42:
574:. The neural crest is responsible for a large part of early development in vertebrates. It is specifically responsible for development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The neural-crest stem cells split from the neural tube as it closes, and nociceptors grow from the dorsal part of this neural-crest tissue. They form late during neurogenesis. Earlier forming cells from this region can become non-pain sensing receptors, either
558:: a completely non-noxious stimulus like light touch causes extreme pain. Allodynia can also be caused when a nociceptor is damaged in the peripheral nerves. This can result in deafferentation, which means the development of different central processes from the surviving afferent nerve. With this situation, surviving dorsal root axons of the nociceptors can make contact with the spinal cord, thus changing the normal input.
662:
261:(CNS). This leads to the train of events that allows for the conscious awareness of pain. The sensory specificity of nociceptors is established by the high threshold only to particular features of stimuli. Only when the high threshold has been reached by either chemical, thermal, or mechanical environments are the nociceptors triggered.
328:
characteristics. So it is possible that some of the transducers for thermal stimuli are the same for mechanical stimuli. The same is true for chemical stimuli, since TRPA1 appears to detect both mechanical and chemical changes. Some mechanical stimuli can cause release of intermediate chemicals, such as
549:
Nociceptor sensitivity is modulated by a large variety of mediators in the extracellular space, such as toxic and inflammatory molecules. Peripheral sensitization represents a form of functional plasticity of the nociceptor. The nociceptor can change from being simply a noxious stimulus detector to a
146:
contrasts with the more sensitive visual, auditory, olfactory, taste, and somatosensory responses to stimuli. The experience of pain is individualistic and can be suppressed by stress or exacerbated by anticipation. Simple activation of a nociceptor does not always lead to perceived pain, because the
593:
Following sensory neurogenesis, differentiation occurs, and two types of nociceptors are formed. They are classified as either peptidergic or nonpeptidergic nociceptors, each of which express a distinct repertoire of ion channels and receptors. Their specializations allow the receptors to innervate
367:
and a component of cigarette smoke. Apart from these external stimulants, chemical nociceptors have the capacity to detect endogenous ligands, and certain fatty acid amines that arise from changes in internal tissues. Like in thermal nociceptors, TRPV1 can detect chemicals like capsaicin and spider
327:
Mechanical nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation. They also respond to incisions that break the skin surface. The reaction to the stimulus is processed as pain by the cortex, just like chemical and thermal responses. These mechanical nociceptors frequently have polymodal
645:
For example, in fruit flies, specific multidendritic sensory neurons play a role in nociception. In mollusks, nociceptive responses are mediated by pedal sensory neurons. Crustaceans, on the other hand, utilize a variety of sensory cell types, including chordotonal organs and mechanoreceptors, to
318:
channels. Its C-terminal domain differs from the heat sensitive TRPs. Although this channel corresponds to cool stimuli, it is still unknown whether it also contributes in the detection of intense cold. An interesting finding related to cold stimuli is that tactile sensibility and motor function
451:
as the neurotransmitter. Aδ fibers form synapses in laminae I and V, C fibers connect with neurons in lamina II, Aβ fibers connect with lamina I, III, & V. After reaching the specific lamina within the spinal cord, the first order nociceptive project to second order neurons that cross the
380:
Although each nociceptor can have a variety of possible threshold levels, some do not respond at all to chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli unless injury actually has occurred. These are typically referred to as silent or sleeping nociceptors since their response comes only on the onset of
187:
Studies of nociceptors have been conducted on conscious humans as well as surrogate animal models. The process is difficult due to invasive methods that could change the cellular activity of nociceptors being studied, the inability to record from small neuronal structures, and uncertainties in
634:. Although these neurons may have pathways and relationships to the central nervous system that are different from those of mammalian nociceptors, nociceptive neurons in non-mammals often fire in response to similar stimuli as mammals, such as high temperature (40 degrees C or more), low
280:
of their axon. As a result, pain comes in two phases: an initial extremely sharp pain associated with the Aδ fibers and a second, more prolonged and slightly less intense feeling of pain from the C fibers. Massive or prolonged input to a C fiber results in a progressive build up in the
606:(RUNX1) which is vital in the development of nonpeptidergic nociceptors. On the contrary, the peptidergic nociceptors continue to use TrkA, and they express a completely different type of growth factor. There currently is a lot of research about the differences between nociceptors.
163:
in 1906. In earlier centuries, scientists believed that animals were like mechanical devices that transformed the energy of sensory stimuli into motor responses. Sherrington used many different experiments to demonstrate that different types of stimulation to an
126:
that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending "possible threat" signals to the spinal cord and the brain. The brain creates the sensation of pain to direct attention to the body part, so the threat can be mitigated; this process is called
301:
Thermal nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures. There are specific nociceptor transducers that are responsible for how and if the specific nerve ending responds to the thermal stimulus. The first to be discovered was
240:
ganglia. The trigeminal ganglia are specialized nerves for the face, whereas the dorsal root ganglia are associated with the rest of the body. The axons extend into the peripheral nervous system and terminate in branches to form receptive fields.
464:. The former is reserved more for regular non-painful sensation, while the latter is reserved for pain sensation. Upon reaching the thalamus, the information is processed in the ventral posterior nucleus and sent to the
554:. Inflammation is one common cause that results in the sensitization of nociceptors. Normally hyperalgesia ceases when inflammation goes down, however, sometimes genetic defects and/or repeated injury can result in
310:. Each of these channels express a particular C-terminal domain that corresponds to the warm–hot sensitivity. The interactions between all these channels and how the temperature level is determined to be above the
476:
As there is an ascending pathway to the brain that initiates the conscious realization of pain, there also is a descending pathway which modulates pain sensation. The brain can request the release of specific
498:
594:
different central and peripheral targets. This differentiation occurs in both perinatal and postnatal periods. The nonpeptidergic nociceptors switch off the TrkA and begin expressing
753:
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or chemicals that can have analgesic effects which can reduce or inhibit pain sensation. The area of the brain that stimulates the release of these hormones is the
3313:
306:, and it has a threshold that coincides with the heat pain temperature of 43 °C. Other temperature in the warm–hot range is mediated by more than one
550:
detector of non-noxious stimuli. The result is that low intensity stimuli from regular activity, initiates a painful sensation. This is commonly known as
1872:
1508:"Multidendritic sensory neurons in the adult Drosophila abdomen: origins, dendritic morphology, and segment- and age-dependent programmed cell death"
3308:
352:
Chemical nociceptors have TRP channels that respond to a wide variety of spices. The one that sees the most response and is very widely tested is
1609:"Cold stress alters Mytilus edulis pedal ganglia expression of mu opiate receptor transcripts determined by real-time RT-PCR and morphine levels"
1672:
599:
1865:
249:
Nociceptors are usually electrically silent when not stimulated. The peripheral terminal of the mature nociceptor is where the
1586:
1506:
Shimono K, Fujimoto A, Tsuyama T, Yamamoto-Kochi M, Sato M, Hattori Y, Sugimura K, Usui T, Kimura Ki, Uemura T (2009-10-02).
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In mammals, nociceptors are found in any area of the body that can sense noxious stimuli. External nociceptors are found in
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axons are myelinated and can allow an action potential to travel towards the CNS at speeds from 5 to 30 meters/second. The
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142:
and pain are usually evoked only by pressures and temperatures that are potentially damaging to tissues. This barrier or
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midline at the anterior white commissure. The second order neurons then send their information via two pathways to the
724:
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Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R (October 1998). "Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation".
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axons conduct more slowly at speeds from 0.4 to 2 meters/second due to their smaller diameters and little or no
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in the dorsal horn are divided into physiologically distinct layers called laminae. Different fiber types form
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to cause inhibition of the post-synaptic neuron, thus inhibiting pain. The periaqueductal grey also contains
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are detected and transduced into electrical energy. When the electrical energy reaches a threshold value, an
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2853:
2719:
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232:, the visceral organs, and the digestive tract. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in either the
3052:
754:"Nociception and pain: What is the difference and why does it matter? - Massage St. Louis, St. Louis, MO"
526:
17:
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region of the dorsal horn and mediates the sensation of spinothalamic inputs. This is done first by the
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Sherrington C. The
Integrative Action of the Nervous System. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906.
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inflammation to the surrounding tissue. They were identified using electrical stimulation of their
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61:
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151:, integration of pre- and postsynaptic signals, and influences from higher or central processes.
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Nociception has been documented in non-mammalian animals, including fish and a wide range of
506:
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1566:
590:(NGF). However, transcription factors that determine the type of nociceptor remain unclear.
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2186:
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582:. All neurons derived from the neural crest, including embryonic nociceptors, express the
8:
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397:. They are the most common type of C-fiber nociceptors and express a rich repertoire of
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1247:"Do fishes have nociceptors? Evidence for the evolution of a vertebrate sensory system"
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493:. They both in turn project to other areas involved in pain regulation, such as the
485:. This effect of descending inhibition can be shown by electrically stimulating the
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systems as to whether a response should be attributed to pain or some other factor.
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435:. This nociceptive fiber (located in the periphery) is a first order neuron. The
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66:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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in muscles. Wind-up increases the probability of greater sensitivity to pain.
101:
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2014:
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598:, which is a transmembrane signaling component that allows the expression of
571:
269:
46:
Four types of sensory neurons and their receptor cells. Nociceptors shown as
1608:
1189:
184:. The specific receptors for these intense stimuli were called nociceptors.
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1944:
1885:
1296:"Properties of the nociceptive neurons of the leech segmental ganglion"
1141:"Signaling pathways in sensitization: toward a nociceptor cell biology"
685:
522:
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in the brain via fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
79:
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Nociceptors that respond to more than one type of stimuli are called
353:
220:. Internal nociceptors are found in a variety of organs, such as the
1650:
1505:
1402:
siphon encode noxious stimuli and display nociceptive sensitization"
3145:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2777:
2650:
2507:
2305:
1607:
Cadet P, Zhu W, Mantione KJ, Baggerman G, Stefano GB (2002-02-28).
694:
623:
534:
478:
453:
357:
1449:
Tracey J., Daniel W., Wilson R. I., Laurent G., Benzer S. (2003).
792:
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2795:
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1972:
1251:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
788:. National Academies Press (US) – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
619:
290:
273:
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Jessell, Thomas M., Kandel, Eric R., Schwartz, James H. (1991).
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led to different responses. Some intense stimuli trigger reflex
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1982:
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which explains one of the mechanisms by which opioids such as
2512:
2314:
2227:
2222:
1996:
1906:
1881:
1567:"Comparative and evolutionary aspects of nociceptor function"
603:
356:. Other chemical stimulants are environmental irritants like
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303:
225:
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neurons to neurons in the dorsal cord, that in turn secrete
3119:
3047:
2800:
1747:
919:
703:
205:
181:
1332:
2027:
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1395:
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are unknown at this time. The cool stimuli are sensed by
3314:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
3088:
1245:
Sneddon L. U., Braithwaite V. A., Gentle M. J. (2003).
1118:(14th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier.
997:
909:
http://cell.uchc.edu/pdf/fein/nociceptors_fein_2012.pdf
635:
947:
657:
876:
998:Yuan J, Brooks HL, Barman SM, Barrett KE (2019).
3521:
3309:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
907:Fein, A Nociceptors: the cells that sense pain
811:
521:to the interneurons that carry pain perception.
419:nociceptive fibers (those that send information
497:which also receives similar afferents from the
1116:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
993:
991:
989:
987:
883:. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. pp.
814:"Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway"
646:detect potentially damaging stimuli (see also
3104:
1866:
1666:
1880:
1573:, Oxford University Press, pp. 92–114,
319:deteriorate while pain perception persists.
147:latter also depends on the frequency of the
1138:
984:
600:glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
285:of the spinal cord; this phenomenon called
154:
107:
3111:
3097:
1873:
1859:
1673:
1659:
1339:: an approach to the study of nociception"
1187:
40:
1579:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0004
1541:
1523:
1474:
1425:
1372:
1362:
1294:Pastor J., Soria B., Belmonte C. (1996).
1270:
1221:
1156:
1045:
870:
868:
866:
837:
812:Dubin AE, Patapoutian A (November 2010).
499:nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis
1613:Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research
1564:
1113:
1030:"Nociceptors—noxious stimulus detectors"
1023:
1021:
1019:
943:
941:
924:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates.
1027:
781:
602:(GDNF). This transition is assisted by
14:
3522:
1107:
1080:Nociceptors: the cells that sense pain
920:Williams, S. J., Purves, Dale (2001).
863:
268:, nociceptors come in two groups. The
244:
3092:
2091:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
1854:
1680:
1654:
1333:Wittenburg N., Baumeister R. (1999).
1016:
1000:Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology
938:
818:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
561:
458:dorsal column medial-lemniscal system
2076:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
1398:"Mechanosensory neurons innervating
1396:Illich P. A., Walters E. T. (1997).
443:in different layers, and use either
342:Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA)
1194:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
725:"NOI - Neuro Orthopaedic Institute"
609:
604:runt-related transcription factor 1
24:
2071:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1418:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00459.1997
1190:"Nociceptors: a phylogenetic view"
1139:Hucho T, Levine JD (August 2007).
375:
257:is induced and driven towards the
25:
3551:
2086:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
2081:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
1188:Smith ES, Lewin GR (2009-12-01).
3304:Congenital insensitivity to pain
3264:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
2338:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
1076:
660:
431:where they form synapses in its
370:Acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC)
27:Sensory neuron that detects pain
2066:Visual system (sense of vision)
1600:
1558:
1499:
1459:gene essential for nociception"
1442:
1389:
1326:
1287:
1238:
1181:
1132:
1087:
1070:
586:(TrkA), which is a receptor to
159:Nociceptors were discovered by
1028:Woolf CJ, Ma Q (August 2007).
913:
901:
854:
782:Animals NR (8 December 2017).
775:
746:
717:
544:
427:the brain) travel back to the
134:
13:
1:
2208:Auditory perception (hearing)
1625:10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00342-4
1476:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00272-1
710:
584:tropomyosin receptor kinase A
541:exhibit an analgesic effect.
471:
322:
2854:Olfactory reference syndrome
2631:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1158:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.008
1047:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.016
879:Principles of neural science
489:area of the midbrain or the
411:
388:
7:
3053:Sensory processing disorder
2223:Gustation (taste or flavor)
2213:Equilibrioception (balance)
1571:Neurobiology of Nociceptors
1406:The Journal of Neuroscience
653:
347:
340:, which can be detected by
332:, which can be detected by
195:
10:
3556:
3007:Supernumerary phantom limb
2343:Infrared sensing in snakes
2203:Visual perception (vision)
1300:Journal of Neurophysiology
404:
296:
3471:
3438:
3405:
3359:
3324:
3239:
3195:
3172:
3133:
3126:
3070:
3015:
2984:
2953:
2905:
2872:
2824:
2786:
2758:Microwave auditory effect
2718:
2616:
2609:
2582:
2559:
2531:
2490:
2432:
2421:
2389:
2366:
2313:
2304:
2257:
2195:
2152:
2099:
2056:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1943:
1925:Transduction (physiology)
1905:
1892:
1827:
1787:
1769:
1746:
1688:
1312:10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268
1206:10.1007/s00359-009-0482-z
1114:Hall ME, Hall JE (2021).
1002:. McGraw-Hill Education.
566:Nociceptors develop from
161:Charles Scott Sherrington
106: 'to harm or hurt';
72:
60:
55:
39:
34:
3118:
2763:Music-specific disorders
2119:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1565:Edgar T W (1996-08-01),
1364:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10477
155:Scientific investigation
3425:Posteromarginal nucleus
3360:Measurement and testing
2743:Auditory verbal agnosia
2597:Juxtacapillary receptor
1807:Intrafusal muscle fiber
758:www.massage-stlouis.com
491:periventricular nucleus
334:P2 purinergic receptors
2738:Auditory hallucination
2348:Surface wave detection
1953:Multimodal integration
1525:10.1186/1749-8104-4-37
1337:Caenorhabditis elegans
1335:"Thermal avoidance in
1263:10.1098/rspb.2003.2349
962:10.1006/nbdi.1998.0204
259:central nervous system
100:
74:Anatomical terminology
3509:Drug-seeking behavior
3397:Visual analogue scale
2997:Phantom limb syndrome
2945:Tactile hallucination
2134:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1935:Active sensory system
642:, and tissue damage.
525:functions by binding
507:substantia gelatinosa
372:also detect acidity.
210:cutaneous nociceptors
3420:Anterolateral system
2806:Labyrinthine fistula
2773:Spatial hearing loss
2472:Campaniform sensilla
2187:Somatosensory cortex
511:nucleus raphe magnus
503:nucleus raphe magnus
495:nucleus raphe magnus
462:anterolateral system
166:afferent nerve fiber
2592:Nociceptin receptor
2462:Merkel nerve ending
2447:Mechanotransduction
1812:Nuclear chain fiber
1726:Merkel nerve ending
1355:1999PNAS...9610477W
1349:(18): 10477–10482.
1257:(1520): 1115–1121.
690:nociceptin receptor
680:mechanism of action
648:Pain in crustaceans
588:nerve growth factor
501:(NPG). In turn the
487:periaqueductal grey
338:nerve growth factor
266:conduction velocity
245:Types and functions
234:dorsal root ganglia
178:autonomic responses
3499:Philosophy of pain
3174:Respiratory system
2954:Nociception (pain)
2546:Olfactory receptor
2498:Photoreceptor cell
2452:Lamellar corpuscle
2376:Photomorphogenesis
2238:nociception (pain)
1930:Sensory processing
1706:Lamellar corpuscle
1512:Neural Development
785:Mechanisms of Pain
596:RET proto-oncogene
570:stem cells during
562:Neural development
368:toxins and acids.
264:In terms of their
48:free nerve endings
3530:Sensory receptors
3517:
3516:
3372:Cold pressor test
3355:
3354:
3086:
3085:
3071:Biases and errors
3066:
3065:
3002:Somatoparaphrenia
2971:Pain dissociation
2816:Ménière's disease
2748:Cortical deafness
2626:Visual impairment
2605:
2604:
2467:Bulbous corpuscle
2457:Tactile corpuscle
2425:sensory receptors
2417:
2416:
2300:
2299:
2253:
2252:
2218:Olfaction (smell)
2172:Vestibular cortex
2154:Cerebral cortices
1991:
1990:
1978:Motion perception
1848:
1847:
1817:Nuclear bag fiber
1756:Free nerve ending
1736:Bulbous corpuscle
1716:Tactile corpuscle
1682:Sensory receptors
1588:978-0-19-852334-5
1200:(12): 1089–1106.
1125:978-0-323-59712-8
1009:978-1-260-12240-4
931:978-0-87893-742-4
894:978-0-8385-8034-9
578:or low-threshold
399:neurotransmitters
149:action potentials
88:
87:
83:
16:(Redirected from
3547:
3472:Related concepts
3463:Pain eradication
3221:
3208:
3159:
3131:
3130:
3127:By region/system
3113:
3106:
3099:
3090:
3089:
2733:Auditory agnosia
2665:Optic neuropathy
2614:
2613:
2482:Stretch receptor
2430:
2429:
2328:Magnetoreception
2323:Electroreception
2311:
2310:
2233:mechanoreception
2182:Gustatory cortex
2177:Olfactory cortex
2011:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1920:Sensory receptor
1903:
1902:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1306:(6): 2268–2279.
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1160:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1049:
1025:
1014:
1013:
995:
982:
981:
945:
936:
935:
917:
911:
905:
899:
898:
882:
872:
861:
858:
852:
851:
841:
830:10.1172/JCI42843
809:
790:
789:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
760:. Archived from
750:
744:
743:
741:
740:
731:. Archived from
729:www.noigroup.com
721:
670:
665:
664:
663:
610:In other animals
580:mechanoreceptors
539:diacetylmorphine
531:opioid receptors
527:opioid receptors
505:projects to the
255:action potential
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
80:edit on Wikidata
77:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3467:
3434:
3407:Pathophysiology
3401:
3392:Tail flick test
3351:
3320:
3235:
3219:
3206:
3197:Musculoskeletal
3191:
3168:
3157:
3122:
3117:
3087:
3082:
3062:
3011:
2980:
2949:
2901:
2868:
2820:
2782:
2714:
2705:Stereoblindness
2646:Color blindness
2601:
2578:
2555:
2527:
2486:
2434:Mechanoreceptor
2423:
2413:
2409:Machine hearing
2404:Computer vision
2399:Robotic sensing
2385:
2362:
2296:
2249:
2191:
2167:Auditory cortex
2148:
2095:
2058:Sensory systems
2052:
1987:
1939:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1849:
1844:
1823:
1783:
1779:Thermoreceptors
1765:
1742:
1698:Mechanoreceptor
1684:
1679:
1649:
1648:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1563:
1559:
1504:
1500:
1447:
1443:
1394:
1390:
1331:
1327:
1292:
1288:
1243:
1239:
1186:
1182:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1026:
1017:
1010:
996:
985:
946:
939:
932:
918:
914:
906:
902:
895:
873:
864:
859:
855:
824:(11): 3760–72.
810:
793:
780:
776:
767:
765:
752:
751:
747:
738:
736:
723:
722:
718:
713:
668:Medicine portal
666:
661:
659:
656:
612:
564:
547:
474:
466:cerebral cortex
414:
407:
391:
383:receptive field
378:
376:Sleeping/silent
365:chemical weapon
350:
325:
299:
251:noxious stimuli
247:
198:
170:receptive field
157:
137:
119:
116:
113:
110:
84:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3540:Receptor cells
3537:
3532:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Pain tolerance
3481:
3479:Pain threshold
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3387:Hot plate test
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Pain asymbolia
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2985:Proprioception
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2561:Thermoreceptor
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Taste receptor
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Proprioception
2263:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:Trigeminal (V)
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2015:Sensory organs
2008:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1802:Muscle spindle
1799:
1793:
1791:
1789:Proprioception
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1599:
1587:
1557:
1498:
1469:(2): 261–273.
1441:
1412:(1): 459–469.
1388:
1325:
1286:
1237:
1180:
1131:
1124:
1106:
1095:"Pain Pathway"
1086:
1069:
1015:
1008:
983:
950:Neurobiol. Dis
937:
930:
912:
900:
893:
862:
853:
791:
774:
745:
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
701:
692:
683:
682:in nociceptors
672:
671:
655:
652:
611:
608:
576:proprioceptors
563:
560:
546:
543:
515:serotoninergic
473:
470:
423:, rather than
413:
410:
406:
403:
390:
387:
377:
374:
349:
346:
324:
321:
312:pain threshold
298:
295:
289:is similar to
246:
243:
197:
194:
156:
153:
136:
133:
124:sensory neuron
86:
85:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3552:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Grimace scale
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3347:Low back pain
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Referred pain
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Pain disorder
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3231:Delayed-onset
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:Head and neck
3132:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Hallucination
3041:
3039:
3038:Derealization
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Asomatognosia
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Hyperesthesia
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Astereognosis
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Labyrinthitis
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2533:Chemoreceptor
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:Photoreceptor
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Slit sensilla
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2292:Visceral pain
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2243:thermoception
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Visual cortex
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Olfactory (I)
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2106:spinal nerves
2103:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
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2018:
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2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
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1998:
1994:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Consciousness
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
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1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1203:
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1195:
1191:
1184:
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1159:
1154:
1151:(3): 365–76.
1150:
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1127:
1121:
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1110:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1040:(3): 353–64.
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1005:
1001:
994:
992:
990:
988:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:(4): 209–27.
955:
951:
944:
942:
933:
927:
923:
916:
910:
904:
896:
890:
886:
881:
880:
871:
869:
867:
857:
849:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
787:
786:
778:
764:on 2018-11-01
763:
759:
755:
749:
735:on 2018-10-17
734:
730:
726:
720:
716:
705:
702:
700:
696:
693:
691:
687:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
669:
658:
651:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
630:, and larval
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:invertebrates
607:
605:
601:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:embryogenesis
569:
559:
557:
553:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
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469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
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409:
402:
400:
396:
386:
384:
373:
371:
366:
363:
359:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
152:
150:
145:
141:
132:
130:
125:
117:pain receptor
105:
104:
103:
97:
93:
81:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3294:Phantom pain
3279:Hyperalgesia
3274:Chronic pain
3158:(swallowing)
3156:Odynophagia
2976:Phantom pain
2961:Hyperalgesia
2935:Hypoesthesia
2753:Hearing loss
2583:
2574:TRP channels
2551:Osmoreceptor
2518:Photopigment
2442:Baroreceptor
2381:Gravitropism
2353:Frog hearing
2333:Echolocation
2129:Facial (VII)
1840:Baroreceptor
1760:
1712:Light touch
1619:(1): 26–33.
1616:
1612:
1602:
1592:, retrieved
1570:
1560:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1115:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1089:
1079:
1072:
1037:
1033:
999:
953:
949:
922:Neuroscience
921:
915:
903:
878:
856:
821:
817:
784:
777:
766:. Retrieved
762:the original
757:
748:
737:. Retrieved
733:the original
728:
719:
699:black pepper
644:
618:, including
613:
592:
568:neural-crest
565:
552:hyperalgesia
548:
483:hypothalamus
475:
424:
420:
415:
408:
394:
392:
379:
351:
326:
300:
263:
248:
204:such as the
199:
190:animal model
186:
158:
138:
99:
91:
89:
29:
3535:Nociception
3504:Cancer pain
3430:Substance P
3415:Nociception
3377:Dolorimeter
3332:Pelvic pain
3289:Hyperpathia
3284:Hypoalgesia
3205:Arthralgia
3187:Pleurodynia
3182:Sore throat
3058:Synesthesia
2966:Hypoalgesia
2940:Paresthesia
2925:Formication
2920:CMT disease
2887:Hypergeusia
2710:Visual snow
2685:Photophobia
2680:Papilledema
2670:Oscillopsia
2656:Hemeralopia
2523:Aureochrome
2358:Toad vision
2282:Suffocation
2196:Perceptions
1797:Golgi organ
1771:Temperature
1761:Nociceptors
706:ion channel
632:fruit flies
545:Sensitivity
449:substance P
433:dorsal horn
429:spinal cord
362:World War I
308:TRP channel
283:dorsal horn
278:myelination
140:Nociception
135:Terminology
129:nociception
56:Identifiers
18:Nociceptors
3524:Categories
3453:Anesthesia
3440:Management
3367:Pain scale
3337:Proctalgia
3241:Neurologic
3141:Eye strain
3078:Pareidolia
3033:Allochiria
3016:Multimodal
2897:Parageusia
2892:Hypogeusia
2864:Phantosmia
2844:Hyperosmia
2788:Vestibular
2768:Palinopsia
2728:Amblyaudia
2675:Palinopsia
2660:Nyctalopia
2584:Nociceptor
2391:Artificial
2114:Optic (II)
1945:Perception
1894:Processes
1886:perception
1835:Hair cells
1702:Vibration
1594:2024-03-21
1457:Drosophila
1100:2008-06-02
768:2017-10-13
739:2017-10-13
711:References
686:Nociceptin
523:Enkephalin
519:enkephalin
472:Descending
323:Mechanical
238:trigeminal
216:, and the
176:, certain
174:withdrawal
94:(from
92:nociceptor
35:Nociceptor
3489:Suffering
3458:Cordotomy
3448:Analgesia
3269:Allodynia
3249:Neuralgia
3213:Bone pain
3164:Toothache
2874:Gustatory
2826:Olfactory
2690:Photopsia
2636:Amaurosis
2610:Disorders
2503:Cone cell
2422:Types of
2033:Inner ear
1968:Cognition
1958:Awareness
1907:Sensation
1882:Sensation
1722:Pressure
1633:0169-328X
1534:1749-8104
1518:(1): 37.
1214:1432-1351
676:Capsaicin
640:capsaicin
628:sea slugs
556:allodynia
445:glutamate
412:Ascending
395:polymodal
389:Polymodal
354:capsaicin
144:threshold
3494:SOCRATES
3220:(muscle)
3218:Myalgia
3146:Headache
2859:Parosmia
2849:Hyposmia
2839:Dysosmia
2778:Tinnitus
2720:Auditory
2695:Polyopia
2651:Diplopia
2508:Rod cell
2306:Nonhuman
2259:Internal
2100:Sensory
2006:External
1915:Stimulus
1898:concepts
1732:Stretch
1641:11869805
1552:19799768
1485:12705873
1453:painless
1383:10468634
1281:12816648
1232:19830434
1167:17678851
1077:Fein A.
1064:13576368
1056:17678850
978:13217293
848:21041958
695:Piperine
678:and its
654:See also
624:nematode
535:morphine
513:sending
479:hormones
460:and the
454:thalamus
441:synapses
417:Afferent
358:acrolein
348:Chemical
270:Aδ fiber
196:Location
3207:(joint)
3028:Agnosia
2907:Tactile
2882:Ageusia
2834:Anosmia
2796:Vertigo
2700:Scotoma
2641:Anopsia
2102:cranial
1973:Feeling
1543:2762467
1493:1424315
1436:8987770
1427:6793714
1400:Aplysia
1351:Bibcode
1320:8793740
1272:1691351
1223:2780683
970:9848092
839:2964977
626:worms,
620:leeches
405:Pathway
297:Thermal
291:tetanus
287:wind-up
274:C fiber
236:or the
230:bladder
222:muscles
214:corneas
212:), the
122:) is a
111:
67:D009619
2618:Visual
2569:Cilium
2315:Animal
2287:Nausea
2277:Thirst
2272:Hunger
2144:Spinal
1983:Qualia
1639:
1631:
1585:
1550:
1540:
1532:
1491:
1483:
1434:
1424:
1381:
1371:
1318:
1279:
1269:
1230:
1220:
1212:
1175:815135
1173:
1165:
1145:Neuron
1122:
1062:
1054:
1034:Neuron
1006:
976:
968:
928:
891:
885:472–79
846:
836:
456:: the
228:, the
226:joints
224:, the
218:mucosa
202:tissue
180:, and
102:nocere
50:type A
3325:Other
3226:Acute
2513:ipRGC
2368:Plant
2228:Touch
2043:Mouth
1997:Human
1828:Other
1690:Touch
1489:S2CID
1374:17914
1171:S2CID
1060:S2CID
974:S2CID
697:from
437:cells
336:, or
316:TRPM8
304:TRPV1
98:
96:Latin
78:[
3342:Back
3151:Neck
3120:Pain
3048:HSAN
3023:Aura
2801:BPPV
2658:and
2104:and
2048:Skin
2038:Nose
2028:Ears
2023:Eyes
1896:and
1884:and
1748:Pain
1637:PMID
1629:ISSN
1583:ISBN
1548:PMID
1530:ISSN
1481:PMID
1463:Cell
1455:, a
1432:PMID
1379:PMID
1316:PMID
1277:PMID
1228:PMID
1210:ISSN
1163:PMID
1120:ISBN
1052:PMID
1004:ISBN
966:PMID
926:ISBN
889:ISBN
844:PMID
704:TRPC
688:and
537:and
425:from
360:, a
206:skin
182:pain
108:lit.
62:MeSH
1621:doi
1575:doi
1538:PMC
1520:doi
1471:doi
1467:113
1422:PMC
1414:doi
1369:PMC
1359:doi
1308:doi
1267:PMC
1259:doi
1255:270
1218:PMC
1202:doi
1198:195
1153:doi
1042:doi
958:doi
834:PMC
826:doi
822:120
650:).
447:or
330:ATP
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636:pH
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