawed idea is teaching millions of kids to be poor readers" 8764: 8654:. Newark, DE: International Reading Association. pp. 668–694. 8532:

Adult education: the Hamburg Declaration; the Agenda for the Future

7099: 6925: 6070:

Macdonald, M. C. A. (2010). "Ancient Arabia and the written word".

5676: 5340:

Schmandt-Besserat, D. (1978). "The earliest precursor of writing".

4930:

Advancing health literacy: A framework for understanding and action

3760: 3755: 3744: 3667: 3391: 3254: 3074: 2974: 2934: 2904: 2779: 2759: 2620:

Until the beginning of 20th century, most of the population in the

2474: 2361:

participant the opportunity to determine what is important to them.

2222: 2174: 2166: 2076: 1247: 1201: 942: 840: 784: 632: 424: 419: 409: 386: 357: 8879:

New approaches to literacy learning: A guide for teacher educators

8316:"Learning Poverty is a combined measure of schooling and learning" 7376: 7345: 6988: 6986: 6616:

Lindquist, Julie (2015), Heilker, Paul; Vandenberg, Peter (eds.),

6320:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Pr. pp. 148–174. 5015:"9 Ways to Teach Social Skills in Your Classroom, Reading Rockets" 4661: 4659: 1482:

Adult literacy rates have increased at a constant pace since 1950.

1134:

is more consistent with an early form of Canaanite that was used

11988: 11983: 11968: 11544: 9640:

Literacy in early modern Europe: culture and education, 1500-1800

6867:(Report). Washington, D. C.: The World Bank. 2012. Archived from 6246: 4085:[Contributions to the definition of functional literacy] 3750:

own writing system derived from the Brahmic family of scripts of

3485: 3250: 3233: 3091: 3044: 3034: 2964: 2894: 2755: 2669: 2665: 2653: 2645: 2400:

More research would need to be conducted to confirm such trends.

2342: 2212:

The two most commonly used approaches to reading instruction are

2185: 2151: 2128: 1791: 1387: 1243: 1193: 1169: 1123: 1077: 1002: 919:

writing once people began recording information on clay tablets.

741: – Ability to understand and reason with statistics and data 454: 434: 399: 290: 245: 71: 35: 31: 11468: 10803:"The literacy movement is facing a shortage of human resources" 10429: 10427: 10425: 9387:"Using Visual Arts as a Tool to Foster the Four Language Skills" 9040:"Is It a Good Idea to Teach the Three Cueing Systems in Reading" 8248:

Jeni Klugman; Francisco Rodriguez; Hyung-Jin Choi (April 2011).

7817: 5327:

Sustaining Literacy in Africa: Developing a Literate Environment

2332:

Integrating Common Core content into language training with MELL

1882:

Youth and adult literacy rate, 2000–2016 and projections to 2030

598: 11356: 11352: 11326: 11322: 11296: 11292: 11075: 10629:"Functional Literacy Rate is Estimated at 91.6 Percent in 2019" 9664:"Economic Issues No. 33 - Educating Children in Poor Countries" 8191:

Reder, Stephen; Gauly, Britta; Lechner, Clemens (1 June 2020).

6983: 6458:"Literacy Development: Global Research and Policy Perspectives" 6378: 6318:

The birth of a new Europe: state and society in the 19. century

4656: 3700: 3446: 3282: 3217: 3145: 3134: 3064: 2984: 2763: 2740: 2661: 2649: 2641: 2584: 2580: 2112: 1547: 1487: 1413: 1262: 1239: 1085: 1057: 650: 11451: 10848: 10822:شرط دریافت مبالغی بیش از شهریه مصوب در مدارس غیردولتی اعلام شد 10047: 9369:"Visual Art and the Teaching of English as a Second Language." 5736:(Repr. ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–51. 5054: 4046:(1991). "Socio-Cultural Approaches to Literacy (Literacies)". 2249:

because our brain breaks it down into letters and graphemes."

602:

Literate and illiterate world population between 1800 and 2016

11852: 10935:"Publishing Children's Books and Delivering Them by Elephant" 10422: 10324:"Mali: Still a long way to go to meet adult literacy targets" 9170: 7918:

Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education

7908: 7886:

Routledge handbook of international education and development

6663:

Everyday Literacies: Students, Discourse, and Social Practice

3728: 3378: 3345: 3335: 3249:

There is no reliable data on the nationwide literacy rate in

3221: 3205: 3158: 3114: 3024: 2994: 2944: 2748: 2568: 2337:

acquire language that is spoken in the destination country".

2084: 1838: 1816: 1746: 1699: 1395: 1258: 1061: 1041: 961: 953: 898: 883: 871: 662: 659:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

9214:

Snow, Catherine (Winter 2001). "Learning to Read in an L2".

8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8395:"Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)" 7483:"Stress as a mechanism of poverty's ill effects on children" 7378:

Transforming Our World: Literacy for Sustainable Development

7344:

Rao, Vasudeva; S, B.; Gupta, P. Viswanadha (31 March 2006).

6511: 5237:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 3–7. 5233:

Brodkey, Linda (1996). "Literacy as a Discursive Practice".

2710:

was, in part, an effort to control the type of literacy the

12087: 11479: 11457: 10382:"Producing Literacy and Civil Society: The Case of Senegal" 8454:"Students in grade 2 who can't read a single word, ca 2015" 6999:. World Literacy Foundation. 24 August 2015. Archived from 6098:"History of publishing → Medieval, Manuscripts, Scriptoria" 4943:

Reid, Gavin; Soler, Janet; Wearmouth, Janice, eds. (2002).

3551: 3368: 3358: 3257:

region having the highest registered literacy rate at 72%.

3177: 3004: 2924: 2205:

can be used to aid children in learning how to read and in

2162: 1671: 1153:

and are commonly categorized into the same language group.

658: 79: 52:"Reading and writing" redirects here. For the journal, see 9080:"The three-cueing system in reading: Will it ever go away" 8790:. Washington, D. C.: Alliance for Excellence in Education. 7616: 7568:"The Family Catastrophe: The 30 Million Word Gap by Age 3" 6456:

Wagner, Daniel A.; Tuz Zahra, Fatima; Lee, Jinsol (2016).

1551:

illiteracy and the type of illiteracy one may experience.

817:

relates to adults and has been defined in different ways:

9470: 8412: 8042: 7155: 6862:

Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report

5150: 4021: 3133:) since the 2nd century CE. All boys learned to read the 1803: 1172:

in the 6th century BCE. It was then that the new script (

967:

The earliest written notations in China date back to the

10878:"Adult literacy rate (both sexes) (% aged 15 and above)" 10770:"Beijing says 400 million Chinese cannot speak Mandarin" 10479: 10477: 8614: 8013:

UNESCO (2006). "Mapping the Global Literacy Challenge".

5627:

Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia

5575:

Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004).

5387:

Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia

5191: 4927: 4103: 3840:, established in 1945, is a result of the initiative of 1473: 747: – Ability to find embedded discrimination in media 610:

Illiteracy rate in France in the 18th and 19th centuries

10655:. Ministry of Finance – Sri Lanka. 2011. Archived from 8852:"Chinese Cultural Studies: Chinese Logographic Writing" 8283:

Dialogues in Social Justice: An Adult Education Journal

8081: 6779:"Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, female (%)" 6571: 5106:

Schlechty, Phillip C. (27 April 2004). "Introduction".

4872:

Brown, L. M.; Haun, J. N.; Peterson, L. (8 June 2014).

4146:"Adult literacy rates, 2015 or most recent observation" 3917:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2221:

decoding; shared, guided, and independent reading; and

960:

civilizations in 900–400 BCE. These civilizations used

735: – Skill in using computers and digital technology 10200:"Volunteer teachers combat illiteracy in Burkina Faso" 8970:. Washington, D. C.: Alliance for Excellent Education. 8750: 1873: 1786:

Literacy can increase job opportunities and access to

10474: 8147: 7381:. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. p. 7. 6754:"Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years, male (%)" 5787:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

4779: 3531:

did not sign up for first grade because of the cost.

1234:, "as well as for a range of alphabets used by early 1208:

rulers adopted Aramaic as the "diplomatic language".

1048:

ones that had been developed earlier in Western Asia.

952:

Writing in lowland Mesoamerica was first used by the

581:

Adult literacy rates, 2015 or most recent observation

10050:"Adult Education Program gaining momentum: Ministry" 9775:(6th ed.). Boulder, CO: L. Rienner. p. 7. 9406: 8310: 8308: 8306: 7726:

Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics

6729:

The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society

6460:. In Gielen, Uwe P.; Roopnarine, Jaipaul L. (eds.). 5629:, University of Chicago Press, pp. 7–24, 2010, 3882: – Geographic area where books are hard to find 2567:

Formal higher education in the arts and sciences in

768: – Ability to understand healthcare information 45:"Illiterate" redirects here. For the 2013 film, see 9562:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development

8894: 8555:"Fifth International Conference on Adult Education" 7977:. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. 7464:

New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development

7208: 6678:

Literacy and development: ethnographic perspectives

6574:

Multidisciplinary perspectives on literacy research

5256: 5254: 4923: 4921: 4780:"National Association for Media Literacy Education" 4596:

Multiple Literacies Theory: A Deleuzian Perspective

4491:

Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives

4083:"Prilozi definiranju pojma funkcionalne pismenosti" 3942: – Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols 3936: – Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols 3876: – Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols 2411:

Sample covers of completed authorship-created books

2165:) use a symbol to represent a single syllable, and 1188:, it was common to record events on clay using the 780: – Literacy gained through social interactions 10258: 10256: 10229:Ofcansky, Thomas P.; Berry, LaVerle, eds. (1991). 10164: 10162: 9848:"Equatorial Guinea Adult literacy rate, 1960-2019" 9559: 9166: 9164: 9162: 7841:Beckman, Paula J.; Gallo, Jessica (October 2015). 7594:The Psychology of Reading: Theory and Applications 7423: 7286: 7132:Child Marriage and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa 7035:. Washington D. C.: The World Bank. Archived from 6803:Dorius, Shawn F.; Firebaugh, Glenn (1 July 2010). 6455: 6379:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (September 2015). 6024:(Repr. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. p. 223. 5574: 5496: 4942: 4758:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 4381:"Why literacy, International literacy association" 3516:Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India 11414: 11054:"Govt targets 75% computer literacy rate by 2016" 10679: 10677: 10631:. Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from 10073: 10071: 10025:. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from 9713: 9711: 9487:Artefacts in Roman Britain: their purpose and use 9407:Warschauer, Mark; Matuchniak, Tina (March 2010). 9333: 8717: 8477: 8303: 8190: 7503: 5559: 5339: 4928:Zarcadoolas, C.; Pleasant, A.; Greer, D. (2006). 4871: 4820: 3924: – Capacity to use knowledge from psychology 3824:of 92.5%, Sri Lanka has one of the most literate 3554:has the lowest level of adult literacy in all of 2872:is approximately 95%, while the literacy rate in 2273:Teaching migrant, immigrant, and non-native users 1790:. In 2009, the National Adult Literacy Agency in 1561: 1381: 1257:The Aramaic language declined with the spread of 687:The expression "reading literacy" is used by the 12308: 11348:Digital Services for Education in Africa 10458: 10456: 9592:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Getty. p. 97. 9539:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Getty. p. 98. 9248: 8823: 8821: 8510: 8484:International Journal of Educational Development 8250:"The HDI 2010: New Controversies, Old Critiques" 8038: 8036: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7695:International Journal of Educational Development 7419: 7417: 6624:, Utah State University Press, pp. 99–102, 5880:"The growth and decline of the Aramaic language" 5494: 5251: 4918: 4878:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 4823:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2739:In the last 40 years, the rate of illiteracy in 1937:Students in grade 2 who can't read a single word 1839:National Institute of Adult Continuing Education 1448:chimney sweep, all classes, in fact, read "Boz". 923:texts exhibit not only numerical signs but also 689:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 11246:"Annual Australian public libraries statistics" 10787:"State of Literacy of Rural Urban Population". 10253: 10159: 10017: 10015: 9159: 8637:"European Declaration of the Right to Literacy" 7883: 7481:Wadsworth, M. E.; Rienks, S. L. (1 July 2012), 7480: 7158:The Review of Faith & International Affairs 6802: 6311: 6309: 6160:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education 5665:"Literacy in the Old Babylonian City of Nippur" 4967: 4553: 4200: 4198: 2699:universal literacy in some developing nations. 1736: 1196:on leather parchments became common during the 1176:) emerged, and the older one rapidly died out. 893:Bill of sale of a male slave and a building in 10805:نهضت سوادآموزی با کمبود نیروی انسانی مواجه است 10748:"More than half of Chinese can speak mandarin" 10674: 10068: 9708: 9583: 9581: 8363: 8361: 7138:, Washington D. C.: World Bank, archived from 7053:Wodon, Quentin; et al. (September 2015). 6914:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 6676:Street, Brian V., ed. (2001). "Introduction". 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6339: 6337: 6158:. In Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (eds.). 6072:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 5987:Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 5734:The interface between the written and the oral 5389:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–24. 4171:"National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL)" 1915:Programme for International Student Assessment 1706:Programme for International Student Assessment 1110:, successor alphabets appeared throughout the 594:World illiteracy halved between 1970 and 2015. 12020: 11495: 11239: 11237: 11175:"Education: Traditional and Colonial Systems" 10453: 10228: 9969:"National Population and Housing Census 2014" 9773:The Brazilian economy: growth and development 9466:"Kate Winslet warns of 'shame' of illiteracy" 9355:Immigrant Integration: A Cross National Study 9284: 9282: 9266: 9264: 8818: 8279:"Adult Literacy and Women: A Present Account" 8033: 7956: 7720:LeVine, Robert A.; Rowe, Meredith L. (2009). 7457: 7455: 7414: 7346:"Low Female Literacy: Factors and Strategies" 5780: 5778: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5472: 5410:Veldhuis, Niek (2011). "Levels of Literacy". 5325:Easton, P. "History and spread of literacy". 5265:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–74. 3888: – International observance, 8 September 2009:The examples and perspective in this section 1970:European Declaration of the Right to Literacy 1688:review of academic literature concluded that 1309:that contextualizes different points of view. 1295:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 1088:. Discovered in 1929 by French archaeologist 614:The range of definitions of literacy used by 545: 12093:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder 11474:The National Strategies for Primary Literacy 11337: This article incorporates text from a 11307: This article incorporates text from a 11277: This article incorporates text from a 10906: 10080:Semitic Languages: An International Handbook 10012: 8965: 8895:Ktori, M.; Mousikou, P.; Rastle, K. (2018). 8854:. Acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu. Archived from 7840: 7661: 7659: 6888:Gender, Literacy, and Empowerment in Morocco 6700: 6306: 6019: 5454: 4800:. State University of New York Press. 1991. 4433:"TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center" 4195: 3678:, Islamabad Director Kozue Kay Nagata said: 2059:Brain areas involved in literacy acquisition 1949: 831:Functional illiteracy is distinguished from 666:using technology as separate considerations. 11390:Hunter, Carman St. John, and David Harman. 11001: 10849:"27% of first graders have not registered" 10265:Compare: A Journal of Comparative Education 9578: 9489:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. 9082:. National Institute for Direct Instruction 9077: 8901:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 8785: 8652:Theoretical models and processes of reading 8611:"European literacy policy network (ELINET)" 8369:"PISA-D Reveals Exceptionally Low Learning" 8358: 7766: 7128: 7075: 7024: 6701:Street, Brian V.; Street, Brain V. (1999). 6518:. Department of Economic and Social Affairs 6464:(2nd ed.). Praeger. pp. 105–106. 6442: 6367: 6334: 6020:Dupont, Florence; Dupont, Florence (1997). 5909:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5419:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–73. 5260: 4503: 4369:. National literacy trust. 2021. p. 1. 3634:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3472:Education in the People's Republic of China 2535:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1733:higher socioeconomic status once released. 1408:In a more secular context, inspired by the 787: – Ability to apply numerical concepts 12027: 12013: 11502: 11488: 11458:The Digital Archive of Literacy Narratives 11415:Roser, Max; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (2016). 11234: 10882:International human development indicators 10239:. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. 9929:"Digital Services for Education in Africa" 9384: 9279: 9261: 9052: 8649: 8579: 8478:Pritchett, Lant; Sandefur, Justin (2020). 8276: 8016:Education for All Global Monitoring Report 7719: 7452: 7211:Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 5775: 5716: 5235:Writing Permitted in Designated Areas Only 4637: 4621:Journal of Language and Literacy Education 4506:The Routledge Handbook of Literacy Studies 2856:, attempt to improve literacy rates among 2203:directed listening and thinking activities 2027:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1817:Lifespan development and promotion efforts 1700:Gender gap for boys in developed countries 1686:International Center for Research on Women 552: 538: 10405: 10379: 10262: 10136: 10134: 9432: 9302: 9300: 8920: 8735: 8495: 8294: 8216: 7787:"Policy Brief on Adult Literacy Strategy" 7656: 7639: 7461: 7404:"Prison library helps to transform lives" 7343: 7177: 7089: 6836: 6629: 6615: 6596: 6069: 5209: 5168: 5105: 5082: 5072: 4671:. Ontario Human Rights Commission. 2022. 4578: 4121: 4091:Journal of the Croatian Andragogy Society 4080: 3672:National Commission for Human Development 3654:Learn how and when to remove this message 2555:Learn how and when to remove this message 2263: 2087:or through the development of a distinct 2043:Learn how and when to remove this message 1325:Learn how and when to remove this message 1261:, which was accompanied by the spread of 1009:Dominique Charpin and a project from the 11341:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 11311:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 11281:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 11250:National and State Libraries Australasia 11131:"Honouring the Father of Free Education" 11100: 10975:"Viasat vs HughesNet Satellite Internet" 10579: 10077: 9694:. Transaction Publishers. p. xxvi. 9617:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 9512:An Introduction to English Legal History 9463: 9352: 9037: 8849: 7538: 7374: 6954: 6911: 6576:(2nd ed.). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton. 6049:. Oxford University Press. p. 141. 5977: 5827: 5457:The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture 5413:The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture 5409: 4583:. Logan: Utah State UP. pp. 99–102. 3799: 3538: 3432: 2979:37% (unofficial); 63% (official) (1984) 2615: 2607: 2429: 2406: 2381:Oral presentations/sharing your art: 92% 2356:In the above image, from left to right: 2347: 2327: 2304: 2288: 2054: 1932: 1877: 1672:Challenges of increasing female literacy 1631:According to 2015 data collected by the 1622: 1614: 1606: 1532: 1477: 1374:An abundance of graffiti written in the 1072:. Ten years later, English Egyptologist 888: 803: 605: 597: 589: 576: 226:Directed listening and thinking activity 11634:National Council of Teachers of English 11397: 9637: 9612: 9125: 9100: 8513:Journal of Lexicography and Terminology 7967: 7692: 6599:Journal of Lexicography and Terminology 6315: 6150: 5498:"Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing" 5385:Charpin, Dominique (15 November 2010). 5384: 5232: 4000:Literacy and Power in the Ancient World 3547:girls sit outside their school reading. 2142:From this same perspective, readers of 1829:, for example, steered donors like the 1712: 1497: 1214:standardized Aramaic, which became the 14: 12309: 11452:Center for the study of adult literacy 10932: 10858:from the original on 19 September 2023 10851:۲۷ درصد کلاس اولی‌ها ثبت نام نکرده‌اند 10602:. Stats.uis.unesco.org. Archived from 10557:. Stats.uis.unesco.org. Archived from 10531:. Stats.uis.unesco.org. Archived from 10348: 10131: 9797:"Libya Adult literacy rate, 1960-2019" 9484: 9297: 9101:Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010). 9078:Hempenstall, Kerry (29 October 2017). 8876: 8674: 8120: 8049:Personality and Individual Differences 8012: 7565: 7059:The Economic Impacts of Child Marriage 6884: 6675: 6660: 6418: 6416: 6343: 6199:"The origins of children's literature" 6044: 5929: 5904: 5635:10.7208/chicago/9780226101590.003.0002 5329:. Paris: UNESCO Press. pp. 46–56. 5299: 5029:Visions of Research in Music Education 4753: 4528: 4504:Rowsell, Jennifer; Pahl, Kate (2020). 4489:Street, Brian (2001). "Introduction". 4488: 3784:Japanese occupation of the Philippines 2798:Writing education in the United States 1859:UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning 1727:UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning 1452:From the mid-19th century onward, the 846: 12235:Learning problems in childhood cancer 12008: 11483: 10958: 10727: 10491:from the original on 20 December 2021 10099:"2011 POPULATION CENSUS MAIN RESULTS" 9687: 9587: 9534: 9509: 9385:Wirag, Andreas; Alfes, Luisa (2021). 9288: 7843:"Rural Education in a Global Context" 7591: 7401: 7375:Hanemann, Ulrike (30 November 2014). 7052: 6725: 6168:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340033.013.30 6146: 6144: 5784: 5731: 5468: 5466: 5455:Radner, K.; Robson, E., eds. (2011). 5304:. Penguin Random House. p. 137. 4618: 4579:Lindquist, Julie (2015). "Literacy". 4531:Towards an Ecology of World Languages 4463: 3782:in the Philippines. During the brief 2612:Dutch schoolmaster and children, 1662 2603: 1920: 1619:Adult literacy rate, female (%), 2015 1474:Modern proliferation (1950 – present) 1016: 11243: 10204:United Nations Development Programme 10048:Ministry of Information of Eritrea. 9770: 9270: 9213: 8257:United Nations Development Programme 7350:Australian Journal of Adult Learning 7251: 6805:"Trends in Global Gender Inequality" 5952: 5623:"Reading and Writing in Mesopotamia" 5560:Barbieri-Low, A.; Yates, R. (2015). 4874:"A proposed disaster literacy model" 4593: 4407:"International literacy association" 4048:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 3632:adding citations to reliable sources 3599: 2806: 2533:adding citations to reliable sources 2500: 2180:There are a number of approaches to 2067:and making sense of (and using) the 1995: 1981: 1892:United Nations Development Programme 1424: 1275: 351:Reading differences and disabilities 12179:Developmental coordination disorder 11398:Mustafa, Ghulam (30 October 2022). 11179:Library of Congress Country Studies 10829:from the original on 29 August 2023 9719:"Analfabetismo. Cuéntame de México" 9464:Coughlan, Sean (7 September 2018). 9011: 8877:Carter, V. Elaine (November 2000). 8277:Stromquist, Nelly (17 March 2016). 7665: 7596:. New York: Guildford. p. 20. 7287:Manitoba Education (January 2006). 6680:. London: Routledge. pp. 7–8. 6536: 6413: 5581:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 4558:. New York: Peter Lang. p. 2. 4042: 3860:Australian Early Development Census 2770:) and in some northern states like 1874:Literacy as a development indicator 1781: 1611:Adult literacy rate, male (%), 2015 1021:According to social anthropologist 24: 11624:International Literacy Association 11571:List of countries by literacy rate 11363: 10933:Krausz, Tibor (21 February 2011). 9991: 9038:Shanahan, Timothy (1 April 2019). 8966:Graham, S.; Hebert, M. A. (2010). 8557:. 15 February 2018. Archived from 8084:"Low Literacy is not Set in Stone" 6141: 5463: 5324: 5263:The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy 3903:List of countries by literacy rate 3522:, the literacy rate stood at 74%. 2309:Reviewing photos after a photowalk 2115:, and patterns of word formation ( 1942:just two years of primary school. 682:International Literacy Association 34:. For the article on writing, see 25: 12348: 11428: 11394:(McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979). 11004:International Review of Education 10728:Baron, Kevin (10 December 2009). 10600:"UNESCO Institute for Statistics" 10582:"No improvement in literacy rate" 10555:"UNESCO Institute for Statistics" 10529:"UNESCO Institute for Statistics" 9747: 9309:"Why every picture tells a story" 9306: 9173:International Review of Education 8197:International Review of Education 7994:from the original on 12 July 2018 5955:Literacy in Ancient Everyday Life 5364:10.1038/scientificamerican0678-50 4932:. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 4756:Multiliteracies for a Digital Age 4693:"Definition of computer literacy" 4383:. 8 February 2021. Archived from 4355:. Scottish Government. p. 4. 4220:"Millennium Goals Indicator 2015" 3892:International Literacy Foundation 3836:for every child is in place. The 2443: 1843:International Labour Organization 1831:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 1761: 945:values; these symbols are called 12040:specific developmental disorders 11373:(Indiana University Press, 1986) 11332: 11302: 11272: 11209: 11185: 11167: 11151:. Trans Currents. Archived from 11141: 11123: 11094: 11064: 11046: 10995: 10981: 10967: 10959:Wells, Bonnie (27 August 2010), 10952: 10926: 10907:Daniel G. Dorner, G. E. Gorman. 10900: 10870: 10841: 10812: 10795: 10780: 10762: 10740: 10721: 10691: 10592: 10573: 10547: 10521: 10503: 10373: 10355:Journal of International Affairs 10342: 10316: 10291: 10222: 10192: 10041: 9985: 9891: 9865: 9840: 9814: 9789: 9764: 9741: 9681: 9656: 9631: 9606: 9553: 9528: 9503: 9478: 9457: 9400: 9378: 9361: 9346: 9327: 9242: 9207: 9150: 9119: 9094: 9071: 9046: 9031: 9005: 8959: 8937: 8888: 8870: 8843: 8794: 8779: 8744: 8711: 8668: 8643: 8629: 8603: 8573: 8547: 8523: 8504: 8471: 8446: 8387: 8333: 8270: 8241: 8184: 8141: 8114: 8075: 8006: 7902: 7877: 7834: 7824:Journal of Globalization Studies 7811: 7779: 7760: 7713: 7686: 7610: 7585: 7559: 7532: 7497: 7474: 7395: 7368: 7337: 7307: 7280: 7245: 7202: 7149: 7122: 7069: 7046: 7018: 6948: 6905: 6878: 6853: 6796: 6771: 6746: 6719: 6694: 6669: 6153:"The Modern History of Literacy" 5198:Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 5157:Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 4642:. New York: Basic. p. 279. 4493:. London: Routledge. p. 11. 4110:Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 4014: 4005: 3816:, Sri Lanka's premier playwright 3604: 2810: 2802: 2785: 2718: 2706:argues that the introduction of 2595:in 1731. Jones became rector of 2505: 2471:fall of the Western Roman Empire 2000: 1835:Global Partnership for Education 1666:negotiating within the household 1345:In the late fourth century, the 1280: 1054:ancient Semitic-speaking peoples 644:European Literacy Policy Network 149:The active view of reading model 78: 38:. For the academic journal, see 30:For the article on reading, see 10705:. 17 March 2020. Archived from 10437:. 17 March 2020. Archived from 9413:Review of Research in Education 6703:Literacy in theory and practice 6654: 6609: 6590: 6565: 6530: 6504: 6478: 6422: 6281: 6221: 6191: 6115: 6090: 6063: 6038: 6013: 5971: 5946: 5923: 5898: 5872: 5821: 5750: 5690: 5657: 5615: 5568: 5553: 5488: 5448: 5403: 5378: 5333: 5318: 5293: 5269: 5226: 5185: 5144: 5099: 5048: 5034: 5021: 5007: 4961: 4936: 4904: 4865: 4814: 4790: 4772: 4747: 4717: 4703: 4685: 4631: 4612: 4587: 4572: 4547: 4522: 4497: 4482: 4457: 4443: 4425: 4399: 4373: 4359: 4342: 4328: 4304: 4287: 4270: 3984: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3771:, and several other languages. 3260: 3097: 2419: 2396:Stencil/tracing activities: 60% 2214:structured literacy instruction 2075:, sometimes explicitly through 1988:Reading § Teaching reading 1903:UNESCO Institute for Statistics 1725:adopted by the UN in 2015, the 1633:UNESCO Institute for Statistics 1516:Latin America and the Caribbean 12184:Developmental verbal dyspraxia 12161:Disorder of written expression 12103:Speech and language impairment 11801:Occupational Safety and Health 11107:University of California Press 10754:. 7 March 2007. Archived from 10106:Economic and Social Indicators 9754:Paulo Freire Institute at UCLA 9055:Language at the speed of light 8993:. Iowa Reading Research Center 8786:Graham, S.; Perin, D. (2007). 8497:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102242 8127:. Cambridge University Press. 6732:. Cambridge University Press. 6705:. Cambridge University Press. 6353:. UNESCO. pp. 21–23, 26. 4640:Language at the speed of sight 4238: 4212: 4181: 4163: 4138: 4097: 4074: 4036: 3990:This connection is pursued in 3969:See for example: Harris, 1991. 3810:Sarachchandra open-air theatre 3738: 3428: 2173:) use a symbol to represent a 1640:differences within countries. 1562:Social impact and demographics 1556:Sustainable Development Goal 4 1436:theaters, and goods for sale. 1382:Medieval and early modern eras 122:Scientific theories and models 13: 1: 11266: 11244:Said, Aimee (17 March 2023). 10580:Reporter, A (27 April 2018). 10380:Nordtveit, Bjorn (May 2008). 9271:Patl, Anjuli (15 June 2016). 9105:. Penguin. pp. 222–228. 8753:The Elementary School Journal 8580:Belalcázar, Carolina (2015). 8162:10.1080/10888438.2020.1751635 8150:Scientific Studies of Reading 7541:European Journal of Education 7506:Applied Developmental Science 7402:Scott, Kirsty (7 July 2010). 7170:10.1080/15570274.2015.1075757 6316:Hamerow, Theodore S. (1998). 5758:"Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory" 4466:Literacy in the new media age 3908:Literacy in the United States 2792:Literacy in the United States 2702:On the other hand, historian 1723:Sustainable Development Goals 1653:The 1990 World Conference on 1443:Charles Dickens's said that: 1337:Anthony DiRenzo asserts that 1200:empire. With the rise of the 1135: 1052:Many scholars argue that the 1030: 985: 902: 585: 54:Reading and Writing (journal) 12200:Auditory processing disorder 12098:Specific language impairment 12068:Expressive language disorder 11509: 11343:license statement/permission 11313:license statement/permission 11283:license statement/permission 11103:A Short History of Sri Lanka 10791:. Government of India. 2011. 10386:Comparative Education Review 10082:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 8259:. p. 19. Archived from 7930:10.1080/03057925.2014.911999 7738:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181b0eeff 7707:10.1016/0738-0593(94)00041-M 7518:10.1080/10888691.2014.924355 7489:(Newsletter), archived from 7078:Journal of Political Economy 4668:Right to Read inquiry report 4295:"Skills matter, PIAAC, OECD" 4030: 3852: 3789: 3684:Millennium Development Goals 3184: 1737:Effects on literacy learning 1454:Second Industrial Revolution 1268: 7: 12205:Sensory processing disorder 11476:(archived 23 December 2012) 11454:at Georgia State University 11217:"2021 AEDC National Report" 9642:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 9560:Bornstein, Mark H. (2018). 9249:Pearson; Pellerine (2010). 9057:. Basic. pp. 300–304. 8429:"How is literacy measured?" 6622:Keywords in Writing Studies 5999:10.2190/b4yd-5fp7-1w8d-v3uc 5905:Harris, William V. (1991). 5473:Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. 5300:Harari, Yuval Noah (2014). 4581:Keywords in Writing Studies 4529:Calvet, Louis-Jean (1999). 4278:"Defining literacy, UNESCO" 3866: 3595: 3514:Literacy is defined by the 3241:to fund its school system. 3120: 2244:, cognitive neuroscientist 2167:logographic writing systems 2023:, discuss the issue on the 1576:anthropological linguistics 10: 12353: 11629:International Literacy Day 11463:Literacy Assessment Online 9995:Compact Atlas of the World 8724:Reading Research Quarterly 8677:Reading Research Quarterly 8218:10.1007/s11159-020-09830-5 8124:Literacy in American Lives 8061:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110990 7968:Kairies, Jan, ed. (2013). 7315:"Phonics. It's Profitable" 7293:. Government of Manitoba. 6631:10.7330/9780874219746.c020 6551:10.1177/002205748917100101 6425:"Education: Literacy rate" 6381:"Adult and Youth Literacy" 6022:Daily life in ancient Rome 5978:Di Renzo, Anthony (2000). 5830:The Biblical Archaeologist 5702:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 5475:"The Evolution of Writing" 5459:. Oxford University Press. 4464:Kress, Gunther R. (2003). 4453:. Alberta Education. 2021. 3886:International Literacy Day 3847: 3793: 3742: 3706:Referring specifically to 3676:International Literacy Day 3507: 3469: 3244: 3228: 3169: 3085: 2795: 2789: 2727: 2452: 2423: 1985: 1558:is also gaining momentum. 1428: 1168:rulers exiled the Jews to 861: 850: 807: 783:Quantitative literacy aka 144:Scarborough's Reading Rope 51: 44: 29: 12283: 12217: 12192: 12171: 12136: 12053: 12046: 11921: 11693: 11647: 11616: 11563: 11517: 10939:Christian Science Monitor 10685:"Sri Lanka literacy rate" 10322: 10277:10.1080/03057920500368548 10236:Ethiopia: A Country Study 10198: 10078:Weninger, Stefan (2011). 10052:. Shabait. Archived from 9688:Graff, Harvey J. (1991). 9193:10.1007/s11159-014-9419-z 9053:Seidenberg, Mark (2017). 8831:. Sedl.org. 23 April 2008 8088:Zeitschrift für Pädagogik 5930:Wright, Brian J. (2015). 5211:10.1024/1016-264X/a000255 5170:10.1024/1016-264X/a000255 4985:10.1017/S0305000902005111 4973:Journal of Child Language 4638:Seidenberg, Mark (2017). 4123:10.1024/1016-264X/a000255 4060:10.1017/S0267190500002130 3408: 3372: 3362: 3339: 3140: 2863: 2842: 2734: 2723: 2438: 2299:English-language learners 1950:Literacy as a human right 1847:World Health Organization 1602: 1526:was 67.55% and 59.76% in 1512:East Asia and the Pacific 1192:script; however, writing 373:Reading for special needs 27:Ability to read and write 12250:Multisensory integration 12078:Landau–Kleffner syndrome 11639:No Child Left Behind Act 11445:22 November 2015 at the 11101:De Silva, K. M. (1981). 11072:"Sri Lanka – Statistics" 10850: 10821: 10804: 10349:Barnes, Shailly (2009). 10303:datatopics.worldbank.org 10168: 9998:. Penguin. p. 138. 9750:"Freire's Life and Work" 9613:Gellner, Ernest (1983). 9514:. London: Butterworths. 9425:10.3102/0091732X09349791 8121:Brandt, Deborah (2001). 7566:Hart, B.; Risley, Todd. 6661:Knobel, Michele (1999). 6492:. 2018. pp. 194–196 5953:Kolb, Anne, ed. (2018). 5593:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620 5074:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01617 4556:A New Literacies Sampler 3947: 3814:Ediriweera Sarachchandra 3806:University of Peradeniya 3503: 3465: 3200: 3152: 3109: 2496: 2426:Literacy rate by country 2156:Syllabic writing systems 1204:in the 5th century BCE, 1114:region and were used in 261:Sustained silent reading 11469:National Literacy Trust 11383:Guzzetti, Barbara, ed. 11380:(Academic Press, 1979). 11024:10.1023/A:1003010726149 9615:Nations and Nationalism 9590:Books: A Living History 9537:Books: A Living History 9510:Baker, John R. (2002). 9126:Massaro, D. W. (2012). 8991:iowareadingresearch.org 7847:Global Education Review 6885:Agnaou, Fatima (2004). 6665:. New York: Peter Lang. 6151:Vincent, David (2019). 6102:Encyclopædia Britannica 5671:. European Commission. 5523:10.1126/science.1078474 5061:Frontiers in Psychology 4754:Selber, Stuart (2004). 4729:www.stat.auckland.ac.nz 4594:Cole, David R. (2009). 4468:. New York: Routledge. 4451:"Literacy and numeracy" 3534: 3525: 3288: 3165: 2694:, it was not until the 2624:was illiterate (map of 2293:Sample milestone sketch 1888:Human Development Index 675:National Literacy Trust 256:Structured word inquiry 12245:Management of dyslexia 11813:Information literacies 11435:UNESCO Literacy Portal 10299:"Education Statistics" 10112:. 2011. Archived from 9588:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 9535:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 9357:, Scholarly Publishing 9291:"Alternative Literacy" 8341:"PISA for Development" 7769:Gender & Behaviour 5957:. Boston: De Gruyter. 5793:(Spring, 1980): 1–20. 5042:"Cambridge Dictionary" 4409:. 2021. Archived from 4350:"Literacy and English" 4251:. 2016. Archived from 4081:Dijanošić, B. (2009). 3922:Psychological literacy 3817: 3796:Education in Sri Lanka 3697: 3688: 3548: 3442: 3437:Young school girls in 2876:is approximately 27%. 2629: 2613: 2477:) in Latin entitled a 2435: 2412: 2393:Gluing activities: 72% 2353: 2333: 2310: 2294: 2264:Post-conflict settings 2235:the science of reading 2125:phonological awareness 2103:), spelling patterns ( 2060: 1979: 1966: 1938: 1883: 1637:gender gap in literacy 1628: 1620: 1612: 1538: 1483: 1468: 1450: 1359: 1096:consonantal alphabet. 1090:Claude F. A. Schaeffer 1050: 908: 611: 603: 595: 582: 179:Phonological awareness 134:Simple view of reading 104:Vocabulary development 12118:Speech sound disorder 11979:Post-literate society 11939:Children's literature 11818:Information and media 11540:Functional illiteracy 11195:. Paris: OECD. 2017. 9771:Baer, Werner (2007). 9723:cuentame.inegi.org.mx 9638:Houston, Rab (2014). 9353:Tubergen, F. (2006), 8296:10.55370/dsj.v1i1.506 7620:Developmental Science 7592:Knapp, Nancy (2016). 7426:Developmental Science 6821:10.1353/sof.2010.0040 4093:(in Croatian): 25–35. 3838:free education system 3812:, named in memory of 3803: 3692: 3680: 3542: 3436: 3157:The literacy rate in 3090:The literacy rate in 2696:Industrial Revolution 2619: 2611: 2433: 2410: 2384:Process painting: 84% 2351: 2331: 2308: 2292: 2207:reading comprehension 2058: 1974: 1961: 1936: 1881: 1796:cost–benefit analysis 1626: 1618: 1610: 1536: 1481: 1463: 1445: 1431:Industrial Revolution 1429:Further information: 1354: 1303:by rewriting it in a 1038: 892: 837:learning difficulties 815:Functional illiteracy 810:Functional illiteracy 804:Functional illiteracy 609: 601: 593: 580: 502:Functional illiteracy 12296:People with dyslexia 10789:2011 Census of India 10650:"Annual Report 2010" 10635:on 14 December 2020. 10485:"The World Factbook" 10170:"The World Factbook" 10110:Statistics Mauritius 9760:on 10 December 2006. 9315:on 13 September 2017 9289:Pellerine, Stephen. 9103:Reading in the Brain 8858:on 27 September 2011 7668:Social Work Research 6726:Goody, Jack (1986). 6539:Journal of Education 6045:Elsner, Jaś (1998). 5732:Goody, Jack (1999). 5031:28, no. 1 (2016): 2. 4437:timssandpirls.bc.edu 3913:Postliterate society 3834:compulsory schooling 3628:improve this section 3299:Adult literacy rate 2708:compulsory education 2681:Continental European 2640:) of the Kingdom of 2529:improve this section 2487:ecclesiastical court 2485:and trial before an 2242:Reading in the Brain 2148:alphabetic principle 2146:must understand the 2144:alphabetic languages 2021:improve this section 2011:may not represent a 1713:Socioeconomic impact 1498:Regional disparities 1364:Western Roman Empire 1062:consonantal alphabet 1044:signs to the set of 939:Egyptian hieroglyphs 857:History of education 739:Statistical literacy 395:Alphabetic principle 328:Automatic assessment 12322:Applied linguistics 12291:Dyslexia in fiction 12265:Reading acquisition 12138:Learning disability 11944:Composition studies 11660:Ruth Johnson Colvin 11525:Adolescent literacy 11465:at Edukey Education 11410:on 5 November 2022. 11345:). Text taken from 11315:). Text taken from 11285:). Text taken from 11016:1997IREdu..43..595G 10776:. 6 September 2013. 10606:on 25 December 2018 10180:on 24 November 2016 10119:on 23 December 2014 9938:. 2015. p. 17. 9822:"Equatorial Guinea" 9257:on 22 October 2017. 9185:2014IREdu..60..279B 9144:10.1511/2012.97.324 8617:on 30 December 2020 8561:on 24 December 2021 8266:on 7 February 2016. 8209:2020IREdu..66..267R 7680:10.1093/swr/33.2.79 7325:on 21 December 2007 7254:The Reading Teacher 7223:10.1598/JAAL.53.5.1 6429:data.uis.unesco.org 6269:on 19 February 2022 6259:"Victorian readers" 6229:"Street literature" 6127:Pew Research Centre 5762:voices.uchicago.edu 5515:2002Sci...298.1984P 5509:(5600): 1984–1987. 5436:on 17 December 2021 5356:1978SciAm.238f..50S 5343:Scientific American 4890:10.1017/dmp.2014.43 4835:10.1017/dmp.2014.43 4735:on 27 December 2008 4711:"COMPUTER-LITERACY" 4002:, (Cambridge) 1994. 3934:Structured literacy 3930: – Human right 3842:C. W. W. Kannangara 3302:Youth literacy rate 3210:Nigerien government 3106:school enrollment. 2573:early modern period 2231:three-cueing system 2131:decoding, fluency, 1992:Composition studies 1568:composition studies 1082:William F. Albright 847:Historical overview 757:Ecological literacy 572:functional literacy 415:History of printing 251:Reciprocal teaching 236:Independent reading 203:Reading instruction 162:Cognitive processes 109:Vocabulary learning 10963:, Amherst Bulletin 10709:on 5 December 2021 10662:on 1 December 2011 10561:on 17 January 2016 10535:on 18 October 2015 10441:on 5 December 2021 10056:on 20 January 2013 10029:on 29 October 2013 9879:. 27 November 2016 9828:. 27 November 2016 9729:on 21 October 2014 9132:American Scientist 9018:www.apmreports.org 8913:10.1037/xge0000380 8399:ourworldindata.org 8100:10.3262/ZPB2101109 7632:10.1111/desc.12080 7553:10.1111/ejed.12052 7438:10.1111/desc.12246 7266:10.1002/TRTR.01107 7042:on 24 August 2019. 6957:Feminist Economics 6129:. 13 December 2016 5886:. 6 September 2013 5115:. Catdir.loc.gov. 4914:. 28 January 2021. 4413:on 4 February 2021 4387:on 4 February 2021 4367:"What is literacy" 4283:. 18 October 2018. 3928:Right to education 3830:developing nations 3818: 3722:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3549: 3443: 3079:86.5% (2016 est.) 2822:. You can help by 2730:Literacy in Canada 2630: 2614: 2604:Continental Europe 2436: 2413: 2354: 2334: 2311: 2295: 2061: 1972:. It states that: 1939: 1921:Measuring literacy 1890:, produced by the 1884: 1644:Sub-Saharan Africa 1629: 1621: 1613: 1572:education research 1539: 1528:Sub-Saharan Africa 1486:Data published by 1484: 1017:Alphabetic writing 909: 876:Indus civilization 853:History of writing 833:primary illiteracy 723:mutually exclusive 671:Education Scotland 612: 604: 596: 583: 512:Literary criticism 368:Reading disability 174:Phonemic awareness 139:Science of reading 40:Literacy (journal) 12332:Reading (process) 12304: 12303: 12225:Dyslexia research 12213: 12212: 12128:Tip of the tongue 12083:Language disorder 12002: 12001: 11964:Media consumption 11530:Emergent literacy 11421:Our World in Data 11376:Graff, Harvey J. 11369:Graff, Harvey J. 11202:978-9-264-28111-0 11116:978-0-520-04320-6 11082:on 30 August 2018 10758:on 15 March 2007. 10734:STARS AND STRIPES 10687:. indexmundi.com. 10517:on 23 April 2022. 10511:"Census of India" 10246:978-0-844-40739-5 10005:978-0-756-69859-1 9782:978-1-588-26475-6 9701:978-0-887-38884-2 9649:978-0-582-36810-1 9624:978-0-801-49263-1 9599:978-1-606-06083-4 9571:978-1-506-30765-7 9546:978-1-606-06083-4 9521:978-0-406-93053-8 9496:978-0-521-86012-3 9375:Web. 25 Jan. 2024 9367:Carre, Ingrid W. 9112:978-0-143-11805-3 9064:978-0-465-08065-6 8884:(Report). UNESCO. 8661:978-0-872-07502-3 8596:978-9-231-00123-9 8458:Our World in Data 8433:Our World in Data 8375:. 30 January 2019 8134:978-0-521-78315-6 7984:978-9-282-01182-9 7895:978-1-138-07076-9 7603:978-1-462-52350-4 7575:American Educator 7555:– via ERIC. 7388:978-9-282-01200-0 7300:978-0-771-13506-4 6969:10.1080/714042230 6898:978-0-415-94765-7 6874:on 12 April 2019. 6783:Our World in Data 6758:Our World in Data 6739:978-0-521-33962-9 6712:978-0-521-28961-0 6687:978-0-415-23451-1 6641:978-0-874-21974-6 6583:978-1-572-73626-9 6471:978-1-440-83223-9 6360:978-9-231-00214-4 6327:978-0-807-84239-3 6177:978-0-199-34003-3 6056:978-0-192-84201-5 6031:978-0-631-19395-1 5964:978-3-110-59188-0 5916:978-0-674-03381-8 5743:978-0-521-33268-2 5644:978-0-226-10158-3 5426:978-0-191-74359-7 5396:978-0-226-10159-0 5311:978-0-771-03851-8 5277:"Writing Systems" 5244:978-0-816-62806-3 5122:978-0-787-97213-4 4954:978-1-315-01571-2 4807:978-0-791-40874-2 4765:978-0-809-32551-1 4678:978-1-486-85827-9 4649:978-1-541-61715-5 4605:978-9-087-90909-3 4565:978-0-820-49523-1 4540:978-0-745-62956-8 4515:978-0-367-50172-3 4475:978-0-415-25356-7 4321:978-9-264-79900-4 4258:on 15 August 2021 4226:on 16 August 2021 4150:Our World in Data 3874:Balanced literacy 3664: 3663: 3656: 3583:Big Brother Mouse 3510:Literacy in India 3426: 3425: 3172:Education in Mali 3083: 3082: 2955:Equatorial Guinea 2870:Equatorial Guinea 2840: 2839: 2745:Mexico City Metro 2684:a broader reach. 2565: 2564: 2557: 2483:benefit of clergy 2481:defendant to the 2352:Including orality 2258:Premier Mike Rann 2246:Stanislas Dehaene 2240:In his 2009 book 2218:balanced literacy 2194:synthetic phonics 2107:), word meaning ( 2065:emergent literacy 2053: 2052: 2045: 1982:Teaching literacy 1957:lifelong learning 1901:, along with the 1655:Education for All 1492:population growth 1439:In his 1836/1837 1425:Industrialization 1335: 1334: 1327: 1289:This article may 1158:Baruch ben Neriah 1101:Frank Moore Cross 1070:Serabit el-Khadem 745:Critical literacy 733:Computer literacy 709:sets of practices 562: 561: 482:Critical literacy 266:Synthetic phonics 241:Literature circle 129:Dual route theory 99:Reading readiness 47:Illiterate (film) 16:(Redirected from 12344: 12327:Learning to read 12073:Infantile speech 12055:Speech, language 12051: 12050: 12029: 12022: 12015: 12006: 12005: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11481: 11480: 11424: 11411: 11406:. 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Archived from 7791: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7663: 7654: 7653: 7643: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7321:. Archived from 7319:The Phonics Page 7311: 7305: 7304: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7181: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7137: 7126: 7120: 7119: 7093: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7065:on 4 April 2023. 7061:. Archived from 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7034: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7006:on 21 April 2016 7005: 6998: 6990: 6981: 6980: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6866: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6840: 6815:(5): 1941–1968. 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6453: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6401:on 15 March 2016 6400: 6394:. Archived from 6385: 6376: 6365: 6364: 6352: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6265:. Archived from 6255: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6205:. Archived from 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6017: 6011: 6010: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5907:Ancient literacy 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5729: 5714: 5713: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5564:. Leiden: Brill. 5557: 5551: 5550: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5435: 5429:. Archived from 5418: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5258: 5249: 5248: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5125:. Archived from 5114: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5076: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5044:. 10 March 2021. 5038: 5032: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5017:. December 2019. 5011: 5005: 5004: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4731:. Archived from 4721: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4663: 4654: 4653: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4222:. Archived from 4216: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4125: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4040: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3940:Teaching reading 3918: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3608: 3600: 3478:Standard Chinese 3293: 3292: 3131:Amharic language 2883: 2882: 2835: 2832: 2814: 2807: 2644:(modern Sweden, 2560: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2509: 2501: 2378:Photography: 97% 2182:teaching reading 2081:academic writing 2048: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1788:higher education 1782:Economic impacts 1745:A study done by 1376:Nabataean script 1330: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1306:balanced fashion 1284: 1283: 1276: 1216:Imperial Aramaic 1212:Darius the Great 1181:Aramaic alphabet 1140: 1137: 1035: 1032: 990: 987: 913:invented writing 907: 904: 797:Musical literacy 680:As of 2021, the 554: 547: 540: 450:Written language 338:Readability test 306:Words per minute 221:Concept-oriented 211:Analytic phonics 189:Word recognition 91:Learning to read 82: 59: 58: 21: 12352: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12279: 12255:Neuropsychology 12209: 12188: 12167: 12132: 12108:Speech disorder 12058: 12042: 12033: 12003: 11998: 11974:Oral literature 11917: 11833:Multiliteracies 11689: 11643: 11612: 11559: 11535:Family literacy 11513: 11508: 11447:Wayback Machine 11431: 11366: 11364:Further reading 11269: 11264: 11254: 11252: 11242: 11235: 11225: 11223: 11221:www.aedc.gov.au 11215: 11214: 11210: 11203: 11191: 11190: 11186: 11173: 11172: 11168: 11158: 11156: 11155:on 4 March 2016 11147: 11146: 11142: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11117: 11109:. p. 472. 11105:. Los Angeles: 11099: 11095: 11085: 11083: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11052: 11051: 11047: 11000: 10996: 10987: 10986: 10982: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10957: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10915: 10905: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10861: 10859: 10852: 10847: 10846: 10842: 10832: 10830: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10801: 10800: 10796: 10786: 10785: 10781: 10768: 10767: 10763: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10726: 10722: 10712: 10710: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10683: 10682: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10627: 10626: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10598: 10597: 10593: 10578: 10574: 10564: 10562: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10509: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10483: 10482: 10475: 10462: 10461: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10433: 10432: 10423: 10378: 10374: 10364: 10362: 10347: 10343: 10333: 10331: 10330:. 17 April 2008 10321: 10317: 10307: 10305: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10211: 10197: 10193: 10183: 10181: 10167: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10132: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10087: 10076: 10069: 10059: 10057: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10021: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9990: 9986: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9943: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9913: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9871: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9831: 9829: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9795: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9769: 9765: 9746: 9742: 9732: 9730: 9717: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9662: 9661: 9657: 9650: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9508: 9504: 9497: 9483: 9479: 9462: 9458: 9405: 9401: 9391: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9366: 9362: 9351: 9347: 9332: 9328: 9318: 9316: 9307:Perez, Andrea. 9305: 9298: 9287: 9280: 9269: 9262: 9247: 9243: 9228:10.2307/3588432 9216:TESOL Quarterly 9212: 9208: 9169: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9083: 9076: 9072: 9065: 9051: 9047: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8994: 8985: 8984: 8975: 8964: 8960: 8950: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8875: 8871: 8861: 8859: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8819: 8799: 8795: 8784: 8780: 8749: 8745: 8737:10.1002/rrq.194 8716: 8712: 8689:10.1002/rrq.332 8683:(S1): S35–S44. 8673: 8669: 8662: 8648: 8644: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8620: 8618: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8597: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8564: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8509: 8505: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8437: 8435: 8427: 8426: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8367: 8366: 8359: 8349: 8347: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8314: 8313: 8304: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8252: 8246: 8242: 8189: 8185: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8119: 8115: 8080: 8076: 8041: 8034: 8029:on 7 June 2019. 8026: 8019: 8011: 8007: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7985: 7974: 7966: 7957: 7952:on 1 July 2016. 7913: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7865:on 25 June 2016 7839: 7835: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7799:on 23 July 2011 7796: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7775:(3): 6016–6026. 7765: 7761: 7718: 7714: 7691: 7687: 7664: 7657: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7590: 7586: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7537: 7533: 7502: 7498: 7493:on 17 July 2019 7479: 7475: 7460: 7453: 7422: 7415: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7250: 7246: 7207: 7203: 7154: 7150: 7145:on 29 June 2016 7142: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7091:10.1.1.662.7231 7074: 7070: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7032: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6953: 6949: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6801: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6724: 6720: 6713: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6674: 6670: 6659: 6655: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6614: 6610: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6570: 6566: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6454: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6421: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6383: 6377: 6368: 6361: 6350: 6344:UNESCO (2017). 6342: 6335: 6328: 6314: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6293:British Library 6289:"Print culture" 6287: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6263:British Library 6257: 6256: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6233:British Library 6227: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6209:on 1 March 2020 6203:British Library 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6018: 6014: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5951: 5947: 5936:Trinity Journal 5928: 5924: 5917: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5842:10.2307/3210965 5826: 5822: 5799:10.2307/1356511 5783: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5730: 5717: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5573: 5569: 5558: 5554: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5383: 5379: 5338: 5334: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5231: 5227: 5190: 5186: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5132:on 21 July 2011 5129: 5123: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5053: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4941: 4937: 4926: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4870: 4866: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4636: 4632: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4592: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4502: 4498: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4102: 4098: 4086: 4079: 4075: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3916: 3869: 3855: 3850: 3798: 3792: 3747: 3741: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3625: 3609: 3598: 3537: 3528: 3512: 3506: 3474: 3468: 3439:Paktia Province 3431: 3303: 3291: 3263: 3247: 3231: 3203: 3187: 3174: 3168: 3155: 3143: 3123: 3112: 3100: 3088: 2866: 2854:Salvador, Bahía 2845: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2820:needs expansion 2805: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2776:Baja California 2762:, and 16.3% in 2737: 2732: 2726: 2721: 2634:1686 church law 2628:literacy data). 2606: 2561: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2526: 2510: 2499: 2455: 2446: 2441: 2428: 2422: 2275: 2266: 2073:intertextuality 2049: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2018: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1986:Main articles: 1984: 1952: 1923: 1876: 1819: 1794:commissioned a 1784: 1769:child mortality 1764: 1739: 1715: 1702: 1694:female literacy 1674: 1662:Martha Nussbaum 1605: 1589:Rosalind Ivanić 1564: 1500: 1476: 1441:Pickwick Papers 1433: 1427: 1384: 1331: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1301:help improve it 1298: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1147:Proto-Canaanite 1145:comparisons to 1139: 1100 BCE 1138: 1066:Flinders Petrie 1033: 1019: 988: 921:Proto-Cuneiform 906: 2600 BCE 905: 864: 859: 849: 812: 806: 791:Visual literacy 778:Social literacy 766:Health literacy 718:multiliteracies 716:The concept of 701:word processing 624:advocacy groups 588: 558: 529: 528: 497:Family literacy 492:Distant reading 477: 476: 465: 464: 405:Dolch word list 390: 389: 378: 377: 353: 352: 343: 342: 323: 322: 311: 310: 286: 285: 276: 275: 206: 205: 194: 193: 184:Subvocalization 164: 163: 154: 153: 124: 123: 114: 113: 94: 93: 57: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12350: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12287: 12285: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12275:Writing system 12272: 12267: 12262: 12260:Neurodiversity 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12221: 12219: 12218:Related topics 12215: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12196: 12194: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12153: 12148: 12142: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12064: 12062: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12032: 12031: 12024: 12017: 12009: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11994:Writing system 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11934:Asemic writing 11931: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11675:Griffith Jones 11672: 11670:James Paul Gee 11667: 11662: 11657: 11651: 11649: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11578: 11573: 11567: 11565: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11555:Whole language 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11514: 11507: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11471: 11466: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11437: 11430: 11429:External links 11427: 11426: 11425: 11412: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11330: 11300: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11233: 11208: 11201: 11184: 11166: 11140: 11135:The Daily News 11122: 11115: 11093: 11063: 11058:The Daily News 11045: 10994: 10980: 10966: 10961:Picturing Laos 10951: 10925: 10899: 10888:on 13 May 2011 10869: 10840: 10811: 10794: 10779: 10761: 10739: 10720: 10703:uil.unesco.org 10690: 10673: 10638: 10617: 10591: 10572: 10546: 10520: 10502: 10473: 10452: 10421: 10398:10.1086/528761 10392:(2): 175–198. 10372: 10341: 10315: 10290: 10271:(4): 443–462. 10252: 10245: 10221: 10210:on 10 May 2021 10191: 10158: 10130: 10085: 10067: 10040: 10011: 10004: 9984: 9941: 9911: 9890: 9877:uis.unesco.org 9864: 9839: 9826:uis.unesco.org 9813: 9788: 9781: 9763: 9748:Lownd, Peter. 9740: 9707: 9700: 9680: 9655: 9648: 9630: 9623: 9605: 9598: 9577: 9570: 9552: 9545: 9527: 9520: 9502: 9495: 9477: 9456: 9419:(1): 179–225. 9399: 9377: 9360: 9345: 9326: 9296: 9278: 9260: 9241: 9222:(4): 599–601. 9206: 9179:(2): 279–299. 9158: 9149: 9138:(4): 324–333. 9118: 9111: 9093: 9070: 9063: 9045: 9030: 9004: 8973: 8958: 8936: 8887: 8869: 8850:Paul Halsall. 8842: 8817: 8793: 8778: 8765:10.1086/681964 8759:(4): 498–522. 8743: 8730:(3): 279–304. 8710: 8667: 8660: 8642: 8628: 8602: 8595: 8572: 8546: 8522: 8503: 8470: 8445: 8411: 8386: 8373:RISE Programme 8357: 8332: 8302: 8269: 8240: 8203:(2): 267–288. 8183: 8140: 8133: 8113: 8094:(1): 109–132. 8074: 8032: 8005: 7983: 7955: 7924:(4): 655–675. 7901: 7894: 7876: 7833: 7810: 7778: 7759: 7732:(4): 340–349. 7712: 7701:(3): 307–319. 7685: 7655: 7626:(5): 697–707. 7609: 7602: 7584: 7558: 7531: 7496: 7473: 7451: 7432:(5): 686–702. 7413: 7394: 7387: 7367: 7336: 7306: 7299: 7279: 7260:(3): 211–220. 7244: 7217:(5): 356–361. 7201: 7148: 7121: 7100:10.1086/593333 7084:(5): 881–930. 7068: 7045: 7017: 6982: 6947: 6926:10.1086/378571 6920:(2): 332–333. 6904: 6897: 6877: 6852: 6795: 6770: 6745: 6738: 6718: 6711: 6693: 6686: 6668: 6653: 6640: 6608: 6589: 6582: 6564: 6529: 6512:"THE 17 GOALS" 6503: 6477: 6470: 6441: 6412: 6388:UIS Fact Sheet 6366: 6359: 6333: 6326: 6305: 6280: 6245: 6220: 6190: 6176: 6140: 6114: 6089: 6062: 6055: 6037: 6030: 6012: 5993:(2): 155–168. 5970: 5963: 5945: 5922: 5915: 5897: 5871: 5820: 5774: 5749: 5742: 5715: 5689: 5677:10.3030/841928 5656: 5643: 5614: 5567: 5552: 5487: 5462: 5447: 5425: 5402: 5395: 5377: 5332: 5317: 5310: 5292: 5268: 5250: 5243: 5225: 5204:(2): 109–122. 5184: 5143: 5121: 5098: 5047: 5033: 5020: 5006: 4979:(2): 417–447. 4960: 4953: 4935: 4917: 4903: 4884:(3): 267–275. 4864: 4829:(3): 267–275. 4813: 4806: 4789: 4771: 4764: 4746: 4716: 4702: 4684: 4677: 4655: 4648: 4630: 4611: 4604: 4586: 4571: 4564: 4546: 4539: 4521: 4514: 4496: 4481: 4474: 4456: 4442: 4424: 4398: 4372: 4358: 4341: 4327: 4320: 4314:. OECD. 2019. 4303: 4286: 4269: 4237: 4211: 4194: 4180: 4162: 4137: 4096: 4073: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4013: 4004: 3992:Alan K. Bowman 3983: 3971: 3962: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3897:Legal literacy 3894: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3794:Main article: 3791: 3788: 3743:Main article: 3740: 3737: 3662: 3661: 3644:September 2023 3612: 3610: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3556:Southeast Asia 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3508:Main article: 3505: 3502: 3470:Main article: 3467: 3464: 3441:of Afghanistan 3430: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3419:92.63% (2015) 3417: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3350:74.04% (2011) 3348: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3330:92.24% (2016) 3328: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3262: 3259: 3246: 3243: 3230: 3227: 3202: 3199: 3186: 3183: 3170:Main article: 3167: 3164: 3154: 3151: 3142: 3139: 3127:Ge'ez language 3122: 3119: 3111: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2889:Literacy rate 2887: 2865: 2862: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2831:September 2023 2817: 2815: 2804: 2801: 2790:Main article: 2787: 2784: 2736: 2733: 2728:Main article: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2692:printing press 2677:Ernest Gellner 2658:Lutheran faith 2622:Russian Empire 2605: 2602: 2593:Griffith Jones 2563: 2562: 2545:September 2023 2513: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2463:Quintus Cicero 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444:United Kingdom 2442: 2440: 2437: 2421: 2418: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390:Sketching: 78% 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2198:whole language 2069:writing system 2051: 2050: 2015:of the subject 2013:worldwide view 2008: 2006: 1999: 1983: 1980: 1951: 1948: 1922: 1919: 1875: 1872: 1818: 1815: 1783: 1780: 1763: 1762:Health impacts 1760: 1738: 1735: 1714: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1690:child marriage 1673: 1670: 1604: 1601: 1580:James Paul Gee 1563: 1560: 1499: 1496: 1475: 1472: 1426: 1423: 1383: 1380: 1333: 1332: 1288: 1286: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1166:Neo-Babylonian 1034: 750 BCE 1018: 1015: 1011:European Union 989: 200 BCE 933:Old Babylonian 929:assyriologists 863: 860: 848: 845: 829: 828: 825: 822: 808:Main article: 805: 802: 801: 800: 794: 788: 781: 775: 769: 763: 760: 754: 751:Media literacy 748: 742: 736: 714: 713: 704: 692: 685: 678: 667: 655: 647: 640: 636: 587: 584: 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 542: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 478: 472: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 460:Writing system 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 350: 349: 348: 345: 344: 341: 340: 335: 330: 324: 318: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 271:Whole language 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 231:Guided reading 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 201: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 165: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 125: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 95: 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 75: 74: 68: 67: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12349: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12230:Learning Ally 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12191: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12060:communication 12056: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12030: 12025: 12023: 12018: 12016: 12011: 12010: 12007: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11959:Literacy test 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11949:Dick and Jane 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11903:Transliteracy 11901: 11899: 11898:Technological 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11868:Psychological 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11796:Mental health 11794: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11726:Computational 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11680:Frank Laubach 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11608:United States 11606: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11562: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11550:Post-literacy 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11505: 11500: 11498: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11422: 11418: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11294: 11291:, 21–23, 26, 11290: 11289: 11284: 11280: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11238: 11222: 11218: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11136: 11132: 11126: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11097: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10998: 10990: 10984: 10976: 10970: 10962: 10955: 10940: 10936: 10929: 10914: 10910: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10857: 10853: 10844: 10828: 10824: 10815: 10807: 10798: 10790: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10743: 10735: 10731: 10724: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10686: 10680: 10678: 10658: 10651: 10645: 10643: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10576: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10490: 10486: 10480: 10478: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10457: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10417: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10376: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10345: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10259: 10257: 10248: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10225: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10143: 10137: 10135: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10081: 10074: 10072: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10016: 10007: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9988: 9970: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9937: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9907: 9900: 9894: 9878: 9874: 9873:"South Sudan" 9868: 9853: 9849: 9843: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9714: 9712: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9684: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9601: 9595: 9591: 9584: 9582: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9542: 9538: 9531: 9523: 9517: 9513: 9506: 9498: 9492: 9488: 9481: 9473: 9472: 9467: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9356: 9349: 9342:(6): 455–464. 9341: 9337: 9330: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9301: 9292: 9285: 9283: 9274: 9267: 9265: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9114: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9081: 9074: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9041: 9034: 9019: 9015: 9008: 8992: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8969: 8962: 8946: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8891: 8880: 8873: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8830: 8824: 8822: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8789: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8671: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8638: 8632: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8598: 8592: 8585: 8584: 8576: 8560: 8556: 8550: 8534: 8533: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8507: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8374: 8370: 8364: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8090:(in German). 8089: 8085: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8037: 8025: 8018: 8017: 8009: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7973: 7972: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7888:. Routledge. 7887: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7795: 7788: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7418: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7141: 7134: 7133: 7125: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7038: 7031: 7030: 7021: 7002: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6894: 6891:. Routledge. 6890: 6889: 6881: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6809:Social Forces 6806: 6799: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6741: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6722: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6664: 6657: 6643: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6417: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6145: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6041: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5646: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5491: 5476: 5469: 5467: 5458: 5451: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5336: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5257: 5255: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4947:. Routledge. 4946: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4660: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4627:(1): 114–135. 4626: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4511: 4508:. Routledge. 4507: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4452: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4351: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4296: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4023: 4017: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3861: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:literacy rate 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780:lingua franca 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3752:ancient India 3746: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3658: 3655: 3647: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3613:This section 3611: 3607: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3561: 3558:, other than 3557: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3445:According to 3440: 3435: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3409:91.6% (2019) 3406: 3403: 3402: 3399:75.6% (2015) 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3386:89.9% (2015) 3385: 3383:67.5% (2007) 3382: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3353:89.6% (2015) 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340:96.7% (2015) 3337: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3327:72.76 (2016) 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3235: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191:literacy rate 3182: 3179: 3173: 3163: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3104: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3019:89.8% (2011) 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2818:This section 2816: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2803:South America 2799: 2793: 2786:United States 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2731: 2719:North America 2716: 2713: 2712:working class 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2559: 2556: 2548: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2514:This section 2512: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467:Marcus Cicero 2464: 2460: 2459:Julius Caesar 2450: 2432: 2427: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2387:Painting: 82% 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2365:new language. 2363: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2318:of literacy. 2316: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2133:comprehension 2130: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2089:writing style 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2047: 2044: 2036: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1857:In 2013, the 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:human capital 1710: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1625: 1617: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514:, as well as 1513: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1410:Enlightenment 1406: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347:Desert Father 1343: 1340: 1339:Roman society 1329: 1326: 1318: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1287: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Brahmi script 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1174:Square Hebrew 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Old Testament 1159: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1133: 1132:Ancient Greek 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Mediterranean 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1074:Alan Gardiner 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060:invented the 1059: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 983: 979: 975: 970: 969:Shang dynasty 965: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 900: 896: 891: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 858: 854: 844: 842: 838: 834: 826: 823: 820: 819: 818: 816: 811: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 724: 719: 710: 705: 702: 698: 693: 690: 686: 683: 679: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657:In 2019, the 656: 652: 648: 645: 642:In 2016, the 641: 637: 634: 630: 629: 628: 625: 621: 617: 608: 600: 592: 579: 575: 573: 568: 564: 555: 550: 548: 543: 541: 536: 535: 533: 532: 523: 520: 519: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 487:Close reading 485: 483: 480: 479: 475: 469: 468: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 388: 382: 381: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 347: 346: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 315: 314: 307: 304: 302: 301:Speed reading 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 280: 279: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 204: 198: 197: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 169:Comprehension 167: 166: 158: 157: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 118: 117: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 92: 86: 85: 81: 77: 76: 73: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 55: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12239: 12113:Speech error 12038:and related 11781:Geo-literacy 11706:Agricultural 11685:Brian Street 11665:Paulo Freire 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Retrieved 4149: 4140: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4090: 4076: 4051: 4047: 4038: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3986: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3856: 3819: 3779: 3776:Peninsulares 3773: 3765:Old Javanese 3748: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3665: 3650: 3641: 3626:Please help 3614: 3591: 3580: 3564: 3550: 3529: 3513: 3498:Confucianism 3493: 3491: 3481: 3475: 3460: 3456: 3444: 3267:Sierra Leone 3264: 3261:Sierra Leone 3248: 3232: 3204: 3188: 3175: 3156: 3144: 3124: 3113: 3103:Burkina Faso 3101: 3098:Burkina Faso 3089: 3055:Sierra Leone 2915:Burkina Faso 2878: 2867: 2849:Paulo Freire 2846: 2828: 2824:adding to it 2819: 2753: 2738: 2704:Harvey Graff 2701: 2689:movable type 2686: 2679:argues that 2674: 2637: 2631: 2566: 2551: 2542: 2527:Please help 2515: 2491: 2456: 2447: 2420:By continent 2414: 2402: 2399: 2372: 2355: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2296: 2284: 2276: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2228: 2211: 2179: 2141: 2121: 2093: 2062: 2039: 2030: 2010: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1928: 1924: 1912: 1896: 1885: 1868: 1856: 1824: 1820: 1808: 1785: 1773: 1765: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1716: 1703: 1679: 1675: 1659: 1652: 1648:North Africa 1642: 1630: 1593:Brian Street 1585:David Barton 1565: 1553: 1544: 1540: 1524:North Africa 1508:Central Asia 1501: 1485: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1419: 1407: 1400: 1385: 1373: 1360: 1355: 1344: 1336: 1321: 1312: 1304: 1293:undue weight 1290: 1272: 1256: 1210: 1198:Neo-Assyrian 1178: 1155: 1151: 1143:epigraphical 1128: 1105: 1098: 1056:of northern 1051: 1039: 1020: 1007: 995:Indus script 993: 974:logosyllabic 966: 951: 937: 910: 865: 836: 832: 830: 813: 727: 715: 697:web browsers 643: 613: 566: 565: 563: 473: 296:Slow reading 284:Reading rate 216:Basal reader 12151:Dyscalculia 11893:Statistical 11808:Information 11694:Other types 11404:Waziranlost 11159:21 November 10944:25 December 10407:10722/57348 10308:19 November 10151:8 September 9992:DK (2012). 9733:8 September 9668:www.imf.org 9434:11059/15126 8951:23 November 8947:. LD OnLine 8862:23 November 8835:23 November 8519:(1): 37–55. 7803:23 November 7641:11336/23971 7329:11 December 7179:10986/23530 6788:15 February 6763:15 February 6605:(1): 37–55. 6545:(1): 5–17. 6516:sdgs.un.org 6496:22 December 6183:21 December 6107:22 December 5890:22 December 5767:22 December 5682:21 December 5650:21 December 5480:21 December 5440:17 December 5067:: 111–119. 4739:19 December 4417:19 February 4391:19 February 4262:19 February 4175:nces.ed.gov 4155:15 February 3981:, Rule 139. 3880:Book desert 3826:populations 3739:Philippines 3715:Balochistan 3520:2011 census 3480:, known as 3451:Afghanistan 3429:Afghanistan 3422:98% (2015) 3405:Philippines 3396:58% (2017) 3317:65% (2020) 3314:43% (2020) 3310:Afghanistan 2969:80% (est.) 2939:70% (est.) 2874:South Sudan 2858:urban youth 2768:Mexico City 2758:, 16.7% in 2626:1897 census 2597:Llanddowror 2279:pedagogical 2105:orthography 1403:Reformation 1080:. In 1948, 1046:consonantal 1027:Ignace Gelb 999:logographic 984:dynasties ( 880:Mesoamerica 868:Mesopotamia 620:think tanks 507:Great books 430:Orthography 320:Readability 18:Nonliterate 12311:Categories 12156:Dysgraphia 12123:Stuttering 12047:Conditions 11883:Scientific 11756:Ecological 11655:Marie Clay 11417:"Literacy" 11355:, UNESCO. 11325:, UNESCO. 11295:, UNESCO. 11267:References 10752:China View 10713:24 October 10365:8 November 10231:"Literacy" 10123:22 January 9852:knoema.com 9392:25 January 9086:5 February 8945:"Glossary" 8589:. UNESCO. 8490:: 102242. 8404:5 February 8320:World Bank 8055:: 110990. 7547:(4): 530. 7512:(3): 125. 6618:"Literacy" 6133:28 January 5942:: 161–189. 5163:(2): 117. 4533:. 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