1243:
safety regulations applicable at the time. The study foresaw a maximum traffic of 180 freight trains per day, which had to be lowered to about 150 freight trains per day due to logistical inefficiency (the traffic flows between the two countries are asymmetric). A similar analysis for the full year led to a total of about 260 peak days per year. These conditions defined a maximum transport capacity per year of about 20 million tonnes when accounting for inefficiencies, and an absolute limit of about 32 million in "perfect" conditions. Additional traffic limitations stem from the impact of excessive train transit on the population living near the line. Some 60,000 people live within 250 m (820 ft) of the historical line, and would object to the noise from late-night transits. In 2007 the conventional line was used for only one-third of this calculated total capacity. This low use level was in part because restrictions such as an unusually low maximum allowable train height and the very steep gradients (26–30
1515:). Anyway, some experts disagree with the necessity for a new line connecting France and Italy on the Modane corridor, quoting wide margins for increase in traffic on the old line. Rather than as a natural consequence of faster transit times and a lower price for freight shipping (due to reduced energy use thanks to a much flatter profile, but without necessarily taking into account the full construction cost of the new line), they propose to increase rail traffic by coupling additional renovation of the existing rail infrastructure with sufficiently high financial incentives for rail transport and/or sufficiently heavy tolls and taxes on road transport. The political realism of such taxes is however questionable, as France demonstrated in 2013 when its government withdrew a much smaller trucking ecotax after the trucking industry initiated extensive riots (see
998:
42:
1006:
1528:
1519:). A 2018 study made this specific controversy much less relevant by finding that the existing line actually is close to saturation. This is primarily because updated safety regulations on train crossings in single-tube tunnels have significantly reduced its maximum allowed capacity. The construction of a brand-new line will also allow higher safety standards, and it will make the older infrastructure fully available for regional and suburban services, which is an important consideration near the congested Turin node.
1260:
1849:
763:
314:
798:
673:
573:
544:
525:
423:
875:
599:
319:
654:
518:
333:
739:
720:
647:
430:
379:
365:
935:
845:
837:
827:
819:
680:
478:
471:
449:
372:
257:
71:
894:
868:
606:
580:
83:
913:
625:
551:
340:
301:
1178:. This initially single-track line was doubled and electrified in the early 20th century, and the Italian side of the line was renovated between 1962 and 1984, and again between 2001 and 2011. This historical line has a low maximum allowed height, and its sharp curves force low speeds. Its very poor profile, with a maximum gradient of 30‰, requires doubling or tripling the locomotives of freight trains.
1923:
1791:, and for several months made only very slow progress through it. Tunneling eventually passed this zone in Spring 2017 after injecting 30 tons of reinforcing resin, and resumed at nominal speed. That gallery makes up the first 9 km (5.6 mi) of the South tube of the tunnel, and it was completed in September 2019, in time and within budget.
1883:, high speed train. French opposition to the railway also exists but has been less visible. A 2019 poll in both countries, commissioned by TELT but conducted by respected polling companies, found that opposition to the railway link increases as one approaches the location of the tunnel, but that it was nonetheless a minority view even in the
1806:
officially asked TELT to stop the launch of tenders for further construction work. A few months later, and just before further delays would have threatened the EU funding of the project, the
Italian government eventually agreed to the publication of calls for tender for the main tunneling work on the
1104:
The project has been criticized for its cost, because traffic (both by motorway and by rail) was decreasing when the project was decided, for potential environmental risks during the construction of the tunnel, and because airplanes will still, after including time to and from the airport and through
1535:
The new railway line will have a maximum gradient of 12.5‰, compared to 30‰ for the old line, a maximum altitude of 580 m (1,900 ft) instead of 1,338 m (4,390 ft), and much wider curves. This will allow heavy freight trains to transit at 100 km/h (62 mph) and passenger
1242:
tunnel. Its high elevation (1,338 m (4,390 ft)), sharp curves, steep gradients, and low tunnel ceilings make this section the limiting factor on the overall capacity of the line. A 2007 study used the CAPRES model to calculate a maximum capacity of 226 trains/day, 350 days/year, under the
1976:
movement generally questions the worthiness, cost, and safety of the project, drawing arguments from studies, experts, and governmental documents from Italy, France, and
Switzerland. It deems the new line useless and too expensive, and decries its realization as driven by construction lobbies. Its
1835:
Drilling and blasting for the 3 km (1.9 mi) Lot 3 section started from the French portal in
December 2022, and a year later had advanced by some 400 meters on each tube. On-going work at the other French work sites prepares for the 2024 arrival of the 5 tunnel boring machines. Those were
1844:
which is the sole
European TBM builder. They were delivered to the Lot 2 and 1 consortia between July 2023 and February 2024 for in-factory tests, and started arriving on-site in July 2024 for their assembly. As of August 2024, 14 of the 115 km (57.5 km times 2 tubes) of the main tunnels had been
1251:
trains of one type must now fully cross before any train of the other type can be allowed in the other direction. The path of the historical line through the deep
Maurienne valley is also exposed to rockfalls, and a major landslide in August 2023 forced its closure for at least a year and a half.
1250:
A 2018 analysis, by contrast, found the existing line close to saturation, largely because safety regulations now prohibit passenger and freight trains from crossing in a single-tube tunnel. This very significantly reduces the maximum allowed capacity of the 13.7 km long Fréjus tunnel, which
1506:
Promoters of the new line predict that it will about double rail traffic on the Modane corridor compared to the reference scenario (see table above). Traffic predictions of even the early traffic of major rail infrastructures are however intrinsically uncertain, with well-known examples of both
1860:
TELT awarded the contract for the excavation of the 25 km (16 mi) of tunneling on
Italian territory in August 2023 and published in June 2023 a call for tender for the outfitting of the tunnel and its maintenance for the first 7 years of its operations. As of late 2022, the expected
1128:
towards Italy was presented as reconnaissance work because the project had not yet been formally approved, but it was dug at the position of the south tube of the tunnel and at its final diameter. It effectively represents the first 8% of the final tunnel length. As of late 2022, the expected
1091:
to transit between the two countries at 100 km/h (62 mph) and with much reduced energy costs. In spite of the name often used by media (and in the title of this page), the line is not high-speed under the definition used by the
European Commission: its design speed of 220 km/h
1786:
towards Italy. While presented as a reconnaissance gallery because the project had yet to be fully approved, it was dug along the axis of the South tube of the tunnel and at its final diameter. In late 2016, that tunnel encountered a geologically difficult zone of fractured and water-soaked
1807:
French and
Italian sides. 2.8 billion euros of construction contracts had been signed as of June 2020, and contracts worth a further 3 billion euros for the excavation of the 80% of the tunnel located on the French side of the border were signed in September 2021. Those contracts are:
1769:
Civil engineering work started in 2002 with the construction of access points and geological reconnaissance tunneling. Construction of the tunnel itself was at that time planned to start in 2014–2015, but the project was only approved in 2015 for a cost of
1267:(red) and BBT (green), compared to real traffic (blue) and a 2007 estimate of the capacity of existing line (pink); the 2007 capacity estimate pre-dates stricter safety regulations on train crossings in tunnels which have significantly reduced this capacity
1822:
Lot 3 (€228 mn) for 3 km (1.9 mi) between the
Western (French) Portal at Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis and Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte; this lot is the shortest by far, but its difficult geology of fractured and sheared coal-bearing
2647:
1910:, a small French village, residents represented by the 'Association pour la Sauvegarde du Site du Moulin' have opposed the digging of a 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) survey tunnel since 2002 and are in close communication with the
1818:
Lot 2 (€1.43 bn) for 23 km (14.3 mi) between Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte/La Praz and
Villarodin-Bourget/Modane is expected to take 65 months for 3 tunnel boring machines (10 kilometers of the South tube are already
1708:
The path of the Italian section was adopted in August 2011 by the Italian government, after extensive 2006–2011 consultations headed by Government Commissary Mario Virano within the "Italian Technical Observatory". In the
1699:
In January 2024, before a EU deadline for funding, the French national government and various local entities came to a last-minute agreement on their respective funding contributions to the studies of the French section.
1271:
The following table summarizes 2007 predictions (in million tons per year) of the future freight traffic on both the Frejus and Mont-Blanc corridors, from an analysis of then current data and macroeconomic predictions:
3392:
1100:
funds 40% of the tunnel costs, and has indicated its willingness to increase its contribution to 55%, as well as to help fund its French accesses if those go beyond mere adaptations of the existing infrastructure.
1903:, a French town of 1,100 which will be split by the railway, the town council has opposed the plans since 1992 and the 2014-2020 mayor, Marie Chabert, saw the economic uncertainty as damaging for the region.
2010:
Members of the protest movement have summarized their ideas against the construction of the new line in a document containing 150 reasons against it and in a wide number of specific documents and meetings.
2005:
in and around the mountains where the tunnel is bored, though the extensive reconnaissance tunneling has found none to date. Supporters of the tunnel argue that the risk of contamination is overstated or
2984:
1137:
The merits of the new line were the subject of heated debate, primarily in Italy. After violent confrontations between opponents and police during a 2005 attempt to start reconnaissance work near
1988:. A more recent study, though, found the existing rail line close to saturation because toughened safety standards on train crossings in single-tube tunnels have sharply reduced its capacity.
1124:
Civil engineering work started in 2002 with the construction of access points and geological reconnaissance tunneling. A 9 km (5.6 mi) gallery tunneled between 2016 and 2019 from
1794:
The contracting for the bulk of the tunnel construction was then delayed by deep disagreements on the merits of the Turin–Lyon project within the Italian coalition government between the
2852:
1536:
trains at a top speed of 220 km/h (140 mph), while also sharply reducing the energy used. The construction of the full higher-speed line will cut passenger travel time from
1083:
emissions as well as local air pollution and of providing faster passenger transport to reduce air traffic. The new line will considerably shorten the journey times, and its reduced
1757:
and is the major engineering work of the overall future Turin–Lyon line. An underground service and rescue train station is planned around the half-way point of the tunnel, East of
2368:
2453:
1869:
Ever since plans for the railway line were first mentioned in the 1990s, some residents of most of the 112 towns and villages along its path have been set strongly against it.
2164:
Nuova linea Torino-Lione parte comune tratta italiana – Progetto in variante – Studio d'impatto ambientale – sintesi non tecnica 9-7-2010 (document PP2 C3C TS3 0105A AP NOT)
3669:
2800:
220:
2502:
3273:; Piazza, Gianni (17 October 2007). "Local contention, global framing: The protest campaigns against the TAV in Val di Susa and the bridge on the Messina Straits".
1141:, an Italian governmental commission was set up in 2006 to study all the issues. The work of the commission between 2007 and 2009 was summarized into seven papers (
3634:
3629:
2318:
2629:
1949:
centres, a trade union solidarity project and a social forum. The resistance was spoken about in terms of the partisan resistance to the Nazis in World War II.
2779:
3936:
3519:
2426:
1914:
movement. The mayor, Gilles Margueron, said "after we started looking at the project in details, we soon arrived at a position of complete opposition."
3069:
2246:
2567:
1778:. The ratification of the corresponding international treaty by the parliaments of the two countries concluded with a 26 January 2017 vote of the
1117:
questioned the realism of the costs estimates and traffic forecasts. Opposition to the project is mostly organised under the loose banner of the
213:
2822:
3112:
2694:
1684:. That tunnel will eventually have two 23-kilometre (14 mi) long tubes, but it will initially be single-track. The line will then reach
1811:
Lot 1 (€1.47 bn) for 22 km (13.7 mi) between Villarodin-Bourget/Modane and the Italian border is expected to take 72 months for 2
3818:
3592:
2137:
2274:
1072:
25 billion, of which €8 billion is for the international section. The latter is the only part of the line where construction has started.
3916:
2959:
2372:
3911:
3445:
3413:
206:
1692:
mountains. The separate freight line will divert the freight traffic away from Aix-les-Bains and Chambéry, and from the shores of the
1172:
connects Turin with Lyon via the 13.7 km (8.5 mi)-long high-altitude (maximum tunnel altitude 1,338 metres (4,390 ft))
3921:
2665:
2347:"Dichiarazioni alla stampa del Presidente Monti al termine della riunione sui lavori di realizzazione della Tav tratto Torino-Lione"
3926:
3240:
3214:
3597:
2750:
2397:
2174:
3512:
1941:
movement began in 1990, with actions to inform local people affected by the plans, supported by the mayors of the valley and the
1036:
networks and will be 270 km (170 mi) long. The core of the project is its international section, which will cross the
1696:
where a freight accident on the existing lakeside line could catastrophically pollute this major natural freshwater reservoir.
1567:. Its ongoing construction is managed by Tunnel Euralpin Lyon Turin (TELT SAS), a joint venture of RFI and SNCF which replaced
2532:
2510:
1782:. Starting in 2016, and therefore before the ratification of the treaty, a 9 km (5.6 mi) gallery was tunneled from
1713:, this path sidesteps through additional tunneling the strong opposition to a previous planned path on the left bank of the
3659:
3319:
559:
2221:
3906:
3505:
3055:
2110:
948:
921:
3378:
3140:
2722:
2707:
1009:
Map of the French (green and blue) and international (red) route of the new line compared to the existing one (black)
309:
2648:"Éboulement en Maurienne : la voie ferrée et la RD1006 ne rouvriront pas « avant une petite année »"
2204:"The European Commission welcomes the agreement between France and Italy to move ahead with the Lyon-Turin project"
1964:, a land squat called the 'Presidio' is situated next to where the survey tunnel was originally planned to be dug.
3098:
2203:
3931:
3891:
2260:
956:
404:
1614:
The French section of the new line is planned with eventually separate paths for passengers and freight between
1079:
project, the line has twin aims of transferring freight traffic across the Alps from trucks to rail to reduce CO
1749:, and it is the only part of the line on which major construction has started. The 57.5 km (35.7 mi)
1001:
Map of the Italian (blue) and international (red) route of the new line compared to the traditional one (black)
1841:
1669:
line from its TGV traffic. This would remove traffic at mismatched speeds, and therefore would free many more
3644:
3639:
3547:
1544:
from seven hours to four, becoming time-competitive with plane travel for city-centre to city-centre travel.
3199:
3070:"TELT Lyon Turin • les entreprises signent les 3 milliards de contrats pour le creusement du tunnel de base"
1630:
238:
2985:""Ligne ferroviaire Lyon-Turin : malgré les tensions, Rome valide le lancement des appels d'offres""
2089:
2069:
2049:
1853:
1750:
1564:
1041:
748:
1092:(137 mph) is 12% below the 250 km/h (155 mph) threshold used by the commission to define
2699:
997:
2801:"Laurent Wauquiez : " On n'est pas passé loin de la catastrophe, mais on a sauvé le Lyon-Turin ""
2630:"TRANSPORTS. Lyon-Turin : le tunnel actuel est pratiquement saturé, selon Réseau ferré de France"
3844:
3664:
3587:
3528:
3154:
2614:
Quaderno 1 – p. 35. Data are from 2007, while capacity was reduced by the 2007–10 modernization work.
2454:""Telt annonce le percement de la section du tunnel de base entre Saint-Martin-la-Porte et La Praz ""
2084:
2059:
2031:
1953:
1602:
1030:
3185:
3171:
2346:
3654:
2830:
1783:
1169:
1125:
1114:
1026:
693:
491:
2914:
1960:
construction site, while other networks organise communal dinners, discussions and flash mobs. In
2064:
1734:
1685:
1676:
The freight line will start from a connection to the future Lyon rail freight bypass, follow the
1575:
1552:
1061:
633:
154:
41:
1556:
3839:
3707:
3702:
3557:
2427:"Manuel Valls inaugure le tunnelier Federica au chantier du Lyon-Turin à Saint-Martin-La-Porte"
2278:
2054:
2044:
1568:
1264:
17:
2319:"What is happening with the Lyon Turin high-speed line? Euronews traces the route to find out"
2074:
1879:
3562:
3494:. Osservatorio Ministeriale per il collegamento ferroviario Torino-Lione, Rome, December 2007
3366:
3270:
2479:
1828:
1812:
1733:
The international section of the Lyon–Turin line spans about 70 km (43 mi) between
1157:
1153:
400:
3420:
3033:
1985:
1174:
3834:
3717:
3282:
3012:
1984:
Low level of saturation on the Frejus rail tunnel and stable or decreasing traffic also on
1681:
1065:
3880:
3464:
3126:
8:
3746:
3488:. Osservatorio Ministeriale per il collegamento ferroviario Torino-Lione, Rome, June 2007
3200:"Publication d'un nouvel appel d'offres de 3 milliards d'euros pour le tunnel Lyon-Turin"
2533:"Covid-19 : retour à la normalité sur les chantiers du Lyon-Turin • TELT Lyon-Turin"
2019:
1673:
for much needed additional local trains than the number of TGVs shifted to the new line.
3482:. Osservatorio Ministeriale per il collegamento ferroviario Torino-Lione, Rome, May 2007
3286:
2936:
3298:
2754:
2401:
2178:
1907:
1795:
1145:). An eighth summary paper focused on cost–benefit analysis was unveiled in June 2012.
1093:
176:
3761:
3712:
3577:
2666:"Éboulement sur la voie ferrée : la ligne vers Modane ne réouvrira pas cet hiver"
1084:
392:
270:
3785:
3780:
3439:
3346:
3302:
2724:
TGV Est 11 millions de voyageurs en un an : la SNCF en avance sur ses objectifs
2703:
1005:
3572:
2853:"L'accord franco-italien pour la ligne ferroviaire Lyon-Turin définitivement adopté"
1873:
is an Italian movement against the construction of the line, named from the Italian
3877:– The company responsible for the Turin–Lyon line, owned 50% by RFI and 50% by RFF.
3400:
Parte Comune Italo-francese. Revisione del Progetto Definitivo, CUP C11J05000030001
3290:
2892:
1848:
318:
3393:"Progetto preliminare in variante – Chiarimenti ed integrazioni (Richiesta N° 11)"
1527:
3729:
1827:
is ill-suited for tunnel boring machines; it instead is being bored entirely by
1754:
1547:
The line is divided into three sections constructed under separate managements:
1185:(see References) divides the international and Italian sides into four sections:
1033:
3807:
3736:
3542:
1803:
1693:
1516:
1508:
1138:
1097:
854:
701:
146:
3294:
1583:
3900:
3685:
1779:
1677:
1654:
1088:
350:
3497:
3056:"Attribution de marchés pour plus de 250 millions d'euros • TELT Lyon-Turin"
2870:
1259:
3803:
3756:
3690:
3649:
3013:""Avis de marchés lancés pour la construction du tunnel de base en France""
1837:
1714:
313:
282:
111:
1087:
and much wider curves compared to the existing line will also allow heavy
3582:
2780:"Liaison Lyon-Turin : pourquoi le Smmag financera 1 million d'euros"
2728:
2691:
1934:
1884:
1775:
1710:
1626:
1594:
1254:
1045:
278:
118:
3034:""Lyon-Turin : les avis de marché publiés pour le tronçon italien""
2247:"L'Union européenne confirme une participation accrue sur le Lyon-Turin"
1658:
1634:
3773:
3751:
3741:
2349:[Press conference by president Mario Monti]. Italian Government
1945:(mountainous community). From 2000 onwards, there were demonstrations,
1689:
1670:
1017:
is an international rail line under construction between the cities of
457:
2138:"Italy agrees to resume controversial Turin-Lyon high-speed rail link"
1937:
in Italy have been resisting the railway project since the 1990s. The
1688:
through a second 20 to 23 km (12 to 14 mi) tunnel under the
3768:
1957:
1888:
1799:
1742:
1722:
1619:
1590:
1560:
1244:
1218:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1053:
3099:"Une année de creusement du tunnel de base à Saint-Julien-Montdenis"
2960:"Italy's prime minister halts project to build train line to France"
2111:"Future of Turin-Lyon high-speed railway: is the line still viable?"
3697:
3567:
2989:
2002:
1946:
1900:
1746:
1666:
1247:) and sharp curves in its high valley sections discourage its use.
1049:
159:
1181:
The characteristics of the line vary widely along its length. The
3552:
2261:"Lyon-Turin : vers les 55 % de contribution européenne"
1998:
1512:
3186:"Contrat attribué pour l'excavation du tunnel de base en Italie"
2937:"Realisation des 9 premiers Km du tunnel de base du Lyon-Turin"
1961:
1956:, but some protests have turned violent. Catholics pray at the
1824:
1788:
1758:
1738:
1718:
1662:
1598:
1190:
1160:
is used for the corresponding 5 km (3.1 mi) section.
1149:
1057:
76:
3874:
3347:"Railway Related Impacts: THE TURIN-LYON HIGH-SPEED RAIL CASE"
3113:"Lyon-Turin : le premier tunnelier sera terminé fin juin"
1060:. At 57.5 kilometres (35.7 mi), that tunnel will be the
3813:
3724:
3379:
4 km de sondages a la Maddalena : pas de trace d’amiante
1680:, and will pass South of Chambéry through a tunnel under the
1646:
1541:
1537:
1224:
1110:
1106:
1018:
499:
181:
88:
3141:"Le tunnelier qui traversera la frontière a été réceptionné"
1148:
Test drilling found some fractured and sheared coal-bearing
2915:""SMP4: Federica creuse avec des pics de 15/19 m par jour""
2018:
movement, by contrast, characterize it as a typical NIMBY (
1771:
1650:
1615:
1579:
1076:
1069:
1037:
1022:
2026:
emission elimination benefits of the tunnel. In response,
1922:
1665:. The line may also be used to offload the saturated Lyon–
2079:
1856:(excavated sections in blue, sections in progress in red)
1531:
Geothermal profile of the Turin-Lyon railway base tunnel
3155:"Le cinquième tunnelier du Lyon-Turin a été réceptionné"
1152:
close to the French portal that are poorly suited for a
3465:
http://www.notavtorino.org/documenti/inglese/indice.htm
2369:"Situation et perspectives des finances publiques 2012"
2022:) movement and point out the pollution reduction and CO
2692:
Flyvbjerg, B.; Buzelius, N.; Rothengatter, W. (2003).
1255:
Traffic predictions on Frejus and Mont-Blanc corridors
3868:
3862:
3241:"Un sondage indique une forte adhésion au Lyon-Turin"
2341:
2339:
1997:
Health concerns, due to the hypothesized presence of
27:
Rail line under construction between Italy and France
3172:"Les grandes technologies arrivent sur le chantier"
3062:
1802:parties, and in March 2019, Italy's Prime Minister
2480:"Un nouveau front de percement pour le Lyon-Turin"
2336:
1991:Economical feasibility in doubt due to high costs.
1633:) and the central Lyon stations to both Italy and
2774:
2772:
1661:will be almost 45 minutes, and almost an hour to
1163:
3898:
3892:TAV Turin–Lyon planned line in Google Earth/Maps
3320:"Jail for Italy high-speed rail link protesters"
2977:
2316:
2226:Official Journal L 235 , 17/09/1996 P. 0006-0024
1845:dug, as well as 23.5 km of auxiliary galleries.
944:
772:
689:
487:
388:
266:
199:
3390:
2815:
2658:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2448:
2446:
2444:
3344:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3166:
3164:
3127:"Cinq tunneliers en construction en Allemagne"
3093:
3091:
2793:
2769:
2474:
2472:
2470:
1861:completion date for the base tunnel was 2032.
1637:. It will connect near Chambéry to the Annecy
1129:completion date for the base tunnel was 2032.
3527:
3513:
3486:Quaderno 2: Scenari di traffico – Arco Alpino
3215:"Italy Divided Over Rail Line Meant to Unite"
2695:Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition
214:
3480:Quaderno 1: Linea storica – Tratta di valico
3314:
3312:
3133:
3105:
3026:
2845:
2640:
2617:
2441:
2208:Mobility and Transport – European Commission
1864:
3937:High-speed railway lines under construction
3492:Quaderno 3: Linea storica – Tratta di valle
3372:
3269:
3258:
3178:
3161:
3147:
3119:
3088:
3005:
2503:"Progressing the Lyon-Turin base rail link"
2467:
1917:
1774:25 billion, of which €8 billion is for the
1132:
1105:security, be slightly faster over the full
1064:, ahead of the 57.1 km (35.5 mi)
3865:– owner of the Italian rail infrastructure
3520:
3506:
3463:For specific documentation in English see
2495:
2198:
2196:
1641:Aix les Bains and the Bourg Saint-Maurice
1068:. The estimated total cost of the line is
221:
207:
3871:– owner of the French rail infrastructure
3309:
2317:Montalto Monella, Lillo (26 March 2019).
1981:Better to update existing infrastructure.
3884:documents against the project in English
3367:Feu vert au projet de variante en Italie
3360:
3345:Marina Clerico; et al. (May 2015).
3212:
3085:October 2021 (Volume 177 No 10) pp 40-43
2568:École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
1921:
1847:
1764:
1728:
1526:
1258:
1004:
996:
2957:
2951:
2859:. 26 January 2017 – via Le Monde.
2421:
2419:
2392:
2390:
2193:
2135:
1717:, which would have needed a viaduct in
1200:(Frejus tunnel and high valley section)
14:
3899:
3444:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3239:THIERS, Frédéric (24 September 2019).
3238:
3213:Povoledo, Elisabetta (17 March 2014).
1952:The movement advocates the tactics of
1645:Albertville lines. The time gain from
3501:
2525:
2293:
2253:
2239:
1894:
3369:, 29 juillet 2017, site tel-sas.com.
2929:
2907:
2885:
2863:
2416:
2387:
1831:, and is expected to take 70 months.
844:
836:
826:
818:
3391:Commissione VIA (5 December 2010).
2893:""A SMP4 la faille a ete franchie""
2167:
1522:
762:
24:
3917:High-speed railway lines in France
2275:"OFT - Trafic à travers les Alpes"
1994:Danger of environmental disasters.
1703:
1625:The passenger line will link the
1551:the international section between
1452:Heavy vehicles (thousand per year)
46:Status at the end of December 2018
25:
3948:
3912:High-speed railway lines in Italy
3856:
2564:CAPacité des RESéaux ferroviaires
1609:
797:
672:
572:
543:
3922:Proposed railway lines in France
3354:Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
2958:Bellamy, Daniel (9 March 2019).
2136:Bellamy, Daniel (27 July 2019).
1238:The first section comprises the
1062:longest rail tunnel in the world
933:
911:
892:
873:
866:
843:
835:
825:
817:
796:
761:
737:
718:
678:
671:
652:
645:
623:
604:
597:
578:
571:
549:
542:
524:
523:
516:
476:
469:
447:
428:
422:
421:
377:
370:
363:
338:
331:
317:
312:
299:
255:
81:
69:
40:
3927:Proposed railway lines in Italy
3863:RFI – Rete Ferroviaria Italiana
3457:
3406:
3384:
3338:
3232:
3206:
3192:
3076:
3048:
2743:
2734:
2716:
2685:
2676:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2486:
2361:
1629:(through a connection South of
1511:) and underestimates (e.g. the
874:
598:
517:
332:
3660:LGV Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
2267:
2214:
2155:
2129:
2103:
1164:The present high-altitude line
949:Turin–Milan high-speed railway
738:
719:
646:
429:
378:
364:
13:
1:
3548:LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire
3473:
3083:Railway Gazette International
2871:"SMLP : en route !"
1025:. It is intended to link the
1015:Turin–Lyon high-speed railway
934:
679:
653:
634:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne Arvan
477:
470:
448:
371:
256:
230:Turin–Lyon high-speed railway
35:Turin–Lyon high-speed railway
3869:RFF – Réseau Ferré de France
2829:(in Italian). Archived from
1977:main stated objections are:
1967:
1840:, a German company based in
1589:the Italian section between
1113:route. A 2012 report by the
893:
867:
605:
579:
171:220 km/h (140 mph)
7:
3679:Operators and rolling stock
2222:"EUR-Lex – 31996L0048 – EN"
2070:List of tunnels by location
2037:
2030:activists talk about LULU (
1574:the French section between
912:
624:
550:
339:
300:
10:
3953:
3623:Planned or projected lines
2700:Cambridge University Press
1631:Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry
3907:Railway lines in Piedmont
3845:Transmission Voie-Machine
3827:
3797:Adjacent high-speed lines
3796:
3678:
3645:Paris – Normandy new line
3640:LGV Montpellier–Perpignan
3622:
3606:
3588:LGV Sud Europe Atlantique
3535:
3529:High-speed rail in France
3295:10.1080/09644010701634257
2085:Rete Ferroviaria Italiana
2060:High-speed rail in Europe
2032:Locally unwanted land use
1954:non-violent direct action
1865:Opposition to the project
942:
927:
920:
905:
901:
886:
882:
860:
853:
809:
805:
790:
770:
755:
746:
731:
727:
712:
687:
665:
661:
639:
632:
617:
613:
591:
587:
565:
560:Chambéry-Challes-les-Eaux
558:
536:
532:
510:
485:
463:
456:
441:
437:
415:
386:
357:
347:
325:
308:
293:
264:
249:
187:
175:
167:
153:
117:
107:
103:271 km (168 mi)
99:
94:
64:
56:
51:
39:
34:
2096:
2050:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
1918:No TAV movement in Italy
1854:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
1784:Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte
1751:Mont d'Ambin base tunnel
1565:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
1507:overestimates (e.g. the
1133:Pre-construction studies
1126:Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte
1042:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
749:Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel
3607:Line under construction
3593:LGV Perpignan–Barcelona
2065:List of longest tunnels
1753:is being dug under the
1735:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1686:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1576:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1553:Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1418:Modane corridor – Total
1331:Modane corridor – Total
3932:2032 in rail transport
3840:TGV track construction
3635:LGV Interconnexion Sud
3558:LGV Interconnexion Est
3326:. AFP. 27 January 2015
3275:Environmental Politics
3271:Porta, Donatella Della
2740:Quaderno 2 – pp. 36-39
2605:Quaderno 1 – pp. 33–34
2090:Réseau Ferré de France
2055:Lyon Turin Ferroviaire
2045:Mediterranean Corridor
1930:
1857:
1813:tunnel boring machines
1569:Lyon Turin Ferroviaire
1532:
1435:Modane corridor – Rail
1348:Modane corridor – Rail
1268:
1228:(metropolitan section)
1010:
1002:
310:Lyon Saint-Exupéry TGV
3670:LGV Toulouse–Narbonne
3665:LGV Bordeaux–Toulouse
3598:LGV Nîmes–Montpellier
2753:. LTF. Archived from
2400:. LTF. Archived from
2177:. LTF. Archived from
1925:
1851:
1829:drilling and blasting
1765:Construction progress
1729:International section
1578:and the outskirts of
1530:
1263:Traffic prevision by
1262:
1158:drilling and blasting
1154:tunnel boring machine
1115:French Court of Audit
1008:
1000:
3655:LGV Poitiers–Limoges
3402:(in Italian): 21–22.
2210:. 22 September 2016.
2175:"The Alpine tunnels"
1682:Chartreuse Mountains
1582:will be built under
1471:Without the new line
1278:Without the new line
1214:(low valley section)
1170:Turin–Modane railway
1156:, and old-fashioned
1066:Gotthard Base Tunnel
694:Culoz–Modane railway
492:Culoz–Modane railway
3819:Perpignan–Barcelona
3381:, site tel-sas.com.
3287:2007EnvPo..16..864P
2727:, Simon Barthélémy
2513:on 12 December 2021
2404:on 22 February 2012
2398:"Close-up on works"
2075:Treno Alta Velocità
2020:Not In My Back Yard
1933:Some people in the
1880:Treno Alta Velocità
1094:high-speed railways
3630:LGV Bordeaux–Spain
3219:The New York Times
2833:on 12 January 2014
2757:on 12 January 2014
2682:Quaderno 2 – p. 18
2670:www.ledauphine.com
2652:www.ledauphine.com
2634:www.ledauphine.com
2596:Quaderno 1 – p. 32
2587:Quaderno 1 – p. 31
2578:Quaderno 1 – p. 30
2554:Quaderno 1 – p. 16
2545:Quaderno 1 – p. 17
2507:www.tunneltalk.com
2181:on 31 October 2006
2115:Railway Technology
1986:Fréjus Road Tunnel
1931:
1908:Villarodin-Bourget
1895:Local French views
1858:
1796:Five Star Movement
1533:
1269:
1175:Fréjus Rail Tunnel
1011:
1003:
922:Torino Porta Nuova
60:Under construction
3853:
3852:
3786:Frecciarossa 1000
3781:Trenitalia France
3452:Pro Natura Torino
2803:. Dauphine Libere
2751:"The base tunnel"
2492:Quaderno 1 – p. 4
2281:on 6 October 2013
1504:
1503:
1488:With the new line
1365:With the new line
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
962:
961:
785:
784:
707:
706:
505:
504:
410:
409:
288:
287:
16:(Redirected from
3944:
3890:
3563:LGV Méditerranée
3536:Lines in service
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3419:. Archived from
3418:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3267:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2509:. Archived from
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2314:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2277:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2107:
1943:Comunità Montana
1929:protests in 2005
1721:and a tunnel in
1523:New railway line
1275:
1274:
1168:Since 1872, the
945:
937:
936:
915:
914:
896:
895:
877:
876:
870:
869:
847:
846:
839:
838:
829:
828:
821:
820:
800:
799:
773:
765:
764:
741:
740:
722:
721:
690:
682:
681:
675:
674:
656:
655:
649:
648:
627:
626:
608:
607:
601:
600:
582:
581:
575:
574:
553:
552:
546:
545:
527:
526:
520:
519:
488:
480:
479:
473:
472:
451:
450:
432:
431:
425:
424:
401:LGV Méditerranée
389:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
342:
341:
335:
334:
321:
316:
303:
302:
267:
259:
258:
247:
246:
223:
216:
209:
200:
189:
188:
162:
149:
143:
141:
140:
136:
133:
125:
108:Number of tracks
87:
85:
84:
75:
73:
72:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3875:TELT Lyon–Turin
3859:
3854:
3849:
3823:
3792:
3730:Renfe Class 100
3674:
3618:
3602:
3578:LGV Rhône-Alpes
3531:
3526:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3426:on 12 July 2014
3423:
3416:
3414:"Archived copy"
3412:
3411:
3407:
3395:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3268:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3245:Dauphine Libere
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2993:. 11 March 2019
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2315:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2040:
2025:
2014:Critics of the
1970:
1920:
1897:
1867:
1767:
1731:
1706:
1704:Italian section
1612:
1525:
1465:
1378:
1291:
1257:
1234:(urban section)
1166:
1135:
1082:
1075:Like the Swiss
1034:high-speed rail
957:Milano Centrale
938:
916:
897:
878:
871:
849:
848:
841:
840:
831:
830:
823:
822:
801:
766:
742:
723:
683:
676:
657:
650:
628:
609:
602:
583:
576:
554:
547:
528:
521:
481:
474:
452:
433:
426:
393:LGV Rhône-Alpes
382:
375:
368:
343:
336:
304:
271:LGV Rhône-Alpes
260:
241:
232:
231:
227:
194:
168:Operating speed
160:
155:Electrification
145:
138:
134:
131:
129:
128:4 ft
127:
123:
82:
80:
70:
68:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3858:
3857:External links
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3808:Channel Tunnel
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:TGV Atlantique
3744:
3737:SNCF Voyageurs
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:ICE 3 Velaro D
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3614:LGV Lyon–Turin
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3573:LGV Rhin-Rhône
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:LGV Atlantique
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3405:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3337:
3308:
3281:(5): 864–882.
3257:
3231:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3160:
3146:
3132:
3118:
3104:
3087:
3075:
3061:
3047:
3025:
3004:
2976:
2950:
2928:
2906:
2884:
2862:
2844:
2814:
2792:
2768:
2742:
2733:
2715:
2708:
2684:
2675:
2657:
2639:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2524:
2494:
2485:
2466:
2440:
2415:
2386:
2375:on 8 July 2012
2360:
2335:
2292:
2266:
2252:
2238:
2213:
2192:
2166:
2154:
2128:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1982:
1969:
1966:
1919:
1916:
1896:
1893:
1866:
1863:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1804:Giuseppe Conte
1766:
1763:
1730:
1727:
1705:
1702:
1694:Lac du Bourget
1611:
1610:French section
1608:
1607:
1606:
1587:
1572:
1524:
1521:
1517:Bonnets Rouges
1509:Channel tunnel
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1256:
1253:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1215:
1201:
1165:
1162:
1134:
1131:
1098:European Union
1089:freight trains
1080:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
959:
952:
951:
941:
939:
932:
930:
928:
925:
924:
919:
917:
910:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
898:
891:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
879:
872:
865:
863:
861:
858:
857:
852:
850:
842:
834:
833:
832:
824:
816:
815:
814:
812:
810:
807:
806:
804:
802:
795:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
782:
778:
777:
769:
767:
760:
758:
756:
753:
752:
745:
743:
736:
734:
732:
729:
728:
726:
724:
717:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
697:
696:
686:
684:
677:
670:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
658:
651:
644:
642:
640:
637:
636:
631:
629:
622:
620:
618:
615:
614:
612:
610:
603:
596:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
584:
577:
570:
568:
566:
563:
562:
557:
555:
548:
541:
539:
537:
534:
533:
531:
529:
522:
515:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
495:
494:
484:
482:
475:
468:
466:
464:
461:
460:
455:
453:
446:
444:
442:
439:
438:
436:
434:
427:
420:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
407:
396:
395:
385:
383:
376:
369:
362:
360:
358:
355:
354:
346:
344:
337:
330:
328:
326:
323:
322:
307:
305:
298:
296:
294:
291:
290:
286:
285:
274:
273:
263:
261:
254:
252:
250:
243:
242:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
226:
225:
218:
211:
203:
196:
195:
192:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
157:
151:
150:
147:standard gauge
121:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3949:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Eurostar e320
3706:
3704:
3703:Eurostar e300
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:Deutsche Bahn
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3035:
3029:
3014:
3008:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2938:
2932:
2916:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2709:0-521-00946-4
2705:
2701:
2698:. Cambridge:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2534:
2528:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2117:. 24 May 2019
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2006:non-existent.
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1787:coal-bearing
1785:
1781:
1780:French Senate
1777:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:Aix-les-Bains
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:includes the
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1464:Annual growth
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:Annual growth
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:Annual growth
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1007:
999:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
966:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
946:
940:
931:
929:
926:
923:
918:
909:
907:
904:
899:
890:
888:
885:
880:
864:
862:
859:
856:
851:
813:
811:
808:
803:
794:
792:
789:
780:
779:
775:
774:
768:
759:
757:
754:
751:
750:
744:
735:
733:
730:
725:
716:
714:
711:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
691:
685:
669:
667:
664:
659:
643:
641:
638:
635:
630:
621:
619:
616:
611:
595:
593:
590:
585:
569:
567:
564:
561:
556:
540:
538:
535:
530:
514:
512:
509:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
489:
483:
467:
465:
462:
459:
454:
445:
443:
440:
435:
419:
417:
414:
406:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
390:
384:
361:
359:
356:
353:
352:
351:Lyon Perrache
345:
329:
327:
324:
320:
315:
311:
306:
297:
295:
292:
284:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
268:
262:
253:
251:
248:
245:
244:
240:
236:
235:
224:
219:
217:
212:
210:
205:
204:
202:
201:
198:
197:
191:
190:
186:
183:
182:ERTMS Level 2
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
124:1,435 mm
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
78:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3889:(in Italian)
3881:
3835:TGV stations
3804:High Speed 1
3650:LGV Picardie
3613:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3459:
3451:
3428:. Retrieved
3421:the original
3408:
3399:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3353:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3323:
3278:
3274:
3250:24 September
3248:. Retrieved
3244:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3218:
3208:
3194:
3180:
3174:(in French).
3157:(in French).
3149:
3143:(in French).
3135:
3129:(in French).
3121:
3115:(in French).
3107:
3082:
3078:
3064:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2988:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2943:24 September
2941:. Retrieved
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2887:
2875:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:the original
2826:
2823:"Calendario"
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2759:. Retrieved
2755:the original
2745:
2736:
2723:
2718:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2527:
2517:14 September
2515:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2506:
2497:
2488:
2459:18 September
2457:. Retrieved
2431:. Retrieved
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2377:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2269:
2255:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2207:
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2169:
2162:(in Italian)
2157:
2147:10 September
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2131:
2121:10 September
2119:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2027:
2015:
2013:
2009:
1973:
1971:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1878:
1877:acronym for
1874:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1838:Herrenknecht
1834:
1793:
1768:
1755:Mont d'Ambin
1732:
1715:Dora Riparia
1707:
1698:
1678:A43 Motorway
1675:
1642:
1638:
1624:
1613:
1546:
1534:
1505:
1384:Alps – Total
1297:Alps – Total
1270:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1183:Osservatorio
1182:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1118:
1103:
1074:
1044:between the
1040:through the
1014:
1012:
747:
348:
112:Double track
29:
3583:LGV Sud-Est
3036:(in French)
2857:Le Monde.fr
2827:ltf-sas.com
2785:10 February
2731:6 juin 2008
2231:3 September
1935:Susa Valley
1852:Profile of
1776:base tunnel
1711:Susa valley
1671:train paths
1627:LGV Sud-Est
1595:Susa valley
1586:management;
1584:SNCF Réseau
1401:Alps – Rail
1314:Alps – Rail
1046:Susa Valley
279:LGV Sud-Est
161:25 kV 50 Hz
119:Track gauge
100:Line length
3901:Categories
3762:TGV Réseau
3752:TGV Duplex
3474:References
2807:29 January
2566:, Rivier,
1690:Belledonne
1466:2004–2030
1379:2004–2030
1292:2004–2030
1232:Turin node
1121:movement.
458:Avressieux
177:Signalling
3769:TGV Lyria
3324:The Local
3303:145761725
3224:9 October
2379:22 August
1968:Arguments
1958:Chiomonte
1891:valleys.
1889:Maurienne
1836:built by
1743:Bussoleno
1723:Bussoleno
1620:Maurienne
1601:is under
1591:Bussoleno
1561:Bussoleno
1219:Avigliana
1211:Avigliana
1205:Bussoleno
1197:Bussoleno
1085:gradients
1054:Maurienne
405:Marseille
193:Route map
95:Technical
3718:TGV PBKA
3698:Eurostar
3568:LGV Nord
3440:cite web
3430:24 April
2997:11 March
2990:Le Monde
2964:Euronews
2921:8 August
2877:12 April
2729:L'Alsace
2433:1 August
2323:Euronews
2142:euronews
2038:See also
2003:asbestos
1947:squatted
1901:Chimilin
1842:Schwanau
1747:Piemonte
1667:Grenoble
1659:Chambéry
1635:Chambéry
1622:valley.
1618:and the
1143:Quaderni
1050:Piedmont
142: in
52:Overview
3774:TGV 2N2
3757:TGV POS
3742:TGV 2N2
3713:TGV PBA
3553:LGV Est
3283:Bibcode
3040:17 July
2761:5 March
2408:2 March
2353:9 March
2185:2 March
1999:uranium
1825:schists
1789:schists
1513:TGV Est
1150:schists
1027:Italian
137:⁄
3882:No TAV
3301:
3018:21 May
2899:5 July
2837:24 May
2706:
2285:24 May
2028:No TAV
2016:No TAV
1974:No TAV
1962:Venaus
1939:No TAV
1927:No TAV
1912:No TAV
1871:No TAV
1759:Modane
1739:Savoie
1719:Venaus
1663:Annecy
1599:Torino
1597:) and
1557:Savoie
1240:Fréjus
1191:Modane
1119:No TAV
1096:. The
1058:Savoie
1031:French
963:
786:
776:France
708:
702:Modane
506:
411:
289:
239:Legend
86:
79:&
77:France
74:
65:Locale
57:Status
18:No TAV
3828:Other
3814:HSL 1
3806:(via
3725:Renfe
3450:from
3424:(PDF)
3417:(PDF)
3396:(PDF)
3350:(pdf)
3330:2 May
3299:S2CID
2969:2 May
2939:. LTF
2917:. LTF
2895:. LTF
2873:. LTF
2429:. LTF
2328:2 May
2097:Notes
1819:dug).
1647:Paris
1542:Paris
1538:Milan
1500:1.9%
1497:2,447
1494:2,244
1491:1,485
1483:2.9%
1480:3,121
1477:2,791
1474:1,485
1447:7.2%
1430:3.9%
1413:3.9%
1410:130.7
1407:111.4
1396:2.8%
1393:293.4
1390:264.5
1387:144.0
1360:3.6%
1343:3.1%
1326:3.3%
1323:112.5
1309:2.8%
1306:293.4
1303:264.5
1300:144.0
1225:Turin
1111:Paris
1107:Milan
1019:Turin
943:
781:Italy
771:
688:
500:Culoz
486:
387:
283:Paris
265:
89:Italy
3446:link
3432:2013
3332:2019
3252:2019
3226:2017
3042:2019
3020:2019
2999:2019
2971:2019
2945:2019
2923:2017
2901:2017
2879:2017
2839:2013
2809:2024
2787:2024
2763:2012
2704:ISBN
2519:2020
2461:2019
2435:2016
2410:2012
2381:2012
2355:2012
2330:2019
2287:2013
2233:2021
2187:2012
2149:2019
2123:2019
2001:and
1972:The
1887:and
1885:Susa
1800:Lega
1798:and
1741:and
1651:Lyon
1616:Lyon
1580:Lyon
1559:and
1461:2030
1458:2025
1455:2004
1444:39.4
1441:29.5
1427:76.5
1424:63.5
1421:28.5
1404:48.0
1374:2030
1371:2025
1368:2004
1357:16.4
1354:15.8
1340:63.8
1337:58.1
1334:28.5
1320:97.7
1317:48.0
1287:2030
1284:2025
1281:2004
1139:Susa
1077:NRLA
1052:and
1038:Alps
1029:and
1023:Lyon
1021:and
1013:The
855:Susa
403:and
281:and
3291:doi
2080:TGV
2034:).
1906:In
1899:In
1875:TAV
1745:in
1737:in
1657:or
1653:to
1649:or
1643:via
1639:via
1603:RFI
1555:in
1540:to
1438:6.5
1351:6.5
1265:LTF
1056:in
1048:in
955:to
700:to
498:to
399:to
349:to
277:to
3903::
3442:}}
3438:{{
3398:.
3352:.
3322:.
3311:^
3297:.
3289:.
3279:16
3277:.
3260:^
3243:.
3217:.
3163:^
3090:^
2987:.
2962:.
2855:.
2825:.
2771:^
2702:.
2668:.
2650:.
2632:.
2619:^
2505:.
2469:^
2443:^
2418:^
2389:^
2338:^
2321:.
2295:^
2224:.
2206:.
2195:^
2140:.
2113:.
1761:.
1725:.
144:)
3810:)
3521:e
3514:t
3507:v
3454:.
3448:)
3434:.
3356:.
3334:.
3305:.
3293::
3285::
3254:.
3228:.
3202:.
3188:.
3101:.
3072:.
3058:.
3044:.
3022:.
3001:.
2973:.
2947:.
2925:.
2903:.
2881:.
2841:.
2811:.
2789:.
2765:.
2712:.
2672:.
2654:.
2636:.
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2521:.
2482:.
2463:.
2437:.
2412:.
2383:.
2357:.
2332:.
2289:.
2263:.
2249:.
2235:.
2189:.
2151:.
2125:.
2024:2
1815:.
1772:€
1605:;
1593:(
1571:.
1245:‰
1222:–
1208:–
1194:–
1109:–
1081:2
1070:€
222:e
215:t
208:v
139:2
135:1
132:+
130:8
126:(
20:)
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